Dr. Tb. Maulana Kusuma Magister Manajemen Sistem Informasi

Teknologi Informasi Lanjut

Perkembangan Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi (TIK) Dr. Tb. Maulana Kusuma [email protected] http://staffsite.gunadarma.ac.id/mkusuma http://staffsite.gunadarma.ac.id/mkusuma

Magister Manajemen Sistem Informasi

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Tujuan TIK Meningkatkan kualitas hidup dan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Meningkatkan daya saing bangsa. Memperkuat persatuan dan kesatuan nasional. Mewujudkan pemerintahan yang transparan. Meningkatkan jati diri bangsa di tingkat internasional. (Draft buku putih TIK Kementrian Negara Riset dan Teknologi, Teknologi, 2006)


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Paradigma Strategi Pembangunan Bangsa Terjadi pergeseran dari pembangunan industri Æ era informasi. Berimplikasi pada transisi perekonomian dunia dari resource-based economy Æ knowledge-based economy. Diperlukan TIK yang beperan sebagai pendukung dan muatan utama produk nasional. Magister Manajemen Sistem Informasi

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Kepentingan Stakeholders Masyarakat Æ untuk menuju masyarakat berbasis pengetahuan (knowledge-based society). Publik Æ untuk menuju e-Services. Pemerintah Æ untuk menuju terciptanya eGovernment. Industri Æ untuk menuju industri TIK global dan berdaya saing. Lembaga IPTEK Æ untuk menuju lembaga IPTEK kelas dunia. Magister Manajemen Sistem Informasi

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Kekuatan TIK Indonesia Jumlah tenaga kerja yang cukup besar, terampil dan berpengalaman. Industri besar TIK sudah berinvestasi di Indonesia (IBM, Oracle, Microsoft, SUN Microsystems, INTEL, dll). Secara alamiah telah terbentuk komunitas TIK yang berpotensi membangun cluster. Industri pendukung/komponen sudah diproduksi di dalam negeri. Telah tersedia infrastruktur meskipun belum merata. Magister Manajemen Sistem Informasi

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Kelemahan TIK di Indonesia Lingkungan usaha belum kondusif, kondusif, belum ada kepastian hukum. hukum. Dukungan riset, riset, pengembangan dan transfer teknologi masih lemah karena terbatasnya pembiayaan. pembiayaan. Belum tersedia standar nasional Indonesia (SNI) untuk TIK. Pasar ekspor terbatas. terbatas. Ketergantungan barang modal, komponen dan bahan baku impor masih tinggi. tinggi. Terbatasnya SDM profesional sebagai wirausahawan pengembang dibidang TIK. Potensi usaha berbasis TIK belum dikembangkan secara optimal. Tingginya tingkat pembajakan produk piranti lunak. lunak. Magister Manajemen Sistem Informasi

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Peluang Membaiknya perekonomian nasional (diperkirakan pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia 2005-2025 berada pada kisaran 6%/tahun). Semangat reformasi dan demokrasi. Terbentuknya paradigma ekonomi baru. Meningkatnya akses informasi. Globalisasi. Magister Manajemen Sistem Informasi

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Tantangan Menyelaraskan kebijakan pembangunan TIK dan kebijakan ekonomi. Meningkatkan kemampuan sumber daya manusia (SDM). Meningkatkan pemahaman pentingnya budaya informasi. Meningkatkan peran dunia usaha besar, menengah dan kecil dalam pengembangan TIK. Meningkatkan kemampuan dalam pengelolaan hak kekayaan intelektual (HKI). Magister Manajemen Sistem Informasi

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Modal Dasar Meningkatnya potensi SDM dan sumber daya TIK. Meningkatnya kesadaran masyarakat terhadap pentingnya penguasaan TIK sebagai pendukung dalam pembangunan ekonomi. Meningkatnya potensi pasar dalam negeri. Bertambahnya dunia usaha besar dan kecil. Berkembangnya proses demokratisasi.


