Buku Pintar Penanggulangan Tuberculosis : Kupasan Para Kyai
BUKU PINTAR
Penanggulangan Tuberculosis:
Kupasan Para Kyai
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CEPAT (Community Empowerment of People Against Tuberculosis )
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Buku Pintar Penanggulangan Tuberculosis : Kupasan Para Kyai
CEPAT
( Community Empowerment of People Against Tuberculosis )
BUKU PINTAR
Penanggulangan Tuberculosis:
Kupasan Para Kyai
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CEPAT (Community Empowerment of People Against Tuberculosis )
Buku Pintar Penanggulangan Tuberkulosis: Kupasan Para Kyai Tim Penulis Cepat-LKNU KH. Miftah Faqih, MA H. Sarmidi Husna, MA Esty Febriani Mohammad Erfandi, dr Nurfina R. Bachtiar Elina D. Karmila Kontributor: KH. Abbas Muin KH. Ahmad Ishomuddin KH. Afifuddin Muhajir KH. Najib Hasan KH. Zainuddin Abdillah KH. Romadlon Chotib KH. M. Sonhaji KH. Reza Imam Mahrus KH. Hudallah Ridwan KH. Mahbub Ma’afi KH. Badrus Salam KH. Yahya Ma’shum Cover dan Lay out : Toto Mujio Mukmin Grafisosial G.Genep Sukendro Grafisosial
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SAMBUTAN KETUA UMUM PBNU Buku Pintar Penanggulangan Tuberculosis : Kupasan Para Kyai Penanggulangan Tuberkulosis Adalah Jihad
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DAFTAR ISI SAMBUTAN KETUA UMUM PBNU ...............................................5 SAMBUTAN MENTERI KESEHATAN RI ........................................11 SAMBUTAN KETUA LKNU………………………...........................13 PENGANTAR.........................................................................................11 DAFTAR ISI ...........................................................................................17 DAFTAR SINGKATAN..........................................................................19 MUKADIMAH.......................................................................................20 BAB I SEKILAS TENTANG TUBERKULOSIS ............................31 A. Situasi Tuberkulosis (TB) di Indonesia .......................................32 B. Mengenal Tuberkulosis .................................................................33 C. Penularan Tuberkulosis ................................................................34 D. Kontak Tuberkulosis ....................................................................35 E. Gejala-Gejala Tuberkulosis ...........................................................35 F. Proses Deteksi Kuman TB ............................................................36 ǯȱ ęȱȱȱȱǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯǯřŜ H. Pengobatan TB ............................................................................37 I. Pencegahan Infeksi TB ...............................................................39 J. Hubungan TB dengan Penyakit Lain ..........................................40 K. Kendala Penanggulangan TB ......................................................41 1. Berobat Tidak Tuntas ................................................................42 2. Stigma dan Diskriminasi...........................................................42 BAB II PENANGGULANGAN TUBERKULOSIS PERSPEKTIF ISLAM .................................................................................. 49 A. Penanggulangan Tuberkulosis .................................................. 50 B. Pencegahan Tuberkulosis ............................................................. 52 1. Awali Pencegah an dengan Informasi .....................................52 2. Pola Hidup Bersih dan Seh at ...................................................55 3. Hukum Pencegah an Tuberkulosis .........................................61 C. Pengobatan Tuberkulosis ..............................................................66 1. Tuberkulosis sebagai Musibah atau Bala’ ..............................66 2. Mengh ilangkan Stigma dan Diskriminasi .............................73
