ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My deepest gratitude is expressed to God the Almighty, Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa for the blessing provided to the writer during the completion of the thesis entitled” Borrowing in the Translation of Novel Eat Pray Love into Indonesian Makan Doa Cinta”. This thesis is partial fulfillment to obtain a Master Degree of Linguistic Program in Translation Studies, Postgraduate Program, Udayana University. Secondly , my gratitude and complement to both my first supervisor Prof. Dr. Made Budiarsa, M.A. and my second supervisor Dr. I Nyoman Sedeng, M.Hum. for all of their guidance, suggestions, contributions, motivation and patience during the process of completion of this thesis. It is also some big contributions from all the examiners of this thesis: Dr. Ni Luh Ketut Mas Indrawati, TEFL.,M.A., Dr. Ni Wayan Sukarini, M.Hum., Drs. I Nyoman Udayana, M.Litt., Ph.D. for giving suggestions, criticisms, and guidance to improve the quality of this thesis. Furthermore, my gratitude is expressed to the Rector of Udayana University, Prof. Dr. dr. Ketut Suastika, Sp. PD-KEMD; the Director of Postgraduate Program Udayana University, Prof. Dr. dr. A.A. Raka Sudewi, Sp.S (K).; the Head of Master Program of Linguistic Department, Postgraduate Program, Prof. Dr. Drs. Ida Bagus Putra Yadnya, M.A.; the secretary of the Linguistic Master Program, Prof. Dr. Drs. I Wayan Simpen, M.Hum.; as well as to all admistrative staff in Linguistics Department: I Ketut Ebuh, S.Sos., Nyoman Adi Triani, SE., I Nyoman Sadra, SS., I Gusti Ayu Putu Supadmini; and for all the vii
lecturers of Linguistics Department for knowledge, insight, motivations, assistance and facilities during my study, since this thesis would never have been finished without any support and contributions from them. My gratitude is also expressed to my father I Gusti Agung Raka Santa, my mother I Gusti Agung Mas Oka, and my younger sibling I Gusti Agung Maitry Ari Santi for both their financial and mental support in completing my study. This could also have not been obtained without cares and moral supports from all my families and my beloved friends. Finally I realize that this thesis is far from perfect, hence some criticsim and suggestions are still needed to make this study much better. But although this thesis hasn’t been perfect yet, I hope this thesis will give contribution to the pool of knowledge mostly in linguistics field.
Yours Truly,
I Gusti Agung Maitreya Adi Santa
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ABSTRAK Tesis berjudul “Borrowing in Translation of Novel Eat Pray Love into Indonesian Makan Doa Cinta” ini membahas tipe-tipe kata pinjaman; tipe kata pinjaman yang paling dominan; aplikasi teknik peminjaman; dan faktor-faktor peminjaman dalam novel Eat Pray Love karya Elizabeth Gilbert (2010) dan terjemahannya di dalam bahasa Indonesia Makan Doa Cinta yang diterjemahkan oleh Silamurti Nugroho (2010). Data yang dikumpulkan dengan metode abservasi dan teknik pencatatan dianalisa secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif dengan teori penerjemahan dikemukakan oleh Larson (1998); teori pinjaman oleh Molina dan Albir (2002); teori faktor peminjaman oleh Grosjean (1982); teori fonologi oleh Odden (2005). Kemudian data yang telah dianalisa disajikan dengan metode formal dan informal. Ada dua tipe pinjaman yang ditemukan di dalam penerjemahan novel tersebut, yaitu peminjaman naturalisasi dan peminjaman murni. Peminjaman paling dominan ditemukan adalah peminjaman naturalisasi dengan jumlah 480 peminjaman atau 81,49 %. Ada 4 (empat) proses penyerapan istilah asing menjadi kata dalam bahasa Indonesia yang merupakan aplikasi teknik peminjaman dalam novel tersebut, proses terbut berdasarkan aturan penyerapan istilah asing menjadi istilah Indonesia berdasarkan aturan dalam Pedoman Umum Pembentukan Istilah. Proses tersebut adalah: (a) penyerapan dengan penyesuaian ejaan dan lafal; (b) penyerapan dengan penyesuaian ejaan tanpa penyesuaian lafal; (c) penyerapan tanpa penyesuaian ejaan, tetapi dengan penyesuaian lafal; (d) penyerapan tanpa penyesuaian ejaan dan lafal. Sedangkan faktor yang menyebabkan seorang penerjemah meminjamkan kata atau istilah dalam proses penerjemahan novel tersebut ada 4 (empat), yaitu: (1) penerjemah tidak dapat menemukan kata yang sedang diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa yang sedang digunakan; (2) kata tersebut tidak ada di dalam bahasa penerjemah atau penerjemah belum mengetahui kata tersebut; (3) kata (yang ada dalam bahasa penerjemah) kurang popular sehingga dia memilih kata yang lebih popular; dan (4) penerjemah dalam keadaan mental dan fisik yang lelah, stress dan malas sehingga dia cenderung menggunakan kata yang telah “tersedia”. Faktor nomer (1) dan (2) dianggap sama. Kedua faktor ini adalah yang paling banyak menyebabkan penerjemah meminjam kata dari bahasa sumber (bahasa Inggris dalam hal ini). Hampir 80 % dari kata pinjaman disebabkan oleh kedua faktor ini, hal ini terjadi terutama dalam tipe peminjaman murni. Kata kunci: Kata pinjaman, penyerapan, penyesuaian
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ABSTRACT