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Prioritas TIK di Indonesia Infrastruktur informasi. Perangkat lunak. Kandungan (content) informasi. Pengembangan SDM dan kelembagaan. Regulasi dan standarisasi.


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Infrastruktur Informasi Jaringan informasi dan telekomunikasi. Pertukaran informasi. Digital broadcasting. Perangkat keras (komputer, instrumen, network devices). Community access point.


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Perangkat Lunak Sistem operasi. Sistem aplikasi. Bahasa pemrograman (development tools). Perangkat lunak open source. Simulasi dan komputasi.


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Kandungan Informasi Repository. Information sharing. Creative digital. Data security. e-Services.


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Pengembangan SDM dan Kelembagaan Training dan pendidikan. Research center. Kurikulum TIK dan sertifikasi. Pemberdayaan software house lokal. Inkubator bisnis dan competence center. Seminar, workshop dan publikasi. Pengembangan information and communication technology (ICT) park. Magister Manajemen Sistem Informasi

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Regulasi dan Standarisasi Regulasi konvergensi TIK. Pengembangan sistem insentif. Standardisasi peralatan TIK. Universal service obligation (USO).


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Ciri-ciri TIK Masa Datang Konvergensi. Miniaturisasi. Embedded. On-demand. Grid. Intelligent.

Wireless internetworking. Open source. Seamless integration. Ubiquitous (anytime, anywhere).


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Global Information System Serves organizations in multiple countries

Used by multinational corporations Used by consumers

Unavoidably, any information system that is linked to a visible Website is a global IS


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The Web and International Commerce The Web has become an important vehicle for B2B and B2C commerce Ratio of non-English speakers to English speakers is growing The Internet opens enormous global opportunities Chinese market is expected to be the largest in the future The Web offers opportunities to save on costs


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Think Globally, Act Locally Glocalization: design global sites to cater to local needs: “think globally, act locally” Be sensitive to regional customs Control must be decentralized Strategic planning should be global, but… …should be followed with local flavor (take a cue from McDonald’ McDonald’s: at least one local dish)


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Challenges of Global Information Systems Global information systems face challenges:

Technological barriers Regulations and tariffs Differences in payment mechanisms Different languages and cultures Economic and political considerations Different measurement standards Legal barriers Magister Manajemen Sistem Informasi

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Technological Challenges Not all countries have adequate information technology infrastructures Broadband communication lines are needed Companies can offer two versions of Web sites to compensate for slower bandwidth (feature(feature-rich, fewer features) Language is a technological challenge

EightEight-bit bytes are not sufficient for languages with large character sets Unicode allows for 65,536 characters Must coordinate with databases and applications

Telephone numbers are differentdifferent-lengths in different countries (not only a display challenge, but also XML) Magister Manajemen Sistem Informasi

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Regulations and Tariffs Countries have different importing regulations and other “different” local laws Executives are some times reluctant to explore international opportunities because of misperceived “hassles” Services such as NextLinx (now owned by Management Dynamics) help importers and exporters to do Web commerce Magister Manajemen Sistem Informasi

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Differences in Payment Mechanisms E-commerce allows easy payment for online purchases Credit cards are the preferred payment method in North America, but not in all other countries

Japanese avoid using credit cards; allow them to purchase online but pick up and pay at brick-and-mortar stores of business partners Magister Manajemen Sistem Informasi

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Language Differences International parties must agree on a common language Data might not be transmittable internationally in real time because the information must be translated English is considered the de facto international language, but a growing number of Web pages are in other languages (think search engines and knowledge management) Largest companies translate Web sites into local languages (labor cost; must: attention to language nuances, even within a country)


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Cultural Differences Different countries vary in their:

Tastes Gestures Treatment of people Ethical issues

Conservative groups are against “Americanization” Web designers must be sensitive to cultural differences Magister Manajemen Sistem Informasi

