The Translation of English Actives into Indonesian in News Texts
THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan
Theodora Amy Christy 112011094
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE SATYA WACANA CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY SALATIGA 2015
The Translation of English Actives into Indonesian in News Texts
THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan
Theodora Amy Christy 112011094
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE SATYA WACANA CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY SALATIGA 2015
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COPYRIGHT STATEMENT This thesis contains no such material as has been submitted for examination in any course or accepted for the fulfillment of any degree or diploma in any university. To the best of my knowledge and my belief, this contains no material previously published or written by any other person except where due reference is made in the text. Copyright@ 2015. Theodora Amy Christy and Elisabet Titik Murtisari, M.TransStud., PhD All rights reserved. No part of this thesis may be reproduced by any means without permission of at least one of the copyright of the English Department, Faculty of Language and Literature, Satya Wacana Christian University, Salatiga. Theodora Amy Christy:
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TABLE OF CONTENT
COPYRIGHT STATEMENT …...………………………………………………... vi PUBLICATION AGREEMENT DECLARATION…...…………...……………... vii LIST OF TABLE ………………………………………………………………….. x LIST OF FIGURES ……………………………………………………………….. xi Abstract ……………...……………………………………………………………. 1 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………. 1 1. Literature Review …………………………………………………......... 3 1.1 Translation………………. ………………………………………… 4 1.2 Language Contact and Language Shift which Include Linguistic Transfer and Grammar in Translation…………………….……….. 5 1.3 Grammatical Equivalence in Translation………………………....... 8 1.4 Active and Passive Voice in Indonesian …………………………... 9 1.5 Active and Passive Voice in English ……………………………… 17 THE STUDY ……………………………………………………………………... 23 1. Context of the Study ……………………………………....................... 23 2. Sampe …………………………………………………………………. 24 3. Data Collection Instrument …………………………………………… 24 4. Data CollectionProcedure ……………………………………………
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5. Data Analysis ………………………………………………………….. 25 DISCUSSION ……………………………………………………………………. 29
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1. The tendency to use active-passive shift is insignificant in terms of occurrences, but significant in terms of distribution of the shift in the whole texts in English into Indonesian translation.……………………………… 30 2. There are three pattern of contexts of forms in which the English active into Indonesian active translation has failed.………………………………….. 31 3. There is an indication althouh it is not strong that English has influenced Indonesian particularly in translating English active forms into Indonesian in terms of the grammatical norms of the target language..………………… 35
CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………………….. 37 REFERENCES …………………………………………………………………… 39 ACKNOWLEDGMENT………………………………………………………… 41 APPENDICES ……………………………………………………………………. 43
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LIST OF TABLE
Table 1. Total Number of How English Active Forms are Translated into Indonesian …………………………………………………………………29
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Example of Active and Passive Voice in English and Indonesia …..……12 Figure 2. Example of the Structure of an Active and Passive type 1 ……………....14 Figure3. Example of passive with mereka, a noun, and actor expressed………...…14 Figure 4. Example of Dia or -nya Expressing a Third Person Singular Agent ….…15 Figure 5. The Relationship between an Active Clause and a Passive Type Two Clause ………………………………………..………..............................................16 Figure 6. Example of Negative Marker in Passive Type 2 ………………………16 Figure 7. Example of the Occurrence of the Bound Forms ‘ku’ and ‘kau’ in Passive Type 2 ………………………………………………………………16 Figure 8. Example of How Translators Tend to Translate English into Indonesian ………………………………………………………………………… 22 Figure 9. Example of Translating English Actives into Indonesian Active and Passive …………………………………………….……………………………32 Figure 10. Example of Translating English Actives into Indonesian Active and Passive …………………………………………………………………32 Figure 11. Example of Translating English Actives into Indonesian Active and Passive……………………………………………………………… …34 Figure 12. Example of The Use of Reporting Framing ‘menurut’……………………………………………………………….36
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The Translation of English Actives into Indonesian in News Texts
Abstract At present, English has an indispensable preeminence because of its position as a lingua franca or an international language. With the large bulk of information delivered in English, especially news, there is a pressing necessity for Indonesian to translate. However, English, as the source language in English – Indonesian transfer seems to influence the Indonesian translation particularly in its structure. Although many studies have addressed about the hegemony of English in Indonesian, there is no study that discusses deeply about the change of Indonesian passive into active forms in translation. Therefore, this study attempts to find how the English active forms are translated into Indonesian in the terms of the grammatical norms of the target language. The findings of this study show that the translators almost always translate an English active form into an Indonesian active form instead of an Indonesian passive form. Keywords
: Translation, language contact, language shift, grammatical
equivalence, active and passive forms
INTRODUCTION At present, a large number of people around the world believe that English has an indispensable preeminence because of its position as a lingua franca or an international language. With the large bulk of information delivered in English, especially news, there is a pressing necessity for Indonesia to translate as a bridge between English and Indonesian. In addition, the needs of English into Indonesian translation become greater with the intention to support the development of science and technology in developing country such as Indonesia. The greater development of science
and
technology
in
Indonesia,
1
the
more
Indonesia’s
role
is
internationallynoticed. Therefore, a great quantity of English articles, journals, books, novels, and news have been translated into Indonesian and the other way as well. However, English, as the source language in English – Indonesian transfer seems to influence Indonesian translation in terms interference as a result of language contact that may lead to language shift particularly in its structure. Although many studies have addressed about the hegemony of English in Indonesia, there is no study that discusses deeply about the change of Indonesian passive into active forms. Therefore, this present study was proposed to examine how English active forms are translated into Indonesian in terms of the grammatical norms of the target language. Statement of the Problem Many Indonesian hope to comprehend, learn, and get information delivered in English from English into Indonesian translated texts. Unfortunately, the qualities of translations in Indonesian are notoriously low (Taryadi, 2003, Sinaga, 2003, Kurnia, 2009,
Nababan,
et.al.
2012,
Wijava
2013,
Wijaya
2014).Problems
with
mistranslations and unnatural expressions are two big concerns for many Indonesian translators in writing qualified translated texts. Sometimes, we find that the language in Indonesian translated texts is difficult to understand because the renderings are so literal. This phenomenon may be caused by many translators who seem to have been influenced by English as the source language, not only in lexicon but in structure as well. However, we still cannot comprehend how English has dominated Indonesian in terms of its grammatical norms even though we have understood about the globalization of English and the definitions of translation from many previous existed
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studies. Therefore, the goal of this study was to examine how English active forms are translated into Indonesian in terms of the grammatical norms of the target language. Significance of the Study This study tried to examine the extent to which English has influenced Indonesian in translation in terms of structure. The researcher used Indonesian translation non-scientific news on DetikNews online media as the data. From this study, the researcher hope to give both theoretical and practical benefits for English into Indonesian translators in translating non-scientific news without overlooking Indonesian structure. Moreover, this study can give some insights for the translators in using passive voice when translating English into Indonesian text since it is the unique characteristic of Indonesian that makes Indonesian different with other languages. Through this study, the researcher suggested to use other online media as good data sources for the further research in order to reassure the finding of this study. Research Question This study tried to answer the following question: How are the English active forms translated into Indonesian in terms of the grammatical norms of the target language? LITERATURE REVIEW This literature review starts with the definition and relevant theories about translation, language contact and language shift which include linguistic transfer and grammar in translation, grammatical equivalence in translation, active and passive
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voice in Indonesian, active and passive voice in English and ends with translating English actives into Indonesian. However, the focus will be on whether the English active structures have been partly translated into Indonesian passive or just rendered literally into Indonesian active voice. Translation Al-Salam (2007)states that (while acknowledging that global market has given rise to the use of English as international language) the need for translation from English
into
other
languages
and
vice
versa
has
become
a
pressing
necessity.Nowadays, Indonesiaacknowledgesthis need for translating English into Indonesiaby finding many translators of numerous books, newspapers, and magazines, translators in court of law and in International seminars or conferences in Indonesia. With reference to Hatim and Munday (2004, p.3), “translation is a phenomenon that has a huge effect on everyday life.” This definition sees translation both as a process and a product. Seeing translation as a process focuses on the role of the translator in taking thesource text (ST) and turning it into a text in another language (thetargettext, TT). Seeing translation as a product focuses on the concrete translation which is the product produced by the translator. Machali (2000, p. 60) states that “translation as an operation performed on languages: a process of substituting a text in one language for a text in another”. Larson (1998, p. 3) noted that “translation is basically a change of form where the form of the source language is replaced by the form of receptor (target) language”. Therefore, translation is a process of transferring the meaning of the source language into the target language.
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In a similar tone, Nida and Taber (1982:12) propose another definition of translation. According to the two experts, “Translating consisting of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.” This definition contains some elements that should be taken into account by translators in performing their task namely reproducing the natural message, closest equivalence, meaning priority and also translation style. From the above explanation, we can infer that the core of translation lies on form and meaning. Language Contact and Language Shift which Include Linguistic Transfer and Grammar in Translation English has stretched out its wing to different parts of the world including Indonesia. English is spoken as a foreign language in general Indonesian context. Together with this broadening of English, Indonesia made a policy of Indonesian Language-Status Planning in 2009. There are internal and external factors underlie this policy. The internal factors are the threat of NKRI integrity, lack of language policies, and negative language attitudes. The external factors are globalization and foreign languages influence.This external factors were made based on a consideration that English, the most prevailing foreign language in Indonesia, has greatly influenced Indonesian not only in daily spoken but also in written communication and also affects some social life aspects, such as education, politics, law, social and culture. A change in social-culture has also influenced the use of both English and Indonesian in the society or country which is reflected as a sign of either a positive or negative
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language contact.Jendra (2010:67) defines it as a sociolinguistic situation where two or more languages are used simultaneously or mixed one over the others. This is also supported by the issue of linguistic interference which is a factor in any translation, and when the translator is translating from source language into target language, interference from the source language source text influences the production of the target language target text. The product of source – target translation will usually contain a non-standard version of the target language that is to a greater or lesser extent affected by the source language. It is popularly believed that language contact can and often does lead directly to structural linguistic changes. Leading figures expressed a firm belief in severe constraints on structural interference; Meillet, for instance, believed that grammatical loans can only occur when the source and receiving systems are very similar (1921:87), and Jakobson argued that ‘a language accepts foreign structural elements only when they correspond to its own tendencies of development’ (1962 [1938]:241). Contact is a cause of `any linguistic change that would have been less likely to occur outside a particular contact situation' (Thomason 2001:62). This definition covers all changes in which foreign material is transferred from one language to another, i.e. all cases of linguistic interference. However, it also includes some less obvious types of change. First, some changes that occur in some cases of slow language death fall into the category of attrition loss of linguistic material but do not make the dying language more similar to the language that is replacing it. Second, intentional linguistic changes where a speech community deliberately distances its language from neighboring languages, are contact-induced but do not involve 6
diffusion. Third, some changes occur as an indirect result of interference, typically when a borrowed morpheme sets off a chain reaction that has a snowballing effect on the receiving language's structure. Fourth, the definition does not exclude contribution from internal pattern pressures in a relevant change: multiple causation is always a possibility, whether the causes are all internal or a mixture of internal and contact factors. When we discuss about language contact, we will discuss about language shift and when we discuss about language shift, we will also directly discuss about language transfer in translation. According to Retnomurti and Imran (2014), language transfer in translation refers to translators who apply their native language knowledge to a second language. However, it can also occur when translators do not have a native-level understanding of a language when translating into a second language. They also states that there are two types of language transfer which are positive and negative transfer. Positive transfer occurs when the relevant unit or structure of both languages are the same and the result is a correct language production. Correct here means in line with most native speakers' notions of acceptability. While, negative transfer occurs when translators transfer items and structures which are not the same in both languages. Within the theory of contrastive analysis, the systematic study of a pair of languages with a view to identifying their structural differences and similarities, the greater the differences between the two languages, the more negative transfer can be expected. The implication of this proposed theory are positive transfer resulting in correct language production and negative transfer resulting in errors.
