A PRACTICAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR EXERCISES CONTENTS

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A PRACTICAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR EXERCISES CONTENTS Articles PEG chapter I 1 Articles: a/an 2 Articles: the 3 Articles: a/an, the 4 Articles and possessive adjectives 5 a/an and one

1 2 4 6 7

Auxiliary verbs PEG chapters 10-16 6 Auxiliary verbs 7 Auxiliaries conjugated with do/does/did 8 Auxiliary verbs 9 Auxiliary verbs 10 Additions to remarks, using auxiliary verbs 11 Agreements and disagreements with remarks, using auxiliary verbs 12 Question tags after negative statements 13 Question tags after affirmative statements 14 Question tags: mixed 15 Auxiliaries followed by full or bare infinitive 16 Auxiliaries: mixed 17 have: possessive 18 have: various uses 19 The have + object + past participle construction 20 be 21 it is/there is 22 can and be able 23 may 24 must and have to 25 must not and need not 26 need not and don't have to etc. 27 must, can't and needn't with the perfect infinitive Present and past tenses

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 17 18 19 20 21 23 24 25 27 28 29 30 31 33


PEG chapters 17-18 28 The simple present tense 29 The simple present tense 30 The present continuous tense 31 The simple present and the present continuous 32 The simple present and the present continuous 33 The simple past tense 34 The simple past tense 35 The past continuous tense 36 The simple past and the past continuous 37 The simple past and the past continuous 38 The present perfect tense 39 The present perfect and the simple past 40 The present perfect and the simple past 41 The present perfect and the simple past 42 The present perfect continuous tense 43 The present perfect and the present perfect continuous 44 for and since Future forms PEG chapter 19 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61

The present continuous tense as a future form The be going to form The present continuous and the be going to form The future simple The present continuous and the future simple will + infinitive and the be going to form will + infinitive and the be going to form The future continuous tense will + infinitive and the future continuous won't + infinitive and the future continuous negative Second person interrogative: will you and other forms shall and will Time clauses The future perfect tense Time clauses would and should would and should

34 35 36 38 39 41 42 43 44 45 47 48 50 51 54 55 56

57 58 59 60 61 62 64 65 67 68 69 71 72 73 74 75 76


Conditionals PEG chapter 21 62 Conditional sentences: type 1 63 Conditional sentences: type 2 64 Conditional sentences: type 3 65 Conditional sentences: mixed types 66 Conditional sentences: mixed types 67 Mixed tenses and verb forms Infinitive PEG chapter 23 68 Full or bare infinitive 69 Full or bare infinitive 70 Infinitive represented by to 71 too/enough/so . . . as with infinitive 72 Various infinitive constructions 73 Perfect infinitive used with auxiliary verbs 74 Perfect infinitive used with auxiliaries and some other verbs

Gerund, infinitive and participles PEG chapters 23-6 75 The gerund 76 Gerund and infinitive 77 Gerund and infinitive 78 Gerund and infinitive 79 Infinitive, gerund, present participle 80 Using participles to join sentences 81 Misrelated participles Passive PEG chapter 30 82 Active to passive 83 Active to passive 84 Passive to active

78 79 80 81 82 83

84 84 85 87 88 90 91

92 93 94 95 97 98 100

101 102 103


Indirect speech PEG chapter 31 85 Indirect speech: statements 86 Indirect speech: statements 87 Indirect speech: questions 88 Indirect speech: questions 89 Indirect speech: questions 90 Indirect speech: commands, requests, advice expressed by object + infinitive 91 Indirect speech: commands, requests, advice 92 Indirect speech: commands, requests, advice 93 Indirect speech: commands, requests, invitations, offers, advice 94 Indirect speech: questions, requests, invitations, offers, advice 95 Indirect speech: commands and questions with if-clauses and time clauses 96 Indirect speech: suggestions 97 Indirect speech: mixed types 98 Indirect to direct speech Purpose PEG chapter 33

104 105 106 107 109 109 111 111 112 113 114 115 116 117

118 120

99 Infinitive used to express purpose 100 Clauses and phrases of purpose some, any etc. and relatives PEG chapters 5 and 8 101 some, any and compounds, e.g. somebody, anything, somehow 102 Relatives: defining, non-defining and connective 103 Relatives: defining, non-defining and connective 104 Relatives: non-defining and connective 105 what and which 106 whatever, whenever, whoever etc. 107 Relative clauses replaced by infinitives Prepositions PEG chapter 9

122 123 125 126 127 129 129

130 132


108 Prepositions: at, to; preposition/adverb: in 109 Prepositions and prepositions/adverbs: at, by, in, into, of, off, on, out (of), to, under, with 110 Prepositions and prepositions/adverbs: at, by, during, for, from, in, of, on, over, since, till, under, with 111 Prepositions and prepositions/adverbs: about, at, away (adverb only), by, for, from, in, into, on, out, to, under, up, with, over 112 Use and omission of prepositions 113 till/until, to, for, since, then, after, afterwards Auxiliaries + perfect infinitives PEG chapters 11-15 114 Auxiliaries + perfect infinitives 115 Auxiliaries + perfect infinitives 116 Auxiliaries + perfect infinitives Present, past and perfect tenses PEG chapters 17-18 117 The simple present and the present continuous 118 The simple present and the present continuous 119 The simple past and the past continuous 120 The simple past and the past continuous 121 The simple past and the past continuous 122 The present perfect with for and since 123 The present perfect and the simple past 124 The present perfect and the simple past 125 The present perfect simple and continuous 126 The simple past and the past perfect, simple and continuous 127 Questions 128 Questions 129 Mixed tenses, letters 130 Mixed tenses: letters 131 Mixed tenses: telephone conversations Future forms PEG chapter 19 132 The present continuous and the future simple

133 135 136 137

139 141 143

145 147 150 151 151 153 155 157 160 162 163 164 165 167 168

169 172 174 176 178 179


133 The present continuous and be going to 134 be going to and will + infinitive 135 The future continuous and will + infinitive 136 The future continuous and will (mostly negative) 137 The future perfect 138 The present simple and continuous, the future simple and conditional

Conditionals PEG chapter 21 139 Conditional sentences: type 1 140 Conditional sentences: type 1 141 Conditional sentences: type 2 142 Conditional sentences: type 2 143 Conditional sentences: type 3 144 Conditional sentences: type 3 145 Conditional sentences: mixed types 146 Conditional sentences: mixed types 147 will and shall 148 would and should

180

181 182 183 185 186 187 189 191 192 193

194 196

Gerund, infinitive and present participle PEG chapters 23-6 149 Gerund, infinitive and present participle 150 Gerund, infinitive and present participle Unreal pasts and subjunctives PEG chapters 28-29 151 Unreal pasts and subjunctives 152 would rather + subject + past tense 153 wish + subject + past, past perfect or conditional The passive PEG chapter 30 154 Active to passive 155 Active to passive

198 199 200

201 202 203 204


156 Active to passive with phrasal verbs 157 Active to passive with changes of construction Indirect speech PEG chapter 31 158 Indirect speech: statements 159 Indirect speech: statements 160 Indirect speech: questions 161 Indirect speech: questions, advice, requests, invitations, suggestions 162 Indirect speech: commands, requests, invitations, advice 163 Indirect speech: commands, requests, advice, suggestions 164 Indirect speech: mixed types 165 Indirect speech: sentences with let 166 Indirect speech: sentences with must, needn't and have to 167 Indirect speech to direct speech

205 207 209 211 213 214 215 218 219 221

222 223 Time clauses PEG chapters 32,34 168 Time clauses 169 Time clauses 170 when, whenever and as (= while, because) Phrasal verbs PEG chapter 38 171 Combinations with get and be 172 Combinations with look and keep 173 Combinations with go and come 174 Combinations with take and run 175 Combinations with turn, call and break 176 Combinations with give, put and make 177 Combinations with clear, cut, fall, hold, let and hand 178 Mixed combinations 179 Mixed combinations 180 Mixed combinations

225

226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239


181 Mixed combinations 182 Mixed combinations with compound prepositions/adverbs 183 Substituting phrasal verbs for other expressions 184 Substituting phrasal verbs for other expressions 185 Combinations with off and on 186 Combinations with up 187 Combinations with out 188 Combinations with down, away and over 189 Mixed combinations used in a connected passage 190 Mixed combinations used in a connected passage

240 241 242 243 245 246


Exercises Articles Articles: a/an PEG 1-4 Insert a or an if necessary. 1 My neighbour is . . . photographer; let's ask him for . . . advice about colour films. 2 We had . . . fish and . . . chips for . . . lunch. ~ That doesn't sound . . . very interesting lunch. 3 I had . . . very bad night; I didn't sleep . . . wink. 4 He is . . . vegetarian; you won't get . . . meat at his house. He'll give you . . . nut cutlet. ~Last time I had . . . nut cutlet I had . . . indigestion. 5 . . . travel agent would give you . . . information about . . . hotels. 6 We'd better go by . . . taxi—if we can get . . . taxi at such . . . hour as 2 a.m. 7 . . . person who suffers from . . . claustrophobia has . . . dread of being confined in . . . small space, and would always prefer . . . stairs to . . . lift. 8 Do you take . . . sugar in . . . coffee? ~ I used to, but now I'm on . . . diet. I'm trying to lose . . . weight. 9 . . . man suffering from . . . shock should not be given anything to drink. 10 You'll get . . . shock if you touch . . . live wire with that screwdriver. Why don't you get . . . screwdriver with . . . insulated handle? 11 It costs fifty-five and . . . half pence and I've only got . . . fifty pence piece. ~ You can pay by . . . cheque here. ~ But can I write . . . cheque for . . . fifty-five and . . . half pence? 12 . . . Mr Smith is . . . old customer and . . . honest man. ~ Why do you say that? Has he been accused of . . . dishonesty? 13 I'm not . . . wage-earner; I'm . . . self-employed man. I have . . . business of my own. ~ Then you're not . . . worker; you're . . . capitalist! 14 When he was charged with . . . murder he said he had . . . alibi. 15 . . . friend of mine is expecting . . . baby. If it's . . . girl she's going to be called Etheldreda. ~ What . . . name to give . . . girl! 16 I have . . . hour and . . . half for lunch. ~ I only have . . . half . . . hour—barely . . . time for . . . smoke and ... cup of coffee. 17 I hope you have . . . lovely time and . . . good weather. ~ But I'm not going for . . . holiday; I'm going on . . . business. 18 He looked at me with . . . horror when I explained that I was . . . double agent. 19 I wouldn't climb . . . mountain for Ј1,000! I have . . . horror of . . . heights. 20 I have . . . headache and . . . sore throat. I think I've got . . . cold. ~ I think you're getting . . . flu. 21 . . . Mr Jones called while you were out (neither of us knows this man). He wants to make . . . complaint about . . . article in the paper. He was in . . . very bad temper.


22 If you go by . . . train you can have quite . . . comfortable journey, but make sure you get . . . express, not . . . train that stops at all the stations. 23 . . . few people know (hardly anyone knows) that there is . . . secret passage from this house to . . . old smugglers' cave in the cliffs. 24 I'm having . . . few friends in to . . . coffee tomorrow evening. Would you like to come? ~ I'd love to, but I'm afraid I'm going to . . . concert. 25 It's time you had . . . holiday. You haven't had . . . day off for . . . month. 26 He broke ...leg in... skiing accident. It's still in . . . plaster. 27 I want . . . assistant with . . . knowledge of French and . . . experience of . . . office routine. 28 I see that your house is built of . . . wood. Are you insured against ... fire? 29 The escaping prisoner camped in . . . wood but he didn't light . . . fire because . . . smoke rising from the wood might attract . . . attention. 30 I had . . . amazing experience last night. I saw . . . dinosaur eating . . . meat pie in . . . London park. ~ You mean you had . . . nightmare. Anyway, dinosaurs didn't eat . . . meat. 31 I'll pay you . . . hundred . . . week. It's not . . . enormous salary but after all you are . . . completely unskilled man. 32 If you kept . . . graph you could see at . . . glance whether you were making . . . profit or . . . loss. 33 . . . little (hardly anything) is known about the effect of this drug; yet . . . chemist will sell it to you without . . . prescription. 34 I have . . . little money left; let's have dinner in . . . restaurant. 35 Would it be . . . trouble to you to buy me . . . newspaper on your way home? 36 . . . man is . . . reasoning animal.

Articles: the PEG 6-8 Insert the if necessary. 1 . . . youngest boy has just started going to . . . school; . . . eldest boy is at . . . college. 2 She lives on . . . top floor of an old house. When . . . wind blows, all . . . windows rattle. 3 . . . darkness doesn't worry . . . cats; . . . cats can see in . . . dark. 4 My little boys say that they want to be . . . spacemen, but most of them will probably end up in . . . less dramatic jobs. 5 Do you know . . . time? ~ Yes, . . . clock in . . . hall has just struck nine. ~ Then it isn't . . . time to go yet. 6 He was sent to . . . prison for . . . six months for . . . shop-lifting. When . . . six months are over he'll be released; . . . difficulty then will be to find . . . work. ~ Do you go to . . . prison to visit him? 7 I went to . . . school to talk to . . . headmistress. I persuaded her to let Ann give up . . . gymnastics and take . . . ballet lessons instead.


8 . . . ballet isn't much use for . . . girls; it is much better to be able to play . . . piano. 9 I am on... night duty. When you go to . . . bed, I go to . . . work. 10 Peter's at . . . office but you could get him on . . . phone. There's a telephone box just round . . . corner 11 He got... bronchitis and was taken to . . . hospital. I expect they'll send him home at . . . end of . . . week. ~ Have you rung . . . hospital to ask how he is? 12 Ann's habit of riding a motorcycle up and down . . . road early in . . . morning annoyed . . . neighbours and in . . . end they took her to . . . court. 13 He first went to . . . sea in a Swedish ship, so as well as learning . . . navigation he had to learn . . . Swedish. 14 . . . family hotels are . . . hotels which welcome . . . parents and . . . children. 15 On . . . Sundays my father stays in . . . bed till ten o'clock, reading . . . Sunday papers. 16 Then he gets up, puts on . . . old clothes, has . . . breakfast and starts . . . work in . . . garden. 17 My mother goes to . . . church in . . . morning, and in . . . afternoon goes to visit . . . friends. 18 Like many women, she loves . . . tea parties and . . . gossip. 19 My parents have ... cold meat and . . . salad for . . . supper, . . . winter and . . . summer. 20 During . . . meal he talks about . . . garden and she tells him . . . village gossip. 21 We have a very good train service from here to . . . city centre and most people go to . . . work by train. You can go by . . . bus too, of course, but you can't get a season ticket on . . . bus. 22 . . . dead no longer need . . . help. We must concern ourselves with . . . living. We must build . . . houses and . . . schools and . . . playgrounds. 23 I'd like to see . . . Mr Smith please. ~ Do you mean . . . Mr Smith who works in . . . box office or . . . other Mr Smith? 24 Did you come by . . . air? ~ No, I came by . . . sea. I had a lovely voyage on . . . Queen Elizabeth II. 25 . . . most of . . . stories that . . . people tell about . . . Irish aren't true. 26 . . . married couples with . . . children often rent . . . cottages by . . . seaside for . . . summer holidays. . . . men hire boats and go for . . . trips along . . . coast; . . . children spend . . . day on . . . beach and . . . poor mothers spend . . . most of . . . time doing . . . cooking and cleaning. 27 It's usually safe to walk on . . . sand, but here, when . . . tide is coming in, . . . sand becomes dangerously soft. . . . people have been swallowed up by it. 28 When . . . Titanic was crossing . . . Atlantic she struck an iceberg which tore a huge hole in her bow. . . . captain ordered . . . crew to help . . . passengers into . . . boats. 29 Everywhere . . . man has cut down . . . forests in order to cultivate . . . ground, or to use . . . wood as . . . fuel or as . . . building material. 30 But . . . interference with . . . nature often brings . . . disaster. . . . tree-felling sometimes turns . . . fertile land into a dustbowl. 31 . . . people think that . . . lead is . . . heaviest metal, but . . . gold is heavier. 32 Our air hostess said, '. . . rack is only for . . . light articles. . . . heavy things such as . . . bottles must be put on . . . floor.'


33 . . . windows are supposed to let in . . . light; but . . . windows of this house are so small that we have to have . . . electric light on all . . . time. 34 There'11 always be a conflict between . . . old and . . . young. . . . young people want . . . change but . . . old people want . . . things to stay . . . same. 35 . . . power tends to corrupt and . . . absolute power corrupts absolutely. 36 You can fool some of . . . people all . . . time, and all . . . people some of . . . time; but you cannot fool all . . . people all . . . time.

Articles: a/an, the PEG 1-8 Insert a, an or the if necessary. 1 There was . . . knock on . . . door. I opened it and found . . . small dark man in . . . blue overcoat and . . . woollen cap. 2 He said he was . . . employee of . . . gas company and had come to read . . . meter. 3 But I had . . . suspicion that he wasn't speaking . . . truth because . . . meter readers usually wear . . . peaked caps. 4 However, I took him to . . . meter, which is in . . . dark corner under . . . stairs (. . . meters are usually in . . . dark corners under . . . stairs). 5 I asked if he had . . . torch; he said he disliked torches and always read . . . meters by . . . light of . . . match. 6 I remarked that if there was . . . leak in . . . gaspipe there might be . . . explosion while he was reading . . . meter. 7 He said, 'As . . . matter of . . . fact, there was . . . explosion in . . . last house I visited; and Mr Smith, . . . owner of . . . house, was burnt in . . . face.' 8 'Mr Smith was holding . . . lighted match at . . . time of . . . explosion.' 9 To prevent . . . possible repetition of this accident, I lent him . . . torch. 10 He switched on . . . torch, read . . . meter and wrote . . . reading down on . . . back of . . . envelope. 11 I said in . . . surprise that . . . meter readers usually put . . . readings down in . . . book. 12 He said that he had had . . . book but that it had been burnt in . . . fire in . . . Mr Smith's house. 13 By this time I had come to . . . conclusion that he wasn't . . . genuine meter reader; and . . . moment he left . . . house I rang . . . police. 14 Are John and Mary . . . cousins? ~ No, they aren't . . . cousins; they are . . . brother and . . . sister. 15 . . . fog was so thick that we couldn't see . . . side of . . . road. We followed . . . car in front of us and hoped that we were going . . . right way. 16 I can't remember . . . exact date of . . . storm, but I know it was . . . Sunday because everybody was at . . . church. On . . . Monday . . . post didn't come because . . . roads were blocked by . . . fallen trees. 17 Peter thinks that this is quite . . . cheap restaurant. 18 There's been . . . murder here. ~ Where's . . . body?~


There isn't . . . body. ~ Then how do you know there's been . . . murder? 19 Number . . . hundred and two, - . . house next door to us, is for sale. It's quite . - . nice house with . . . big rooms. . . . back windows look out on . . . park. 20 I don't know what . . . price . . . owners are asking. But Dry and Rot are . . . agents. You could give them . . . ring and make them . . . offer. 21 . . . postman's little boy says that he'd rather be . . . dentist than . . . doctor, because . . . dentists don't get called out at . . . night. 22 Just as . . . air hostess (there was only one on the plane) was handing me . . . cup of . . . coffee . . . plane gave . . . lurch and . . . coffee went all over . . . person on . . . other side of . . . gangway. 23 There was . . . collision between . . . car and . . . cyclist at . . . crossroads near . . . my house early in . . . morning. . . . cyclist was taken to . . . hospital with . . . concussion. . . . driver of . . . car was treated for . . . shock. . . . witnesses say that . . . car was going at . . . seventy miles . . . hour. 24 Professor Jones, . . . man who discovered . . . new drug that everyone is talking about, refused to give . . . press conference. 25 Peter Piper, . . . student in . . . professor's college, asked him why he refused to talk to . . . press. 26 We're going to . . . tea with . . . Smiths today, aren't we? Shall we take . . . car? ~ We can go by . . . car if you wash . . . car first. We can't go to . . . Mrs Smith's in . . . car all covered with . . . mud. 27 He got . . . job in . . . south and spent . . . next two years doing . . . work he really enjoyed. 28 It is . . . pleasure to do . . . business with such . . . efficient organization. 29 . . . day after . . . day passed without . . . news, and we began to lose ... hope. 30 Would you like to hear . . . story about . . . Englishman, . . . Irishman and . . . Scotsman? ~ No. I've heard . . . stories about . . . Englishmen, . . . Irishmen and . . . Scotsmen before and they are all . . . same. 31 But mine is not . . . typical story. In my story . . . Scotsman is generous, . . . Irishman is logical and . . . Englishman is romantic. ~ Oh, if it's . . . fantastic story I'll listen with . . . pleasure. 32 My aunt lived on . . . ground floor of . . . old house on . . . River Thames. She was very much afraid of . . . burglars and always locked up . . . house very carefully before she went to . . . bed. She also took . . . precaution of looking under . . . bed to see if . . . burglar was hiding there. 33 '. . . modern burglars don't hide under . . . beds,' said her daughter. I'll go on looking just . . . same,' said my aunt. 34 One morning she rang her daughter in . . . triumph. 1 found . . . burglar under . . . bed . . . last night,' she said, 'and he was quite . . . young man.' 35 . . . apples are sold by . . . pound. These are forty pence . . . pound. 36 It was . . . windy morning but they hired . . . boat and went for . . . sail along . . . coast. In . . - afternoon . . . wind increased and they soon found themselves in . . . difficulties.