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Conflicting Economic, Scientific, and Security Interests Scientific information is an important national resource The U.S. government restricts the export (any way, including downloading) of encryption software compromise national security (see >64>64-bit key regulation: http://www.bis.doc.gov/encryption/MassMarket_Keys64bitsNUp.html)

The ease of Web posting and universal access to the Internet pose extra threats to national security and corporate confidentiality Magister Manajemen Sistem Informasi

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Political Challenges Information is power Governments may limit Internet use (e.g., China, N. Korea, Singapore, Saudi Arabia; in China, using Yahoo, MSN, or Google to search “Taiwan,” Taiwan,” “Tibet,” Tibet,” or “Falun Gong” Gong” will yield nothing!)

Some countries oppose a policy of free access to information

Gives other nations the opportunity to control indigenous resources

Governments may require software to be purchased within their borders Magister Manajemen Sistem Informasi

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Different Standards Standards must be considered when integrating ISs internationally, lest Records may be incompatible


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Different Standards (continued) Different standards include:

Communicating dates (What is 4/3/06?) Times (5 PM or 17:00?) Temperatures (Celsius or Fahrenheit?) Addresses (#, Street, Town vs. Street, #, Town)

U.S. is the only country that officially still uses non-metric units and the month/day/year notation. This causes duplication and the need for conversion software. Web design: Allow flexibility when controlling form-fields of telephone #s and other fields. Magister Manajemen Sistem Informasi

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Different Standards (continued) Using different standards can be very costly

NASA lost a spacecraft because of measurement unit discrepancy

European Article Number (EAN): bar code that includes an extra number to identify the product’s country of origin Universal Product Code (UPC): American standard without the last country code number GS1-US (formerly: Uniform Code Council): promoted the use of the European standard. (World Org.: GS1) Magister Manajemen Sistem Informasi

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Different Standards (continued) Companies must adapt ISs to de facto or formal standards Adapting ISs to int’l product codes is essential in global supply chains There is a push for using RFID tags (to hold EPC – electronic product code -instead of barcodes)


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Legal Barriers Countries have different laws, which poses challenges:

International transfer of data Free speech Location of legal proceedings

Respect for privacy in international business is an unresolved challenge Majority of democratic nations protect individual privacy at least to some extent Magister Manajemen Sistem Informasi

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Legal Barriers (continued) European Union practices may conflict with U.S. practices:

Personal data is collected only for specified purposes Organizations must ask a person’s permission to collect, maintain, process, and transfer personal data Collecting organizations must identify themselves EU citizens have discrepancy rights Magister Manajemen Sistem Informasi

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Legal Barriers (continued) American companies are busy collecting data for marketing Safe Harbor: an arrangement brokered by U.S. Dept of Commerce. A list of U.S. companies that agreed to comply with the EU directive with respect to EU citizens. Enables U.S. companies to trade with EU with violating the EU law. See: www.export.gov/safeharbor Magister Manajemen Sistem Informasi

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Legal Barriers (continued) Other laws affect:

Online gambling Online sale of alcohol and drugs Online auctions and auctions of certain items (e.g., Nazi memorabilia)


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Legal Barriers (continued) Traditional law is territorial “Cyberlaw” cannot be applied to territory

You live in the U.S., place a purchase order on a WebWeb-server placed in the U.K., and the item is shipped from China. Where did did the transaction take place, legally?

Two approaches:

Country of Origin (buyer can only sue in the seller’ seller’s country) Country of Destination (buyer can sue in her own country)

EU passed a law: Country of Origin. No legal approach in U.S.


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Different Time Zones Different global regions require policies for work and information systems Teams in support centers must work at (locally) unusual times (e.g., U.S. workers [3 PM] need online help in realrealtime from Indian programmers [1 AM])

Managers must be aware of incorrect time stamping Systems at both locations can be designed to record the local times of both locations or record a single time (for example, at company headquarters) Magister Manajemen Sistem Informasi

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Dr. Tb. Maulana Kusuma Magister Manajemen Sistem Informasi

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