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3. Hukum Berobat bagi Penderita ..............................................78 4. Hukum Menjadi PMO ............................................................80 D. Pendampingan Spiritual/Tasawuf .............................................83 1. Bersikap Sabar ...........................................................................85 2. Bertobat Kepada Allah .............................................................85 3. Mendekatkan Diri Kepada Allah ..........................................89 4. Meningkatkan Ketakwaan ......................................................89 5. Memperbanyak Do’a ................................................................90 BAB III NU DAN PENANGGULANGAN TUBERKULOSIS A. Tanggungjawab NU Sebagai Jam’iyah Diniyah Ijtimaiyya..... 94 B. LKNU Sebagai Mandat Jam’iyyah .............................................98 C. Peran Ulama dalam Penanggulangan Tuberkulosis ................98 D. Peran Warga NU (Nahdliyyin) dalam Penanggulangan Tuberkulosis ...................................................................................100 E. Program CEPAT-LKNU ..............................................................101 DAFTAR PUSTAKA............................................................................103
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DAFTAR SINGKATAN
AIDS
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
BCG
Bacille de Calmette et Guérin
CEPAT
Community Empowerment of People Against Tuberculosis
DOTS
Directly Observed Treatment short course
HIV
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
IDI
Ikatan Dokter Indonesia
LKNU
Lembaga Kesehatan Nahdlatul Ulama
LSM
Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat
MDR
Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis
NTP
National TB Program
NU
Nahdlatul Ulama
ORMAS
Organisasi Masyarakat
PBNU
Pengurus Besar Nahdlatul Ulama
PDPI
Persatuan Dokter Paru Indonesia
PMO
Pengawas Menelan Obat
PPNI
Persatuan Perawat Nasional Indonesia
TB
Tuberkulosis
URC
University Research Co., LLC
USAID
United State Agency for International Development
WHO
World Health Organization
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CEPAT (Community Empowerment of People Against ) BukuTuberculosis Pintar Penanggulangan Tuberculosis : Kupasan Para Kyai
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CEPAT (Community Empowerment of People Against ) BukuTuberculosis Pintar Penanggulangan Tuberculosis : Kupasan Para Kyai
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CEPAT (Community Empowerment of People Against ) BukuTuberculosis Pintar Penanggulangan Tuberculosis : Kupasan Para Kyai
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CEPAT (Community Empowerment of People Against ) BukuTuberculosis Pintar Penanggulangan Tuberculosis : Kupasan Para Kyai
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Zaenuddin al-Malaibari, Fathul Mu’in, (Bairut: Darul Fikr, tt), jilid 4, hal. 182.
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Hal ini penting berkaitan dengan kepercayaan dan sikap dari anggota masyarakat yang memiliki keinginan untuk menanggulangi TB. Juga penting agar orang-orang dapat memperoleh informasi yang benar tentang TB. Banyak mitos atau kepercayaan tentang TB yang berkontribusi dengan stigma. Memberikan penjelasan yang benar untuk menghilangkan mitos tersebut adalah merupakan langkah pertama dalam mengurangi stigma. Mitos yang ada di masyarakat berbeda untuk setiap tempat, perlu memperoleh penjelasan dengan bijak, misalnya “akibat kutukan”, “penyakit yang diwariskan dari ayah atau ibu”, “penyakit dari masyarakat miskin” atau berpikir bahwa kalau seseorang terkena TB adalah termasuk miskin. Oleh karena itu penting untuk setiap penderita TB, bahwa mereka tahu dan merasakan bahwa mereka mendapat dukungan dari keluarga mereka, tetangga dan masyarakat.
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SEKILAS TENTANG TUBERKULOSIS 0 0 (TB) 00 0-.0 0 , 0&'%0'$' #%%0-.00 "#"%0 +(!+"%))J ABJ #)J #(+&!$J &$/J +*#J $+$J !)*$J $J !#*$J J +$J $J "J +(+!J "J *( J J $(H$(J )$J (!#$<J &(!(!$J)&(*J(J&%&+")JJ+$J&($J*($!)J%"J !+#$J &$/J *+(!+"%))J $<J +(!+"%))J *"J ##+$+J )!*(J2=7J +*J%($J)*&J*+$$/J$J#&(J)#+$/J(J J"$J+$J)$J(!#$<JJ
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Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan No. 13 tahun 2013. Pedoman Manajemen Terpadu Pengendalian Tuberkulosis Resistan Obat, (Jakarta: Kementrian Kesehatan, 2013)
232
Departemen Kesehatan RI, Pedoman Nasional Penanggulangan Tuberkulosis, (Jakarta: Depkes, 2002), hal. 9.