Articles and possessive adjectives PEG 1-8,62-3 Insert a, an, the, or my, his, her, our, your, their if necessary. 1 He took off . . . coat and set to work. 2 Why are you standing there with . . . hands in . . . pockets? 3 At most meetings . . . people vote by raising . . . right hands. 4 The bullet struck him in . . . foot. 5 They tied . . . hands behind . . . back and locked him in a cellar. 6 He took . . . shoes off and entered on . . . tiptoe. 7 Someone threw . . . egg which struck the speaker on . . . shoulder. 8 I have . . . headache. 9 I have . . . pain in . . . shoulder. 10 The windscreen was smashed and the driver was cut in . . . face by broken glass. 11 He was . . . very tall man with . . . dark hair and . . . small beard, but I couldn't see . . . eyes because he was wearing . . . dark glasses. 12 He tore . . . trousers getting over a barbed wire fence. 13 Brother and sister were quite unlike each other. He had . . . fair wavy hair; . . . hair was dark and straight. 14 She pulled . . . sleeve to attract his attention. 15 She pulled him by . . . sleeve. 16 'Hands up!' said the masked man, and we all put . . . hands up. 17 Ask . . . woman in front of you to take off . . . hat. 18 He stroked . . . chin thoughtfully. 19 If you're too hot why don't you take off . . . coat? 20 I saw him raise . . . right hand and take . . . oath. 21 The lioness bit him in . . . leg. 22 You should change . . . wet shoes, or you'll catch another cold. 23 There was a shot and a policeman came out with . . . blood running down . . . face. 24 We shook . . . hands with . . . host. 25 He fell off his horse and injured . . . back. 26 The barman seized the drunk by . . . collar. 27 Leave . . . coats in . . . cloakroom; don't bring them into . . . theatre. 28 He fell down a flight of stairs and broke . . . rib. 29 He pointed to a woman in . . . green dress. 30 He is . . . thoroughly selfish man; he wouldn't lift . . . finger to help anyone. 31 You'll strain . . . eyes if you read in . . . bad light. 32 She was on . . . knees, scrubbing . . . kitchen floor. 33 He has . . . horrible job; I wouldn't like to be in . . . shoes. 34 You've got . . . shirt on inside out. 35 'Pull up . . . socks,' said his mother. 36 I hit . . . thumb with a hammer when I was hanging the picture.


a/an and one PEG 4 Insert a/an or one if necessary. 1 . . . of my friends advised me to take . . . taxi; another said that there was quite . . . good bus service. 2 . . . friend of mine lent me . . . book by Meredith. I've only . . . more chapter to read. Would you like . . . loan of it afterwards?~ No, thanks. I read . . . of his books . . . few years ago and didn't like it. Besides I have . . . library book to finish. If I don't take it back tomorrow I'll have to pay . . . fine. 3 . . . man I met on the train told me . . . rather unusual story. 4 Most people like . . . rest after . . . hard day's work, but Tom seemed to have . . . inexhaustible supply of energy. 5 I've told you . . . hundred times not to come into . . . room with . . . hat on. 6 It's unlucky to light three cigarettes with . . . match. ~ That's only . . . superstition. Only . . . idiot believes in superstitions. 7 He says . . . caravan is no good; he needs . . . cottage. 8 . . . plate is no good; we need . . . dozen. 9 Last time there was . . . fog here . . . plane crash-landed in . . . field near the airport. The crew had . . . lucky escape. . . . man broke his leg; the rest were unhurt. 10 You've been . . . great help to me; . . . day I will repay you. 11 My car broke down near . . . bus stop. There was . . . man waiting for . . . bus so I asked him for . . . advice. 12 He took . . . quick look at my car and said, 'Buy . . . new . . . .' 13 There was . . . woman there. The rest were men. ~ There shouldn't have been even . . . woman. It was meant to be . . . stag party. 14 Don't tell . . . soul! Not even your wife! ~ Of course not! I'd never tell . . . secret to . . . woman. 15 Most of the staff had been there for only . . . very short time, but . . . man had been there . . . year and . . . half, so he knew . . . little more than the rest. 16 Could you lend me . . . dictionary, please? I'm trying to do . . . crossword puzzle. ~ I'm afraid I've only got . . . dictionary, and Tom's borrowed it. 17 . . . chop won't be enough for Tom; he'll want two; he's . . . small man but he's got . . . big appetite. 18 1 want . . . volunteers for . . . dangerous job,' said the captain. There was . . . long silence. 'Isn't there even . . . man who will take . . . risk?' he asked. . . . voice called out from the back, 'Will there be . . . reward?' 19 I have . . . flat on the top floor. You get . . . lovely view from there. 20 . . . day a new director arrived. He was . . . ambitious, bad-tempered man, and the staff took . . . instant dislike to him. 21 Suddenly . . . bullet struck . . . street lamp . . . little to Bill's left. He looked up and saw . . . man with . . . gun standing at . . . open window. 22 Bill fired back twice. . . . bullet hit the wall, the other broke . . . pane of . . . glass. He


heard . . . angry shout. 23 . . . day—it was . . . dry day with . . . good visibility—Tom was driving along . . . country road in . . . borrowed car. 24 You're making . . . mistake after another. Have you . . . hangover, or something? ~ No, but I had . . . very bad night last night. The people next door were having . . . party. ~ . . . bad night shouldn't have such . . . effect on your work. I often have three bad nights in succession. I live in . . . very noisy street.

Auxiliary Verbs Auxiliary verbs PEG 106-7 Auxiliaries here are used both alone and as part of various tenses of ordinary verbs. Read the following (a) in the negative (b) in the interrogative. These sentences, except for nos. I and 13, could also be used for question tag exercises (see Exercise 13). Note: 1 may for possibility rarely begins a sentence. Instead we use do you think (that) + present/future or is + subject + likely + infinitive: Tom may know. Do you think (that) Tom knows? Is Tom likely to know? 2 Use needn't as the negative of must. 1 It may cost Ј100. 2 Men should help with the housework. 3 Tom would pay her. 4 They could play the guitar. 5 We're seeing Mary tomorrow. 6 She ought to keep it in the f ridge. 7 You can understand it. 8 The police were watching the house. 9 You can go with him. 10 They've got a house. 11 Your boss will be angry. 12 Tom should pay the fine. 13 They may come tonight. 14 They were cleaning their shoes. 15 He must write in French. 16 You have read the instructions. 17 These pearls are made by oysters. 18 The ice was thick enough to walk on. 19 This will take a long time. 20 They may (permission) take the car. 21 You've made a mistake. 22 Ann would like a skiing holiday.


23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

We must do it at once. Tom could come. They were in a hurry. There is enough salt in it. You could see the sea from the house. Ann will be able to drive you. They had written to him. We must cook it in butter. It is freezing. She ought to accept the offer. There'11 be time for tea. I'm right. He may be at home. He used to live here.

Auxiliaries conjugated with do/does/did PEG 106-7, 123, 126 (see also Exercise 17) Some auxiliaries when used in certain ways make their negative and interrogative according to the rule for ordinary verbs, i.e. with do. Sometimes either form is possible. Make the sentences (a) negative and (b) interrogative, using do/does/did. 1 They have eggs for breakfast. 2 He needs a new coat. 3 He used to sell fruit. 4 They have to work hard. 5 She does the housework. 6 He needs more money. 7 He had a row with his boss. 8 She had a heart attack. 9 Her hair needed cutting. 10 He does his homework after supper. 11 She has a singing lesson every week. 12 She had to make a speech. 13 He does his best. 14 He has to get up at six every day. 15 The children have dinner at school. 16 She dared him to climb it. 17 You did it on purpose. 18 He has his piano tuned regularly, (see 119) 19 He dares to say that! 20 They had a good time. 21 The drink did him good. 22 My watch needs cleaning.


23 24 25 26 27 28

He had an accident. You had your house painted. She used to make her own clothes. You do the exercises. He had difficulty (in) getting a job. He dared to interrupt the president, did he? (Omit final did he?)

Auxiliary verbs PEG 106-7 Put the following verbs into the past tense. (Auxiliaries are used both by themselves and as part of certain forms and tenses of ordinary verbs.) Use had to as the past tense of must and didn't need as a past tense of needn't. 1 He isn't working hard. 2 She doesn't like cats. 3 I can't say anything. 4 We must read it carefully. 5 He won't help us. 6 He can lift it easily. 7 It isn't far from London. 8 Isn't it too heavy to carry? 9 He needn't pay at once. 10 He hopes that Tom will be there. (He hoped . . .) 11 How much does this cost? 12 He says that Ann may be there. (He said . . :) 13 How old is he? 14 Do you see any difference? 15 I do what I can. 16 How far can you swim? 17 I must change my shoes. 18 Tom dares not complain. 19 I don't dare (to) touch it. 20 Have you time to do it? 21 Are you frightened? 22 Must you pay for it yourself? 23 The letter needn't be typed. 24 We hope that he'll come. (We hoped. . .) 25 He says that she may not be in time. (He said that she . . .) 26 Do you understand what he is saying? I don't. 27 There are accidents every day at these crossroads. 28 She thinks that it may cost Ј100. (She thought that it . . .) 29 Doesn't Mr Pitt know your address? 30 They aren't expecting me, are they? 31 He thinks that the snakes may be dangerous, (see 28)


32 33 34 35 36

She wants to know if she can borrow the car. (She wanted to know if...) Can't you manage on Ј100 a week? Tom is certain that he will win. Can you read the notice? No, I can't. I don't think that the bull will attack us.

Auxiliary verbs PEG 108 Answer the following questions (a) in the affirmative (b) in the negative, in each case repeating the auxiliary and using a pronoun as subject. Do you need this? ~ Yes, I do/No, I don't. Can Tom swim? - Yes, he can/No, he can't. Note also: Is that Bill? ~ Yes, it is/No, it isn't. Will there be time? ~ Yes, there will/No, there won't. Use needn't in 7 and 15. Use must in 26 and 35. 1 Is the water deep? 2 Do you know the way? 3 Can you swim? 4 Does he come every day? 5 Is that Tom over there? 6 Are you Tom's brother? 7 Must you go? 8 Are you enjoying yourselves? 9 Did he see you? 10 Would Ј10 be enough? 11 May I borrow your car? 12 Is this the front of the queue? 13 Will she be there? 14 Do you play cards? 15 Should I tell the police? 16 Can you cook? 17 Are you ready? 18 Could women join the club? 19 Is your name Pitt? 20 Were they frightened? 21 Will his mother be there? 22 Ought I to get a new one? 23 Should I tell him the truth? 24 Was the driver killed? 25 Have you any money? 26 Need we finish the exercise? 27 Used he to ride in races?


28 Would you like to see him? 29 Is this yours? 30 Do you want it? 31 Can I take it? 32 Will you bring it back tomorrow? 33 Are you free this evening? 34 Am I in your way? 35 Need I wear a tie? 36 Was that Bill on the phone?

Additions to remarks, using auxiliary verbs PEG 112

Part I Add to the following remarks using (and) so + the noun/pronoun in brackets +

the auxiliary. If there is an auxiliary in the first remark repeat this; if not use do/does/did. He lives in London. (I) He lives in London and so do 1. He had to wait. (you) He had to wait and so had you. 1 I have read it. (John) 2 He is a writer, (she) 3 Tom can speak Welsh, (his wife) 4 She ought to get up. (you) 5 I should be wearing a seat belt. (you) 6 John will be there. (Tom) 7 The first bus was full. (the second) 8 I bought a ticket, (my brother) 9 You must come. (your son) 10 This bus goes to Piccadilly. (that) 11 I'm getting out at the next stop. (my friend) 12 He used to work in a restaurant. (1)

Part 2 Add to the following remarks using (and) neither/nor + the auxiliary + the noun/pronoun in brackets. He isn't back. (she) He isn't back and neither is she. 13 I haven't seen it. (Tom) 14 You shouldn't be watching TV. (Tom) 15 You mustn't be late. (1) 16 He can't come. (his sister) 17 I don't believe it. (Ann) 18 Alice couldn't understand. (Andrew) 19 I'm not going, (you) 20 This telephone doesn't work. (that) 21 Tom's car won't start. (mine) 22 I hadn't any change. (the taxi driver) 23 He didn't know the way. (anyone else) 24 My father wouldn't mind. (my mother)


Part 3 Contrary additions.

Add to the following remarks using but + noun/pronoun + the auxiliary or do/does/did. Make a negative addition to an affirmative remark: She thanked me. (he) She thanked me but he didn't. Make an affirmative addition to a negative remark: She can't eat oysters. (I) She can't eat oysters but I can. Use needn't as the negative of must, and must as the affirmative of needn't. 25 John was seasick. (Mary) 26 He wasn't there, (she) 27 You must go. (your brother) 28 My sister can speak German. (I) 29 Alexander didn't want to wait. (James) 30 Bill needn't stay. (Stanley) 31 A cat wouldn't eat it. (a dog) 32 He will enjoy it. (his wife) 33 I haven't got a computer, (my neighbour) 34 This beach is safe for bathing, (that beach) 35 I must leave early, (you) 36 You don't have to pay tax. (I)

Agreements and disagreements with remarks, using auxiliary verbs PEG 109

Part I Agreements with affirmative remarks.

Agree with the following remarks, using yes/so + pronoun + the auxiliary or do/does/did. To express surprise, use Oh, so . . . He has a good influence on her. - Yes, he has. 1 We must have a large room. 2 I was very rude. 3 She always wears dark glasses. 4 She may be a spy. 5 Tom could tell us where to go. 6 There's a snake in that basket. 7 He needs six bottles. 8 This boat is leaking! 9 His revolver was loaded. 10 This restaurant might be expensive. 11 They used to have a parrot. 12 The fog is getting thicker.


Part 2 Agreements with negative remarks. Agree with the following remarks, using no + pronoun + the auxiliary. Elephants never forget. ~ No, they don't. 13 Cuckoos don't build nests. 14 He didn't complain. 15 It isn't worth keeping. 16 He can't help coughing. 17 The ice wasn't thick enough. 18 The lift wouldn't come down. 19 This flat hasn't got very thick walls. 20 They don't have earthquakes there. 21 The oranges didn't look very good. 22 It hasn't been a bad summer. 23 I don't look my age. 24 He mightn't like that colour.

Part 3 Disagreements with affirmative or negative remarks. Disagree with

the following remarks, using oh no/but + pronoun + auxiliary. Use a negative auxiliary if the first verb is affirmative and an affirmative auxiliary if the first verb is negative. He won't be any use. ~ (Oh) yes, he will. She worked here for a year. - (Oh) no, she didn't. 25 You're drunk. 26 I didn't do it on purpose. 27 They weren't in your way. 28 I wasn't born then. 29 She'd rather live alone. 30 You gave him my address. 31 I can use your bicycle. 32 That five pound note belongs to me. 33 He didn't mean to be rude. 34 Children get too much pocket money. 35 Exams should be abolished. 36 She promised to obey him.

Question tags after negative statements PEG 110

Add question tags to the following statements. Bill doesn't know Ann. Bill doesn't know Ann, does he? Ann hasn't got a phone. Ann hasn 't got a phone, has she? this/that (subject) becomes it in the tag. there remains unchanged:


That isn't Tom, is it? There won't be time, will there? All the tags, except the tag for no. 30, should be spoken in the usual way with a statement intonation. But they could also be practised with a question intonation. The important word in the statement must then be stressed. 1 You aren't afraid of snakes. 2 Ann isn't at home. 3 You don't know French. 4 Tom didn't see her. 5 This isn't yours. 6 Mary wasn't angry. 7 Bill hasn't had breakfast. 8 You won't tell anyone. 9 I didn't wake you up. 10 Tom doesn't like oysters. 11 You don't want to sell the house. 12 It doesn't hurt. 13 People shouldn't drink and drive. 14 You aren't going alone. 15 They couldn't pay the rent. 16 You don't agree with Bill. 17 There wasn't a lot to do. 18 I needn't say anything. 19 That wasn't Ann on the phone. 20 You didn't do it on purpose. 21 This won't take long. 22 She doesn't believe you. 23 It didn't matter very much. 24 He shouldn't put so much salt in it. 25 Mary couldn't leave the children alone. 26 You aren't doing anything tonight. 27 You wouldn't mind helping me with this. 28 George hadn't been there before. 29 The children weren't surprised. 30 You wouldn't like another drink. 31 Tom doesn't have to go to lectures. 32 Bill hasn't got a car. 33 Bill couldn't have prevented it. 34 I needn't wait any longer. 35 There weren't any mosquitoes. 36 The fire wasn't started deliberately.


Question tags after affirmative statements PEG110

Add question tags to the following statements: Tom goes to Bath quite often, doesn 't he? He told you about his last trip, didn 't he? It was very cold last night, wasn 't it? Be careful of the contractions 's and 'd: He's ready, isn 't he? He's finished, hasn 't he? He'd seen it, hadn't he? He'd like it, wouldn't he? These should be practised mainly with a statement intonation, but they could also be said with a question intonation. See notes to previous exercise. 1 The children can read French. 2 He's ten years old. 3 Bill came on a bicycle. 4 The Smiths have got two cars. 5 Your grandfather was a millionaire. 6 Tom should try again. 7 It could be done. 8 Your brother's here. 9 That's him over there. 10 George can leave his case here. 11 This will fit in your pocket. 12 His wife has headaches quite often. 13 She's got lovely blue eyes. 14 The twins arrived last night. 15 Mary paints portraits. 16 Bill puts the money in the bank. 17 Bill put the money in the bank. 18 Prices keep going up. 19 I've seen you before. 20 Bill's written a novel. 21 His mother's very proud of him. 22 The twins used to play rugby. 23 Tom might be at home now. 24 We must hurry. 25 You'd been there before. 26 You'd like a drink. 27 The boys prefer a cooked breakfast. 28 Mary ought to cook it for them. 29 That was Ann on the phone.


30 The Smiths need two cars. 31 You'll help me. 32 He used to eat raw fish. 33 There'11 be plenty for everyone. 34 You'd better wait for Bill. 35 You'd come if I needed help. 36 You could come at short notice.