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Catford (1974:73) defined shifts are departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from SL (source language) to the TL (target language). Whereas, Hornby (1995:135) defined shift as change of position or direction, transfer (take up a new position, approach the subject in a different way during an argument) Therefore, in conclusion, shift is the changes of structures from original text or source text in order to get a natural translation. Catford divided shift into two categories, they are level shift and category shift. According to Munday (2001), a level shift would be something which is expressed by grammar in one language and lexis in another. While, according to Catford (2000), category shift is generic term referring to shifts and most of Catford’s analysis is given over to category shifts. These are subdivided into four kinds which are structural shifts, class shift, unit shifts or rank shifts and intra-system shifts. Those kinds of shifts are used in translating the text in order to reach natural and communicative translations, which emphasize on the meaning not the form. Structural shifts are said by Catford to be the most common form of shift and to involve mostly a shift in grammatical structure. For example: passive sentence into active sentence. Grammatical Equivalence in Translation Baker (1992: 5) mentions that there are 5 levels of equivalence, namely: 1) equivalence
at
word
level,
2)
equivalence
at
above
word
level,
3)
grammaticalequivalence, 4) textual equivalence and 5) pragmatic equivalence and also mentions 5 categories that commonly lead to difficulties in finding the equivalence during the process of translation. They are number, gender, person (the
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system of pronoun), tense and voice. However, we will only focus on grammatical equivalence level and voice. Since the culture and the characteristics from English and Indonesian are different and do not come from the same language family, there are also some difficulties and some shifts in English into Indonesian translation. One of them is grammatical structure of voices. Both English and Indonesian have the classification of voice, but they do not always use this classification with the same occurrence. English active-passive voices are based on tenses, for example: is + verb 3, is used in present time. Meanwhile, in expressing time, Indonesian uses aspect (lexical unit) and adverb of time. In addition, the active voices in English are not always translated into passive voices in Indonesian, and vice versa. English active clauses are mainly translated into passive voice in Indonesian whenever the intransitive verbs are used. Active and Passive Voice in Indonesian Dardjowidjojo (1978) believes that passive voice has become an integrated part and a norm in Indonesian language. This belief corroborates to a statement about passive voice is the unique characteristic of Indonesian. He also claims that there is a relation between the common use of passive construction in Indonesian and the way Indonesians think and feel, even though he admits that this conclusion is speculative and needs further research to assure the assumption. In addition, according to Sneddon (2000: 22) passive constructions are used more frequently in Indonesian than in English. “Often a passive is the natural construction in Indonesian where a passive translation into English will sound very artificial or clumsy.” This phenomenon is also shared in Wikipedia (2009) that the
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basic word order of Indonesian is Subject Verb Object (SVO). However, many Indonesian will speak in a passive/objective voice, making use of the Object Verb Subject word order. This OVS word order in Indonesian will often permit the omission of the subject and/or object (i.e. ellipses of noun/pronoun). This omission benefits the speaker/writer in two ways: adding a sense of politeness and respect to a statement or question and convenience when the subject is unknown, unimportant or implied by context. This is due to the different characteristics of the Indonesian language and English. The Indonesian language tends to focus on the result of the action. For example, saya akan dijemputnya which literally means I would be met by her (Sneddon, 2000: 21). The sentence I would be met by her sounds awkward in English. Thus, instead of using this expression, the sentence will sound more natural in English if it is constructed into “She would pick me up.” On the contrary, the active construction is more common in English since the focus of attention is the actor that carries out the action. Sugono (1999:106) states if a subject of a sentence is the agent of an action which is stated by a verb, the sentence is called active sentence. Purwo (ed) (1989:86) also states that in active sentence, the verb is me (n) - and ber- prefixed. The meanings that are formed as the results of affixiation of prefix me- are to state: 1) to do something (perform an action), 2) to perform an action by using tools, 3) to produce, 4) to work, 5) to drink, to eat, 6) a direction, 7) to expel, 8) to become, 9) to celebrate, 10) to act like. According to Chaer 91989:70) the meanings that are formed as the result of the addition prefix me- and suffix –i into words are: 1) to repeat an action, 2) place, 3) to feel something, 4) to give, and 5) to make something to become. 10
Meanwhile active sentence with prefix me- and suffix –kan that are formed as the results into words are: 1) to make something to become, 2) to make something to be in one place, 3) to do something for someone, 4) to get something into, and 5) to do. Chaer (1989:38) also states that the meanings are formed as the results of the addition of prefix ber- into words are: 1) to possess, 2) to wear, 3)to drive or to ride, 4) to produce, 5) to contain. Sugono also (1989:109) states if a subject of a sentence is not an agent, but as the receiver of the action, the sentence is called passive sentence. The sentence is the change of active sentence. It is done by changing the object in active sentence to become subject in passive sentence. According to Chaer (1989:99), the meaning that are formed as the results of the prefix ter- into words are: 1) to express ability, 2) accidentally, 3) to express something that has already happened. In Indonesian, there are four types of passive sentences as quoted by Dardjowidojo, in Purwo (1986: 59). Those are: 1) the passive sentences which express intentional acts (commonly marked by the use of prefix –di), 2) the passive sentences which express unintentional acts (commonly marked by the use of prefix –ter), 3) the adversative passive sentences (commonly marked by the use of affix –ke and –an in the sentence), 4) the passive sentences formed by the use of ke-an meaning dapat di + verb. Passive sentence with prefix di- is used to form passive verbs, for example: pintu itu ditutup (the door is closed). Passive sentence with prefix di- and suffix –kan are added to a verb to make passive verb. It is the change of active sentence which uses prefix me- and suffix –kan, for example: Rama melempar bola (active) changes into bola dilempar Rama (passive). Passive sentence with prefix di- and suffix –i are 11
added to a verb to make passive verb. It is the change of active sentence which uses prefix me- and suffix –i, for example: nenek menolak hasil putusan sidang (active) changes into hasil putusan sidang ditolak (oleh) nenek. Sneddon (2010:255) states that some Indonesian grammars use subject and object constructive or subject and objective focus instead of using the terms active and passive. The subject constructive or the said to be active voice is used when we make the actor tobe the subject of the verb and use an active verb. On other hand, we use objective constructive or the believed to be passive voice when we make the object in an active clause to be the subject of the passive form of the verb. It means that the focus attention is on the object in an active clause. The actor is expressed by an agent phrase which follows the passive verb. A passive verb either has prefix di- or has no prefix. FIGURE 1 Example of Active and Passive Voice in English and Indonesia
EXAMPLE OF ACTIVE VOICE
EXAMPLE OF PASSIVE VOICE
Indonesian Rama memakan sebuah apel.
Sebuah apel dimakan oleh Rama.
English Rama eats an apple.
An apple is eaten by Rama.
Differences between the constructions in Indonesian and the active and passive in European languages such as English, in both structure and function cause
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the use of subject and object constructive in Indonesian. However, there are not only differences, but also similarities between those two languages that make the relation between the two constructions is often similar which the same terms are allowed to be used to describe them. Indonesian uses the passive construction more frequent than English does. However, where a passive translation would sound unnatural, translators will normally use an active construction. There are two types of passive form in Indonesia called ‘passive type 1 and passive type 2’. The actor determines the choice of passive type. Passive Type 1 This type is a passive clause in which the verb has prefix di- and the agent is indicated by a phrase following the verb, sometimes marked by the preposition oleh ‘by’, such as Boneka itu dibawa oleh Tera ‘That doll is brought by Tera”. It can only occur if the agent is the third person, except with ter-… and ke-..an verbs, in which a passive construction is always passive type 1. The actor is third person, which is pronoun dia or mereka, or a noun in this type of passive form. If there is no actor is expressed, we also use this type of passive construction. The structure of an active clause and its corresponding passive type one are set out as follows:
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FIGURE 2 Example of the Structure of an Active and Passive type 1
Active voice:
Subject (actor) + meN-verb + object (patient)
Passive voice:
Subject (patient) + diverb + (oleh) + agent (actor)
He hugs me.
Dia memeluk saya.
I was hugged by him.
Saya dipeluk oleh dia.
Dia ‘he’ is the actor in the above example. The following illustrates passives with the other possible actors, mereka, a noun or an actor expressed: FIGURE 3 Example of passive with mereka, a noun, and actor expressed
Mereka Noun Actor Expressed
• Dia sudah diberi sebuah penghargaan oleh mereka. • He has already been given an award by them. • Buku ini dibaca oleh ibuku. • This book was read by my mother. • Toko ini akan ditutup jam 7 malam. • This store will be closed at 7 p.m.
Dia or –nya can express a third person singular agent. They are optionally preceded by oleh‘by’:
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FIGURE 4 Example of Dia or-nya Expressing a Third Person Singular Agent
Saya ditamparnya/olehnya. Saya ditampar dia/oleh dia. I was slapped by him.
Oleh is optional when the agent immediately follows the verb. If the agent does not immediately follow the verb, oleh is obligatory. Passive Type 2 This type is a passive clause in which the verb has no prefix and the agent precedes the verb, such as Novel itu Saya baca ‘That novel was read by me’. The agent phrase must be pronoun. In this type the agent is a pronoun or pronoun substitute. The agent phase comes before the verb, which does not have a prefix. The structure of this passive type 2 is thus: Subject (patient) + agent (actor) + verb The relationship between an active clause and a passive type two clause is shown in the following example:
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FIGURE 5 The Relationship between an Active Clause and a Passive Type Two Clause
Kami mengunjungi dia.
We visit him. English
Indonesian Dia kami kunjungi.
He was visited by us.
