THESIS INDONESIAN PASSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS AND THEIR TRANSLATION INTO ENGLISH FOUND IN NOVEL ‘CERITA DALAM KEHENINGAN’ INTO ‘EVERY SILENCE HAS A STORY’
DEWA AYU DANWANTARI
POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM UDAYANA UNIVERSITY DENPASAR 2011
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THESIS INDONESIAN PASSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS AND THEIR TRANSLATION INTO ENGLISH FOUND IN NOVEL ‘CERITA DALAM KEHENINGAN’ INTO ‘EVERY SILENCE HAS A STORY’
DEWA AYU DANWANTARI NIM ( 0790161013)
MASTER DEGREE PROGRAM TRANSLATION STUDIES IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM UDAYANA UNIVERSITY DENPASAR 2011
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THESIS INDONESIAN PASSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS AND THEIR TRANSLATION INTO ENGLISH FOUND IN NOVEL ‘CERITA DALAM KEHENINGAN’ INTO ‘EVERY SILENCE HAS A STORY’
Thesis is as a fulfillment to obtain a Master Degree in Translation Studies, Postgraduate Program Udayana University
DEWA AYU DANWANTARI NIM (0790161013)
MASTER DEGREE PROGRAM TRANSLATION STUDIES IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM UDAYANA UNIVERSITY DENPASAR 2011
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Approval Sheet
THIS THESIS WAS APPROVED On July 18th, 2011
Supervisor I,
Supervisor II,
Prof. Drs. Ketut Artawa, M.A., Ph.D. NIP. 19561024 198303 1 002
Prof. Dr. Made Budiarsa, M.A. NIP. 19540424 1983103 1 002
Approved by,
Head of Master Program In Linguistics Departement Postgraduate Program Udayana University
Prof. Dr. I Nyoman Suparwa, M.Hum. NIP. 19620310 198503 1 005
Director of Post Graduate Studies Udayana University
Prof. Dr. dr. A. A. Raka Sudewi, Sp.S(K). NIP. 19590215 198510 2 001
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This thesis has been examined by the Examining Board On July 18th, 2011
The Examiner committee according to the Decree of Rector of Udayana University, No. : 1213/UN14.4/HK/2011, on July 11th,2011
Chairman Secretary Members
: Prof. Drs. Ketut Artawa, M.A., Ph.D : Prof. Dr. Made Budiarsa, M.A. : 1. Prof. Dr. Aron Meko Mbete 2. Drs. I Gede Putu Sudana, M.A. 3. Dra. I G.A.G Sosiowati, M.A.
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SURAT PERNYATAAN
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini: Nama
:
Dewa Ayu Danwantari
NIM
:
0790161013
Tempat & tanggal lahir
:
Denpasar, 30 Juli 1982
Alamat
:
Jln. Sekar Tunjung XII, No. 45X. Denpasar Timur
No. Telepon/HP
:
(0361) 7402161/ 081.353.105060
Menyatakan dengan sebenarnya bahwa tidak menjiplak setengah atau sepenuhnya tesis orang lain. Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya, untuk dapat dipergunakan sebagaimana mestinya, dan apabila dikemudian hari ternyata tidak benar, maka saya bersedia dituntut sesuai dengan peraturan perundangan yang berlaku.
Denpasar, 20 Juli 2011 Hormat saya,
Dewa Ayu Danwantari NIM. 0790161013
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude and praise to Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa, God, the Almighty, because of His blessing that this thesis could be completed and accomplished in time to finish the study and to obtain a Master Degree in Applied Linguistics, particularly in Translation Studies. On this occasion, I would like to extend my special appreciation and thanks to many people, for their support, guidance and encouragement that this writing can be completed. In particular, I would like to thank to Prof. Drs. Ketut Artawa, M.A., Ph.D. as my first supervisor, for his patience, attention and motivation to me to write this thesis from the beginning until the and. My great thanks is also extended to Prof. Dr. Made Budiarsa, M.A., my second supervisor, for his encouragement and assistance during my study. I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to those who have supported the writing this thesis: 1. The Rector of Udayana University 2. The Director, Assistant Director and Teaching Staff of the Postgraduate Studies of Udayana University. 3. The Head, Secretary and Teaching Staff of the Magister Program in Linguistics. 4. The Coordinator of the Translation Studies in Applied Linguistics 5. All my friends in Translation Studies Program of Udayana University who always support and give suggestions in finishing my writing.