Question tags: mixed PEG 110 See notes to Exercises 12 and 13. Note that a statement containing words such as none, nobody, hardly/hardly any etc. is treated as a negative statement: He hardly ever makes a mistake, does he? When the subject is nobody/anybody/everybody etc., the pronoun they is used in the tag: Nobody liked the play, did they? Add question tags to the following statements. 1 You take sugar in tea. 2 But you don't take it in coffee. 3 The lift isn't working today. 4 It never works very well. 5 The area was evacuated at once. 6 There was no panic. 7 Though everybody realized the danger. 8 There was a lot of noise. 9 But nobody complained. 10 Mary hardly ever cooks. 11 She buys convenience foods. 12 She'd save money if she bought fresh food. 13 Mr Smith usually remembered his wife's birthdays. 14 But he didn't remember this one. 15 And his wife was very disappointed. 16 He ought to have made a note of it. 17 Neither of them offered to help you. 18 They don't allow pet dogs in this shop. 19 But guide dogs can come in. 20 He hardly ever leaves the house. 21 That isn't Bill driving. 22 Nothing went wrong. 23 Lions are loose in this reserve. 24 So we'd better get back in the car. 25 It'd be unpleasant to be attacked by a lion.


26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

And it wouldn't be any use running away. It is a pity Ann didn't come with us. She'd have enjoyed it. They should have planned the expedition more carefully. Lives were lost unnecessarily. She warned him not to ride the stallion. But he never takes advice. There used to be trees here. There isn't any point in waiting. He'll hardly come now. Your central heating doesn't work very well.

Auxiliaries followed by full or bare infinitive PEG 246 Put to where necessary before the infinitives in brackets. 1 You needn't (come) tomorrow. 2 People used (travel) on horseback. 3 I'll have (hurry). 4 You ought (take) a holiday. 5 I'll (lend) him some money. 6 You are (go) at once. 7 We didn't have (pay) anything. 8 There won't (be) enough room for everyone. 9 You can (see) the windmill from here. 10 He was able (explain). 11 We may have (stay) here all night. 12 He used (spend) a lot of time in his library. 13 He didn't dare (say) anything. 14 Don't (move). 15 We'll (look) for a hotel. 16 You needn't (look) for a hotel; I'll be able (put) you up. 17 The doctor said that I ought (give up) smoking. 18 He used to drink quite a lot. 19 He should (be) ready by now. 20 May I (ask) you a question? 21 I shan't be able (do) it till after the holidays. 22 I didn't need (say) anything. 23 How dare you (open) my letters! 24 They ought (warn) people about the dangerous currents. 25 I should (say) nothing about it if I were you. 26 You are not (mention) this to anyone. 27 Why do they (obey) him?~ They don't dare (refuse). 28 You must (look) both ways before crossing the road.


29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Your map may (have been) out of date. You ought (have finished) it last night. I must (say) I think you behaved very badly. I will have (carry) a tent. We've got (get out). It might (kill) somebody. Ought you (be) watching TV? Shouldn't you (be) doing your homework?

Auxiliaries: mixed PEG chapters 11-16 Fill each of the following gaps with a suitable auxiliary or auxiliary form. 1 2 3 4 5

Schoolboy to friend: I left my book at home. . . . I share yours? I'm taking swimming lessons. I hope to . . . to swim by the end of the month. You . . . better take off your wet shoes. I'm sorry I'm late. I . . . to wait ages for a bus. Teacher: You . . . (obligation) read the play, but you . . . (no obligation) read the preface. 6 I knew he was wrong but I . . . (hadn 't the courage) to tell him so. 7 You're getting fat. You . . . to cut down on your beer drinking. 8 He . . . to smoke very heavily. Now he hardly smokes at all. 9 The new motorway . . . opened this afternoon, (plan) 10 I've come without any money. . . . you possibly lend me Ј5? 11 Ann: . . . we meet at Piccadilly Circus? 12 Tom: It . . . be better to meet at the theatre. We . . . miss one another at Piccadilly. 13 . . . you like to come canoeing with me next weekend? 14 Mary: I . . . to pay 20p. for this little chap on the bus yesterday. 15 Ann: My little boy's under three so I . . . (No obligation. Use present tense.) to pay for him. 16 The plane . . . landed (unfulfilled plan) at Heathrow, but it has been diverted to Gatwick. 17 You've spelt it wrong. There . . . be another 's'. 18 You . . . told me! (I'm disappointed that you didn't tell me.) 19 We . . . to take a taxi. Otherwise we'll be late. 20 At the holiday camp we . . . to get up at six and bathe in the river. Then we . . . come back and cook an enormous breakfast, (routine actions) 21 Tom . . . know the address. (Tom probably knows.) 22 Tom . . . know the address. (I'm sure that Tom knows.) 23 I've lost my umbrella! I . . . left it on the bus! (deduction) 24 Theatre regulations: At the end of the performance the public . . . (are permitted to) leave by all exit doors. 25 If I . . . you I'd get a taxi. 26 Did you paint it yourself or did you . . . it painted?


27 You . . . (negative) to be driving so fast. There's a speed limit here. 28 You . . . (request) get me some aspirin when you're at the chemist's.

have: possessive PEG 122 In British English, have meaning possess is not normally conjugatec with do except when there is an idea of habit. / haven't (got) a watch, (present possession) How many corners has a (a characteristic rather than a habit cube? He doesn 't usually have time (habit) to study. In the past, did is used for habit; otherwise either form is possible: Did you have/Had you an umbrella when you left the house? In other English-speaking countries, however, the do forms are used almost exclusively. It would therefore be possible to use do/did forms throughout the following exercises (except in no. 27), but students are asked to use have not/have you forms where they could be used. Where both are equally usual this will be noted in the key. Fill the spaces with the correct forms of have, adding got where possible. Only one space will be left in each clause, but note that got may be separated from have by another word. When a negative form is required '(negative)' will be placed at the end of the example. 1 He is standing there in the rain and . . . even the sense to put up his umbrella, (negative) 2 He . . . a cold in the head. ~ That's nothing new; he always . . . a cold. 3 I . . . brainwaves very often, but I . . . one now. (1st verb negative) 4 It is no good arguing with someone who . . . a bee in his bonnet. 5 Why don't you say something? You . . . an excuse? (negative) 6 You . . . this toothache yesterday? 7 How many letters . . . the alphabet? 8 The houses in your country . . . flat roofs? 9 You . . . the time? ( = Do you know the time?) No, I . . . a watch, (negative) 10 You ever . . . an impulse to smash something? 11 He . . . Ј1,000 a year when his father dies. 12 Air passengers usually . . . much luggage, (negative) 13 You . . . any objection to sitting with your back to the engine? 14 Oysters . . . always pearls in them. (negative) 15 Your door . . . a little hole through which you can peep at callers? (negative) 16 You . . . a match on you? ~


No, I don't smoke so I never . . . matches. 17 What is your opinion? ~ I . . . an opinion? (negative) 18 That cup . . . a crack in it. 19 You . . . any suspicion who did it? 20 This desk . . . a secret drawer? ~ No, modern desks ever . . . secret drawers. (negative) 21 When you go to a place for the first time, you ever . . . a feeling that you've been there before? 22 Babies . . . teeth when they're born? 23 How many sides . . . a pentagon? 24 Our cat . . . kittens every year. ~ How many she . . . each time? 25 They say that if children . . . complete freedom when they are young, they . . . inhibitions when they grow up. (2nd verb negative) 26 You . . . mosquitoes in your country in summer? 27 You . . . children?~ Yes, I . . . two, a boy and a girl. 28 You . . . a motor cycle? ~ No, I only . . . an ordinary bicycle, but I . . . a motor cycle next year. 29 Why do you suddenly want to back out? You . . . cold feet? 30 Customer: You . . . any mushrooms today? Shopkeeper: We usually . . . them but I'm afraid we . . . any at the moment. (last verb negative) 31 I think I know the man you mean. He . . . one blue eye and one brown one? (negative) 32 Children nowadays . . . far too much pocket money. I . . . any when I was at school. (2nd verb negative) 33 We were always getting lost in the desert. ~ You . . . compasses? (negative) 34 Red-haired people always . . . bad tempers? 35 Do you think we should eat this meat? It . . . a very nice smell. (negative) 36 The stairs are on fire! You . . . a long rope?

have: various uses PEG 123 have can mean take (a meal/lesson/bath, etc.), entertain (guests), encounter (difficulty, etc.), enjoy (a time/journey, etc.). When used in these ways: (a) have usually forms its negative and interrogative with do. (b) have can be used in the continuous tenses. Put the correct form of have into the following sentences. Use am having, is having, etc., as a future form. 1 We . . . some friends in for dinner tomorrow night. 2 You . . . a good journey yesterday?


3 Don't disturb him; he . . . a rest. 4 We . . . lunch early tomorrow. 5 How many lessons he . . . a week? ~ He usually . . . four. 6 You . . . earthquakes in your country? 7 What time you . . . breakfast? ~ We usually . . . it at 8.00. 8 What you . . . for breakfast? ~ We . . . toast and coffee. 9 Why you . . . a cooked breakfast? (negative) ~ It's too much trouble. 10 Why were they making such a noise? They . . . an argument. 11 You . . . a thunderstorm yesterday? 12 Come in, we . . . a debate. 13 You . . . a cup of coffee? ~ Yes, please. 14 We . . . a meeting tomorrow to discuss safety precautions. 15 The tree just missed the roof, we . . . a very lucky escape. 16 How did you damage your car? You . . . an accident? 17 I . . . a look at that house tomorrow. If I like it I'll buy it. 18 We . . . very bad weather just now. 19 I . . . a very interesting conversation with the milkman when my neighbour interrupted me. 20 English people always . . . roast beef for lunch on Sundays? 21 It is difficult to learn a foreign language when you . . . an opportunity of speaking it. (negative) 22 The farmers . . . a lot of trouble with foxes at present. 23 On the whole women drivers . . . so many accidents as men drivers. (negative) 24 You . . . anything to eat before you left home? ~ Oh yes, I . . . bacon and eggs. 25 You . . . any difficulty getting into your flat last night? 26 Are you enjoying yourself? ~ Yes, I . . . a wonderful time. 27 How often he . . . a singing lesson? 28 You . . . a good night? ~ No, I slept very badly. 29 Why were they late? ~ They . . . a puncture. 30 We . . . a party here next week. Would you like to come? 31 Why didn't you speak to her? ~ I . . . a chance. (negative) 32 We . . . a lecture next Monday. 33 I . . . tea with her tomorrow.


34 He . . . an operation next week. 35 He ever . . . nightmares? 36 When he got tired of it I . . . a try. ~ You . . . any luck? ~ Yes, I caught a great big fish.

The have + object + past participle construction PEG 119

Part I Fill in the spaces by inserting the correct form of have. Use am/is/are having as

a future form. (get can be used instead of have, but is more colloquial.)

1 I . . . my house painted. That is why there is all this mess. 2 My hair looks dreadful; I think I . . . it set tomorrow. 3 The attic was dark so last year we . . . skylight put in. 4 That dead tree is dangerous. I . . . it cut down tomorrow. 5 We . . . just . . . central heating installed. The house is warm! 6 I can't read Greek so I . . . the documents translated. My nephew is helping with the translation. 7 . . . you . . . the film developed or did you develop it yourself? 8 Why ...he... all his shoes specially made? He says that he has to because his feet are different sizes. 9 . . . you . . . your milk delivered or do you go to the shop for it? 10 If you hate cleaning fish why . . . you . . . them cleaned at the fishmonger's? (negative) 11 How often . . . you . . . your brakes tested? 12 I'm afraid it's rather draughty here but 1... that broken pane replaced tomorrow.

Part 2 Fill in the spaces by inserting the correct form of have, the past participle of the verb in brackets and, where necessary, a pronoun.

13 Your ankle is very swollen. You'd better . . . it . . . (x-ray) 14 Your roof is leaking, you should . . . it . . . (repair) 15 The trousers are too long; I must . . . (shorten) 16 No one will be able to read your notes. ~ I know; I . . . them . . . (type) 17 That's a good piano but you should . . . it . . . (tune) 18 Why don't you . . . the document . . . ? (photocopy) 19 He didn't like the colour of the curtains so he . . . (dye) 20 He went to a garage to . . . the puncture . . . (mend) 21 His arm was broken so he had to go to hospital to . . . (set) 22 The battery is all right now. I . . . just . . . it . . . (recharge) 23 It's a beautiful photo. I'm going to . . . (enlarge) 24 Be careful of those knives. I . . . just . . . (sharpen)


Part 3 Rewrite the sentences using a have + object + past participle construction and omitting the words in bold type. I employed a plumber to examine my boiler. I had my boiler examined. 25 I pay a garage to service my car. 26 The tap keeps dripping so I must send for a plumber to see to it. 27 I paid a watchmaker to clean my watch. 28 An artist is painting her portrait. She . . . 29 They arranged for the police to arrest the man. 30 He paid a lorry driver to tow the car to a garage. 31 They are employing builders to build a garage. 32 I pay a window cleaner to clean my windows every month. 33 I went to an oculist and he tested my eyes for me. 34 The old gypsy is telling Tom's fortune. Tom . . . 35 I asked the fishmonger to open the oysters for me. 36 I went to a jeweller and he pierced my ears for me.

be PEG 113-17, 290, 293, 300, 302 This is a general exercise which includes infinitives, subjunctives, conditionals, and some examples of the be + infinitive construction When this last construction or a passive construction is required the second verb is given in brackets at the end of the sentence. Why are all those dogs wearing harness? ~ They . . . as guide dogs for the blind, (train) They are being trained as guide dogs for the blind. Fill the spaces in the following sentences by inserting the correct form of be with, where necessary, the past participle or present or perfect infinitive of the verb in brackets. Remember that, in the passive, be can be used in the continuous tenses. 1 They are cutting down all the trees. The countryside . . . (ruin) 2 The Prime Minister . . . a speech tonight, (make) 3 If I . . . you I'd go on to the next exercise. 4 . . . late once is excusable but . . . late every day is not. 5 He ordered that all lights . . . (extinguish) 6 How long you . . . here? 7 My flat was full of dust because the old house just opposite . . . (pull down) 8 He asked where he . . . it. (put) I told him to put it on the mantelpiece. 9 It . . . difficult to read a newspaper upside down? {Use negative.) 10 You . . . here till I return. That is an order. (stay) 11 He suggests that prominent people . . . to contribute. (ask) 12 Even if you . . . to go on your knees to him I don't think it would make him change his


mind. 13 I... on a catering course when I leave school. My parents have arranged it. (go) 14 What is happening now? ~ The injured man . . . out of the arena. (carry) 15 It's better . . . too early than too late. 16 I wish you . . . here. I miss you very much. 17 Why did you leave him behind? You . . . him with you. (Those were your instructions.) (take) 18 She is learning Italian. She . . . by a professor from Milan, (teach) 19 I know I . . . half an hour late yesterday but I . . . half an hour early tomorrow. ~ I'd rather you . . . punctual every day. (see 297) 20 It is impossible . . . right every time. 21 He . . . here by seven but now it's nine and there's no sign of him. (be) 22 They decided that voting papers . . . to all members. (send) 23 There . . . eggs for breakfast tomorrow? 24 If only 1... there! (But I wasn't.) 25 The Queen . . . the new hospital next week. (open) 26 I couldn't see the man who was guiding us and I didn't know where we . . . (take) 27 It . . . a trilogy but in the end the author found that he had only enough material for two volumes, (be) 28 You . . . very angry if I refused? 29 The matter . . . discussed in tomorrow's debate. 30 His mare . . . in tomorrow's race but he said this morning that she was sick and wouldn't be running after all. (run) 31 The house wasn't ready; it still . . . and there were pots of paint an ladders everywhere, (paint) 32 They decided that an expurgated edition . . . for use in schools. (print) 33 His works are immensely popular; they . . . into all the major European languages. (translate) 34 It is high time you . . . in bed. 35 I had my instructions and I knew exactly what I . . . (do) 36 If this report . . . believed, we are going to have a very severe drought.

it is/there is PEG 67,116-17 Insert it is/there is in the spaces. In some sentences, contracted plural, negative and interrogative forms, or the past or future tense are required. 1 What's the time?- ... ... 3.30. ~ And what's the date?~ . . . . . . the 24th. 2 How far... ...toYork?~ . . . . . . 50 miles. 3 ... ... very stormy last night. ~ Yes, ... ... storms all over the country.


4 ... ... freezing very hard. ... ... ...ice on the lake tomorrow. 5 As... ... sunny she decided to take the children to the sea. 6 Why don't you go for a walk? . . . . . . a pity to stay in when . . . . . . so nice outside. 7 ... ... not any shadows because ... ... not any sun. 8 ... ... going to be a bus strike tomorrow. ~ ... ... ...all right if ... ... a fine day; but if ... ... wet ... ... ... long queues on the Underground. 9 ... ... not any glass in the windows; that is why . . . . . . so cold in the room. 10 ... ... very wet yesterday; ... ... impossible to go out. 11 ... ...a lot of rain last week. ... ... floods everywhere. 12 ... ...a thick fog last night. ... ... several accidents on the motorway. 13 ... ... foolish to drive fast when ... ... foggy. 14 ... ... difficult to find your way round this town. . . . . . . so many streets all looking exactly alike. 15 Come on, children! ... ... time to get up! ... ... nearly breakfast time. 16 . .. . .. ... lunch time when we get to York, so let's have lunch there.~ No, ... ... not be time for lunch because our train to Edinburgh leaves York at 13.15. 17 ... ...a funny smell here. ... ... turpentine? 18 ... ...all sorts of stories about Robin Hood, but ... ... not known exactly who he was or what he did. 19 ... ... said that if you break a mirror you'll be unlucky for seven years. 20 As he had very bad sight ... ... difficult for him to recognize people. 21 'Can I have a Telegraph, please?' said the customer. I'm afraid ... ... not any left,' said the newsagent. 'But . . . . . . a Guardian on the rack beside you. Why not take that? ... ... just as good.' 22 ... ... not necessary to carry your passport everywhere with you but ... ... advisable to carry some document of identity. 23 ... ...a guard outside the door and ... ... bars on the windows. ... ... impossible to escape. 24 ... ...a garage behind the hotel? ~ Yes, but ... ... rather full. I don't think ... ... room for your car. 25 One night . . . . . . a heavy fall of snow which blocked all the roads. Luckily ... ... plenty of food in the house. 26 ... ...a hotel in the village, so we decided to stay there. . . . . . . a charming village and I was very happy there, but my children were bored because ... ... nothing to do in the evenings. 27 ... ... five flats in the building—one on each floor. Mine's on the top floor. . . . . . . no lift but ... ... supposed to be good for the figure to run up and down stairs, . . . . . .? 28 ... ...a pity you haven't another bedroom. ~ Yes, but ... ... quite a big loft, which I am thinking of turning into a bedroom. . . . . . . a skylight so ... ... not . . . a ventilation problem. 29 ... ...all sorts of legends about these caves. ... ... said that smugglers hid their goods here and that . . . . . . an underground passage leading to the village inn. 30 Tell me something about King Lear. ~ . .. . .. the story of a king who divided his kingdom between his daughters. ... ... foolish


to give away your property like that. . . . . . . never certain that your family will behave generously to you in return. 31 Has Tom any more children?~ Yes. . . . . , . a daughter, Ann. ~ Oh yes, ... ... Ann who opened the door to us yesterday, . . . . . .? 32 He thought that ... ... better to say nothing about his change of plan. 33 . .. ...a long time before I got an answer. Then one day a letter arrived—well, ... ... not really a letter, for ... ... only one sentence on the paper. 34 ... ...a pond beside your house?— Yes, . . . . . . ~ How deep . . . . . .? 35 We've done all we can. ... ... nothing to do now but wait. 36 Just cross out that word and goon.... ... not necessary to begin again. (or... ...no need to begin again.)

can and be able PEG 136-8

Part I can, used to express ability with could, shall/will be able Fill the following spaces, using can for present, could for past and shall/will be able for future. There is no need to use other able form in this section. Put to where necessary before the infinitives. 1 . . . you stand on your head? ~ I . . . when I was at school but I . . . now. (2nd verb negative) 2 When I've passed my driving test I . . . hire a car from our local garage. 3 At the end of the month the Post Office will send him an enormous telephone bill which he . . . pay. (negative) 4 I . . . remember the address, (negative) ~ . . . you even remember the street? (negative) 5 When the fog lifts we . . . see where we are. . 6 You've put too much in your rucksack; you never . . . carry all that. 7 When I was a child I . . . understand adults, and now that I am an adult I . . . understand children, (negative, negative) 8 When you have taken your degree you . . . put letters after your name? 9 Don't try to look at all the pictures in the gallery. Otherwise when you get home you . . . remember any of them. (negative) 10 When I first went to Spain I . . . read Spanish but I . . . speak it. (2nd verb negative) 11 ...you type?~ Yes, I . . . type but I . . . do shorthand, (2nd verb negative) 12 I'm locked in. I . . . get out! (negative) ~ . . . you squeeze between the bars? (negative) ~ No! I . . .; I'm too fat. (negative)

Part 2 could and was able


In some of the following sentences either could or was able could be used. In others only was/were able is possible. Fill the spaces and put to where necessary before the infinitives. 13 He was very strong; he . . . ski all day and dance all night. 14 The car plunged into the river. The driver . . . get out but the passengers were drowned. 15 I was a long way from the stage. I . . . see all right but I . . . hear very well. (2nd verb negative) 16 We . . . borrow umbrellas; so we didn't get wet. 17 . . . you walk or did they have to carry you? 18 I had no key so I . . . lock the door. (negative) 19 I knew the town so I . . . advise him where to go. 20 When the garage had repaired our car we . . . continue our journey. 21 At five years old he . . . read quite well. 22 When I arrived everyone was asleep. Fortunately I . . . wake my sister and she let me in. 23 The swimmer was very tired but he . . . reach the shore before he collapsed. 24 The police were suspicious at first but I . . . convince them that we were innocent.