No other component of the clause can come between the agent and the verb in passive type two, especially in writing. In particular, components of the predicate phrase such as negative and temporal marker, come before the agent in this type: FIGURE 6 Example of Negative Marker in Passive Type 2 Bola itu tidak akan kami lempar.
That ball will not be thrown by us.
If the agent is aku ‘I’ or kamu ‘you’ the bound forms, ku- and kau- usually occur: FIGURE 7 Example of the Occurrence of the Bound Forms ‘ku’ and ‘kau’ in Passive Type 2
Cincin itu sudah kujual.
I’ve sold that ring. English
Indonesian Seragam itu harus kaupakai.
You should wear that uniform.
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Active and Passive Voice in English Quirk (1972:802-810) writes that voice is a grammatical category which makes it possible to view the action of a sentence in two ways without any change in the facts reported. The active-passive relation involves two grammatical levels: the verb phrase and the clause. In the verb phrase level, the difference between the two voice categories is that the passive is marked by the auxiliary ‘be ‘and the past participle of the main verb. Therefore, in English the basic pattern of the passive is the use of ‘be’ and ‘verb participle’. The variations depend on the tenses or the adverb of time. At the clause level, the change into passive involves rearrangements of two clause elements and one addition; the active subject and the preposition by are optionally added before the agent. Biber et al, (1998:475-482) writes that transitive verbs are usually active, but can also occur in the passive. In most English sentences with an action verb, the subject performs the action denoted by the verb. Because the subject does or "acts upon" the verb in such sentences, the sentences are said to be in the active voice; on the other hand, when because the subject is being "acted upon" (most likely by the object of the sentence or is passive), such sentences are stated to be in the passive voice. In other words, one can change the normal word order of many active sentences (those with a direct object) so that the subject is no longer active, but is, instead, being acted upon by the verb - or passive. The main function of the passive constructions in English is to avoid specifying the agent and to give an impression of objectivity (Baker, 1991:106). Larson (1984:246) argues that passive construction is also used to focus on the affected, resultant, benefactive, etc. Since passive voice sentences necessarily add 17
words and change the normal doer-action-receiver of action direction, they may make the reader work harder to understand the intended meaning. In addition, Gym (2010) from the University of Arizona Writing Center remarks that passive voice is useful in some situations. However, when it is used incorrectly, it can dilute and make our writing unclear. In an attempt to avoid the incorrect use of passive voice, in transforming active into passive or vice versa we have to understand the structure of both active and passive voice. Gym (2010) exemplifies and reminds us to consider the following suggestions so that we will know when to use active or passive constructions, either in writing or speaking. 1) Use active voice unless there is a good reason not to. Active voice makes your speech or writing more vivid and clear. Examples: Passive (weak): The house was leveled by the tornado. Active (vivid): The furious tornado stripped the house to its foundations. Passive (weak): Spirits were low after the football game was lost. Active (vivid): A final heartbreaking interception ended the game and crushed the home team’s spirits. Passive (unclear): The students were advised not to drink on school nights. Active (clear): The Health Center advised students about the risks of drinking on school nights. 2) Use Passive Voice to emphasize a process in scientific or technical writing. Example: Next, the magnets were calibrated to align with the laser beam. 3) Use Passive Voice to place attention on the object, rather than the subject. Example: The new parking garage would be completed sometime next month. 18
(Focus was on the parking garage, not the construction workers who were making it.) 4) Use Passive Voice to place old information before new information when you want to make smooth transitions. English active sentences, as already mentioned previously, are usually constructed with a form of the verb ‘to be” and usually includes (or implies) the word ‘by’. The pattern of passive construction is thus: Subject + be + past participle + by (optional).Frank (1972: 55) states voice in English grammar refers to the active voice and passive use of a verb. He also notes that the English people use the active voice more often than the passive voice since they prefer to make a direct statement of an action. The passive voice is used when the greater emphasis is to be placed on the ‘event’ than on the ‘actor’, or when the ‘doer’ of an action is unimportant or unknown. O’Grady and Dobrovolsky (1984: 209) state English passive has two distinctive properties. The first is a passive sentence contains some form of the auxiliary be (was, is and so on) together with a verb in the so-called ‘past participle form’, which is normally marked by the suffix –ed or –en. Second, the relative order of the agent and theme in passive sentences in reverse of that found in active sentences. It means that the passive consists of auxiliary be, past participle, agent and theme. If we put it in order, it will be like this: be + past participle + theme + agent. Translating English Actives into Indonesian The change of voice in English into Indonesian translation is important in order to achieve grammaticality and produce an explicit meaning for Indonesian readers. It also has an aim to avoid misinterpretation (Nida, 1964: 227). For example, the word ‘cut’ in ‘I cut my finger’ is an active voice. If translated into Indonesian, the 19
word class should be changed into a passive one, tersayat (was cut) and the addition of oleh pisau(with knife) is needed if a native speaker of Indonesian means that he or she did it by accident. There are some important aspects to consider in changing voice in English into Indonesian translation. The first one is the focus of the sentence. For example: “she was killed” which is the passive form of “someone killed her” is used to state that the focus is on she. Besides, the person who killed her is unknown, so the agent cannot be specified. The second one is indispensable shift. For example: “She had something” is translated into “Ada sesuatu yang dimiliki” in Indonesian. From that sentence, there is a shift that occurs in translating had into Indonesian in the sentence “She had a worry” into “Dia diliputi ketakutan”. The active verb ‘had’ is translated into ‘diliputi’ after collocating with ‘a worry’. Since different languages express and communicate different types and levels of meanings by means of different linguistic forms or semantic structures, then the occurrence of shifts is substantially indispensable. The last aspect is natural translation. There is an enlightenment in finding the closest natural equivalent from one language to another that addition of information may be required due to the shift of voice and the alteration of word classes to avoid misinterpretation (Nida, 1964: 227). There are also cases where two languages use different classes of words and a different level of utterances to denote the same meaning. In the translation, naturalness can hardly be fully established as naturalness is bound not merely by linguistic forms or structures as the formal carriers of meanings, but also essentially linked and attached to many other features such as cultural features, communicative values and contexts, the existing and surviving 20
social values and norms, the social status of the interlocutors, and so forth. English and Indonesian which belong to different language families are different in many cultural entities and features. In English into Indonesian translation, there is a possibility that an English passive construction is translated into Indonesian active construction; namely, active construction with the verbs which are formed by adding affixation me- and ber-. English passive
: His touch was filled with warmth.
Indonesian active
: Sentuhannya mengandung kehangatan.
In English passive construction was filled is translated into Indonesian active construction mengandung. Mengandung is formed by using prefix me- into the word kandung and it is an active construction in Indonesian. There is a shift occurs, namely, structural shift. It can be concluded that the structural shift occurs when the passive construction is translated or changed into active construction. However, there is also a big possibility of English active into Indonesian active shift in English into Indonesian translation. This following blueprint is an example of how translators tend to translate English into Indonesian. The example was taken from 1out of 78collected news in this study.
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FIGURE 8 Example of How Translators Tend to Translate English into Indonesian
*Natural
Active - Passive Construction* 1. Seorang penduduk Australia dan seorang temannya yang berkewarganegaraan Perancis terdampar di sebuah pulau terpencil Indonesia, setelah perahu layar mereka rusak karena melewati cuaca buruk di laut.
*Unnatural ActivePassive Construction* 2. Menurut Sade, Badan SAR Nasional Indonesia, Basarnas, mengetahui insiden yang menimpa keduanya pada Kamis (1/1) pagi, setelah adanya sinyal darurat .
*Natural Active-Passive Construction Type 1* 2. Menurut Sade, insiden yang menimpa keduanya diketahui oleh Badan SAR Nasional Indonesia, Basarnas pada Kamis (1/1) pagi, setelah adanya sinyal darurat .
*Aussie man and French woman to be rescued after being stranded on remote tropical island - Pelayar Australia Terdampar di Pulau Terpencil Kalimantan * 1. An Australian resident and his French companion have spent the night stranded on a remote Indonesian island after their yacht struck bad weather at sea. 2. The Indonesian search and rescue agency, Basarnas, learned of the couple's plight on Thursday morning, after a distress signal was passed along, he said. 3. Mr Bimantara said the couple swam the raft to a nearby island where they ended up staying overnight with a group of villagers. 4. The duo have managed to salvage their belongings off the damaged yacht and bring them to the island, the spokesperson said.
*Natural Active-Passive Construction Type 2* 4. Duo ini telah berhasil menyelamatkan barangbarang mereka dari perahu layar yang rusak dan kemudian mereka bawa ke pulau itu, kata sang juru bicara.
*Unnatural ActivePassive Construction* 4. Duo ini telah berhasil menyelamatkan barangbarang mereka dari perahu layar yang rusak dan membawanya ke pulau itu, kata sang juru bicara.
*Natural Active - Active Construction* 3.Sade mengutarakan, pasangan itu mengayuh perahu penolong mereka ke pulau terdekat, tempat di mana mereka akhirnya tinggal semalam dengan sekelompok penduduk desa.
The explanations from the diagram above are: 1. The big circle in the center of the blueprint consist of both English and Indonesian title of the news and also content of news.
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2. The other six small circles are divided into two categories which are the translator of the news’s version and my version. The translator of the news translated English active construction into natural Indonesian passive construction, natural Indonesian active construction, and unnatural Indonesian passive construction. Then, I changed two examples of unnatural active English into Indonesian passive construction into natural Indonesian passive construction type 1 and 2. The changes from unnatural into natural activepassive construction are indicated by the arrows in the diagram. THE STUDY This part of the study contains context of the study, participants, instrument of data collection, data collection procedure, and data analysis. Context of the study The study adopts a descriptive qualitative method design which according to Bogdan and Taylor (1975 : 4) is a research method or procedure which produces descriptive data: people’s own written and spoken words or behaviors. This method was used by the researcher with descriptive, inductive, and comparative analysis. I collected and analyzed the data from DetikNews online media since there are many English into Indonesian translated news uploaded every single day through online media. In addition, I also have the intention to generalize whether DetikNews has the tendency to change English active into passive form or not. However, the scope of the news date is January 2015 due to the awareness of the latest news development.The classification of the news is non-scientific news since if it is scientific, most
23
translation structures will be in passive form. In this study, I did not have any special requirement about the translators’ background. Sample The data for this study were obtained from translation news in DetikNews. 78 non-scientific news uploaded in DetikNews in January 2015were collected and analyzed by the researcher. Data Collection Instrument In doing this present study, I myself acted as the instrument. I collected and investigated all the data. In collecting data process, I used 78non-scientific news uploaded in DetikNews in January 2015 to comprehend and measure the use of: 1. Natural Active - Active English into Indonesian Translation 2. Unnatural Active – Active English into Indonesian Translation (which later should include English active – Indonesian passive shifts) 3. Natural Active - Passive English into Indonesian Translation Type 1 4. Natural Active - Passive English into Indonesian Translation Type 2 Data Collection Procedure In this study, I started to collect data from the beginning until the end of January 2015.The steps in data collection were reading and then choosing 78nonscientific news especially non-political news in January 2015 from DetikNews without considering the translator of the news. The purpose of these steps were to
24
collect the intended data to be analyzed which focuses on the active and passive voice construction of the non-political news in DetikNews. Data Analysis After reading and choosing, I logged the data which are the 78 non-political news Indonesian translation texts in Microsoft Excel. The data were divided into smaller structure which are sentences and then occurences. Each occurrence was categorized into four categories which are ‘Natural Active - Active English into Indonesian Translation’, ‘Unnatural Active – Active English into Indonesian Translation which later should include English active – Indonesian passive shifts)’, ‘Natural Active - Passive English into Indonesian Translation Type 1’, and ‘Natural Active - Passive English into Indonesian Translation Type 2’. The bases of these categories are: 1. The Clarity of The Message in each Occurrence It is related to whether the message is directly understood or postponed in the sentence that make the readers hardy understand the message of the sentence. For example: Source Text
: The Australian Federal Police (AFP) has deployed three
disaster victim identification officers and two civilian forensic experts to Surabaya. Translated Text
:Kepolisian Federal Australia (AFP) telah mengirimkan tiga
petugas yang ahli dalam identifikasi korban bencana dan dua ahli forensik sipil ke Surabaya.