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6. My beloved parents, my father and mother in law, my beloved husband and my children for constant moral support, encouragement, patience and love during my study. 7. My maids who always helping me in taking cares of the children during my study.
Last but not least, I hope this writing will be worthwhile to the development of the translation studies in Applied Linguistics of the Postgraduate Program and to those who try to learn about passive constructions and their translation found in the novel.
Denpasar, 3rd July 2011
Dewa Ayu Danwantari
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ABSTRAK BENTUK-BENTUK PASIF DALAM BAHASA INDONESIA DAN TERJEMAHANNYA DALAM BAHASA INGGRIS PADA NOVEL ‘CERITA DALAM KEHENINGAN’ MENJADI ‘EVERY SILENCE HAS A STORY’
Thesis ini berjudul “Bentuk-bentuk Pasif dalam Bahasa Indonesia dan Terjemahannya dalam Bahasa Inggris pada novel ‘Cerita Dalam Keheningan’ menjadi ‘Every Silence Has a Story’. Topik ini dipilih karena bentuk pasif umum dipergunakan baik dalam bahasa Indonesia maupun bahasa Inggris. Dalam menerjemahkan, tidak semua kalimat pasif pada bahasa sumber dapat diterjemahkan ke dalam bentuk pasif pada bahasa target. Ada pula kalimat pasif yang diterjemahkan ke dalam bentuk aktif untuk mempertahankan pesan yang ingin disampaikan. Bentukbentuk pasif dalam bahasa Indonesia dibentuk dengan melekatkan awalan di-, terdan ber-. Awalan di- dan ter- terkadang dapat dikombinasikan dengan akhiran –kan dan –i. Tujuan dari penulisan tesis ini adalah: menemukan bentuk-bentuk pasif dalam bahasa Indonesia yang terdapat dalam novel Cerita Dalam Keheningan, menganalisis bentuk –bentuk pasif dalam bahasa Indonesia dan mencari padanannya dalam bahasa Inggris, menjelaskan pergeseran (shift) makna yang terjadi dari bahasa sumber ke bahasa target yang berkenaan dengan bentuk pasif, mencari tahu apakah ada informasi yang ditambah atau dikurangi yang berhubungan dengan kalimat pasif. Teori-teori yang digunakan adalah: metodologi penerjemahan oleh Vinay dan Darbelnet, jenis dan fungsi bentuk-bentuk pasif dalam bahasa Indonesia oleh Hasan Alwi dkk., Dr. Liaw Yock Fang dan James Neil Sneddon, teori mengenai bentuk pasif dalam bahasa Inggris oleh Randolph Quirk, teori shift oleh Catford, dan juga teori loss and gain oleh Nida. Dalam menganalisa data, kedua novel dibaca dengan seksama, kemudian mengidentifikasi dan mencatat bentuk pasif dalam bahasa Indonesia dan terjemahannya ke dalam bahasa Inggris. Setelah itu data yang telah dikumpulkan, diklasifikasikan berdasarkan pada permasalahan yang dibahas dalam penelitian ini. Terakhir data disajikan dengan terlebih dahulu menunjukkan bentuk pasif dalam bahasa sumber dan diikuti oleh terjemahannya dalam bahasa target. Temuan dari analisis menunjukkan bahwa, ada delapan jenis bentuk pasif yang ditemukan pada bahasa sumber. Bentuk pasif dalam bahasa Indonesia yaitu dengan menambahkan awalan di-, ter- dan ber- tidak terpengaruh oleh waktu. Bentuk ini dapat digunakan baik di masa lampau atau masa depan. Sedangkan dalam bahasa Inggris, waktu (masa depan atau masa lampau) penting dalam membentuk kalimat. Awalan di- lebih menekankan tentang proses perbuatan yang ditunjukkan oleh kata kerja. Awalan ter- menunjukkan tindakan yang dilakukan tanpa sengaja. Dan awalan ber- menunjukkan bahwa subyek kalimat merupakan orang atau sesuatu yang dikenai suatu tindakan. Ada beberapa masukan yang diberikan yaitu: Dalam menerjemahkan bentuk pasif, penerjemah harus mampu memahami isi dari kalimat. Pengetahuan tentang bentuk pasif adalah salah satu dari pengetahuan dasar. Para penerjemah disarankan untuk meminimalkan menghilangkan informasi ketika menerjemahkan sebuah teks dari bahasa sumber ke bahasa target. Hal ini dapat menyebabkan pembaca bingung atau tidak mengerti mengenai isi cerita atau pesan yang ingin
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disampaikan oleh penulis. Penambahan informasi untuk memberikan penekankan terhadap jalan cerita diperbolehkan asalkan tidak mengubah isi dari cerita.