Part 3 PEG 222 C, 223 B, 283-4

This section includes examples of could used for polite requests and as a conditional. 25 . . . I speak to Mr Pitt, please?~ I'm afraid he's out at the moment. . . . you ring back later? 26 If you stood on my shoulders . . . you reach the top of the wall? ~ No, I'm afraid I . . . (negative) 27 If I sang . . . you accompany me on the piano?~ No, 1..., 1... play the piano! (negative, negative) 28 If a letter comes for me . . . you please forward it to this address? 29 She made the wall very high so that boys . . . climb over it. (negative) 30 They took his passport so that he . . . leave the country, (negative) 31 . . . you tell me the time, please? ~ I'm afraid 1. . . . I haven't got a watch. (negative) 32 If you had to, . . . you go without food for a week?~ I suppose I . . . if I had plenty of water. 33 . . . you lend me Ј5? ~ No, I . . . (negative) 34 They used to chain valuable books to library desks so that people . . . take them away. (negative) 35 He says that he saw Clementine drowning but . . . help her as he . . . swim. (negative, negative) 36 If you had had the right tools . . . you have repaired the engine?

may


PEG 127-33, 285, 288, 340 Insert the correct form of may/might except in 10 and 36, where a be allowed form is necessary. 1 It - . . rain, you'd better take a coat. 2 He said that it . . . rain. 3 We . . . as well stay here till the weather improves. 4 . . . I borrow your umbrella? 5 You . . . tell me! (I think I have a right to know.) 6 Candidates . . . not bring textbooks into the examination room. 7 People convicted of an offence . . . (have a right to) appeal. 8 If he knew our address he . . . come and see us. 9 . . . I come in? ~ Please do. 10 When he was a child he . . . (they let him) do exactly as he liked. 11 I think I left my glasses in your office. You . . . ask your secretary to look for them for me. (request) 12 He . . . be my brother (I admit that he is) but I don't trust him. 13 I . . . never see you again. 14 He... be on the next train. We . . . as well wait. 15 If we got there early we . . . get a good seat. 16 The police . . . (have a right to) ask a driver to take a breath test. 17 You ought to buy now; prices . . . go up. 18 I'll wait a week so that he . . . have time to think it over. 19 He isn't going to eat it; 1... as well give it to the dog. 20 You . . . at least read the letter. (/ think you should.) 21 You . . . have written, (I am annoyed/disappointed that you didn 't.) 22 We'd better be early; there . . . be a crowd. 23 Nobody knows how people first came to these islands. They . . . have sailed from South America on rafts. 24 You . . . (have permission to) use my office. 25 He said that we . . . use his office whenever we liked. 26 I don't think I'll succeed but I . . . as well try. 27 You ought to go to his lectures, you . . . learn something. 28 If we can give him a blood transfusion we . . . be able to save his life. 29 Two parallel white lines in the middle of the road mean that you . . . not overtake. 30 If I bought a lottery ticket I . . . win Ј1,000. 31 If you said that, he . . . be very offended. 32 I wonder why they didn't go. ~ The weather . . . have been too bad. 33 Warning: No part of this book . . . be reproduced without the publisher's permission. 34 He has refused, but he . . . change his mind if you asked him again. 35 . . . I see your passport, please? 36 He . . . (negative) drive since his accident. (They haven't let him drive.)


must and have to PEG 144-5 Fill the spaces in the following sentences by inserting must or the present, future, or past form of have to. 1 She . . . leave home at eight every morning at present. 2 Notice in a picture gallery: Cameras, sticks and umbrellas . . . be left at the desk. 3 He sees very badly; he . . . wear glasses all the time. 4 1... do all the typing at my office. 5 You . . . read this book. It's really excellent. 6 The children . . . play in the streets till their mothers get home from work. 7 She felt ill and . . . leave early. 8 Mr Pitt . . . cook his own meals. His wife is away. 9 I hadn't enough money and I . . . pay by cheque. 10 I never remember his address; I always . . . look it up. 11 Employer: You . . . come to work in time. 12 If you go to a dentist with a private practice you . . . pay him quite a lot of money. 13 Father to small son: You . . . do what Mummy says. 14 My neighbour's child . . . practise the piano for three hours a day. 15 Doctor: I can't come now. Caller: You . . . come; he's terribly ill. 16 English children . . . stay at school till the age of 16. 17 In my district there is no gas laid on. People . . . use electricity for everything. 18 Notice above petrol pump: All engines . . . be switched off. 19 Mother to daughter: You . . . come in earlier at night. 20 The shops here don't deliver. We . . . carry everything home ourselves. 21 The buses were all full; I . . . get a taxi. 22 Notice beside escalators: Dogs and push chairs . . . be carried. 23 'Au pair' girls usually . . . do quite a lot of housework. 24 Tell her that she . . . be here by six. I insist on it. 25 When a tyre is punctured the driver . . . change the wheel. 26 Park notice: All dogs . . . be kept on leads. 27 She . . . learn how to drive when her local railway station is closed. 28 Railway notice: Passengers . . . cross the line by the footbridge. 29 I got lost and . . . ask a policeman the way. 30 Farmers . . . get up early. 31 If you buy that television set you . . . buy a licence for it. 32 When I changed my job I . . . move to another flat. 33 Waiters . . . pay tax on the tips that they receive. 34 Father to son: I can't support you any longer; you . . . earn your own living from now on. 35 Railway notice: Passengers . . . be in possession of a ticket. 36 Whenever the dog wants to go out 1... get up and open the door.

must not and need not


PEG 146 Use must not or need not to fill the spaces in the following sentences. 1 You . . . ring the bell; I have a key. 2 Notice in cinema: Exit doors . . . be locked during performances. 3 You . . . drink this: it is poison. 4 We . . . drive fast; we have plenty of time. 5 You . . . drive fast; there is a speed limit here. 6 Candidates . . . bring books into the examination room. 7 You . . . write to him for he will be here tomorrow. 8 We . . . make any noise or we'll wake the baby. 9 You . . . bring an umbrella. It isn't going to rain. 10 You . . . do all the exercise. Ten sentences will be enough. 11 We . . . reheat the pie. We can eat it cold. 12 Mother to child: You . . . tell lies. 13 You . . . turn on the light; I can see quite well. 14 You . . . strike a match; the room is full of gas. 15 You . . . talk to other candidates during the exam. 16 We . . . make any more sandwiches; we have plenty now. 17 You . . . put salt in any of his dishes. Salt is very bad for him. 18 You . . . take anything out of a shop without paying for it. 19 You . . . carry that parcel home yourself; the shop will send it. 20 You . . . clean the windows. The window-cleaner is coming tomorrow. 21 Mother to child: You . . . play with matches. 22 Church notice: Visitors . . . walk about the church during a service. 23 1... go to the shops today. There is plenty of food in the house. 24 You . . . smoke in a non-smoking compartment. 25 Police notice: Cars . . . be parked here. 26 We . . . open the lion's cage. It is contrary to Zoo regulations. 27 You . . . make your bed. The maid will do it. 28 I want this letter typed but you . . . do it today. Tomorrow will do. 29 I'll lend you the money and you . . . pay me back till next month. 30 We . . . climb any higher; we can see very well from here. 31 You . . . look under the bed. There isn't anybody there. 32 You . . . ask a woman her age. It's not polite. 33 You've given me too much. ~ You . . . eat it all. 34 We . . . forget to shut the lift gates. 35 Mother to child: You . . . interrupt when I am speaking. 36 If you want the time, pick up the receiver and dial 8081; you . . . say anything.

need not and don't have to etc. PEG 148-50


Replace the words in bold type by need not/need I? etc., or a negative or interrogative have to form. I've been invited to a wedding; but I can't go. Will it be necessary for me to send a present? Shall I have to send a present? 1 It isn't necessary for him to go on working. He has already reached retiring age. {He . . .) 2 Was it necessary for you to wait a long time for your bus? 3 It isn't necessary for me to water my tomato plants every day. 4 It will be necessary for them to get up early when they go out to work every day. 5 We had to stop at the frontier but we were not required to open our cases. 6 It wasn't necessary to walk. He took us in his car. (We . . .) 7 My employer said, 1 shan't require you tomorrow.' (You . . . come.) 8 It is never necessary for me to work on Saturdays. 9 When I am eighteen I'll be of age. Then it won't be necessary to live at home if I don't want to. 10 New teacher to his class: It isn't necessary for you to call me 'Sir'; call me 'Bill'. 11 Will it be necessary for us to report this accident to the police? 12 When you buy something on the installment system you are not required to pay the whole price at once. 13 Did you know enough English to ask for your ticket? It wasn't necessary to say anything. I bought my ticket at a machine. 14 It isn't necessary to buy a licence for a bicycle in England. (We . . .) 15 Is it essential for you to finish tonight? 16 Is it necessary for people to go everywhere by boat in Venice? 17 Will it be necessary for me to sleep under a mosquito net? 18 Most people think that civil servants are not required to work very hard. 19 It wasn't necessary to swim. We were able to wade across. 20 It isn't necessary for you to drive me to the station. I can get a taxi. 21 Our plane was delayed so we had lunch at the airport. But it wasn't necessary to pay for the lunch. The airline gave it to us. 22 Is it obligatory for us to vote? 23 When you were a child were you required to practise the piano? 24 I saw the accident but fortunately it wasn't necessary for me to give evidence as there were plenty of other witnesses. 25 Small boy to friend: It won't be necessary for you to work hard when you come to my school. The teachers aren't very strict. 26 They had plenty of time. It wasn't necessary for them to hurry. 27 Is it necessary for you to take your dog with you everywhere? 28 What time was it necessary for you to leave home? 29 I brought my passport but I wasn't required to show it to anyone. 30 I missed one day of the exam. Will it be necessary for me to take the whole exam


again? 31 Is it really necessary for you to practise the violin at 3 a.m.? 32 Everything was done for me. It wasn't necessary for me to do anything. 33 Are French children obliged to go to school on Saturdays? 34 I was late for the opera. ~ Was it necessary for you to wait till the end of the first act before finding your seat? 35 He repaired my old watch so it wasn't necessary for me to buy a new one after all. 36 Were you required to make a speech?

must, can't and needn't with the perfect infinitive PEG 152, 156, 159 must + perfect infinitive is used for affirmative deductions. can't/couldn't + infinitive is used for negative deductions. needn't + perfect infinitive is used for a past action which was unnecessary but was performed. Fill the spaces in the following sentences by using one of these forms + the perfect infinitive of the verbs in brackets. 1 Did you hear me come in last night? ~ No, I . . . (be) asleep. 2 I wonder who broke the wineglass; it . . . (be) the cat for she was out all day. 3 You . . . (help) him. ( You helped him but he didn 't need help.) 4 I had my umbrella when I came out but I haven't got it now. ~ You . . . (leave) it on the bus. 5 He . . . (escape) by this window because it is barred. 6 I . . . (give) Ј10. Ј5 would have been enough. 7 I saw a rattlesnake near the river yesterday. ~ You . . . (see) a rattlesnake. There aren't any rattlesnakes in this country. 8 He is back already. ~ He . . . (start) very early. 9 He returned home with a tiger cub. ~ His wife (be) very pleased about that. 10 I bought two bottles of milk. ~ You . . . (buy) milk; we have heaps in the house. 11 I phoned you at nine this morning but got no answer. ~ I'm sorry. I . . . (be) in the garden. 12 I left my bicycle here and now it's gone. ~ Someone . . . (borrow) it. 13 When she woke up her watch had vanished. ~ Someone . . . (steal) it while she slept. 14 I've opened another bottle. ~ You . . . (do) that. We've only just started this one. 15 The machine said, 'You weigh 65 kilos,' and I said, Thank you.' ~


You . . . (say) anything. 16 I told him to turn left and he immediately turned right! ~ He . . . (understand) you. 17 Perhaps he swam across. ~ No, he . . . (do) that; he can't swim. 18 Do you remember reading about it in the newspapers? ~ No, I . . . (be) abroad at the time. 19 He . . . (walk) from here to London in two hours. It isn't possible. 20 He was very sick last night. ~ The meat we had for supper . . . (be) good. 21 There was a dock strike and the liner couldn't leave port. ~ The passengers . . . (be) furious. 22 We went to a restaurant and had a very good dinner for Ј3. ~ You . . . (have) a very good dinner if you only paid Ј3. 23 I have just watered the roses. ~ You . . . (water) them. Look, it's raining now! 24 That carpet was made entirely by hand. ~ It . . . (take) a long time. 25 The door was open. ~ It . . . (be) open. I had locked it myself and the key was in my pocket. 26 He said that he watered the plants every day. ~ He . . . (water) them. If he had they wouldn't have died. 27 He came out of the water with little red spots all over his back. ~ He . . . (be) stung by a jelly-fish. 28 We've sent for a doctor. ~ You . . . (send) for him. I am perfectly well. 29 I've made two copies. ~ You . . . (make) two. One would have been enough. 30 There was a terrible crash at 3 a.m. ~ That . . . (be) Tom coming in from his party. 31 I had to get down the mountain in a thick fog. ~ That . . . (be) very difficult. 32 I saw Ann in the library yesterday. ~ You . . . (see) her; she is still abroad. 33 How did he get out of the house? He . . . (come) down the stairs for they were blazing. 34 You . . . (lend) him your map. He has one of his own. 35 I spoke in English, very slowly. ~ You . . . (speak) slowly. He speaks English very fluently. 36 He was found unconscious at the foot of the cliff. He . . . (fall) 200 metres.

Present and past tenses The simple present tense PEG 172


Read the following in the third person singular. Do not change the object if it is plural. Note that after certain consonants a final es is pronounced as a separate syllable. See PEG 12 B: kiss, kisses /kis, kisiz/. 1 They wish to speak to you. (He) 2 Buses pass my house every hour. 3 They help their father. (He) 4 We change planes at Heathrow. 5 You watch too much TV. (He) 6 They worry too much. (He) 7 I cash a cheque every month. (He) 8 I always carry an umbrella. (She) 9 They wash the floor every week. (She) 10 His sons go to the local school. 11 These hens lay brown eggs. 12 Rubber balls bounce. 13 These figures astonish me. 14 Do you like boiled eggs? (he) 15 These seats cost Ј10. 16 They fish in the lake. (He) 17 Elephants never forget. 18 They usually catch the 8.10 bus. 19 They sometimes miss the bus. 20 I mix the ingredients together. 21 The rivers freeze in winter. 22 They fly from London to Edinburgh. 23 The carpets match the curtains. 24 They realize the danger. 25 I use a computer. 26 What do they do on their days off? ~ They do nothing. They lie in bed all day. 27 The boys hurry home after school. 28 They push the door open. 29 They kiss their mother. 30 They box in the gymnasium. 31 They dress well. 32 Your children rely on you. 33 They snatch ladies' handbags. 34 You fry everything. 35 The taxes rise every year. 36 They do exercises every morning.

The simple present tense PEG 172


Read the following (a) in the negative (b) in the interrogative. In Nos. 2 and 14, have is used as an ordinary verb and should be treated as one. 1 You know the answer. 2 He has breakfast at 8.00. 3 He loves her. 4 Some schoolgirls wear uniforms. 5 He trusts you. 6 He tries hard. 7 The park closes at dusk. 8 He misses his mother. 9 The children like sweets. 10 He finishes work at 6.00. 11 He lives beside the sea. 12 He bullies his sisters. 13 This stove heats the water. 14 She has a cooked breakfast. 15 She carries a sleeping bag. 16 He usually believes you. 17 She dances in competitions. 18 You remember the address. 19 She plays chess very well. 20 He worries about her. 21 These thieves work at night. 22 He leaves home at 8.00 every day. 23 Ann arranges everything. 24 She agrees with you. 25 Their dogs bark all night. 26 Their neighbours often complain. 27 Tom enjoys driving at night. 28 He engages new staff every Spring. 29 Tom looks very well. 30 They sell fresh grape juice here. 31 He charges more than other photographers. 32 She cuts her husband's hair. 33 They pick the apples in October. 34 The last train leaves at midnight. 35 He relaxes at weekends. 36 She refuses to discuss it.

The present continuous tense PEG 164-7 Put the verbs in brackets into the present continuous tense. In No. 25, have is used as an ordinary verb and can therefore be used in the continuous tense.