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There is another possibility to translate the source text into passive construction, for example : Tiga petugas yang ahli dalam identifikasi korban bencana dan dua ahli forensik sipil telah dikirimkan oleh Kepolisian Federal Australia (AFP) ke Surabaya. However, I considered the focus of the sentence is on "Kepolisisan Federal Australia (AFP)" not "Tiga Petugas yang ahli dalam identifikasi korban bencana dan dua ahli forensik sipil". Therefore, I considered the translated text as ‘Natural Active - Active English into Indonesian Translation’ because the translator did not postpone the presentation of "Kepolisisan Federal Australia (AFP)"as the focus of the sentences. 2. The Consideration of The Importance of The Doer in The Sentence It is related to whether the doer is important or not. For example: Source Text
: In 2012, Charlie Hebdo published an image of the Prophet
Mohammed prompting the White House to cautiously defend the editor's right to publish. Translated Text
: Pada tahun 2012, ‘Charlie Hebdo' menerbitkan gambar Nabi
Muhammad yang mendorong Gedung Putih untuk membela hak koran tersebut untuk mempublikasikannya. There is another possibility to translate the source text into passive construction, for example :
26
Pada tahun 2012, gambar Nabi Muhammad yang mendorong Gedung Putih diterbitkan oleh ‘Charlie Hebdo' untuk membela hak koran tersebut untuk mempublikasikannya. However, I considered that the doer of the sentence is on "Charlie Hebdo " not "gambar Nabi Muhammad yang mendorong Gedung Putih ". Therefore I considered the translated text as ‘Natural Active - Active English into Indonesian Translation’ because the translator recognized the importance of the doer so the translator put the doer as the subject of the sentence. I also did not include contentious texts to be analyzed. It means if both Indonesian active and passive construction are acceptable, I calculated them as ‘Natural Active - Active English into Indonesian Translation’.In addition, actually there are some problems in these 78 translated news related to lexical choice. However, I did not include these cases in the calculation of how English actives are translated in Indonesian. There are some examples of problems with lexical choice, for example: 1. Source Text
: Mapping the number of bicycle thefts by postcode over the
past five years revealed most were being pinched from Melbourne's inner suburbs. Translated text : Memetakan jumlah pencurian sepeda dengan kode pos, selama lima tahun terakhir, menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar pencurian terjadi di pinggiran Melbourne.
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Suggested text : Pemetaaan jumlah pencurian sepeda dengan kode pos menunjukkan bahwa selama lima tahun terakhir, sebagian besar pencurian terjadi di pinggiran Melbourne. 2. Source Text
: A bushfire, that started on January 2 in Adelaide, has burnt
through more than 12,500 hectares of land, destroying 27 homes and killing countless stock and wildlife. Translated text : Kebakaran semak, yang dimulai 2 Januari lalu di Adelaide, sudah menghancurkan lebih dari 12.500 hektar lahan, merusak 27 rumah, dan menghanguskan ternak dan kehidupan liar yang tidak bisa dihitung. Suggested text : Karena kebakaran semak yang dimulai 2 Januari lalu di Adelaide telah membawa banyak kerugian. Lebih dari 12.500 hektar lahan hancur, 27 rumah rusak, dan ternak dan kehidupan liar yang tidak bisa dihitung hangus. I also did not include mistranslation which is another problem in translation, to be analyzed as the data. For example: Source Text
: But some family members have taken it upon themselves to search
for answers by hiring a private investigator and approaching authorities in China and abroad. Mistranslated text
: Tetapi beberapa anggota keluarga telah mengambil
kesempatan itu untuk mencari jawaban dengan menyewa detektif swasta dan mendekati pihak berwenang di Cina serta di luar negeri. After that, for the validity of data analysis, I was helped by second checkers who are expert in Indonesian and English active and passive construction and in 28
English into Indonesian translation. In addition, this second checking step was intended to provide better formula in translating / correcting unnatural active-active English into Indonesian translation. The number of each category was later calculated in the form of a percentage and qualitatively analyzed. FINDING AND DISCUSSION In this section, I will present my data findings and analysis from my examination of 78 non-scientific online news in DetikNews that have been translated from English into Indonesian. In general, the texts may be grouped into four categories in terms of their rendition of their active constructions. : 1. Natural Active - Active English into Indonesian Translation 2. Unnatural Active – Active English into Indonesian Translation (which later should include English active – Indonesian passive shifts) 3. Natural Active - Passive English into Indonesian Translation Type 1 4. Natural Active - Passive English into Indonesian Translation Type 2 The table below shows the total number of these four categories in this study. Table 1.Total Number of How English Active Forms are Translated into Indonesian Category
Total Number of Percentage of the Occurrence in the Occurrences Occurrences The Whole News
‘Natural Active - 808 Active English into Indonesian Translation’
91.60 %
41
‘Unnatural Active 61 – Active English into Indonesian Translation (which later should include
6.91 %
28
29
English active – Indonesian passive shifts)’ ‘Natural Active - 13 Passive English into Indonesian Translation Type 1’
1.47 %
1
‘Natural Active - 0 Passive English into Indonesian Translation Type 2’
0%
0
‘Number of articles which include, but still should include Active-Passive Shifts’
-
8
100 %
78
882
From the data displayed in the table 1, we can find three important things related to how translators translated English active into Indonesian texts in DetikNews in January 2015. 1. The tendency to use active-passive shift is insignificant in terms of occurrences, but significant in terms of distribution of the shift in the whole texts in English into Indonesian translation. If we compare 6.91 % of ‘Unnatural Active – Active English into Indonesian Translation (which later should include English active – Indonesian passive shifts)’ to 91.60 % of ‘Natural Active - Active English into Indonesian Translation’, it shows that the tendency to use active-passive shifts is insignificant and does not strongly indicate the demand of using this shift. However, if we look at the distribution of the 30
shift in the whole news, we can see a strong indication of the demand to use activepassive shift. It is clearly seen if we compare 28 news of ‘Unnatural Active – Active English into Indonesian Translation (which later should include English active – Indonesian passive shifts)’ to 41 news of ‘Natural Active - Active English into Indonesian Translation’. In addition, there are 8 out of 9 news of ‘Natural Active Passive English into Indonesian Translation’ which still should include active-passive shift. It means only 1 article or 2 out of 13 occurrences which successfully include active-passive shift. It also means the tendency to use active-passive shifts (1.47 %) is insignificant compare to the use of active-active shifts (91.60%). 2. There are three pattern of contexts of forms in which the English active into Indonesian active translation has failed There are 28 out of 78 news or 61 out of 882 or 6.91 %occurrences of English active forms which should be translated into Indonesian passive forms. There are three pattern of contexts of forms in which the translation of English active into Indonesian active has failed. The first one is the intuition or the awareness of the translators was not in line with most native speakers’ notion of acceptability.Native speakers of Indonesian would think that English active into Indonesian active form translation was unacceptable and then changed it into better formula using Indonesian passive form.For example:
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FIGURE 9 Example of Translating English Actives into Indonesian Active and Passive
Vandals first targeted the tree in 2010, cutting off most of the outer bark tissue. It was again ringbarked in 2013.
Vandal pertama yang mentargetkan pohon tersebut terjadi pada tahun 2010, mereka memotong sebagian besar jaringan kulit luar pohon tersebut. Dan kejadian yang sama kembali terjadi pada tahun 2013.
Pohon tersebut pertama kali dirusak oleh orang yang tidak bertanggung jawab pada tahun 2010. Sebagian besar jaringan kulit luar pohon tersebut diambil. Dan kejadian yang sama kembali terjadi pada tahun 2013.
The second pattern is the translators did not put the object in an active English form as the focus attention in an Indonesian passive form. It opposes thetheory about passive construction in Bahasa Indonesia proposed by Sneddon(2010:255). From him, I learn that native speakers of Bahasa Indonesia use passive construction when making the object in an active clause to be the subject of the passive form of the verb which means that the focus attention is on that object in an active clause. In addition, I also paid attention on the way the actor is expressed by an agent phrase which follows the passive verb. For example: FIGURE 10 Example of Translating English Actives into Indonesian Active and Passive
"The thing for us is to go to the historical sites and learn their history and then encourage people to go and see it themselves," he said.
"Kami mendatangi gedung-gedung tua dan mempelajari sejarah mereka dan mendorong orang untuk melihatnya sendiri,
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"Kami mendatangi gedunggedung tua dan mempelajari sejarah mereka dan masyarakat kami dorong untuk melihatnya sendiri,
The third pattern is the translators did not consider the proportion of Indonesian active and passive construction in translating a text. The translators simply translated all the English activeinto Indonesian active withoutconsideringabout the balance of the construction’s proportion. Therefore, the researcher tried to formulate better forms with this consideration. For example:
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FIGURE 11
•Ibu gadis cilik itu berhasil menakut-nakuti si anjing liar dan beruntung, anak perempuan itu tidak terluka. •Juru bicara Taman Nasional di Queensland mengatakan, seekor anjing liar berjenis kelamin lakilaki terpaksa dibunuh pada hari pertama Tahun Baru, setelah adanya serangkaian insiden penyerangan. •Para penjaga hutan telah memantau wilayah ‘Eli Creek &rsquo menyusul adanya laporan tentang seekor anjing liar yang menunjukkan perilaku agresif. •Pada tanggal 1 Januari, seekor anjing liar mengancam seorang perempuan, yang kemudian berhasil diselamatkan oleh warga dan penjaga hutan yang sedang patroli. •Tak lama setelah itu, seekor anjing liar yang sama juga mengintai sekelompok orang sebelum akhirnya menerjang gadis 11 tahun dengan agresif, di ‘Eli Creek &rsquo. •Pada bulan Oktober, daerah perkemahan yang terletak antara ‘Poyungan Rocks &rsquo dengan ‘Eli Creek &rsquo terpaksa ditutup demi alasan keamanan, setelah sekelompok anjing liar menyerang dua perempuan ;saat mereka tengah ‘jogging &rsquo di dekat ‘Yidney Rocks &rsquo. •Pada bulan Oktober, sejumlah penduduk setempat sempat mengatakan, kawanan anjing liar itu kemungkinan adalah kelompok yang sama dengan yang menyerang seorang pria di dekat Lembah Happy di bulan Agustus.