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Departemen Kesehatan RI, Pedoman Nasional Penanggulangan Tuberkulosis, (Jakarta: Depkes, 2002), hal. 9.
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Departemen Kesehatan RI, Pedoman Nasional Penanggulangan Tuberkolisis, (Jakarta: Depkes, 2005), hal. 29
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Samsuridjal Djauzi, Terapi Tuberkulosis Paru, dalam http://health.kompas.com/read/2013/03/10/03224485/Terapi.Tuberkulosis. Paru diakses 16 Oktober 2013
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A. Situasi Tuberkulosis (TB) di Indonesia uberkulosis (TB) masih merupakan penyebab utama gangguan kesehatan dan kematian di dunia dan lebih buruk lagi terjadi di negara-negara sedang berkembang. Diperkirakan sepertiga dari populasi di dunia pernah terinfeksi oleh kuman penyebab tuberkulosis ini. Tuberkulosis telah membunuh sekitar 1,6 juta orang setiap tahunnya dan hampir semuanya berada di belahan dunia sedang berkembang.
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Indonesia adalah urutan ke empat dari negara-negara dengan beban TB tertinggi di dunia. Perkiraan prevalensi dari semua jenis kasus TB adalah 690.000 dan insidens berkisar 450.000 kasus baru pertahun (berdasarkan angka WHO, 2011). Perkiraan kematian yang diakibatkan TB adalah 64.000 meninggal pertahunnya (WHO, 2011). Sekitar 2 % dari kasus baru dan 12 % dari kasus kambuhan diperkirakan merupakan strain MDR.1
B. Mengenal Tuberkulosis (TB) TB atau Tuberkulosis adalah penyakit menular yang disebabkan oleh kuman TB yaitu Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Dapat menyerang semua bagian tubuh, kecuali, gigi, rambut dan kuku (ketiganya tidak terkena disebabkan merupakan sel mati).
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Sebagian besar infeksi TB menyerang organ paru (80 %). Dalam tubuh, kuman TB dilawan oleh daya tahan tubuh
t 5# CVLBO QFOZBLJU LFUVSVOBO LVUVLBO BUBV LBSFOB HVOB guna/santet.
. Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan No. 13 tahun 2013. Pedoman Manajemen Terpadu Pengendalian Tuberkulosis Resistan Obat, (Jakarta: Kementrian Kesehatan, 2013) 2
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Izzuddin Ibn Abdis Salam, Qawaidul Ahkam fi Masholihil Anam, (Beirut: Darul Kutubil Ilmiyah, t.th), !","'&"F Juz II, hal. 73. Lihat Abu Hamid al(*$.>F @F =$&# ">F &Fpula '"&F "F (F Ghazali, al-Mustashfâ min ‘Ilm-i al-Ushûl, (Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, tanpa tahun), =$&# ">F !"!) "F '"'&"F (&$F #&"F Juz I, hal. 26.
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Izzuddin Ibn Abdis Salam, Qawaidul Ahkam fi Masholihil Anam, (Beirut: Darul Kutubil Ilmiyah, t.th), Juz II, hal. 73. Lihat pula Abu Hamid al Ghazali, al-Mustashfâ min ‘Ilm-i al-Ushûl, (Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, tanpa tahun), Ibn26. Abi Syaibah, al-Mushannaf, Kitabul Adab, Babu Tanhiyatil Ada Juz I, hal. ‘anith Thariq, nomor hadits ke-110, Juz VI, hlm. 218.
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. Shafa adl-Dlawwi al-Adwi, Ihda` ad-Dibajah bi Syarh Sunan Ibn Izzuddin Ibn Abdis Salam, Qawaidul Ahkam fi Masholihil Anam, Majah, (Bahrain: Dar al-Yaqin, t.th), juz, III, h. 292 (Beirut: Darul Kutubil Ilmiyah, t.th), Juz II, hal. 73. Lihat pula Abu Hamid al6 Jalaluddin as-Suyuthi, al-Asybah(Beirut: wa an-Nazha`ir, alGhazali, al-Mustashfâ min ‘Ilm-i al-Ushûl, Dar al-Fikr, Bairut-Dar tanpa tahun), Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, 1403 H, h. 83. Lihat pula Ibnu Nujaim, al-Asybah wa anJuz I, hal. 26. Nazha`ir, Bairut-Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, 1400 H/1980 M, h. 85.