Kata kunci: penerjemahan, bentuk pasif, pergeseran (shift), loss and gain
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ABSTRACT INDONESIAN PASSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS AND THEIR TRANSLATION INTO ENGLISH FOUND IN NOVEL ‘CERITA DALAM KEHENINGAN’ INTO ‘EVERY SILENCE HAS A STORY’
This thesis is entitled “Indonesian Passive Constructions and Their Translation into English found in Novel ‘Cerita Dalam Keheningan’ into ‘Every Silence Has a Story’. The reason why this topic is discussed is that passive construction is commonly used both in Indonesian and in English. In translating passive from source language into target language, not all can retained as passive. There are also passive translated into active in order to maintain the message and to keep the naturalness of the target language. Passive constructions in Indonesian are formed by attaching prefix di-, prefix ter- and prefix ber-. Prefix di- and prefix berare sometimes combined with suffix –kan and –i. The objectives of this thesis are; finding out the types of Indonesian passive constructions found in the novel Cerita dalam Keheningan, analyzing the Indonesian passive constructions and their equivalence into English, describing what kind of shifts occurred from SL text into TL concerning passive construction, and finding out loss and gain of meaning concerning passive sentence found in this novel. The theories used in this study are: methodology of translation by Vinay and Darbelnet, types and functions of Indonesian passive constructions by Hasan Alwi dkk., Dr. Liaw Yock Fang and James Neil Sneddon, the theory of English passive constructions by Randolph Quirk, the theory of shift by Catford is used to discuss about shift occur in passive constructions from SL into TL, and also the concept of loss and gain are proposed. In analyzing the data both of the novels are read carefully and then followed by identifying and note taking the Indonesian passive construction and their translation into English, after that the collected data were classified based on the problem being discussed in this study. Finally the data were presented by firstly showing the passive construction in the SL followed by its translation in the TL. The findings of the analysis show that, there are eight types of passive construction found in SL. The form of Indonesian passive constructions such as prefix di-, prefix ter- and prefix ber- are not affected by time, it can be used whether in the past or future. Whereas in English, time (future or past) is important in forming sentence and usually it is called tense. Prefix di- emphasizes more about the process of the action indicated by the verb. Prefix ter- implies the actions are accidentally done or not on purpose. And prefix ber- indicates that the subject of the sentence is a person or something indicated by an action in that sentence. Some suggestions which can be drawn are: In order to be able to translate a passive construction from Indonesian to English, one must first be able to grasp the meaning of the full sentence. The knowledge of passive construction is just one of much basic knowledge which is needed. The translators are advised to minimize eliminate the information when translating a text from SL to TL. This can caused readers confuse or not really understand about contain of the story or message want to convey by the writer.