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Researcher's Translation
• Her mother managed to scare it off and the child was not injured. • A spokesperson for the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service said the male dingo was destroyed humanely on New Year's Day after a series of aggressive incidents. • Rangers had been monitoring the Eli Creek area following reports of a dingo displaying aggressive behaviour. • On January 1, the dingo threatened a woman who was rescued by a passer-by and a patrolling ranger. • Shortly afterwards, the same dingo stalked a group of people before lunging aggressively at the 11-year-old child at Eli Creek. • In October, camping areas were closed between Poyungan Rocks and Eli Creek for public safety after dingoes attacked two women while they were jogging near Yidney Rocks. • Locals said in October the dingoes may have belonged to a pack that attacked a man at nearby Happy Valley in August.
DetikNews' Translation
Source Text
Example of Translating English Actives into Indonesian Active and Passive • • • Wilayah ‘Eli Creek &rsquo telah dipantau oleh para penjaga hutan menyusul adanya laporan tentang seekor anjing liar yang menunjukkan perilaku agresif. • • • Pada bulan Oktober, daerah perkemahan yang terletak antara ‘Poyungan Rocks &rsquo dengan ‘Eli Creek &rsquo terpaksa ditutup demi alasan keamanan, setelah dua perempuan diserang oleh sekelompok anjing liar;saat mereka tengah ‘jogging &rsquo di dekat ‘Yidney Rocks &rsquo. • -
The researcher changed English active forms into two types of Indonesian passive forms. The decision to whether use type 1 or 2 was based on the theory about passive construction in Bahasa Indonesia proposed by Sneddon(2010) and the proportion of Indonesian active and passive construction in translating a text. 3. There is an indication althouh it is not strong that English has influencedIndonesian particularly in translating English active forms into Indonesian in terms of the grammatical norms of the target language. From this study, we can understand that there is an indication that English has influenced Indonesian particularly in translating English active forms into Indonesian in terms of the grammatical norms of the target language. However, this indication is not strong and still inconclusive. We can also see that there are 91.60 % of ‘Natural Active - Active English into Indonesian Translation’. However, we still do not know the base or background of deciding to use active into active shifts whether it is because of literal translation or the tendency to use this shift in English into Indonesian translation is getting stronger. That explains that this study is a limited research and at the same time needs future research in other genres. It also proves that although DetikNews is well known as the most reliable source of translated news in Indonesia, DetikNews needs to improve the quality of its translation by considering the grammatical norms of Indonesia. In addition, there are some possible contributions on this issue. In this day and age, many Indonesian try to translate English into Indonesian using Google translate which is known as not reliable tool because the translation is not grammatically correct and unacceptable for
35
native speaker of Indonesian. Limited time to do the translation may contribute on this issue as well. Apart from this, I also found two suggestions in order to minimalize the use of active construction in Indonesian translation texts. Those two suggestion are: 1. The Use of Reporting Framing ‘menurut’ Instead of translating into active constructive, I found out that some translators used this strategy. For example: FIGURE 12 Example of The Use of Reporting Framing ‘menurut’ • Mr Razi said the event helped reinforce the importance of cross-community collaboration to tackle Islamophobia.
ENGLISH VERSION
INDONESIAN VERSION
SUGGESTED VERSION
• Razi mengatakan bahwa kegiatan ini menekankan kembali pentingnya kerjasama lintas budaya dalam mengatasi Islamophobia.
• Menurut Razi, kegiatan ini menekankan kembali pentingnya kerjasama lintas budaya dalam mengatasi Islamophobia.
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2. The use of reporting phrase ‘sambungnya’, ‘terangnya’, and ‘tambahnya’ English version
: "But as an ice climber ... it's just the most amazing
waterfall in the world. Indonesian version
: Ia lantas menyambung, "Tapi sebagai pendaki es ...
Niagara adalahair terjun yang paling menakjubkan di dunia. Suggested version
: "Tapi sebagai pendaki es ... Niagara adalahair terjun
yang paling menakjubkan di dunia," sambungnya.
There are 8 occurrences of these cases in 78 analyzed news. These cases are also considered as an unnatural translation. Although they cannot be translated into Indonesian passive form, they are also parts of problems of active form translation. Therefore, these cases are considered as an emerging theme as well.
CONCLUSION This study was proposed to investigate how the English active forms are translated into Indonesian in terms of the grammatical norms of the target language in78 non-scientific news from DetikNews in January 2015. The analyzed data reveal three findings. The first finding shows the tendency to use active-passive shift is insignificant in terms of occurrences, but significant in terms of distribution of the shift in the whole texts in English into Indonesian translation since there are 91.60 % occurrences are translated into active Indonesian construction. However, when the translations were analyzed, around 6.91 %occurrences of English active forms should be translated into Indonesian passive forms.
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The second finding shows there are three pattern of contexts of forms in which the English active into Indonesian active translation has failed. There are 61 occurrences of English active forms that should be translated into Indonesian passive forms based on the intuition or the awareness of the researcher which in line with native speakers’ notion of acceptability, the urge to put the object in an active English form as the focus attention in an Indonesian passive form, and consideration about proportion of Indonesian active and passive construction in translating a text. The last finding indicates that there is an indication although it is still not strong and inconclusive that English has influenced Indonesian particularly in translating English active forms into Indonesian in terms of the grammatical norms of the target language. These three findings clearly show that the use of English construction in Indonesian translation texts is getting larger. In addition, the findings suggest DetikNews as a well-known and most reliable source of translated news in Indonesia to improve the quality of its translation by considering the grammatical norms of Indonesia. The use of Google translate and limited time also give contribution on this issue. Therefore, I recommend the translators to use reporting framing and reporting phrase with the intention to minimalize the use of active construction in Indonesian translation texts. This information is important for the improvement of the translations’ quality. I hope similar studies can be done with different participants and data collection methods. So that we can make more meaningful generalization, hence better insight for the English into Indonesian translation.
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References
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Al-Salam, S.M. (2007). Global English and the Role of Translation. Asian EFL Journal, 9(4)/141-156. Baker,Mona. 1992. In Other Words: A Course Book of Translation. London: Routledge. Bodgan, Robert and Taylor, Steven J. 1975. Introduction to Qualitative Research Method: A Phenomenological Approach to Social Science. New York: A WilleyInternational Publication. Catford, J.C. (1965). A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: OUP. Chaer, Abdul. (1989). Penggunaan Imbuhan Bahasa Indonesia. Ende: Nusa Indah Dalimunte, A. A. Indonesian Language-Status Planning through Language Policy, Law 24 of2009. IAIN SU. Dardjowijojo, Soejono. (1978). Sentence Patterns of Indonesian. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Frank, Marcella. 1972. Modern English: A Practical Reference Guide. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Inc. Hassall, Tim. (2011, May 28). English is changing the Grammar of Indonesian. Retrieved fromhttp://www.bahasakita.com/english-is-changing-the-grammarof-indonesian/ Hatim, B and Munday, J. (2004). Translations: An Advance Resource Book. London & New York: Taylor &Francis e-Library, (Chapter 1). Hornby, A. S. (1974). Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English. Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress. Jendra, M.I.I. (2010). Sociolinguistics, the Studies of Societies Languages. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu. Kirkpatrick, A. (2007). World Englishes: Implication for International Communication and EnglishLanguage Teaching. Cambridge: CUP. Larson, M. L. (1998). Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence (2nd ed.). United States: Oxford University Press, (Chapter 1 and 2). Munday, Jeremy. (2001). Introducing Translation Studies Theories and Application. London: Routledge. 39
Nababan, M.R. (2003). “Translation Processes, Practices and Products of Professional Indonesian. Newmark, P. (1988). A Textbook of Translation. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc, (Chapter 1). Nida, E and Taber, C. R. (1982). The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E. J. Brill, (Chapter 1). Purwo, Bambang Kaswanti (ed). 1986. Pusparagam Linguistik dan Pengajaran Bahasa. Jakarta: Arcan. Purwo
(ed), Kuswanti Bambang. (1989). BahasaIndonesia. Jogjakarta: Kanisius.
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Retnomurti, A.B. and Imran, I. (n.d.). The Equivalence and Shift in the English Translation of Indonesian Noun Phrases. [Online] Available http://www.gunadarma.ac.id/library/articles/postgraduate/letters/Artikel_9510 7017.pdf (April 9, 2014). Sneddon, James Neil. 2010. Indonesian Reference Grammar.(2nd Ed.). Melbourne. Tabiati, S.E. & Yannuar, N. 2012. The Borrowed Words in Jakarta Post Newspaper: A Case ofVarieties of English. In Cahyono, B.Y. & Yannuar, N. 2012. (Eds). Englishes forCommunication and Interaction in the Classroom and Beyond. Malang: UM Press. Taryadi, Alfons. (2003, November 5). Kritik Terjemahan di Indonesia [Criticism on Translations inIndonesia]. Kompas. Retrieved from http://sanctuarylw.blogspot.com/2003/11/kritikterjemahan-di-indonesia.html Thomason, Sarah G. 2001. Language Contact: An Introduction. Edinburgh & Washington, DC: Edinburgh University Press & Georgetown University Press.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the AlmightyGod for always loving, helping and guiding me from the beginning of my study until the end of my thesis submission. Thank you for always being there for me, Father. I could not do anything without Your blessing. In this good opportunity I would like to address my greatest thanks tothose who have been so helpful during my study. 1. My parents who always support and love me in every condition during my study even though you once asked me to stop continue my study because of my sickness. 2. My supervisor, Dr. Elisabet Titik Murtisari, M. Trans Stud. Thank you for the precious guidance, assistance, advice, sharing, and patience from the beginning until the end of my thesis. 3. My examiner, Esriaty Sega’ Kendenan, S.S., M.Hum. Thank you for kindly examining my thesis. 4. My best friends, Elby, Ica and Gaby who truly become the sunshine of my life. 5. My sister and brother, Theotera and Theorama. You never fail make me happy with your actions. 6. My friends, Hezky, Aline, Voni, Sasa, Brengos, Richard, Mas Rio and Mbak Gita who make me learn that hard work never betrays. 7. My juniors who become my friend and family, Virna, Ryan, Amel, Mumu, Betsy, Ellin and Villa. 41
8. My kids in student council, Raja, Ratih, Maggie, Charles, Eiga, Delfin, Eko, Dina, Bryan, Evan, Fanny, Yosia, Nina, Aziz, Tely and Bara who always listen to me and never make me upset in doing our service. 9. My college friends, Sari, Sita, Riry, Anis, Ntin. My college life here would be incomplete if I did not meet and be friend with you. 10. My doctor, Yunanto. Thank you for always defending me if my parents got angry with me, being a great friend,being ready 24 hours for me and doing your very best to heal me. 11. My big brother, Dery. Thank you for everything. Believe me, it is more than unforgettable moment. 12. My grandparent. I did it, grandpa. You must be happy seeing me now in heaven. I am ready to take another big step in my life as I have promised to you.