This thesis entitled “Borrowing in Translation of Novel Eat Pray Love into Indonesian Makan Doa Cinta” discusses type of borrowing; the most dominant borrowing type; the application of borrowing; and factors of borrowing found in novel entitled Eat Pray Love written by Elizabeth Gilbert (2010) and its translation into Indonesian Makan Doa Cinta by Silamurti Nugroho (2010). The data which had been collected by observation method and note-taking technique are then analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by using theory of translation by Larson (1998); theory of borrowing by Molina and Albir (2002); factors leading to the application of borrowing by Grosjean (1982); theory of phonology by Odden (2005). At last the analyzed data are presented by using informal and formal methods. There are two types of borrowing found, they are: naturalized and pure borrowing. The most dominant borrowing type found is naturalized borrowing with 480 borrowings in number or 81,49 %. While there are 4 (four) processes of absorption of foreign term to be Indonesian term in the application of borrowing in the translation of the novel are found, the processes are based on process of absorption of foreign term to be Indonesian term in Pedoman Umum Pembentukan Istilah, they are: (a) The absorption with spelling and pronunciation adjustment;(b) The absorption with spelling adjustment without pronunciation modification;(c) Absorption without spelling adjustment but there is pronunciation adjustment; and (d) Absorption without spelling and pronunciation adjustments. Furthermore there are four factors the translator borrowed words in the translation of the novel Eat Pray Love into Indonesian, they are:(1)The bilingual can’t find the word which is being transferred in language which is being spoken;(2)The word does not exist in the speaker’s language or the speaker hasn’t known the word yet;(3)The word (which does exist in the language being spoken) is less popular, so s/he prefers a word which is more popular; and (4)The bilingual is not in good mental and physical condition, so s/he tends to use word which is “available”.Factor (1) and (2) are considered the same. These two factors are the most causing the translator to borrow terms from source language. Almost 80 % of borrowings result from by these two factors. This occurs mostly in pure borrowing. Key word: borrowing, absorption, adjustment.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page INSIDE FRONT COVER ............................................................................. TITLE PREREQUISITE .............................................................................. APPROVAL SHEET ..................................................................................... THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS .................................................................. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................... ABSTRAK ...................................................................................................... ABSTRACT .................................................................................................... TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................... LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................... LIST OF FIGURE ......................................................................................... LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................... CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 1.1 Background .......................................................................................... 1.2 Problems............................................................................................... 1.3 Aims of the Study ................................................................................ 1.4 Significance of the Study ..................................................................... 1.5 Scope of the Study ...............................................................................
i ii iii iv v viii ix x xii xiv xv 1 1 4 4 5 6
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPTS, THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH MODEL .......................................................................... 7 2.1 Literature Review ................................................................................. 7 2.2 Concept ................................................................................................ 16 2.2.1 Concept of Borrowing Technique ........................................................ 16 2.3 Theoretical Framework ........................................................................ 18 2.3.1 Theory of Translation........................................................................... 19 2.3.2 Theory of Borrowing ........................................................................... 20 2.3.3 Theory of Phonology ........................................................................... 21 2.4 Research Model.................................................................................... 22 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ................................................................................ 3.1 Research Approach .............................................................................. 3.2 Data Source .......................................................................................... 3.3 Research Instrument ............................................................................. 3.4 Method and Technique of Collecting Data .......................................... 3.5 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data .......................................... 3.6 Method and Technique of Presenting the Analyzed Data....................