1 She (not work), she (swim) in the river. 2 He (teach) his boy to ride. 3 Why Ann (not wear) her new dress? 4 The airplane (fly) at 2,000 metres. 5 What Tom (do) now? He (clean) his shoes. 6 This fire (go) out. Somebody (bring) more coal? 7 It (rain)?~ Yes, it (rain) very hard. You can't go out yet. 8 Why you (mend) that old shirt? 9 You (not tell) the truth. ~ How do you know that I (not tell) the truth? 10 Who (move) the furniture about upstairs? ~ It's Tom. He (paint) the front bedroom. 11 Mrs Jones (sweep) the steps outside her house. 12 What you (read) now? I (read) Crime and Punishment. 13 It is a lovely day. The sun (shine) and the birds (sing). 14 Someone (knock) at the door. Shall I answer it? ~ I (come) in a minute. I just (wash) my hands. 15 She always (ring) up and (ask) questions. 16 Why you (make) a cake? Someone (come) to tea? 17 Where is Tom? ~ He (lie) under the car. 18 Can I borrow your pen or you (use) it at the moment? 19 You (do) anything this evening? ~ No, I'm not. Well, I (go) to the cinema. Would you like to come with me? 20 We (have) breakfast at 8.00 tomorrow as Tom (catch) an early train. 21 Ann usually does the shopping, but I (do) it today as she isn't well. 22 Why you (type) so fast? You (make) a lot of mistakes. 23 Mother (rest) now. She always rests after lunch. 24 They (dig) an enormous hole just outside my gate. ~ What they (do) that for? ~ I don't know. Perhaps they (look) for oil. 25 What (make) that terrible noise? ~ It's the pneumatic drill. They (repair) the road. 26 The children are very quiet. Go and see what they (do). They (cut) up some Ј5 notes. 27 What you (wait) for?I (wait) for my change; the boy just (get) it. 28 I can't hear what you (say); the traffic (make) too much noise. 29 She always (lose) her glasses and (ask) me to look for them. 30 Mother: What you (look) at? Something (happen) in the street? 31 Child: Yes. The house opposite is on fire! Come and look. Mother: I can't. I (bath) the babies. Is the Fire Brigade here? 32 Child: Yes. Fire engines (rush) up and the firemen (jump) out and (unroll) their hoses.


33 Smoke (pour) from the windows! People (stop) to watch. A policeman (try) to move them on. 34 An old man (climb) out of a first floor window! A fireman (help) him! Two boys (slide) down a rope! 35 A woman (wave) from the attic and a fireman (go) up a ladder to help her! 36 Now he (come) down again! He (carry) a baby! The crowd (cheer!

The simple present and the present continuous PEG 164-74 Put the verbs in brackets into the simple present or the present continuous tense. 1 Cuckoos (not build) nests. They (use) the nests of other birds. 2 You can't see Tom now: he (have) a bath. 3 He usually (drink) coffee but today he (drink) tea. 4 What she (do) in the evenings? ~ She usually (play) cards or (watch) TV. 5 I won't go out now as it (rain) and I -(not have) an umbrella. 6 The last train (leave) the station at 11.30. 7 He usually (speak) so quickly that I (not understand) him. 8 Ann (make) a dress for herself at the moment. She (make) all her own clothes. 9 Hardly anyone (wear) a hat nowadays. 10 I'm afraid I've broken one of your coffee cups. — Don't worry. I (not like) that set anyway. 11 I (wear) my sunglasses today because the sun is very strong. 12 Tom can't have the newspaper now because his aunt (read) it. 13 I'm busy at the moment. I (redecorate) the sitting room. 14 The kettle (boil) now. Shall I make the tea? 15 You (enjoy) yourself or would you like to leave now? I (enjoy) myself very much. I (want) to stay to the end. 16 How you (get) to work as a rule? ~ I usually (go) by bus but tomorrow I (go) in Tom's car. 17 Why you (put) on your coat? ~ I (go) for a walk. You (come) with me?Yes, I'd love to come. You (mind) if I bring my dog? 18 How much you (owe) him?I (owe) him Ј5. ~ You (intend) to pay him? 19 You (belong) to your local library? Yes, I do. You (read) a lot?-


Yes, quite a lot. How often you (change) your books? — I (change) one every day. 20 Mary usually (learn) languages very quickly but she (not seem) able to learn modern Greek. 21 I always (buy) lottery tickets but I never (win) anything. 22 You (like) this necklace? I (give) it to my daughter for her birthday tomorrow. 23 I won't tell you my secret unless you (promise) not to tell anyone. I (promise). 24 You always (write) with your left hand? 25 You (love) him?No, I (like) him very much but I (not love) him. 26 You (dream) at night?Yes, I always (dream) and if I (eat) too much supper I (have) nightmares. 27 The milk (smell) sour. You (keep) milk a long time? 28 These workmen are never satisfied; they always (complain). 29 We (use) this room today because the window in the other room is broken. 30 He always (say) that he will mend the window but he never (do) it. 31 You (know) why an apple (fall) down and not up? 32 You (write) to him tonight? Yes, I always (write) to him on his birthday. You (want) to send any message? 33 Tom and Mr Pitt (have) a long conversation. I (wonder) what they (talk) about. 34 You (believe) all that the newspapers say?No, I (not believe) any of it. ~ Then why you (read) newspapers? 35 This car (make) a very strange noise. You (think) it is all right?Oh, that noise (not matter). It always (make) a noise like that. 36 The fire (smoke) horribly. I can't see across the room. I (expect) that birds (build) a nest in the chimney. Why you (not put) wire across the tops of your chimneys? Tom (do) that sometimes but it (not seem) to make any difference.

The simple present and the present continuous PEG 164-74 Put the verbs in brackets into the simple present or present continuous tense. 1 What Tom (think) of the Budget? He (think) it most unfair. ~ I (agree) with him.


2 What this one (cost)?It (cost) forty pence. 3 You (hear) the wind? It (blow) very strongly tonight. 4 You (see) my car keys anywhere? No, I (look) for them but I (not see) them. 5 He never (listen) to what you say. He always (think) about something else. 6 This book is about a man who (desert) his family and (go) to live on a Pacific island. 7 You (understand) what the lecturer is saying? ~ No, I (not understand) him at all. 8 What you (have) for breakfast usually? ~ I usually (eat) a carrot and (drink) a glass of cold water. 9 When the curtain (rise) we (see) a group of workers. They (picket) factory gate. 10 Why you (walk) so fast today? You usually (walk) quite slowly. ~ I (hurry) because I (meet) my mother at 4 o'clock and she (not like) to be kept waiting. 11 I (wish) that dog would lie down. He (keep) jumping up on my lap. ~ I (think) he (want) to go for a walk. 12 You (recognize) that man? ~ I (think) that I have seen him before but I (not remember) his name 13 Look at that crowd. I (wonder) what they (wait) for. 14 This message has just arrived and the man (wait) in case you (want) to send a reply. 15 Stop! You (not see) the notice? ~ I (see) it but I can't read it because I (not wear) my glasses. What it (say)? ~ It (say) 'These premises are patrolled by guard dogs'. 16 She always (borrow) from me and she never (remember) to pay me back. 17 You (need) another blanket or you (feel) warm enough? 18 It (save) time if you (take) the path through the wood? ~ No, it (not matter) which path you take. 19 I (save) up because I (go) abroad in July. 20 I (think) it is a pity you don't take more exercise. You (get) fat. 21 The plane that you (look) at now just (take) off for Paris, 22 Tom never (do) any work in the garden; he always (work) on his car. 23 What he (do) to his car now? ~ I (think) he (polish) it. 24 That film (come) to the local cinema next week. You (want) to see it? 25 How Peter (get) on at school? ~ Very well. He (seem) to like the life. 26 Why Mrs Pitt (look) so angry? ~ Mr Pitt (smoke) a cigarette and (drop) the ash on the carpet. 27 This is our itinerary. We (leave) home on the 8th, (arrive) in Paris on the 9th, (spend) the day in Paris, and (set) out that night for Venice. ~ That (sound) most interesting. You must tell me all about it when you (get) back. 28 This story is about a boy who (make) friends with a snake which he (find) in his garden. Then he (go) away but he (not forget) the snake and some years later he (return) and (look) for it. 29 He (find) the snake who (recognize) its old friend and (coil) round him affectionately.


But, unfortunately, the snake is by now a full-grown boa-constrictor and its embrace (kill) the poor boy. 30 The snake (feel) sorry about this?I (not know). The story (end) there. 31 How you (end) a letter that (begin), 'Dear Sir'? ~ I always (put), 'Yours truly', but Tom (prefer) 'Yours faithfully'. 32 What the word 'catastrophe' (mean)? ~ It (mean) 'disaster'. 33 What you (wait) for?I (wait) for the shop to open. But it (not open) till 9.00. I (know) but I (want) to be early, as their sale (start) today. 34 Why you (smoke) a cigar, Mrs Pitt? You (not smoke) cigars as a rule. ~ I (smoke) it because I (want) the ash. This book (say) that cigar ash mixed with oil (remove) heat stains from wood. 35 Who (own) this umbrella? ~ I (not know). Everybody (use) it but nobody (know) who (own) it. 36 You (mind) if I (ask) you a question? ~ That (depend) on the question. ~ It (concern) your brother. ~ I (refuse) to answer any question about my brother.

The simple past tense PEG 175-6 Put the verbs in the following sentences into the simple past tense. 1 I go to work by bus. 2 I meet her on Tuesdays. 3 He always wears black. 4 I make cakes every week. 5 She gets up at 6.30. 6 He understands me. 7 He shuts the shop at 6.00. 8 She speaks slowly. 9 He leaves the house at 9.00. 10 I read a chapter every night. 11 You eat too much. 12 I see him every day. 13 Tom sings in the choir. 14 He cries when he is hurt. 15 Who knows the answer? 16 I think I know it. 17 The curtain rises at 8.00. 18 He takes the dog out twice a day.


19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

We buy them here. I dream every night. Bluetits often lay eggs in that nesting box. He often feels ill. I know what he wants. I usually pay him Ј5. His dog always bites me. It smells odd. It costs 30p. My back hurts. I lie down after lunch. We drink water. His roses grow well. He rides every day. He often falls off. These dogs fight whenever they meet. He puts up his prices every year. He sleeps badly.

The simple past tense PEG 175-6 Put the verbs in the following sentences into (a) the negative (b) the interrogative. 1 She saw your brother. 2 We heard a terrible noise. 3 He slept till 10.00. 4 He looked at the picture. 5 They drank all the wine. 6 They set out early enough. 7 She thought about it. 8 The police caught the thief. 9 He hid the letter. 10 She found her watch. 11 His nose bled. 12 My mother chose this hotel. 13 She lent you enough money. 14 Keiko taught Japanese. 15 Tom hurt his foot. 16 He broke his arm. 17 His wife came at 8.00. 18 He lost his wallet. 19 His son wrote a novel. 20 They flew to New York. 21 Ann drew you a map. 22 Tom laid the table. 23 Mr Pitt fell downstairs.


24 She lost her way. 25 He forbade her to leave. 26 I sent it to the laundry. 27 Jack kept the money. 28 He rode slowly. 29 They spent it all. 30 She sold the car. 31 Jean rang the bell. 32 The sun rose at 6.00. 33 The boys ran home. 34 He shook the bottle. 35 He forgave her. 36 They broadcast an appeal for money.

The past continuous tense PEG 178 Put the verbs in brackets into the past continuous tense. 1 Detective: I'm afraid I must ask you both what you (do) yesterday at 10.20 p.m. Mr X: I (play) chess with my wife. Mr Y: I (listen) to a play on the radio. 2 The children were frightened because it (get) dark. 3 It was a fine day and the roads were crowded because a lot of people (rush) to the seaside. 4 The airplane in which the football team (travel) crashed soon after taking off. 5 He usually wears sandals but when I last saw him he (wear) boots. 6 The house was in great disorder because he (redecorate) it. 7 The director didn't allow the actors to travel by air while they (work) on the film. 8 The car had nobody in it but the engine (run). 9 Two children (play) on the sand and two fishermen (lean) against an upturned boat. 10 I was alone in the house at that time because Mr Jones (work) in the garage and Mrs Jones (shop). 11 He said that he was the captain of a ship which (sail) that night for Marseilles. 12 Are you going to Rome? I thought that you (go) to Milan. 13 My wife and I (talk) about you the other day. 14 When I first met him he (study) painting. 15 There was a strong smell and the sound of frying. Obviously Mrs Jones (cook) fish. 16 Tom ate nothing for lunch because he (diet). He said that he (try) to lose 10 kilos. 17 Who you (talk) to on the telephone as I came in? I (talk) to Mr Pitt. 18 As she (climb) the ladder it slipped sideways and she fell off it. 19 When I first met him he (work) in a restaurant. 20 He watched the children for a moment. Some of them (bathe) in the sea, others (look) for shells, others (play) in the sand.


21 Where he (live) when you saw him last? 22 She (stand) at the bus stop. I asked her what bus she (wait) for. 23 From the sounds it was clear that Mary (practise) the piano. 24 There had been an accident and men (carry) the injured people to an ambulance. 25 Two men (fight) at a street comer and a policeman (try) to stop them. ~ What they (fight) about? ~ Nobody seemed to know. 26 Tom (sit) in a corner with a book. I told him that he (read) in very bad light. 27 I went into the garden to see what the boys (do). James (weed) and Alexander (cut) the grass. 28 They had taken off the wheel of the car and (mend) the puncture. I asked when it would be ready. 29 When I arrived at the meeting the first speaker had just finished speaking and the audience (clap), 30 The traffic (make) so much noise that I couldn't hear what he (say). 31 While he (learn) to drive he had twenty-five accidents. 32 He had a bad fall while he (repair) his roof. 33 He was a little mad. He always (try) to prove that the earth was flat. 34 While we (fish) someone came to the house and left this note. 35 The exam had just begun and the candidates (write) their names at the top of their papers. 36 Just as I (wonder) what to do next, the phone rang.

The simple past and the past continuous PEG 175-81 Put the verbs in brackets into the simple past or the past continuous tense. 1 I lit the fire at 6.00 and it (bum) brightly when Tom came in at 7.00. 2 When I arrived the lecture had already started and the professor (write) on the overhead projector. 3 I (make) a cake when the light went out. I had to finish it in the dark. 4 I didn't want to meet Paul so when he entered the room I (leave). 5 Unfortunately when I arrived Ann just (leave), so we only had time for a few words. 6 He (watch) TV when the phone rang. Very unwillingly he (turn) down the sound and (go) to answer it. 7 He was very polite. Whenever his wife entered the room he (stand) up. 8 The admiral (play) bowls when he received news of the invasion. He (insist) on finishing the game. 9 My dog (walk) along quietly when Mr Pitt's Pekinese attacked him. 10 When I arrived she (have) lunch. She apologized for starting without me but said that she always (lunch) at 12.30. 11 He always (wear) a raincoat and (carry) an umbrella when he walked to the office. 12 What you (think) of his last book? ~ I (like) it very much.


13 I (share) a flat with him when we were students. He always (complain) about my untidiness. 14 He suddenly (realize) that he (travel) in the wrong direction. 15 He (play) the guitar outside her house when someone opened the window and (throw) out a bucket of water. 16 I just (open) the letter when the wind (blow) it out of my hand. 17 The burglar (open) the safe when he (hear) footsteps. He immediately (put) out his torch and (crawl) under the bed. 18 When I (look) for my passport I (find) this old photograph. 19 You looked very busy when I (see) you last night. What you (do)? 20 The boys (play) cards when they (hear) their father's step. They immediately (hide) the cards and (take) out their lesson books. 21 He (clean) his gun when it accidentally (go) off and (kill) him. 22 He (not allow) us to go out in the boat yesterday as a strong wind (blow). 23 As I (cross) the road I (step) on a banana skin and (fall) heavily. 24 I still (lie) on the road when I (see) a lorry approaching. 25 Luckily the driver (see) me and (stop) the lorry in time. 26 How you (damage) your car so badly? ~ I (run) into a lamp-post yesterday. ~ I suppose you (drive) too quickly or were not looking where you (go). 27 As he (get) into the bus it (start) suddenly and he (fall) backwards on to the road. 28 I (call) Paul at 7.00 but it wasn't necessary because he already (get) up. 29 When he (mend) the fuse he (get) a very bad shock. 30 When I (hear) his knock I (go) to the door and (open) it, but I (not recognize) him at first because I (not wear) my glasses. 31 When I came in they (sit) round the fire. Mr Pitt (do) a crossword puzzle, Mrs Pitt (knit), the others (read). Mrs Pitt (smile) at me and (say), 'Come and sit down.' 32 While the guests (dance) thieves (break) into the house and (steal) a lot of fur coats. 33 The next day, as they (know) that the police (look) for them, they (hide) the coats in a wood and (go) off in different directions. 34 She was very extravagant. She always (buy) herself new clothes. 35 Her mother often (tell) her that she (spend) too much money but she never (listen). 36 Whenever the drummer (begin) practising, the people in the next flat (bang) on the wall.

The simple past and the past continuous PEG 175-81 Put the verbs in brackets into the simple past or past continuous tense. 1 Mr Smith never (wake) up in time in the mornings and always (get) into trouble for being late; so one day he (go) to town and (buy) an alarm clock. 2 To get home he (have to) go through a field where a bad-tempered bull usually (graze). 3 This bull normally (not chase) people unless something (make) him angry. Unfortunately, as Mr Smith (cross) the field, his alarm clock (go) off. 4 This (annoy) the bull, who immediately (begin) to chase Mr Smith. 5 Mr Smith (carry) an open umbrella as it (rain) slightly. He (throw) the umbrella to the


ground and (run) away as fast as he could. 6 The bull (stop) and (begin) to attack the umbrella. While he (do) this Mr Smith escaped. 7 When he (awake) she (sit) by the window. She (look) at something in the street, but when he (call) her she (turn) and (smile) at him. 8 Why you (interrupt) me just now? I (have) a very interesting conversation with Mr Pitt. 9 The murderer (carry) the corpse down the stairs when he (hear) a knock on the door. 10 When I (look) through your books I (notice) that you have a copy of Murder in the Cathedral. 11 As they (walk) along the road they (hear) a car coming from behind them. Tom (turn) round and (hold) up his hand. The car (stop). 12 When I (arrive) at the station Mary (wait) for me. She (wear) a blue dress and (look) very pretty. As soon as she (see) me she (wave) and (shout) something, but I couldn't hear what she (say) because everybody (make) such a noise. 13 The prisoner (escape) by climbing the wall of the garden where he (work). He (wear) blue overalls and black shoes. 14 She said that the car (travel) at 40 k.p.h. when it (begin) to skid. 15 She said that she (not like) her present flat and (try) to find another. 16 While he (make) his speech the minister suddenly (feel) faint. But someone (bring) him a glass of water and after a few minutes he (be able) to continue. 17 When I (see) him he (paint) a portrait of his wife. ~ You (like) it? ~ He only just (start) when I (see) it, so I couldn't judge. 18 I (take) my friend to a murder trial the other day. ~ Who (be) tried?A man called Bill Sykes. ~ Was he acquitted? — I don't know. They still (listen) to the evidence when we (leave). 19 I (be) sorry that I (have to) leave the party early, because I (enjoy) myself. 20 As we (come) here a policeman (stop) us. He (say) that he (look) for some stolen property and (ask) if he could search the car. 21 I (see) you yesterday from the bus. Why you (use) a stick? ~ I (use) a stick because I had hurt my leg that morning falling off a horse. ~ Whose horse you (ride)? 22 The floor was covered with balls of wool. Obviously Mrs Pitt (knit) something. 23 Ann said that she (be) on holiday. I (say) that I (hope) that she (enjoy) herself. 24 While he (water) the flowers it (begin) to rain. He (put) up his umbrella and (go) on watering. 25 I just (write) a cheque when I (remember) that I (have) nothing in the bank. 26 I (find) this ring as I (dig) in the garden. It looks very old. I wonder who it (belong) to? 27 When I last (see) her she (hurry) along the road to the station. I (ask) her where she (go) and she (say), 'London', but I don't think she (speak) the truth because there (not be) any train for London at that time. 28 The tailor said, 'Your suit will be ready on Monday.' But when I (call) on Monday he still (work) on it. 29 The teacher (come) into the classroom unusually early and one of the boys, who


(smoke) a cigarette, (have) no time to put it out. So he (throw) it into the desk and (hope) for the best. 30 A little later the teacher (notice) that smoke (rise) from this desk. 'You (smoke) when I (come) in?' he (ask). 31 While I (swim) someone (steal) my clothes and I (have to) walk home in my swimsuit. 32 The men (say) that they (work) on the road outside my house and that they (want) some water to make tea. 33 He (say) that he (build) himself a house and that he (think) it would be ready in two years. 34 At 3 a.m. Mrs Pitt (wake) her husband and (say) that she (think) that someone (try) to get into the house. 35 Why you (lend) him that book? I still (read) it. ~ I'm sorry. I (not know) that you still (read) it. 36 I (come) in very late last night and unfortunately the dog (wake) up and (start) to bark. This (wake) my mother who (come) to the top of the stairs and (say), 'Who is there?' I (say). It is me,' but she (not hear) me because the dog (bark) so loudly, so she (go) back to her room and (telephone) the police.