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Addition of information which is used to give an emphasizing to the storyline is allowed but still in line of the story and does not change the essence of the story.
key word: translation, passive constructions, shift, loss and gain
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TABLE OF CONTENT
Content
Page
TITLE …………………………………………………………………………
i
TITLE PREREQUISITE ……………………………………………………
ii
APPROVAL SHEET ………………………………………………………...
iii
BOARD OF EXAMINER …………………………………………………...
iv
SURAT PERNYATAAN …………………………………………………….
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………………
vi
ABSTRAK ……………………………………………………………………
viii
ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………..
x
TABLE OF CONTENT………………………………………………………
xii
LIST OF TABLES ..........................................................................................
xv
LIST OF FIGURES ……………………………………………… …………
xvi
LIST OF ABBREVIATION …………………………………………………
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………
1
1.1 Background of Study ………………………………………………….
1
1.2 Problems of Study …………………………………………………….
7
1.3 Objectives of the Study ………………………………………………..
7
1.4 Scope of the Study …………………………………………………….
8
1.5 Significance of the Study ……………………………………………....
8
1.5.1 Theoretical Significance ………………………………………….
8
1.5.2 Practical Significance …………………………………………….
9
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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPTS AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ……………………………………
10
2.1 Literature Review ………………………………………………………
10
2.2 Concepts ……………………………………………………………….
13
2.2.1 The Concept of Translation ………………………………………
13
2.2.2 The Concept of Indonesian Passive Construction ……………….
14
2.2.3 The Concept of English Passive Construction …………………..
15
2.2.4 The Concept of Shift …………………………………………….
15
2.2.5 The Concept of Loss and Gain …………………………………..
15
2.3 Theoretical Framework ………………………………………………..
16
2.3.1 Active and Passive ………………………………………………
17
2.3.2 Passive as Foregrounding and Backgrounding Operation ………
19
2.3.3 Indonesian Passive Constructions ……………………………….
21
2.3.4 English Passive Constructions …………………………………..
32
2.3.5 Theory of Translation ……………………………………………
36
2.3.5.1 Meaning of Translation ………………………………………
36
2.3.5.2 General Types of Translation ………………………………..
37
2.3.5.3 Process of Translation ………………………………………..
40
2.3.5.4 Methodology of Translation ………………………………….
43
2.3.6 Shift ………………………………………………………………
44
2.3.7 Loss and Gain …………………………………………………….
46
2.4 Research Model …………………………………………………………
47
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CHAPTER III RESEACRH METHOD ……………………………………..
49
3.1 Data Source ……………………………………………………………..
49
3.2 Method and Technique of Collecting Data …………………………….
49
3.3 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data ……………………………..
50
3.4 Method and Technique of Presenting the Analyzed Data ………………
50
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS ……………………………………………
52
4.1 Analysis ……………………………………………………………........
52
4.2 Passive Translated into Passive …………………………………………
54
4.2.1 Di- + Verb Base as Indonesian Passive Construction ………….....
54
4.2.2 Di- + Verb Base + -i as Indonesian Passive Construction ………..
61
4.2.3 Di- + Verb Base + -kan as Indonesian Passive Construction …......
66
4.2.4 Di- + per- + verb base + -i as Indonesian Passive Construction ….
71
4.2.5 Di- + per- + verb base + -kan as Indonesian Passive Construction .. 73 4.3 Passive Constructions without prefix di- ………………………………..
75
4.3.1 Ter- + Verb Base as Indonesian Passive Construction ……………. 76 4.3.2 Ber- + Verb Base as Indonesian Passive Construction ……………. 80 4.4 Passive into Active ………………………………………………………. 82
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………
87
5.2 Suggestion ………………………………………………………………
88
BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………
90
APPENDIX
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LIST OF TABLES
1.1
Passive Structure based on Agent ……………………………………..
2.1 Active and Passive Structure ………………………………………….
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5 32
LIST OF FIGURES
2.1
Passive Form ………………………………………………………… 33
2.2
Translation Process ………………………………………………….. 41
2.3
Research Method ……………………………………………………. 47
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LIST OF ABBREVIATION
SL
= Source Language
TL
= Target Language = Related to = Coordinated to
*
= Ungrammatically
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