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25 25 27 28 28 29 34
CHAPTER IV BORROWING IN THE TRANSLATION PROCESS OF NOVEL EAT PRAY LOVE INTO INDONESIAN MAKAN DOA CINTA ........................ 36 4.1 Types of Borrowing and the Most Dominant Borrowing Type ............. 36 4.1.1 Types of Borrowing .............................................................................. 36 4.1.2 The Most Dominant Borrowing Type ................................................... 40 4.2 The Application of Borrowing in the Translation of the Novel Eat Pray Love ...................................................................................................... 41 4.2.1 Absorption with Spelling and Pronunciation Adjustment ................... 41 4.2.2 Absorption with Spelling Adjustment without Pronunciation Modification ......................................................................................... 85 4.2.3 Absorption without Spelling Adjustment but There is Pronunciation Adjustment .......................................................................................... 90 4.2.4 Absorption without Spelling and Pronunciation Adjustment .............. 97 4.3 Factors that Leading to The Application Borrowing in Translation Process Of Novel Eat Pray Love into Indonesian Makan Doa Cinta... 102 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ......................................................... 106 5.1 Conclusion .............................................................................................. 106 5.2 Suggestion ............................................................................................... 109 BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................... 110 APPENDICES ................................................................................................ 113
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LIST OF TABLES
3.1 Naturalized Borrowing ............................................................................ 3.2 Pure Borrowing ....................................................................................... 3.3 Table 3.3................................................................................................... 3.4 Table 3.4................................................................................................... 4.1 Grapheme c into k Text ............................................................................ 4.2 Grapheme c into k Changes ..................................................................... 4.3 Grapheme au, ee, oo into vowel o,i,o..................................................... 4.4 Grapheme au, ee, oo into vowel o,i,o Changes ...................................... 4.5 Grapheme c into Consonant s Text .......................................................... 4.6 Grapheme c into Consonant s Changes.................................................... 4.7 Grapheme x into ks Text .......................................................................... 4.8 Grapheme x into ks Changes .................................................................. 4.9 Grapheme y into vowel i Text................................................................. 4.10 Grapheme y into vowel i Changes ........................................................... 4.11 Grapheme ph into Consonant f Text ........................................................ 4.12 Grapheme ph into Consonant f Changes.................................................. 4.13 Grapheme cc into ks or k Text ................................................................. 4.14 Grapheme cc into ks or k Changes........................................................... 4.15 Grapheme th into Consonant t Text ......................................................... 4.16 Grapheme th into Consonant t Changes ................................................... 4.17 Grapheme ch into Consonant s or k Text ................................................. 4.18 Grapheme ch into Consonant s or k Changes .......................................... 4.19 Grapheme mm, ss, ll into Consonant m, s, l Text .................................... 4.20 Grapheme mm, ss, ll into Consonant m, s, l Changes ............................. 4.21 Grapheme q into Consonant k Text ......................................................... 4.22 Grapheme q into Consonant k Changes ................................................... 4.23 Ending – (a)tion into Suffix –asi, si Text ................................................. 4.24 Ending – (a)tion into Suffix –asi, si Changes .......................................... 4.25 Ending –ive into –if Text ......................................................................... 4.26 Ending –ive into –if Changes ................................................................... 4.27 Ending –ant into –an Text ........................................................................ 4.28 Ending –ant into –an Changes ................................................................. 4.29 Ending –ical into –is Text ........................................................................ 4.30 Ending –ical into –is Changes .................................................................. 4.31 Ending –al into–al Text ............................................................................ 4.32 Ending –al into –al Changes ................................................................... 4.33 Ending –ism into –isme Text ................................................................... 4.34 Ending–ism into–isme Changes ............................................................... 4.35 Ending –or into –ur Text .......................................................................... 4.36 Ending –or into –ur Changes ................................................................... 4.37 Ending –ity into –itas Text .......................................................................
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Page 31 32 32 34 42 44 44 47 47 49 49 51 51 52 53 54 55 56 56 58 58 60 61 63 63 64 65 66 66 68 69 70 71 72 73 76 76 78 78 79 79
4.38 Ending –ity into –itas Changes ................................................................ 4.39 Ending Suffix –ist into–is Text ................................................................ 4.40 Ending –ist into –is Changes .................................................................... 4.41 Ending –ure into –ur Text ........................................................................ 4.42 Ending –ure into –ur Changes .................................................................. 4.43 Ending –age into –as Text........................................................................ 4.44 Ending –age into –as Changes ................................................................. 4.45 Data B.56 Text ......................................................................................... 4.46 Data B.56 Changes ................................................................................... 4.47 Data B.3 Text ........................................................................................... 4.48 Data B.3 Changes ..................................................................................... 4.49 Data B.6 Text ........................................................................................... 4.50 Data B.6 Changes ..................................................................................... 4.51 Data B.55 Text ......................................................................................... 4.52 Data B.55 Changes ................................................................................... 4.53 Data C.1 Text ........................................................................................... 4.54 Data C.1 Changes ..................................................................................... 4.55 Data C.8 Text ........................................................................................... 4.56 Data C.8 Changes ..................................................................................... 4.57 Data C.18 Text ......................................................................................... 4.58 Data C.18 Changes ................................................................................... 4.59 Data C.40 Text ......................................................................................... 4.60 Data C.40 Changes ................................................................................... 4.61 Data C.39 Text ......................................................................................... 4.62 Data C.39 Changes ................................................................................... 4.63 Data D.2 and Data D.46 Text ................................................................... 4.64 Data D.2 and Data D.46 Changes ............................................................ 4.65 Data D.51 Text ......................................................................................... 4.66 Data D.51 Changes .................................................................................. 4.67 Data D.73 Text ......................................................................................... 4.68 Data D.73 Changes .................................................................................. 4.69 Data D.85 Text ......................................................................................... 4.70 Data D.85 Changes ..................................................................................
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81 81 82 82 83 84 85 86 86 87 88 88 89 89 90 91 92 92 93 93 94 94 95 96 96 97 98 99 100 100 101 101 102
LIST OF FIGURE
Page 2.1 Research Model ............................................................................................... 23
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
BI
: Bahasa Indonesia
EPL
: Eat Pray Love
KBBI
: Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (Large Dictionary of the Indonesian Language)
MDC
: Makan Doa Cinta
PUEBIYD
: Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia Yang Disempurnakan
PUPI
: Pedoman Umum Pembentukan Istilah
P3B
: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa
RL
: Receptor Language
SL
: Source Language
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