The present perfect tense PEG 182-9 Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect tense, and fill the spaces by repeating the auxiliary. You (wash) the plates? ~ Yes, I... Have you washed the plates? ~ Yes, I have. You (see) him lately? ~ No, I... Have you seen him lately?~ No, I haven't. 1 Where you (be)? ~ I (be) to the dentist. 2 You (have) breakfast? ~ Yes, 1... 3 The post (come)? ~ Yes, it . . . 4 You (see) my watch anywhere? ~ No, I'm afraid I . . . 5 Someone (wind) the clock? ~ Yes, Tom . . . 6 I (not finish) my letter yet. 7 He just (go) out.


8 Someone (take) my bicycle. 9 The phone (stop) ringing. 10 You (hear) from her lately? No, 1... 11 I just (wash) that floor. 12 The cat (steal) the fish. 13 You (explain) the exercise? ~ Yes, 1... 14 There aren't any buses because the drivers (go) on strike. 15 You (have) enough to eat? ~ Yes, I (have) plenty, thank you. 16 Charles (pass) his exam? ~ Yes, he... 17 How many bottles the milkman (leave)? ~ He (leave) six. 18 I (live) here for ten years. 19 How long you (know) Mr Pitt? ~ I (know) him for ten years. 20 Would you like some coffee? I just (make) some. 21 Mary (water) the tomatoes? ~ Yes, I think she . . . 22 You (not make) a mistake? ~ No, I'm sure I . . . 23 Why you (not mend) the fuse? ~ I (not have) time. 24 You (dive) from the ten-metre board yet? ~ No, I... 25 You ever (leave) a restaurant without paying the bill? ~ No, I... 26 I (ask) him to dinner several times. 27 He always (refuse). 28 You ever (ride) a camel? 29 I (buy) a new carpet. Come and look at it. 30 He (post) the letter? 31 Why he (not finish)? He (have) plenty of time. 32 I often (see) him but I never (speak) to him. 33 You ever (eat) caviar? ~ No, 1... 34 We just (hear) the most extraordinary news. 35 The police (recapture) the prisoners who escaped yesterday. 36 I (not pay) the telephone bill yet.

The present perfect and the simple past PEG 175-7, 182-9 (a) Fill the spaces by repeating the auxiliary used in the question, putting it into the


negative where necessary. (b) Put the verb in brackets into the present perfect or the simple past tense. Have you seen that play?

(a) Yes, I . . . Yes, I have. (b) Yes, I (be) there last night. Yes, I was there last night.

1 Have you wound the clock? 2 Have you ever eaten snails? 3 Has she fed the dog? 4 Have they repaired the road? 5 Have they done their homework?

(a) Yes, I . . . (b) Yes, I (wind) it on Monda (a) No, I . . . (b) Yes, I (eat) some at Tom's party last week. (a) Yes, I think she . . . (b) Yes, she (feed) him before lunch. (a) No, they . . . (b) They only (repair) part of it so far.

(a) Yes, they (do) it all. (b) Yes, they (do) it before they left school. 6 Have you found the matches? (a) No, I . . . (b) No, I (not find) them yet. 7 Have you made the coffee? (a) Yes, I ... (b) I (make) some yesterday: we can use that. 8 Have you been here before? (a) No, I ... (b) Yes, I (be) here several times. 9 Have you seen him lately? (a) No, I . . . (b) No, I (not see) him since Christmas. 10 Have you been to the opera this (a) Yes, I . . . week? (b) Yes, I (go) to Faust on Friday. 11 Have you ever driven this car? (a) Yes, I (drive) it once or twice. (b) Yes, I (drive) it when you were away. 12 Has he missed his train? (a) No, he .... (b) Yes, he . . . It (go) five minutes ago. 13 Have they been through Customs? (a) Yes, they . . . (b) Yes, their luggage (be) examined at Dover. 14 Has he spoken to her? (a) Yes, he . . . (b) Yes, he (speak) to her on Friday. 15 Have you spent all your money? (a) No, I only (spend) half of it. (b) Yes, 1... 16 How much have you saved (a) I (not save) anything. since Christmas? (b) I (save) Ј3. 17 Has his temperature gone down? (a) No, it . . . (b) Yes, it (go) down last night.


18 Have you seen his garden? 19 Have you paid the bill? 20 Have you ever flown a plane? 21 Has your dog ever bitten anyone? last week. 22 Have you planted your peas? Tuesday. 23 Has he written to the paper?

24 Have you ever drunk vodka?

(a) No, I (not see) it yet. (b) I (see) the house on Monday but I (not see) the garden. (a) Yes, I... (b) Yes, I (pay) it while you were away. (a) No, I . . . (b) Yes, I (fly) when I was at university. (a) Yes, he (bite) a policeman (b) Yes, he (bite) me twice. (a) Yes, I (plant) them on (b) No, 1... yet. (a) Yes, he . . . (b) Yes, he (write) at once. (a) No, 1... (b) I (drink) it once in Russia but I (not drink) it since.

The present perfect and the simple past PEG 175-7,182-9 Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect or the simple past tense. In some sentences the present perfect continuous (PEG 190) is also possible. 1 This is my house. ~ How long you (live) here? ~ I (live) here since 1970. 2 He (live) in London for two years and then (go) to Edinburgh. 3 You (wear) your hair long when you were at school? ~ Yes, my mother (insist) on it. 4 But when I (leave) school I (cut) my hair and (wear) it short ever since. 5 Shakespeare (write) a lot of plays. 6 My brother (write) several plays. He just (finish) his second tragedy. 7 I (fly) over Loch Ness last week. ~ You (see) the Loch Ness monster? 8 I (not see) him for three years. I wonder where he is. 9 He (not smoke) for two weeks. He is trying to give it up. 10 Chopin (compose) some of his music in Majorca. 11 When he (arrive)? ~ He (arrive) at 2.00. 12 You (lock) the door before you left the house? 13 I (read) his books when I was at school. I (enjoy) them very much. 14 I can't go out because I (not finish) my work.


15 I never (drink) whisky. ~ Well, have some now. 16 I (write) the letter but I can't find a stamp. 17 The clock is slow. ~ It isn't slow, it (stop). 18 Here are your shoes; I just (clean) them. 19 I (leave) home at 8.00 and (get) here at twelve. 20 I (do) this sort of work when I (be) an apprentice. 21 He just (go) out. 22 He (go) out ten minutes ago. 23 You (have) breakfast yet? ~ Yes, I (have) it at 8.00. 24 I (meet) him last June. 25 You (see) the moon last night? 26 The concert (begin) at 2.30 and (last) for two hours. Everyone (enjoy) it very much. 27 The play just (begin). You are a little late. 28 The newspaper (come)? ~ Yes, Ann is reading it. 29 The actors (arrive) yesterday and (start) rehearsals early this morning. 30 It (be) very cold this year. I wonder when it is going to get warmer. 31 Cervantes (write) Don Quixote. 32 We (miss) the bus. Now we'll have to walk. 33 He (break) his leg in a skiing accident last year. 34 Mr Pound is the bank manager. He (be) here for five years. 35 Mr Count (work) as a cashier for twenty-five years. Then he (retire) and (go) to live in the country. 36 You (be) here before? ~ Yes, I (spend) my holidays here last year. ~ You (have) a good time? ~ No, it never (stop) raining.

The present perfect and the simple past PEG 175-7,182-9 Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect or simple past tense. Fill the spaces by repeating the auxiliary used in the preceding verb. You (see) Mary on Monday? ~ Yes, I... Did you see Mary on Monday?' Yes, I did. 1 Where is Tom?I (not see) him today, but he (tell) Mary that he'd be in for dinner. 2 I (buy) this in Bond Street. ~ How much you (pay) for it? ~


I (pay) Ј100. 3 Where you (find) this knife? ~ I (find) it in the garden. ~ Why you (not leave) it there? 4 I (lose) my black gloves. You (see) them anywhere? ~ No, I'm afraid 1.... When you last (wear) them? ~ I (wear) them at the theatre last night. ~ Perhaps you (leave) them at the theatre. 5 Do you know that lady who just (leave) the shop? ~ Yes, that is Miss Thrift. Is she a customer of yours? ~ Not exactly. She (be) in here several times but she never (buy) anything. 6 He (leave) the house at 8.00. ~ Where he (go)? ~ I (not see) where he (go). 7 He (serve) in the First World War. ~ When that war (begin)? ~ It (begin) in 1914 and (last) for four years. 8 Who you (vote) for at the last election? ~ I (vote) for Mr Pitt. ~ He (not be) elected, (be) he? ~ No, he (lose) his deposit. 9 You (like) your last job? ~ I (like) it at first but then I (quarrel) with my employer and he (dismiss) me. ~ How long you (be) there? ~ I (be) there for two weeks. 10 I (not know) that you (know) Mrs Pitt. How long you (know) her? ~ I (know) her for ten years. 11 That is Mr Minus, who teaches me mathematics, but he (not have) time to teach me much. I only (be) in his class for a week. 12 You (hear) his speech on the radio last night? ~ Yes, I . . . ~ What you (think) of it? 13 I (not know) that you (be) here. You (be) here long? ~ Yes, I (be) here two months. ~ You (be) to the Cathedral? ~ Yes, I (go) there last Sunday. 14 You ever (try) to give up smoking? ~ Yes, I (try) last year, but then I (find) that I was getting fat so I (start) again. 15 You (see) today's paper? ~ No, anything interesting (happen)? Yes, two convicted murderers (escape) from the prison down the road. 16 Mary (feed) the cat? ~ Yes, she (feed) him before lunch. ~ What she (give) him? ~ She (give) him some fish.


17 How long you (know) your new assistant? ~ I (know) him for two years. ~ What he (do) before he (come) here? ~ I think he (be) in prison. 18 I (not see) your aunt recently. ~ No. She (not be) out of her house since she (buy) her colour TV. 19 The plumber(be)here yet? ~ Yes, but he only (stay) for an hour. ~ What he (do) in that time? ~ He (turn) off the water and (empty) the tank. 20 Where you (be)? I (be) out in a yacht. ~ You (enjoy) it? ~ Yes, very much. We (take) part in a race. ~ You (win)? ~ No, we (come) in last. 21 How long that horrible monument (be) there? ~ It (be) there six months. Lots of people (write) to the Town Council asking them to take it away but so far nothing (be) done. 22 I just (be) to the film War and Peace. You (see) it? ~ No, 1.... Is it like the book? ~ I (not read) the book. ~ I (read) it when I (be) at school. ~ When Tolstoy (write) it? ~ He (write) it in 1868. ~ He (write) anything else? 23 Hannibal (bring) elephants across the Alps. ~ Why he (do) that? ~ He (want) to use them in battle. 24 Where you (be)? ~ I (be) to the dentist. ~ He (take) out your bad tooth? ~ Yes, he . . . ~ It (hurt)?Yes, horribly. 25 She (say) that she'd phone me this morning, but it is now 12.30 and she (not phone) yet. 26 I just (receive) a letter saying that we (not pay) this quarter's electricity bill. I (not give) you the money for that last week? ~ Yes, you . . . but I'm afraid I (spend) it on something else. 27 How long you (be) out of work? ~ I'm not out of work now. I just (start) a new job. ~ How you (find) the job? ~ I (answer) an advertisement in the paper. 28 You (finish) checking the accounts? ~


No, not quite. I (do) about half so far. 29 I (cut) my hand rather badly. Have you a bandage? ~ I'll get you one. How it (happen)? ~ I was chopping some wood and the axe (slip). 30 How you (get) that scar? ~ I (get) it in a car accident a year ago. 31 You (meet) my brother at the lecture yesterday? ~ Yes, I .. .. We (have) coffee together afterwards. 32 He (lose) his job last month and since then he (be) out of work. ~ Why he (lose) his job? ~ He (be) very rude to Mr Pitt. 33 What are all those people looking at? ~ There (be) an accident. ~ You (see) what (happen)? ~ Yes, a motor cycle (run) into a lorry. 34 I (phone) you twice yesterday and (get) no answer. 35 Originally horses used in bull fights (not wear) any protection, but for some time now they (wear) special padding, 36 That house (be) empty for a year. But they just (take) down the 'For Sale' sign, so I suppose someone (buy) it.

The present perfect continuous tense PEG 190-1 Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect continuous tense 1 I (make) cakes. That is why my hands are all covered with flour. 2 Her phone (ring) for ten minutes. I wonder why she doesn't answer it. 3 He (overwork). That is why he looks so tired. 4 There is sawdust in your hair. ~ I'm not surprised. I (cut) down a tree. 5 Have you seen my bag anywhere? I (look) for it for ages. 6 What you (do)? ~ I (work) in the laboratory. 7 He (study) Russian for two years and doesn't even know the alphabet yet. 8 How long you (wait) for me? ~ I (wait) about half an hour. 9 It (rain) for two days now. There'11 be a flood soon. 10 We (argue) about this for two hours now. Perhaps we should stop 11 I (bathe). That's why my hair is all wet. 12 You (drive) all day. Let me drive now. 13 How long you (wear) glasses? 14 The petrol gauge (say) 'Empty' for quite a long time now. Don't think we should get some petrol? 15 I'm sorry for keeping you waiting. I (try) to make a telephone call Rome. 16 You (not eat) enough lately. That's why you feel irritable, 17 He (speak) for an hour now. I expect he'll soon be finished.


18 That helicopter (fly) round the house for the last hour; do you think it's taking photographs? 19 The radio (play) since 7 a.m. I wish someone would turn it off. 20 I (shop) all day and I haven't a penny left. 21 We (live) here since 1977. 22 I'm on a diet. I (eat) nothing but bananas for the last month. 23 The children (look) forward to this holiday for months. 24 That pipe (leak) for ages. We must get it mended. 25 Tom (dig) in the garden all afternoon and I (help) him. 26 I (ask) you to mend that window for six weeks. When are you going to do it? 27 Someone (use) my bicycle. The chain's fallen off. 28 How long you (drive)? ~ I (drive) for ten years. 29 The trial (go) on for a long time. I wonder what the verdict will be. 30 It (snow) for three days now. The roads will be blocked if it doesn't stop soon. 31 Mary (cry)? ~ No, she (not cry), she (peel) onions. 32 The car (make) a very curious noise ever since it ran out of oil. 33 He walked very unsteadily up the stairs and his wife said, 'You (drink)!' 34 Your fingers are very brown. You (smoke) too much. 35 You usually know when someone (eat) garlic. 36 Ever since he came to us that man (try) to make trouble.

The present perfect and the present perfect continuous PEG 191-2 Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect or the present perfect continuous tense. (In some cases either could be used.) 1 We (walk) ten kilometres. 2 We (walk) for three hours. 3 You (walk) too fast. That's why you are tired. 4 I (make) sausage rolls for the party all the morning. 5 How many you (make)? ~ I (make) 200. 6 That boy (eat) seven ice-creams. 7 He (not stop) eating since he arrived. 8 The driver (drink). I think someone else ought to drive. 9 I (pull) up 100 dandelions. 10 I (pull) up dandelions all day. 11 What you (do)? ~ We (pick) apples. 12 How many you (pick)? ~ We (pick) ten basketfuls. 13 I (sleep) on every bed in this house and I don't like any of them. 14 He (sleep) since ten o'clock. It's time he woke up.


15 He (ride); that's why he is wearing breeches. 16 I (ride) all the horses in this stable. 17 What a lovely smell! ~ Mary (make) jam. 18 The students (work) very well this term. 19 I only (hear) from him twice since he went away. 20 I (hear) from her regularly. She is a very good correspondent. 21 I (grease) my car. That's why my hands are so dirty. 22 I (polish) this table all the morning and she isn't satisfied with it yet. 23 I (work) for him for ten years and he never once (say) 'Good morning' to me. 24 He (teach) in this school for five years. 25 I (teach) hundreds of students but I never (meet) such a hopeless class as this. 26 Why you (be) so long in the garage? ~ The tyres were flat; I (pump) them up. 27 I (pump) up three tyres. Would you like to do the fourth? 28 I (look) for mushrooms but I (not find) any. 29 He (cough) a lot lately. He ought to give up smoking. 30 You (hear) the news? Tom and Ann are engaged! ~ That's not new; I (know) it for ages! 31 I (try) to finish this letter for the last half-hour. I wish you'd go away or stop talking. ~ I hardly (say) anything. 32 The driver of that car (sound) his horn for the last ten minutes. 33 It (rain) for two hours and the ground is too wet to play on, so the match (be) postponed. 34 He (hope) for a rise in salary for six months but he (not dare) to ask for it yet. 35 Mr Smith, you (whisper) to the student on your right for the last five minutes. You (help) him with his exam paper or he (help) you? 36 Why you (make) such a horrible noise? ~ I (lose) my key and I (try) to wake my wife by throwing stones at he window. ~ You (throw) stones at the wrong window. You live next door.

for and since PEG 187 Fill the spaces in the following sentences by using for or since. 1 We've been fishing . . . two hours. 2 I've been working in this office . . . a month. 3 They've been living in France . . . 1970. 4 He has been in prison . . . a year. 5 I've known that . . . a long time. 6 That man has been standing there . . . six o'clock. 7 She has driven the same car . . . 1975. 8 Things have changed . . . I was a girl. 9 The kettle has been boiling . . . a quarter of an hour. 10 The central heating has been on . . . October. 11 That trunk has been in the hall . . . a year.


12 He has been very ill . . . the last month. 13 I've been using this machine . . . twelve years. 14 We've been waiting . . . half an hour. 15 Mr Pitt has been in hospital . . . his accident. 16 He hasn't spoken to me . . . the last committee meeting. 17 I have been very patient with you . . . several years. 18 They have been on strike . . . November. 19 The strike has lasted . . . six months. 20 It has been very foggy . . . early morning. 21 They have been quarrelling ever . . . they got married. 22 I've been awake . . . four o'clock. 23 I've been awake . . . a long time. 24 We've had no gas . . . the strike began. 25 I've earned my own living . . . I left school. 26 Nobody has seen him . . . last week. 27 The police have been looking for me . . . four days. 28 I haven't worn low-heeled shoes . . . I was at school. 29 He had a bad fall last week and . . . then he hasn't left the house. 30 He has been under water . . . half an hour. 31 That tree has been there . . . 2,000 years. 32 He has been Minister of Education . . . 1983. 33 I've been trying to open this door . . . forty-five minutes. 34 He hasn't eaten anything . . . twenty-four hours. 35 We've had terrible weather . . . the last month. 36 Nobody has come to see us . . . we bought these bloodhounds.

Future forms The present continuous tense as a future form PEG 202 Put the verbs in brackets into the present continuous tense. 1 They are going to drill for oil here. They (start) on Monday. 2 My uncle (make) a speech on Friday. 3 I (take) my sister to the ballet tomorrow. 4 She (call) for me at six. 5 He (play) at Wimbledon next summer. 6 I (meet) her at the station at ten. 7 The sales (not start) till Monday. 8 How you (get) to the party tomorrow? ~ I (go) by car. ~ Who (drive)? 9 The piano tuner (come) this afternoon. 10 You (give) him anything for his birthday? ~ Yes, I (give) him a dictionary.