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APPENDIX ‘Unnatural Active – Active English into Indonesian Translation (which later should include English active – Indonesian passive shifts)’ B1. The Indonesian search and rescue agency, Basarnas, learned of the couple's plight on Thursday morning, after a distress signal was passed along, he said. Menurut Sade, Badan SAR Nasional Indonesia, Basarnas, mengetahui insiden yang menimpa keduanya pada Kamis (1/1) pagi, setelah adanya sinyal darurat. Menurut Sade, insiden yang menimpa keduanya diketahui oleh Badan SAR Nasional Indonesia, Basarnas pada Kamis (1/1) pagi, setelah adanya sinyal darurat. B2.Indonesian media initially reported the duo as Australian citizens but they are now understood to be a male Australian resident on a British passport and a female French national. Media lokal Indonesia, awalnya, melaporkan dua orang itu sebagai warga negara Australia, tetapi kini sudah terkonfirmasi bahwa mereka adalah satu penduduk laki-laki Australia dengan paspor Inggris, dan seorang perempuan berkebangsaan Perancis. Awalnya dilaporkan oleh media lokal Indonesia bahwa dua orang itu sebagai warga negara Australia, tetapi kini sudah terkonfirmasi bahwa mereka adalah satu penduduk laki-laki Australia dengan paspor Inggris, dan seorang perempuan berkebangsaan Perancis. B3.Seafarers in the region should monitor weather forecasts and coordinate their routes with advice from Indonesian agencies, he added. Pelaut di wilayah ini harus memantau prakiraan cuaca dan mengkoordinasikan rute mereka dengan masukan dari sejumlah lembaga Indonesia, tambahnya. Pelaut di wilayah ini harus memantau prakiraan cuaca dan rute mereka juga harus dikoordinasikan dengan masukan dari sejumlah lembaga Indonesia, tambahnya. B4.Weighing in at half a tonne, Elvis did not quite get to have his cake and eat it too. Dengan berat badan setengah ton, Elvis tak bisa memiliki hadiah itu sepenuhnya. Dengan berat badan setengah ton, hadiah itu tidak bisa dimiliki Elvis sepenuhnya. B5.The birthday boy, however, enjoyed a good mouthful, before keepers took the meat away. Sang buaya yang sedang berulang tahun ini, bagaimanapun, telah menikmati sejumput daging, sebelum akhirnya penjaga mengambil daging domba itu. Meskipun begitu sang buaya telah menikmati cukup banyak daging, sebelum akhirnya daging domba itu diambil oleh penjaga. B6.He was sent to a breeding property, but that did not work out after he opted to eat his stable mates. Ia sempat dikirim ke penangkaran, tapi itu tak berhasil setelah ia memilih untuk memakan hewan-hewan di sana. 43
Ia sempat dikirim ke penangkaran, tapi itu tak berhasil setelah hewan-hewan di sana dimangsanya. B7.Rangers had been monitoring the Eli Creek area following reports of a dingo displaying aggressive behaviour. Para penjaga hutan telah memantau wilayah ‘Eli Creek &rsquo menyusul adanya laporan tentang seekor anjing liar yang menunjukkan perilaku agresif. Wilayah ‘Eli Creek &rsquo telah dipantau oleh para penjaga hutan menyusul adanya laporan tentang seekor anjing liar yang menunjukkan perilaku agresif. B8.In October, camping areas were closed between Poyungan Rocks and Eli Creek for public safety after dingoes attacked two women while they were jogging near Yidney Rocks. Pada bulan Oktober, daerah perkemahan yang terletak antara ‘Poyungan Rocks &rsquo dengan ‘Eli Creek &rsquo terpaksa ditutup demi alasan keamanan, setelah sekelompok anjing liar menyerang dua perempuan ;saat mereka tengah ‘jogging &rsquo di dekat ‘Yidney Rocks &rsquo. Pada bulan Oktober, daerah perkemahan yang terletak antara ‘Poyungan Rocks &rsquo dengan ‘Eli Creek &rsquo terpaksa ditutup demi alasan keamanan, setelah dua perempuan diserang oleh sekelompok anjing liar;saat mereka tengah ‘jogging &rsquo di dekat ‘Yidney Rocks &rsquo. B9.The list includes Bishop Soane Patita Paini Mafi of Tonga and Archbishop Charles Maung Bo of Myanmar. Nama-nama tersebut mencakup Uskup Soane Patita Paini Mafi dari Tonga, Polinesia dan Uskup Agung Charles Maung Bo dari Myanmar. Termasuk dalam daftar nama tersebut adalah Uskup Soane Patita Paini Mafi dari Tonga, Polinesia dan Uskup Agung Charles Maung Bo dari Myanmar. B10.Pope Francis read out the names of the 20 new cardinals to tens of thousands of people in St Peter's Square for his Sunday address. Paus Francis membacakan nama 20 kardinal baru itu di hadapan puluhan ribu orang di Basilika Santo Petrus, saat melakukan khutbah minggunya. Nama 20 kardinal baru itu dibacakan oleh Paus Francis di hadapan puluhan ribu orang di Basilika Santo Petrus, saat melakukan khutbah minggunya. B11.Prime Minister Tony Abbott returned the statue to Indian prime minister Narendra Modi, along with another stone sculpture. Perdana Menteri Australia Tony Abbott menyerahkan kembali patung itu kepada Perdana Menteri India Narendra Modi. Patung itu diserahkan kembali oleh Perdana Menteri Australia Tony Abbott kepada Perdana Menteri India Narendra Modi. B12.The data from Victoria Police revealed almost 468 bikes were stolen every January, closely followed by March with an average of 464 thefts per month.
44
Data dari Kepolisian Victoria mengungkapkan, hampir 468 sepeda dicuri setiap Januari, diikuti oleh bulan Maret dengan rata-rata 464 sepeda. Diungkapkan oleh data dari Kepolisian Victoria bahwa hampir 468 sepeda dicuri setiap Januari, diikuti oleh bulan Maret dengan rata-rata 464 sepeda. B13.due to the size it will take us a long time to do dan karena gedung itu sangat luas maka sepertinya butuh waktu cukup lama untuk melakukannya dan dibutuhkan waktu cukup lama untuk melakukannya karena gedung itu sangat luas B14.so basically you wouldn't have any people on the ground that would be impartial." sehingga sulit mendapati orang yang bisa bertindak imparsial disana," tuturnya. sehingga sulit didapati orang yang bisa bertindak imparsial disana," tuturnya. B15."Australian agencies ... remain in ongoing direct contact with their Indonesian counterparts to offer support for the Indonesian response to the loss of flight QZ8501," a spokesperson for the Federal Government said. "Australia terus melakukan kontak langsung dengan Indonesia untuk menawarkan bantuan kepada Indonesia menangani kecelakaan penerbangan QZ8501," ujar juru bicara Pemerintah Federal "Kontak langsung dengan Indonesia terus dilakukan oleh Australia untuk menawarkan bantuan kepada Indonesia menangani kecelakaan penerbangan QZ8501," ujar juru bicara Pemerintah Federal B16."A 31-year-old male, not known to the driver, took advantage of the running vehicle, hopped in and drove off. "Kemudian tiba-tiba seorang pria berusia 31 tahun, tanpa diketahui pengemudi memanfaatkan situasi itu dengan masuk ke mobil dan melarikan kendaraan tersebut," "Kemudian tiba-tiba, tanpa diketahui pengemudi situasi itu dimanfaatkan oleh seorang pria berusia 31 tahun dengan masuk ke mobil dan kendaraan tersebut dilarikannya," B17.Police in the ACT have confirmed a staff member was responsible for retweeting a pornographic image on its official Twitter account. Kepolisian Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia (ACT) yang bermarkas di Canberra mengaku kalau salah satu anggotanya telah me--retweet foto-foto porno tanpa disengaja. Diakui oleh Kepolisian Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia (ACT) yang bermarkas di Canberra kalau salah satu anggotanya telah me--retweet foto-foto porno tanpa disengaja. B18.ACT police were left embarrassed last week when their official Twitter account retweeted a pornographic image and favourited multiple others. Pekan lalu menjelang tahun baru, Kepolisian Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia (ACT) merasa malu setelah me-retweet foto-foto porno di akun Twitter resmi milik Kepolisian ACT.
45
Pekan lalu menjelang tahun baru, Kepolisian Wilayah Ibu Kota Australia (ACT) merasa malu setelah ada foto-foto porno yang di-retweet di akun Twitter resmi mereka. B19.Chief ACT Police Officer Rudi Lammers has now revealed staff made a mistake, and the account was not hacked. Kini, Kepala Kepolisian ACT, Rudi Lammers mengaku bahwa salah satu staffnya telah melakukan kesalahan, dan foto tersebut muncul bukan karena diretas. ; Kini, diakui oleh Kepala Kepolisian ACT, Rudi Lammers bahwa salah satu staffnya telah melakukan kesalahan, dan foto tersebut muncul bukan karena diretas. ; B20.Jokowi, as he is known, has already denied dozens of requests for similar reprieves. Jokowi sebelumnya juga telah menolak permohonan grasi dari belasan terpidana kasus narkoba lainnya. Sebelumnya permohonan grasi dari belasan terpidana kasus narkoba lainnya juga telah ditolak oleh Jokowi. B21.Vandals first targeted the tree in 2010, cutting off most of the outer bark tissue. It was again ringbarked in 2013. Vandal pertama yang mentargetkan pohon tersebut terjadi pada tahun 2010, mereka memotong sebagian besar jaringan kulit luar pohon tersebut. Dan kejadian yang sama kembali terjadi pada tahun 2013. Pohon tersebut pertama kali dirusak oleh orang yang tidak bertanggung jawab pada tahun 2010. Sebagian besar jaringan kulit luar pohon tersebut diambil. Dan kejadian yang sama kembali terjadi pada tahun 2013. B22.Royal Botanic Gardens director, Professor Tim Entwisle, said staff noticed the tree starting to die in November last year. Direktur Kebun Raya Royal Melbourne, Profesor Tim Entwisle, mengatakan stafnya mulai mendapati pohon itu sekarat pada November tahun lalu. Direktur Kebun Raya Royal Melbourne, Profesor Tim Entwisle, mengatakan bahwa pohon itu mulai didapati sekarat oleh stafnya pada November tahun lalu. B23.Appearing more than a little nervous on such a big occasion, Kuwait took its opportunity to steal ahead from a smart set piece in the eighth minute. Terlihat gugup, Kuwait justru mengambil kesempatan untuk menyerang ke depan di menit kedelapan. Terlihat gugup, kesempatan untuk menyerang ke depan justru diambil oleh Kuwait di menit ke-delapan. B24.Kuwait came back into the game as Australia made changes from the bench, with keeper Mat Ryan called on to make one stunning save to keep the two goal buffer, but the hosts always looked likely to find another goal.