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CEPAT (Community Empowerment of People Against ) BukuTuberculosis Pintar Penanggulangan Tuberculosis : Kupasan Para Kyai
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8Izzuddin Ibn Abdis Salam, Qawaidul Ahkam fi Masholihil Anam, Jalaluddin as-Suyuthi, al-Jami’ ash-Shagir, (Beirut: Darul Kutub (Beirut: Darul Ilmiyah, al-Ilmiah, t.th),Kutubil Juz. I, hal. 70. t.th), Juz II, hal. 73. Lihat pula Abu Hamid alGhazali,9 al-Mustashfâ min ‘Ilm-i al-Ushûl, (Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, tanpa tahun), as-Suyuthi, al-Jami’ ash-Shagir, (Beirut: Darul Kutub Juz I, hal.Jalaluddin 26. al-Ilmiah, t.th), Juz. II, hal. 57.
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CEPAT (Community Empowerment of People Against ) BukuTuberculosis Pintar Penanggulangan Tuberculosis : Kupasan Para Kyai
BAB II
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Taqyudin al-Husaini ad-Dimasyqi, Kifayatul Ahyar, (Surabaya: 3 Maktabah Ahmad Nabhan, t. th.), Juz I, hal. 6 11 . Shafa adl-Dlawwi al-Adwi, Ihda` ad-Dibajah bi Syarh Sunan Ibn (*$.>F @F =$&# ">F !","'&"F &F '"&F "F (F Majah, (Bahrain: Dar al-Yaqin, t.th), juz, III, h. 292 =$&# ">F !"!) "F '"'&"F (&$F #&"F 12 Shafa adl-Dlawwi al-Adwi, Ihda` ad-Dibajah bi Syarh Sunan Ibn "ANB
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CEPAT (Community Empowerment of People Against ) BukuTuberculosis Pintar Penanggulangan Tuberculosis : Kupasan Para Kyai
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CEPAT (Community Empowerment of People Against ) BukuTuberculosis Pintar Penanggulangan Tuberculosis : Kupasan Para Kyai
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CEPAT (Community Empowerment of People Against ) BukuTuberculosis Pintar Penanggulangan Tuberculosis : Kupasan Para Kyai
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(HR.Ahmad)
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CEPAT (Community Empowerment of People Against ) BukuTuberculosis Pintar Penanggulangan Tuberculosis : Kupasan Para Kyai
BAB II
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CEPAT (Community Empowerment of People Against ) BukuTuberculosis Pintar Penanggulangan Tuberculosis : Kupasan Para Kyai
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(Beirut: Darul Kutubil Ilmiyah, t.th), Juz II, hal. 73. Lihat pula Abu Hamid alGhazali, al-Mustashfâ min ‘Ilm-i al-Ushûl, (Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, tanpa tahun), Juz I, hal. 26.
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CEPAT (Community Empowerment of People Against ) BukuTuberculosis Pintar Penanggulangan Tuberculosis : Kupasan Para Kyai
BAB II
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CEPAT (Community Empowerment of People Against ) BukuTuberculosis Pintar Penanggulangan Tuberculosis : Kupasan Para Kyai
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CEPAT (Community Empowerment of People Against ) BukuTuberculosis Pintar Penanggulangan Tuberculosis : Kupasan Para Kyai
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CEPAT (Community Empowerment of People Against ) BukuTuberculosis Pintar Penanggulangan Tuberculosis : Kupasan Para Kyai
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CEPAT (Community Empowerment of People Against ) BukuTuberculosis Pintar Penanggulangan Tuberculosis : Kupasan Para Kyai
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