11 The windows (be) cleaned today. Then we'll be able to see out. 12 She (come) out of hospital next week. 13 We (have) dinner early tonight as we (go) to the theatre. 14 Where you (go) for your holidays this year? ~ I (go) to Holland. 15 He (not give) a lecture tonight. 16 I (have) my photograph taken tomorrow. 17 I (buy) her a burglar alarm for a wedding present. 18 The elections (be) held next week. 19 I (have) lunch with my aunt on Thursday. 20 The committee (meet) next Wednesday. 21 My grandparents (celebrate) their golden wedding next week. 22 I (lend) him my car for his holidays. 23 The strikers (return) to work next week. 24 Smith's (open) a new branch in this street in July. 25 We've bought a new house and (move) in very soon. 26 I (not take) up judo next winter. 27 They (get) married next week. 28 You (do) anything tonight? ~ Yes, I (go) to my carpentry class. 29 The Prime Minister (fly) to America tomorrow. 30 He (start) a new job on Friday. 31 The Queen (give) a garden party next week. You (go)? 32 My brother (be) released on Tuesday. I (meet) him outside the prison. 33 I (catch) the 6.30 plane tomorrow. ~ Where you (leave) your car? ~ I (not take) the car. 34 Her mother (send) her to France next year. 35 I (go) to the dentist tomorrow. Miss Pitt (take) my class. 36 I (lend) my flat to my American cousins next year.

The be going to form PEG 203,206 Put the verbs in brackets into the be going to form. 1 You (miss) your train. 2 The pressure cooker (explode). 3 When you (pay) the bill? 4 She (dye) the old curtains blue. 5 We (make) this whisky bottle into a lamp. 6 What you (do) with this room? ~ I (paint) the walls in black and white stripes. 7 The umpire (blow) his whistle. 8 You (eat) all that? 9 That man with the tomato in his hand (throw) it at the speaker. 10 That door (slam).


11 The bull (attack)us. 12 It (rain). Look at those clouds. 13 The cat (have) kittens. 14 The men in the helicopter (try) to rescue the man in the water. 15 That rider (fall) off. 16 These two men (cycle) across Africa. 17 The Lord Mayor is standing up. He (make) a speech. 18 He (grow) a beard when he leaves school. 19 This aeroplane (crash). 20 I (stop) here for a moment to get some petrol. 21 You (ask) him to help you? 22 I've lent you my car once. I (not do) it again. 23 I have seen the play. Now I (read) the book. 24 Small boy: I (be) a frogman when I grow up. 25 I (not sleep) in this room. It is haunted. 26 We (buy) a metal detector and look for buried treasure. 27 You (reserve) a seat? 28 I (plant) an oak tree here. 29 The dog (bury) the bone. 30 I (have) a bath. 31 I (smuggle) this out of the country, 32 There was very little blossom this spring. Apples (be) scarce. 33 I don't like this macaroni. I (not finish) it. 34 I (not stay) here another minute. 35 They (try) him for manslaughter when he comes out of hospital. 36 We (make) a lot of money out of this.

The present continuous and the be going to form PEG 202-6 Planned future actions can be expressed by the present continuous tense with a time expression or by the be going to form with or without a time expression. The present continuous is mainly used for very definite arrangements in the near future. The be going to form can be used more widely. Use the present continuous where possible in the following sentences and put the remaining verbs into the be going to form. 1 I (play) bridge tonight with Tom and Ann. 2 He (have) an operation next week. 3 It's very cold. I (light) a fire. 4 We (have) some friends to lunch tomorrow. 5 I've bought a piano; it (be) delivered this afternoon. ~ Where you (put) it? ~ I (put) it in the dining room. 6 You (go) to the auction tomorrow? ~


Yes, I (go) but I (not buy) anything. 7 I've reminded you once; I (not do) it again. 8 I (have) my hair cut this afternoon. 9 My nephew (come) to stay with me next weekend. ~ Where you (put) him? ~ I (put) him in the room in the tower. 10 Our class (start) German next term. 11 I (spend) a few days in London next week. 12 The Town Council (build) a new school here. 13 What you (tell) the police? ~ I (tell) them the truth. 14 He (start) tomorrow. 15 The Queen (open) Parliament next month. 16 The Prime Minister (speak) on TV tonight. 17 This shop (close) down next week. 18 When you (have) your next lesson? ~ I (have) it on Monday. 19 I (collect) my new dress this afternoon. 20 We (take) the children to the seaside this summer. 21 I (give) him a football for his next birthday. 22 She (sing) in her first big concert next month. He (go) to Spain for his holidays. ~ He (fly)? ~ No, he (go) by boat. 24 She (see) a specialist next week. 25 He (wash) the car? 26 He (ring) me up tonight. 27 The inspector (ask) you a few questions. 28 Her parents (give) a party for her next month. They (invite) sixty guests. 29 Have you got a ticket for the big match on Saturday? ~ No, I don't even know who (play). ~ France (play) England. 30 They (launch) a ship this afternoon. You (come) to see it? 31 What you (do) with the money? 32 I (pick) you up at 6.30; don't forget. 33 Where you (go) tonight? ~ I (go) out with Peter. He (call) for me at eight. 34 I (compete) in the bicycle race tomorrow. 35 Mr Pitt has just phoned to say that he (not come) back till Wednesday night. 36 I (read) you his answer to my letter of complaint.

The future simple PEG 207-9 Put the verbs in brackets into the future simple. 1 I (know) the result in a week.


2 You (be) in Rome tonight. 3 You (have) time to help me tomorrow? 4 It (matter) if I don't come home till morning? 5 You (be) able to drive after another five lessons. 6 Do you think that he (recognize) me? 7 Unless he runs he (not catch) the train. 8 He (lend) it to you if you ask him. 9 I hope I (find) it. 10 If petrol pump attendants go on strike we (not have) any petrol. 11 He (believe) whatever you tell him. 12 I (remember) this day all my life. 13 Perhaps he (arrive) in time for lunch. 14 If he works well I (pay) him Ј10. 15 I wonder how many of us still (be) here next year. 16 If you think it over you (see) that I am right. 17 If you learn another language you (get) a better job. 18 I am sure that you (like) our new house. 19 Newspaper announcement: The President (drive) along the High Street in an open carriage. 20 He (mind) if I bring my dog? 21 You (need) a visa if you are going to Spain. 22 If you open that trapdoor you (see) some steps. 23 You (feel) better when you've had a meal. 24 He (be) offended if you don't invite him. 25 She (have) Ј1000 a year when she is twenty-one. 26 If you put any more polish on that floor someone (slip) on it. 27 I wonder if he (succeed). 28 Papers (not be) delivered on the Bank Holiday. 29 I hope he (remember) to buy wine. 30 If you leave your roller skates on the path someone (fall) over them. 31 If they fall over them and hurt themselves they (sue) you. 32 Announcement: Mrs Pitt (present) the prizes. 33 If you want twenty cigarettes you (have) to give me more money. 34 Notice: The management (not be) responsible for articles left on the seats. 35 If I drop this it (explode). 36 What your father (say) when he hears about this accident? ~ He (not say) much but he not (lend) me the car again.

The present continuous and the future simple PEG 202, 207-9 Put the verbs in brackets into the present continuous or the future simple using the present continuous where possible. (The be going to form could be used here instead of the present continuous, but for the sake of simplicity students are advised to use only the two tenses first mentioned.)


1 I am sure that I (recognize) him. 2 I (see) her tomorrow. I 3 He (play) in a tennis match on Friday. 4 She (come) back on Monday. 5 I (go) again next year. 6 We (know) tonight. 7 You pay and I (owe) you the money. 8 I (believe) it when I see it. 9 I (have) my car repainted next week. 10 I hope that you (have) a good time tomorrow. 11 His speech (be) broadcast tonight. 12 The window-cleaner (come) at eight tomorrow. 13 Tom (catch) the 7.40 train. 14 Where you (meet) them?~ I (meet) them at midnight in the middle of the wood. 15 What horse you (ride) tomorrow? 16 Look! I've broken the teapot. What Mrs Pitt (say)? ~ She (not mind); she never liked that one. 17 I've left the light on. It (matter)? 18 He (not forget) to come. 19 He (leave) in a few days. 20 I (remember) it. 21 If you drop that bottle it (break). 22 I never (forgive) him. 23 I'm sure that you (like) him. 24 They (lay) the foundations next week. 25 You (see) a signpost at the end of the road. 26 He has cut my hair too short. ~ Don't worry; it (grow) again very quickly. 27 You (understand) when you are older. 28 The cat (scratch) you if you pull its tail. 29 I (be) back at 8.30. 30 If he doesn't work hard he (not pass) his exam. 31 She (go) on a cruise next summer. 32 I (move) to a new flat next week. 33 I am sorry that the child saw the accident. ~ I don't think it matters. He soon (forget) all about it. 34 I (wait) here till he comes back. 35 He (not write) to you unless you write to him. 36 There (be) a big meeting here tomorrow.

will + infinitive and the be going to form PEG 201,203-6 Future with intention can usually be expressed by will + infinitive or the be going to


form. Very often either of these can be used, but when the intention is clearly premeditated the be going to form must be used, and when the intention is clearly unpremeditated we must list' will + infinitive. Put the verbs in brackets into one of these two forms. (In some of the examples the present continuous could be used instead of the be going to form.) 1 The fire has gone out! ~ So it has. I (go) and get some sticks. 2 Did you remember to book seats? ~ Oh no, I forgot. I (telephone) for them now. 3 He has just been taken to hospital with a broken leg. ~ I'm sorry to hear that. I (send) him some grapes. 4 I've hired a typewriter and I (learn) to type. 5 I see that you have got a loom. You (do) some weaving? 6 I can't understand this letter. ~ I (call) my son. He (translate) it for you. 7 You (buy) meat? ~ No, I (not eat) meat any more. I (eat) vegetables. 8 You've bought a lot of paint. You (redecorate) your kitchen? 9 Why are you getting out the jack? ~ We have a puncture and I (change) the wheel. ~ I (help) you. 10 Look what I've just bought at an auction! ~ What an extraordinary thing! Where you (put) it? 11 Why are you peeling that bit of garlic? ~ I (put) it in the stew. 12 What you (do) when you grow up? ~ I (be) an acrobat in a circus. 13 What are you going to do with that dress?~ I (shorten) the skirt. 14 Will you lend me your season ticket? ~ No, I (not lend) it to you. It is against the law. 15 That tree makes the house very dark. ~ Very well, I (cut) it down. 16 I've just enrolled at the local technical college. I (attend) pottery classes next winter. 17 How do I get from here to London Bridge? ~ I don't know, but I (ask) that policeman. 18 Why are you carrying a corkscrew? ~ I (open) a bottle of wine. 19 Why's he putting the camera on a tripod? ~ He (take) a group photo. 20 My brother has just returned from America. ~ Oh good, we (ask) him to our next party.


21 Why have you set your alarm to go off at five-thirty? ~ Because I (get) up then. I've got a lot to do. 22 I'm turning this cupboard into a darkroom. I (develop) my own films. 23 You look frozen. Sit down by the fire and I (make) you a cup of tea. 24 They've brought a rope and they (tow) the car to a garage. 25 I haven't bought any cigarettes because I (give) up smoking. 26 I have tried to explain but she doesn't understand English. ~ I (say) it to her in Finnish: perhaps she'll understand that. 27 I've come out without any money. ~ Never mind, I (lend) you some. How much do you want? 28 Do you see that car? They (raffle) it for charity. 29 They've hired a bulldozer. They (clear) away this rubble. 30 Child: I've torn my dress. Mother: I (mend) it for you. 31 I'm catching the 6.30 train. ~ So am 1. I (give) you a lift to the station. 32 I've bought some blue velvet and I (make) curtains for this room. 33 Why are you carrying that saw? ~ I (shorten) the legs of the dining room table. 34 Why are you taking that big basket? ~ I (buy) a lot of vegetables. 35 I've planned my future for the next ten years. ~ That is very clever of you. What you (do) when you leave the university? 36 Why are you putting that old loaf into a paper bag? ~ I (give) it to Mrs Pitt for her hens.

will -i- infinitive and the be going to form PEG 205 Both will you and are you going to can introduce questions about future intentions. But will you very often introduces a request or invitation. For this reason are you going to is more usual than will you in questions about intentions, are you going to must of course be used when the intention is obviously premeditated. (See also Exercise 55.) Put the verbs in brackets into one of these two forms. Where both are possible it will be noted in the key. (In some examples the present continuous tense could be used instead of the be going to form.) The exercise contains requests, invitations, and questions about intentions. 1 You (open) the door for me, please? ~ Yes, certainly. 2 You (do) the washing-up tonight? ~ No, I think it can wait till tomorrow. 3 I'm looking for my easel. ~ You (paint) someone's portrait? 4 'You (read) this passage aloud, please,' said the examiner.


5 You (eat) any more of this, or shall I tell the waiter to take it away? 6 You aren't wearing your climbing boots. You (not climb) the mountain with the others? 7 'You (listen) to me!' said his mother angrily. 8 You (put) my car away from me, please? ~ Yes, certainly. 9 You (have) another cup of coffee? ~ No, thank you. 10 Why did you buy all these eggs? You (make) an enormous omelette? 11 There's the phone again. Take no notice. ~ You (not answer) it? 12 You (come) and see me after the class? I want to discuss your work with you. 13 I see that you have ordered the Guardian. You really (read) it? 14 You (buy) stamps? ~ Yes, I am. ~ Then you (buy) some for me, please? 15 You (lend) me your fishing rod? ~ Yes, of course. Where you (fish)? 16 You (finish) this book or shall I take it back to the library? 17 You (give) me lOp, please? ~ Yes, here you are. You (make) a telephone call? 18 You (leave) that coil of barbed wire in the hall? Someone will fall over it if you do. 19 You (bath) your dog? ~ Yes, you (help) me? 20 You (drive), please? I don't like driving at night. 21 You (ride) that horse? He looks very bad-tempered to me. 22 You (eat) it raw? You will be ill if you do. 23 You (have) some of this cake? I made it myself. 24 You really (call) the fire brigade? I don't think it is at all necessary. 25 You (paint) the whole room by yourself? It will take you ages. 26 You (be) ready in five minutes? 27 Hostess: John, you (sit) here at the end of the table? 28 You (do) something for me? ~ Yes, of course; what is it? 29 You (be) angry if he refuses to help you? 30 Why have you brought your typewriter? You (work) this weekend? 31 You (call) me at six? I have to catch an early train. 32 You (walk) there in this rain? You'll get awfully wet. 33 You (sign) here, please? 34 What are all those notes for? You (give) a lecture? 35 Why do you want a candle? You (explore) the caves? 36 If I catch some fish, you (cook) them for me?

The future continuous tense PEG 211-13 This tense can be used


1 with a point in time to indicate that the action will begin before this time and continue after it. 2 with or without a time to express a future without intention. In this way it is very like the present continuous, but it is not, like the present continuous, restricted in time and is a more detached and casual way of expressing the future. It often implies that the action will occur in the ordinary course of events or as a matter of routine. (Except when used as in I, above, this tense can usually be replaced by one of the other future forms, though the exact shade of meaning may then be lost.) Put the verbs in brackets into the future continuous tense. 1 This time next month I (sit) on a beach. 2 When you arrive I probably (pick) fruit. 3 When we reach England it very likely (rain). 4 In a few days time we (fly) over the Pyrenees. 5 I'll call for her at eight. ~ No, don't; she still (have) breakfast then. 6 I (wait) for you when you come out. 7 When you next see me I (wear) my new dress. 8 My son will be in the sixth form next year. ~ That means that old Dr Adder (teach) him mathematics. 9 I'll give Jack your message. I can do it easily because I (see) him tomorrow. We go to work on the same train. 10 You (do) geometry next term. 11 I'll look out for you at the parade. ~ Do, but I (wear) uniform so you may find it hard to recognize me. 12 We have to do night duty here. I (do) mine next week. 13 In a hundred years' time people (go) to Mars for their holidays. 14 He (use) the car this afternoon. 15 I (see) you again. 16 It's a serious injury but he (walk) again in six weeks. 17 I'll come at three o'clock. ~ Good, I (expect) you. 18 They are pulling down all the old houses in this street. I expect they (pull) down mine in a few years' time. 19 I'd like to see your new flat. ~ Well, come tomorrow, but it (not look) its best, for the painters still (work) on it. 20 Stand there, they (change) the guard in a minute and you'll get a good view. 21 You'd better go back now; your mother (wonder) where you are. 22 In fifty years' time we (live) entirely on pills. 23 What do you think the children (do) when we get home? ~ I expect they (have) their supper. 24 The garden (look) its best next month. 25 It won't be easy to get out of the country. The police (watch) all the ports.


26 What the tide (do) at six tomorrow morning? ~ It (come) in. 27 I've just remembered that I left the bathroom taps on. I expect the water (flow) down the stairs by now. 28 You (need) your camera tomorrow or can I borrow it? 29 We've just got to the top in time. The sun (rise) in a minute. 30 Air hostess: We (take off) in a few minutes. Please fasten your safety belts. 31 We'd better go out tomorrow because Mary (practise) the piano all day. 32 Don't ring her up at 6.00; she (put) the children to bed. Ring later. 33 We are making a house-to-house collection of things for the jumble sale. We (come) to your house next week. 34 That football club has lost some of its players. They (look out) for new men. 35 When I get home my dog (sit) at the door waiting for me. 36 Let's go down to the harbour; the fishing boats all (come) in because of the gale.

will + infinitive and the future continuous PEG 201, 211-14 See note for previous exercise. Put the verbs in brackets into the appropriate future form, using will + infinitive or the future continuous. (Where alternative forms are possible they will be given in the key.) 1 There is going to be a bus strike. Everyone (walk) to work next 2 You've just missed the last train! ~ Never mind, I (walk). 3 I'll ring you tomorrow at six. ~ No, don't ring at six; I (bath) the baby then. Ring later. 4 Mother: Your face is dirty. Child: All right, I (wash) it. 5 Will you have lunch with me on the 24th? ~ I'd love to, but I'm afraid I (do) my exam then. 6 I (work) for Mr Pitt next week as his own secretary will be away. 7 You (have) something to drink, won't you? 8 Why did you take his razor? He (look) for it everywhere tomorrow. 9 I hope you'll do well in the race tomorrow. I (think) of you. 10 Notice on board ship: In the event of an emergency all passengers (assemble) on the boat deck. 11 I don't feel well enough to go to the station to meet him. ~ I (meet) him for you. But how I (recognize) him? ~ He's small and fair, and he (wear) a black and white school cap. 12 I (leave) these flowers at the hospital for you. I (go) there anyway visit my cousin. 13 You ought to try to get a ticket for the Spectators' Gallery next week; they (debate) international fishing rights. 14 You've left the light on. ~