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Kuwait kembali menyerang ketika Soccerros melakukan pergantian pemain, tapi kiper Mat Ryan berhasil melakukan penyelamatan gawang yang gemilang. Tim tuan rumah-pun tak kehilangan akal untuk mencari peluang gol. Ketika pergantian pemain dilakukan oleh Soccerros, Kuwait kembali menyerang,tapi kiper Mat Ryan berhasil melakukan penyelamatan gawang yang gemilang. Tim tuan rumah-pun tak kehilangan akal untuk mencari peluang gol. B25. "We are generating more and more waste because we are getting to be a more and more affluent society," Ms Narain said. "We are using more and more products which have a lot more plastic [and] which have a lot more waste as a result." "Kami menghasilkan lebih banyak sampah karena kami semakin menjadi masyarakat yang lebih makmur. Kami semakin menggunakan lebih banyak produk yang memiliki lebih banyak plastic, [dan] yang menghasilkan lebih banyak sampah sebagai imbasnya," jelasnya. "Lebih banyak sampah dihasilkan karena masyarakat India semakin makmur", kata Narain." Kami semakin menggunakan lebih banyak produk yang memiliki lebih banyak plastic, [dan] yang menghasilkan lebih banyak sampah sebagai imbasnya," jelasnya. B26."In particular, the plumes have been heading towards the main island Nuku'alofa and that has created some issues for aviation, so being risk averse they have been stopping flights while the wind direction has flown towards the airport." Ia menambahkan, "Secara khusus, awan abu telah menuju pulau utama ‘Nuku'alofa &rsquo dan ini menciptakan beberapa masalah bagi penerbangan, sehingga untuk menghindari resiko, mereka menghentikan penerbangan selama arah angin berhembus menuju bandara." Ia menambahkan, "Secara khusus, awan abu telah menuju pulau utama ‘Nuku'alofa &rsquo dan ini menciptakan beberapa masalah bagi penerbangan, sehingga untuk menghindari resiko, penerbangan dihentikan selama arah angin berhembus menuju bandara." B27.State coroner Michael Barnes will preside over the inquest. Penyidik New South Wales, Michael Barnes akan memimpin upaya penyelidikan dan pemeriksaan tersebut. Upaya penyelidikan dan pemeriksaan tersebut akan dipimpin oleh Penyidik New South Wales, Michael Barnes. B28.When a transport inspector contacted Uber to ask why their account had been suspended, a customer service representative cited suspicious activity. Ketika pengawas transportasi mengontak Uber ;untuk menanyakan mengapa akun mereka ditangguhkan, perwakilan layanan konsumen dari Uber mengakui adanya aktivitas yang mencurigakan. Ketika Uber dikontak oleh pengawas transportasi;untuk menanyakan mengapa akun mereka ditangguhkan, perwakilan layanan konsumen dari Uber mengakui adanya aktivitas yang mencurigakan. B29.Kapociunas denied the offence and said he only tickled her and blew raspberries on her belly.
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Vytas membantah tuduhan itu dan mengatakan, ia hanya menggelitik dan meniup buah frambosa pada perut si gadis. Tuduhan itu dibantah oleh Vytas dan ia mengatakan bahwa ia hanya menggelitik dan meniup buah frambosa pada perut si gadis. B30."The Government has taken this action to ensure businesses that suffered damages from the incident will not be denied claims due to terrorism exclusions in their insurance policies," he said. "Pemerintah telah mengambil tindakan ini untuk memastikan sejumlah bisnis yang mengalami kerusakan dari insiden itu tidak akan mengalami penolakan klaim, karena pengecualian terorisme dalam kebijakan asuransi mereka," katanya. "Tindakan ini telah diambil oleh pemerintah untuk memastikan sejumlah bisnis yang mengalami kerusakan dari insiden itu tidak akan mengalami penolakan klaim, karena pengecualian terorisme dalam kebijakan asuransi mereka," katanya. B31.Turnbull's mother discovered a suspicious black package at the family's Werrington home on Tuesday and called police. Ibu Turnbull menemukan paket mencurigakan berwarna hitam di rumah mereka di Werrington pada Selasa lalu dan memanggil polisi. Paket mencurigakan berwarna hitam ditemukan oleh Ibu Turnbull di rumah mereka di Werrington pada Selasa lalu dan ia memanggil polisi. B32.The court also heard that Turnbull used the drug ice on the day of his arrest. Pengadilan juga mendengar kalau Turnbull menggunakan narkoba ketika diamankan petugas. Terungkap juga dalam pengadilan kalau Turnbull menggunakan narkoba ketika diamankan petugas. B33.He said teenager Numan Haider, who was shot dead outside a Melbourne police station in September, was one of his followers. Ia mengaku Numan Haider, yang ditembak polisi di Melbourne pada bulan September, adalah salah satu pengikutnya. Diakuinya bahwa Numan Haider, yang ditembak polisi di Melbourne pada bulan September, adalah salah satu pengikutnya. B34.He said immigration authorities arrested the man for violating his tourist visa in December. Ia menjelaskan, pihak imigrasi menangkap pria itu pada bulan Desember, karena menyalahgunakan visa turis. Ia menjelaskan bahwa pria itu ditangkap oleh pihak imigrasi pada bulan Desember, karena menyalahgunakan visa turis. B35.The couple then deposited it into a small wheelie bin outside, from where it was photographed before it made a slithery escape.
48
Pasangan ini kemudian menaruh ular itu didalam tong sampah di luar rumah, ;tapi setelah difoto ular itu berhasil merayap pergi. Ular itu kemudian ditaruh oleh pasangan ini didalam tong sampah di luar rumah, ;tapi setelah difoto ular itu berhasil merayap pergi. B36.Ambulance officers took her to hospital to make sure, however an expert confirmed the culprit was a non-venomous children's python. Petugas ambulan kemudian membawanya ke rumah sakit untuk memastikan gigitan ular itu berbisa atau tidak, namun pakar memastikan ular yang menggigitnya merupakan anak ular phyton yang tidak berbisa. Kemudian dia dibawa ke rumah sakit oleh petugas ambulan untuk memastikan gigitan ular itu berbisa atau tidak, namun ular yang menggigitnya dipastikan oleh pakar merupakan anak ular phyton yang tidak berbisa. B37."We should get community events together and reach out to the youth through initiatives by being out on the street," he said. "Misalnya dengan mengadakan event bersama," katanya. "Misalnya dengan diadakannya event bersama," katanya. B38.Quilty has just returned from a trip to Bali to visit Myuran Sukumaran and Andrew Chan and added his voice to the campaign to win clemency for the pair. Quilty yang baru saja kembali mengunjungi kedua temannya itu turut menyuarakan upaya pengampunan dari Presiden Joko Widodo. Upaya pengampunan dari Presiden Joko Widodo turut disuarakan oleh Quilty yang baru saja kembali mengunjungi kedua temannya itu. C1.A spokesperson for the Australian Maritime Safety Authority told the ABC they had been in contact with the stranded male. Juru bicara Otoritas Keselamatan Maritim Australia mengatakan, mereka telah mengontak penduduk Australia yang terdampar itu. Juru bicara Otoritas Keselamatan Maritim Australia mengatakan bahwa penduduk Australia yang terdampar itu telah mereka kontak. C2."You can't second guess what he's going to do but once he goes into that death roll it's just a sight to behold." "Anda tak bisa menebak apa yang ia lakukan tapi begitu ia beraksi, anda hanya bisa melihatnya." jelas manajer pemasaran taman reptile, Libby Bain. "Apa yang akan ia lakukan tak bisa Anda tebak tapi begitu ia beraksi, anda hanya bisa melihatnya." jelas manajer pemasaran taman reptile, Libby Bain. C3.I upcycle and recycle things that already exist and this was my choice. Saya memodifikasinya menjadi lebih bagus dan mendaur ulang hal-hal yang sudah ada dan ini adalah pilihan saya, tambahnya. 49
Saya memodifikasinya menjadi lebih bagus dan hal-hal yang sudah ada saya daur ulang dan ini adalah pilihan saya, tambahnya. C4.She said that according to Choice magazine the average Australian spent a whopping $2,000 on clothing each year. Ia mengutarakan, menurut majalah Choice &rsquo, rata-rata warga Australia menghabiskan 2.000 dolar untuk pakaian, setiap tahunnya. Ia mengutarakan, menurut majalah Choice &rsquo, rata-rata 2.000 dolar dihabiskan oleh warga Australia untuk pakaian, setiap tahunnya. C5."I will say that I do not upcycle underwear or woollen tights. "Saya akan mengatakan bahwa saya tidak memodifikasi pakaian dalam atau celana ketat berbahan wol, "Akan saya katakan bahwa saya tidak memodifikasi pakaian dalam atau celana ketat berbahan wol, C6.You can find them in op-shops but you have to make some exemptions!" Anda bisa menemukannya toko barang bekas tetapi Anda harus membuat beberapa pengecualian!," tegasnya. Barang-barang ini bisa Anda temukan di toko barang bekas tetapi Anda harus membuat beberapa pengecualian!," tegasnya. C7.You can find them in op-shops but you have to make some exemptions!" Anda bisa menemukannya toko barang bekas tetapi Anda harus membuat beberapa pengecualian!," tegasnya. Anda bisa menemukannya toko barang bekas tetapi beberapa pengecualian harus Anda buat!," tegasnya. C8."I guess the thing is you're looking at the difference between people whose views you disagree with and people who are actually endangering people's health," Dr Hawkes said. "Menurut saya seminar masalahnya adalah anda perlu membedakan antara orang yang memiliki pandangan berbeda dengan orang yang berpotensi membahayakan kesehatan orang lain," kata Dr Hawkes. "Menurut saya perlu dibedakan antara orang yang memiliki pandangan berbeda dengan orang yang berpotensi membahayakan kesehatan orang lain," kata Dr Hawkes. C9."You have all the amenities and facilities, "Anda memiliki semua fasilitas, "Semua fasilitas Anda miliki, C10. "We will be going there later on this year; "Kita akan menyelidiki tempat itu tahun ini,
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"Tempat itu akan kami selidiki tahun ini, C11.Vandals first targeted the tree in 2010, cutting off most of the outer bark tissue. It was again ringbarked in 2013. Vandal pertama yang mentargetkan pohon tersebut terjadi pada tahun 2010, mereka memotong sebagian besar jaringan kulit luar pohon tersebut. Dan kejadian yang sama kembali terjadi pada tahun 2013. Pohon tersebut pertama kali dirusak oleh orang yang tidak bertanggung jawab pada tahun 2010. Sebagian besar jaringan kulit luar pohon tersebut diambil. Dan kejadian yang sama kembali terjadi pada tahun 2013. C12."We'll use the wood I think for something - we haven't thought quite what yet - and I'd be fascinated in the kind of ideas people might have for that. "Kami akan menggunakan kayunya untuk sesuatu yang belum ditentukan - dan saya sangat berminat mendapat ide gagasan dari orang-orang mengenai kayu dari pohon tersebut," katanya. "Kayunya akan kami gunakan untuk sesuatu yang belum ditentukan - dan saya sangat berminat mendapat ide gagasan dari orang-orang mengenai kayu dari pohon tersebut," katanya. C13."I'll leave that to our experts," she said. "Saya akan menyerahkan pembahasan ini kepada para pakar," katanya. "Pembahasan ini akan saya serahkan kepada para pakar," katanya. C14."[I brought them] to make them understand that freedom is very important," she said. "[Saya membawa mereka] untuk membuat mereka mengerti kalau kebebasan yang sangat penting," katanya. "[Mereka saya bawa] agar mereka mengerti kalau kebebasan yang sangat penting," katanya. C15.Richie Hayes says they have had an early taste of success, in what will be a three-year trial, by growing onions on 20 hectares of the Hayes family's Rocky Hill farm, which sits in the middle of Undoolya Station on the eastern outskirts of Alice Springs. Richie Hayes mengatakan mereka sudah berhasil melakukan hal tersebut, selama tiga tahun terakhir, dengan menanam daun bawang di lahan seluas 20 hekter di pertanian milik keluarga mereka Rocky Hill yang terletak di tengah-tengah Undoolya Station, tidak jauh dari kota Alice Springs. Richie Hayes mengatakan bahwa hal tersebut sudah berhasil mereka lakukan selama tiga tahun terakhir. Mereka menanam daun bawang di lahan seluas 20 hekter di pertanian milik keluarga mereka Rocky Hill yang terletak di tengah-tengah Undoolya Station, tidak jauh dari kota Alice Springs. C16."The last two years has stacked up pretty well — real well," he said. "We put several different varieties in and couple there worked.
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"Hasil dalam dua tahun terakhir cukup bagus." katanya. "Kami sudah menanam berbagai jenis, dan beberapa diantaranya tumbuh dengan baik." "Hasil dalam dua tahun terakhir cukup bagus." katanya. "Berbagai jenis sudah kami tanam, dan beberapa diantaranya tumbuh dengan baik." C17."The more media exposure you get, you just seem to see the copycat syndrome, as we commonly call it, starting to come out," said Dave Gossage, a volunteer firefighter for 34 years. "Semakin banyak paparan media, semakin banyak kita jumpai pelaku sindrom peniru, dan saat ini pelaku sindrom peniru mulai beraksi," kata Dave Gossage, seorang relawan petugas pemadam kebakaran ;selama 34 tahun. "Semakin banyak paparan media, semakin banyak pelaku sindrom peniru yang kita jumpai, dan saat ini pelaku sindrom peniru mulai beraksi," kata Dave Gossage, seorang relawan petugas pemadam kebakaran ;selama 34 tahun. C18. I opened the door very slightly because there were cars coming, saya membuka pintunya sedikit karena ada mobil yang lewat, pintunya saya buka sedikit karena ada mobil yang lewat, C19.The court heard that Turnbull planned to take the device into a public place and use it as a "conversation starter". Kesaksian di persidangan menyebutkan Turnbull berencana meledakan bom rakitan itu di tempat umum ;dan menggunakannya sebagai ;"pembuka percakapan". Kesaksian di persidangan menyebutkan Turnbull berencana meledakan bom rakitan itu di tempat umum ;dan ia pakai sebagai ;"pembuka percakapan". C20."It's happened before, it's not uncommon for seals to come up the river at this time of the year and we have had them out on the roadway before," he said. "Ini pernah terjadi sebelumnya, itu bukannya tak lazim bagi anjing laut untuk muncul di sungai pada waktu-waktu seperti ini. Kami pernah menemukan mereka keluar di jalanan sebelumnya," kemukanya. "Ini pernah terjadi sebelumnya, itu bukannya tak lazim bagi anjing laut untuk muncul di sungai pada waktu-waktu seperti ini. Mereka pernah kami temukan keluar di jalanan sebelumnya," kemukanya. C21.Education Minister Christopher Pyne has said he will do whatever it takes to get the changes through, which include the deregulation of student fees. Menteri Pendidikan Australia, Christopher Pyne, mengatakan, ia akan melakukan apa pun untuk meloloskan kebijakan perubahan, yang meliputi deregulasi biaya mahasis Menteri Pendidikan Australia, Christopher Pyne, mengatakan bahwa apa pun akan dia lakukan untuk meloloskan kebijakan perubahan, yang meliputi deregulasi biaya mahasiswa. C22."They would do that repeatedly over one or two weeks, so their movement potential was up to hundreds of kilometres in only a couple of weeks, which was quite remarkable," he said. 52
“Mereka akan berulang kali melakukan hal itu selama satu atau dua minggu, jadi potensi pergerakan mereka mencapai ratusan kilometer hanya dalam beberapa minggu, yang menurut saya itu menakjubkan,” utaranya. “Hal itu akan mereka lakukan berulang kali selama satu atau dua minggu, jadi potensi pergerakan mereka mencapai ratusan kilometer hanya dalam beberapa minggu, yang menurut saya itu menakjubkan,” utaranya. C23."I mean I took that for granted three years ago when I met them and now, to be harping on about rehabilitation, they are rehabilitated and the Indonesians actually should be proud of the job they've done." "[…] saya telah melihat hal itu sejak tiga tahun lalu saat bertemu mereka, dan sekarang, terkait proses rehabilitasi, seharusnya pihak berwenang Indonesia bangga karena mereka berhasil melakukan rehabilitasi dengan baik," tambahnya. "hal itu telah saya lihat sejak tiga tahun lalu saat bertemu mereka, dan sekarang, terkait proses rehabilitasi, seharusnya pihak berwenang Indonesia bangga karena mereka berhasil melakukan rehabilitasi dengan baik," tambahnya. ‘Natural Active - Passive English into Indonesian Translation Type 1’ D1. An Australian resident and his French companion have spent the night stranded on a remote Indonesian island after their yacht struck bad weather at sea. Seorang penduduk Australia dan seorang temannya yang berkewarganegaraan Perancis terdampar di sebuah pulau terpencil Indonesia, setelah perahu layar mereka rusak karena melewati cuaca buruk di laut. D2. "What we heard is the weather is quite bad, with waves reaching three to four metres high," he said. "But the ship is still going to [the island] to rescue." "Apa yang kami dengar, cuaca cukup buruk, dengan gelombang mencapai tinggi 3-4 meter. Tapi kapal penyelamat tetap bergerak menuju pulau itu untuk menyelamatkan keduanya," jelas Sade. D3.And that is just what Elvis did. Dan itulah yang benar-benar dilakukan Elvis. D4. Thailand's Archbishop Francis Xavier Kriengsak Kovithavanij and Vietnam's Bishop Pierre Nguyen Van Nhon were also among the new cardinals the Pope named. Uskup Agung Thailand, Francis Xavier Kriengsak Kovithavanij, dan Uskup asal Vietnam, Pierre Nguyen Van Nhon, juga ada di antara para kardinal baru yang ditunjuk Paus. D5. Only one of the new electors is from the Curia, the Vatican's central administration, which Francis has pledged to overhaul. Last month, the pope said the Curia was infected with careerism, scheming, greed and "spiritual Alzheimer's". Hanya satu dari mereka yang baru terpilih berasal dari Kuria, wilayah administrasi Vatikan, yang sebelumnya dijanjikan Paus Fransiskus untuk dirombak. Bulan lalu, Paus mengatakan, Kuria terinfeksi obsesi mengejar karir, sifat licik, keserakahan dan ‘Alzheimer' spiritual.
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D6.The Times of India newspaper has reported that the Australian Government told Indian authorities that it would soon return the statue. Harian The Times of India melaporkan bahwa pemerintah Australia sudah memberitahu pihak berwenang bahwa patung itu segera akan dikembalikan. D7.Rajeev Khandelwal, one of Bollywood's most recognisable leading men, signed on to star in Salt Bridge, which has been described as a social drama. Rajeev Khandelwal, salah satu aktor terkemuka Bollywood, didaulat untuk membintangi film ‘Salt Bridge &rsquo, yang digambarkan sebagai sebuah drama sosial. D8.New technology such as thermal cameras has aided Mr Jones and his crew in identifying paranormal activity. Dalam melakukan penyelidikan untuk kegiatan paranormal ini, Jones dan krunya akan dibantu oleh sejumlah teknologi baru seperti kamera pemindai panas tubuh. D9.Mr Jones' interest in haunted locations began after a trip to Tasmania more than 10 years ago. Jones mengaku hobinya berburu gedung berhantu dimulai ketika dia melakukan perjalanan ke Tasmania 10 tahun lalu. D10."Drive while using hand-held mobile phone equals $250.00 fine and a $40.00 victim levy." Menelpon dengan memegang langsung telepon selular sambil mengemudi akan dikenakan denda senilai $250 dan pajak korban kecelakaan sebesar $40.00 ." D11.An inquest into the deaths of the Sydney siege victims and gunman will open on January 29, the New South Wales Coroners Court says. Pemeriksaan kematian korban penyanderaan di kota Sydney, bulan Desember lalu akan dimulai tanggal 29 Januari mendatang. D12.A Sydney man who police allege sympathises with the Islamic State terrorist group has been granted bail after facing court charged with possessing ammunition. Seorang pria di Kota Sydney yang oleh polisi diduga merupakan simpatisan kelompok teroris ISIS ;telah dikabulkan permohonan jaminannya setelah hadir dalam persidangan dengan dakwaan kepemilikan amunisi. D13.The case will return to court in March. Kasus ini akan kembali disidangkan pada bulan Maret.
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