Oh, so I have. I (go) and turn it off. 15 I've just been appointed assistant at the local library. ~ Then you (work) under my sister. She is head librarian there. 16 I want to post this letter but I don't want to go out in the rain. ~ I (post) it for you. I (go) out anyway as I have to take the dog for a walk. 17 The prima ballerina is ill so I expect her understudy (dance) instead. 18 Today is Guy Fawkes' Day; this evening people (let) off fireworks and (make) bonfires in the streets. 19 Military order: Sentries (remain) on duty till they are relieved. 20 This time next Monday I (sit) in a Paris cafe reading Le Figaro. ~ You (not read). You'll be looking at all the pretty girls. 21 Wages have gone up, so I suppose prices (go up) too. 22 It is nearly autumn; soon the leaves (change) colour. 23 Mother (on phone): My son has just burnt his hand very badly. Doctor: I (come) at once. 24 Customer in restaurant: Waiter, this plate is dirty. Waiter: I'm sorry, sir, I (bring) you another. 25 In a few years' time we all (live) in houses heated by solar energy. 26 It's beginning to get dark; the street lights (go on) in a few minutes. 27 We (not play) poker at the party tonight; our hostess doesn't approve of cards. 28 Let's wait here; the swing bridge (open) in a minute to let that ship through. 29 Guest: May I use your phone to ring for a taxi? Hostess: Oh, there's no need for that; my son (drive) you home. 30 Come on deck; we (enter) harbour in a few minutes. 31 Before you leave the office you (hand) the keys of the safe to Mr Pitt. Do you understand?~ Yes, sir. 32 Are you nearly ready? Our guests (arrive) any minute. 33 Loudspeaker announcement: The ship (leave) in a few minutes and all persons not travelling are asked to go ashore. 34 Now that the parking regulations have become stricter, more people (use) public transport and (leave) their cars at home. 35 I've got rats in my basement and I don't know how to get rid of them. ~ I (bring) my dog round whenever you like. He (catch) them for you. 36 I'm afraid I've just broken your goldfish bowl. ~ Never mind, I (put) the goldfish in the bath.

won't + infinitive and the future continuous negative PEG 214 won't + infinitive (except when used as part of the ordinary future simple, shall/will) usually implies that the subject refuses to perform a certain action. The negative future continuous tense merely states that a certain action will not take place. Put the verbs in brackets into the appropriate future form, using won't + infinitive or the future continuous negative. (Where other future forms are also possible this will be noted


in the key.) 1 I don't like that man and I (not help) him. 2 He (not meet) her, because they will be in different places. 3 My husband (not cut) down the tree. He says that it is perfectly all right as it is. 4 My husband (not cut) the hedge for some time, because he's got a lot of other jobs to do first. 5 Tom (not come) to our party, because he will be away on that date. 6 Peter says that he (not come) to our party. He doesn't approve of parties. 7 She says that she (not lend) me the book, because I never give books back. 8 Mr Pitt (not speak) at the meeting tonight, because he has unexpectedly had to go to hospital. 9 I'll work under anyone except my brother. I (not work) under him. 10 We'll be in the same firm, but we (not work) together, because we'll be in different departments. 11 I (not have) that boy in my class. He is far too noisy. 12 I (not teach) you next week, as I have to go to Paris. 13 He is so angry with his sister that he (not speak) to her. 14 I'll give your message to my sister when I write; but I (not write) some time, as I only write once a month and I posted a letter to him yesterday. 15 I (not feed) your dog again. He always tries to bite me when I come near him. 16 They were very rude to me. I (not go) there again. 17 He said, 1 (not paint) you in that dress. It does not suit you. 18 I (not take) any photographs for some time because my camera is being repaired. 19 I (not borrow) his van again. The brakes don't work properly. 20 That boy (not wash) his face. He likes being dirty. 21 You can have the car tomorrow if you like. I (not use) it as I'll be far too busy to go out. 22 She says that she (not send) the child to school, no matter what we say. She thinks it is far better to educate children at home. 23 He says he (not play) for them again, because they aren't giving him enough money. 24 She (not sing) at the next concert, because she has had to go home suddenly. 25 I (not play) cards with you again. You always cheat. 26 She (not take) part in the bridge tournament, because she'll be away then. 27 I (not eat) any more of this; I feel queer already. 28 I (not eat) curry again for a long time, because I am going to stay in a house where no one knows how to cook it. 29 He says that he (not ride) that mare again, because she's dangerous. 30 Tom (not ride) in tomorrow's race, because he is too young. They don't allow riders under sixteen. 31 Whisky is absolutely necessary to me and I (not give) it up. 32 Jack (not drink) whisky this time next week, because he'll be in hospital and they won't give it to him there. 33 I (not open) the window. I dislike fresh air. 34 There is something on his mind, but he (not tell) me what it is. 35 The cat (not eat) fish so I have to buy meat for him.


36 He (not wear) uniform when you see him, because he'll be on leave then, and they don't wear uniform when they are on leave.

Second person interrogative: will you and other forms PEG 215 B will you? often introduces a request or invitation, and sometimes a command. It is often used also to introduce questions about intentions when the situation requires an unpremeditated decision. You can have either. Which will you have? You've missed the last train. What will you do now? For other types of intention, however, it is usually safer to use one of the other future forms: be going to, the present continuous or the future continuous (which is considered the most polite form). Put the verbs in brackets into one of the four forms. When more than one answer is possible, this will be noted in the key. 1 Why are you taking all that bread with you? You (feed) the swans? 2 You (let) your flat again next summer? 3 You (light) the fire for me, please? Here are the matches. 4 You (wear) a tie tomorrow? ~ Oh no. Tom said, 'Come as you are.' 5 I know you don't like wearing ties, but (wear) one tomorrow, just to please me? ~ Yes, of course. 6 Shop assistant: You (come) this way, please? 7 You (have) something more to eat?~ Yes, please, I'd like another sandwich. 8 You (have) anything more to eat? ~ No, because I haven't any more money. 9 You (study) computer programming at college? 10 You (speak) to Tom at the meeting tomorrow, do you think? 11 You (turn) off the TV, please? No one is watching it. 12 You (take) your exam now or in December? 13 You (listen) in to the concert this evening? 14 You (help) me with this, please? I can't lift it. 15 Hotel receptionist: You (stay) for more than one night, Mrs Jones? 16 You (lend) me your typewriter for an hour? I want to type a letter. 17 You (meet) him at the station? ~ No, we never meet him. He doesn't like being met. 18 You (come) sailing with me this afternoon? ~ No, thank you, I don't like sailing. 19 You (have) some more wine?~


Yes, please. 20 I can't understand this letter. You (translate) it for me, Miss Pitt? 21 You (use) your camera this afternoon?No, you can borrow it if you like. 22 You (go) to the tobacconist's? ~ Yes. ~ Then you (get) me twenty cigarettes? 23 You (come) to the Motor Show with me next Wednesday? ~ Thank you very much. I'd love to. 24 I'll be going abroad next week. Is there anything I can get you? You (pass) through Paris? ~ Yes, I (spend) a few days there. Then you (get) me some scent? 25 I see that you are repairing your old henhouse. You (keep) hens? 26 I've just bought my tickets. ~ You (travel) by sea or air? 27 What are all these slates for? You (repair) your roof? 28 You (hold) my parcels, please, while I put up my umbrella? 29 You (go) to Madeira as usual this summer? 30 You kindly (explain) why you didn't do what I told you? 31 You (recognize) him, do you think? 32 I've chosen a school for my son. ~ You (send) him to a public school or to a State school? 33 Passenger to bus conductor: You (tell) me where to get off, please 34 You (go) by car? If so, would you give my brother a lift? 35 You (type) all night again? Because if so I think I'll go to a hotel. 36 You (stop) interrupting! I'll never get finished if you don't keep quiet.

shall and will PEG 201, 207-8, 233-4 shall is correct for the first person of the future simple (except when this form is used to express intention), but in the affirmative and negative will is very often used instead, i.e. we can say, I/we will' and I/we won't' instead of I/we shall' and I/we shan't'. In the I interrogative will should not be used to replace shall. There are some rather old-fashioned or formal constructions where shall is used with the second or third persons. Here shall cannot be replaced by will. Such constructions are usually avoided but a few examples have been given below. Use will or shall to fill the spaces in the following sentences. Sometimes either could be used. 1 When you are in bed I . . . be at work.


2 Who'll help me?~ I ... 3 We will unite to resist oppression, and tyrants . . . not triumph over us. ( We won't let them triumph.) 4 What . . . we do now? ~ Wait. 5 You've been a good child, and when we get home you . . . have a sweet. {I'll give you a sweet.) 6 Your father . . . hear of this. {I'll certainly tell him.) 7 ...we go to the cinema? ~ Yes, let's. 8 She . . . tell the same story over and over again. {obstinate insistence) 9 Club rule: Members . . . write the names of their guests in the book provided. 10 Theatre regulation: Persons . . . not be permitted to sit in the gangways. 11 Where . . . I be in six years' time, I wonder? 12 He . . . not come here again. {He refuses.) 13 He . . . not come here again. (/ won't let him come.) 14 Clause in lease: The tenant . . . be responsible for all repairs. 15 This kind of snake . . . not bite unless it is startled. 16 . . . you have a cigarette? ~ No, thanks, I don't smoke. 17 He . . . play his radio very loudly, which annoys me very much. {obstinate insistence) 18 By this time next year I . . . be earning my own living. 19 Who . . . take this letter to the post for me? ~ I ... 20 What . . . we do with all the food that's left over? 21 Do you know the way? No? Then I . . . show you. 22 Where . . . I put it? ~ Put it behind the piano. 23 Police notice: . . . anyone who witnessed the accident please ring 24 Yachts . . . go round the course, passing the marks in the correct order. {extract from Yacht Racing Rules) 25 When . . . you hear the result? ~ I . . . not hear for another week. 26 1 . . . not apologize', she said, stamping her foot. 27 Who . . . I say called? ~ You needn't mention my name. He . . . know who I am. 28 She . . . never do anything you tell her. 29 I . . . not be here next week. 30 I . . . not have to do any cooking for a month. I'm going to an hotel. 31 . . . I put it on your desk? ~ Please do. 32 I . . . fill up this form! The questions are impertinent. ~ If you don't, madam, you . . . (negative) get your visa.


33 34 35 36

. . . you stand quite still for a moment, please? . . . I put more salt in the stew? A dog . . . obey his owner but a cat . . . not. I . . . know whether you are telling the truth or not.

Time clauses PEG 342 The future simple is not used in time clauses, the simple present tense being used instead. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense (present or future). 1 When he (return) I'll give him the key. 2 He'll be ready as soon as you (be). 3 I'll stay in bed till the clock (strike) seven. 4 She will be delighted when she (hear) this. 5 When the laundry comes I (have) some clean handkerchiefs. 6 I shan't buy tomatoes till the price (come) down. 7 Stay here till the lights (turn) green. 8 When it (get) cold I'll light the fire. 9 The lift (not start) until you press that button. 10 She'll have to behave better when she (go) to school. 11 When you look at yourself in the glass you (see) what I mean. 12 He (be) here before you go. 13 I (lend) you my cassette recorder whenever you want it. 14 He (wake) up when we turn the lights on. , 15 He (ring) us up when he arrives in England? 16 He will wash up before he (go) to bed. 17 I won't come to London till the bus strike (be) over. 18 I (give) the children their dinner before he (come) home. 19 They will be astonished when they (see) how slowly he works. 20 I'll pay you when I (get) my cheque. 21 I (go) on doing it until he tells me to stop. 22 I'll buy that house when I (have) enough money. 23 You (fall) rapidly through the air till your parachute opens. 24 We'll have to stay here till the tide (go) out. 25 When the Queen (arrive) the audience will stand up. 26 When the fog (lift) we'll be able to see where we are. 27 The refrigerator (go on) making that noise till we have it repaired. 28 As soon as the holidays begin this beach (become) very crowded. 29 The car (not move) till you take the brake off. 30 The alarm bell (go on) ringing till you press this button. 31 As soon as she (learn) to type I'll get her a job. 32 Look before you (leap). (proverb) 33 We (have) to stay on this desert island till we can repair our boat.


34 Don't count on a salary increase before you actually (get) it. 35 When winter (begin) the swallows will fly away to a warmer country. 36 We can't make any decision till he (arrive) here.

The future perfect tense PEG 216 Put the verbs in brackets into the future perfect tense. 1 In a fortnight's time we (take) our exam. 2 I (finish) this book by tomorrow evening. 3 By this time tomorrow we (have) our injections. 4 By the end of next year I (be) here twenty-five years. 5 I'll still be here next summer but Tom (leave). 6 I (finish) this job in twenty minutes. 7 By next winter they (build) four houses in that field. 8 When we reach Valparaiso we (sail) all round the world. 9 At the rate he is going he (spend) all his money by the time he is twenty-one. 10 By this time next year I (save) Ј250. 11 By the time we get to the party everything (be) eaten. 12 The train (leave) before we reach the station. 13 If I continue with my diet I (lose) 10 kilos by the end of the month. 14 By the end of my university course I (attend) 1,200 lectures. 15 By the end of this week my illness (cost) me Ј100. 16 By the time that he leaves school his parents (spend) Ј25,000 on his education. 17 By the end of the term I (read) all twelve volumes. 18 When you come back I (finish) all the housework. 19 The police (hear) of the theft by this time. 20 We (drink) all that wine by the end of the year. 21 On the fourth of next month he (be) in prison for ten years. 22 When we reach Crewe we (do) half of the journey. 23 At this rate you (break) all the wine glasses by the end of the month. 24 If we don't hurry the sun (rise) before we reach the top. 25 I'm going to Hyde Park to hear the people making speeches. ~ You'll be too late. By the time you get there they (finish) their speeches and everybody (go) home. 26 By midnight he (be) unconscious for forty-eight hours. 27 By the end of the month 5,000 people (see) this exhibition. 28 By next April I (pay) Ј3,000 in income tax. 29 I suppose that when I come back in ten years' time all these old houses (be) pulled down. 30 On 21 October they (be) married for twenty-five years. 31 After this performance I (see) Hamlet twenty-two times. 32 The strike leader said, 'By midnight 500 men (come) out on strike.' 33 At your present rate you (burn) all that coal by the end of the month, 34 The treasurer said, 'By the end of the year all our debts (be paid) off.' 35 Tourist: We've only got five hours in Rome; we are leaving but I'm sure that we (see)


everything of importance by then. 36 Householder to Zoo: One of your elephants is in my garden eating my tomatoes. Zoo official: The elephant keeper will be with you in half an hour. Householder: Your elephant (eat) all my tomatoes by then.

Time clauses PEG 342 The future perfect tense is not used in time clauses, the present perfect being used instead. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense, using the future, present, or present perfect. Compare I to 5 with I to 5 in Exercise 58. 1 When we (take) our exam we'll have a holiday. 2 When I (finish) the book I'll lend it to you. 3 When we (have) our injections I expect we'll feel awful. 4 When I (be) here for a year I'll ask for a rise. 5 When Tom (go) I'll tell you a secret. 6 By the time he (get) back from his holiday the milkman will have left twenty-one bottles of milk outside his door. 7 Don't drive at more than 50 k.p.h. till your car (do) 4,000 kilometres. 8 When you (do) 4,000 kilometres you can drive it at 70 k.p.h. 9 When you open the safe you (see) a small black box. 10 When we (have) lunch we'll go for a walk. 11 When the bell rings I (take) the meat out of the oven. 12 I'll bolt all the doors before I (go) to bed. 13 When we (see) the cathedral we'll go to the museum. 14 We'll have to stay up this tree till the bull (go) away. 15 He (not let) you out till you have finished your homework. 16 As soon as I hear from him I (let) you know. 17 My father will be furious when he (see) what you have done. 18 You (not hear) the sound of the explosion till after you have seen the flash. 19 These gates will remain shut until the train (pass). 20 When he (sell) all his newspapers he'll go home. 21 We can't have a fire here until we (sweep) the chimney. 22 You (get) a shock when you open that box. 23 When you are eighteen your father (give) you a latchkey. 24 Don't jump out of the aeroplane until the pilot (say) 'Go!' 25 I can't leave the country till the police (return) my passport. 26 When a bottle of champagne (be) opened for twenty-four hours the wine is not fit to drink. 27 Hotel receptionist: When you (sign) the hotel register the porter will show you your room. 28 You (not know) how good oysters are till you have tasted one. 29 That road will not be safe till the floods (subside). 30 When everybody (leave) the park the park-keeper will lock the gates.


31 When we have seen the Chamber of Horrors we (have) a cup of tea. 32 When you (have) something to eat you'll feel better. 33 I (stay) in court till the jury returns. 34 You cannot become a member of this club until you (make) a parachute descent. 35 When the boa constrictor (eat) the goat he will become very lethargic. 36 As soon as everybody has gone to bed the mice (come) out of their holes.

would and should PEG 140-1, 230-2, 235-7 Put should or would in the spaces in the following sentences. 1 . . . you mind opening the door? 2 . . . you like another cup of coffee? 3 He insisted that the newspaper . . . print an apology. 4 The old admiral . . . sit for hours watching the ships. 5 . . . you be so good as to keep an eye on my house while I am away? 6 I . . . say nothing about it if I were you. 7 That dress doesn't suit you; you . . . buy another. 8 If you pulled the communication cord the train . . . stop and you . . . be fined. 9 They went to the cinema at 2.30, so they . . . be back here by 6.00. 10 . . . you please help me with this? 11 It is very strange that he . . . think that. 12 I wish he . . . not play his radio so loudly. 13 . . . you be very kind and lend me your typewriter? 14 I . . . like to know where you have been. 15 It was decided that the matter . . . be referred to a special committee. 16 Perhaps you . . . be kind enough to let us know about this. 17 If the telephone . . . ring please say that I'll be back at six. 18 . . . you like to come or . . . you rather stay here? 19 There are too many accidents. Everyone . . . be much more careful. 20 Their method was always the same; they . . . wait till their victim had left the bank and then go up to him and ask for a light. 21 What are you doing here? You . . . be in bed. 22 It is essential that this matter . . . be kept out of the newspapers. 23 He suggested that the money . . . be raised by public subscription. 24 If you . . . change your mind, this address will always find me. 25 If this machine . . . at any time fail to give complete satisfaction please post us the enclosed card. 26 He changed his name so that nobody . . . know what he had been before. 27 If he offered me money I . . . refuse. 28 I wish you . . . not ask so many questions. 29 He ordered that Tom . . . leave the house at once. 30 I . . . be most grateful if you . . . do this for me. 31 He is anxious that everyone . . . understand why he acted as he did. 32 You . . . not argue with your father; you . . . obey him. 33 He was a very patient cat; he . . . sit for hours beside a mousehole.


34 . . . the pain return take one of these pills. 35 It is most important that I . . . see him at once. 36 He didn't dare (to) sell the ring in case someone . . . ask where he got it.

would and should PEG 140-1, 230-2, 235-7 Put should or would in the spaces in the following sentences: 1 It is only fair that you . . . know the truth about your own father and it is better that you . . . hear it from me than from some stranger. 2 If you . . . kindly wait here a moment I'll ring the director's office. 3 . . . these measures fail to restore order harsher restrictions will have to be imposed. 4 The rocks were icy and he was terrified lest he . . . slip. 5 If Pierre liked any dish he . . . send for the chef and congratulate him, and if anything was wrong he . . . send for the manager and complain. ~ An Englishman . . . never dare to do that; he . . . be too shy. 6 I was just burying the bones in the garden when who . . . look over the hedge but the village policeman. 7 When he found out that the man had smallpox he urged that every effort . . . be made to contact his fellow passengers. 8 I wish you . . . go out or sit down. How . . . you like it if I kept tramping round when you were trying to work? 9 I've just received an anonymous threatening letter. What . . . I do about it? ~ I . . . take it to the police if I were you. 10 The committee thinks that you have been guilty of disloyalty. ~ I don't know why the committee . . . think that. 11 I can't repair it now but if you . . . like to leave it with me I'll see what can b6 done. 12 You complained to the manager, of course? ~ No, I asked to speak to him but he . . . not come to the phone. ~ You . . . have insisted. 13 Where will he be now? ~ Oh, he . . . be there by now; the flight only takes an hour. 14 If your main parachute . . . fail to open, your second one will open automatically. 15 I suggested that Tom . . . walk on and try to get help while I stayed with the injured man but he . . . not hear of this. 16 I am amazed that you . . . even suggest offering bribes. 17 This passage doesn't lead anywhere. It is odd that no one . . . have noticed this before. 18 . . . you mind not smoking; this is the petrol store. ~ Then there . . . be a 'No Smoking' notice. 19 Can't I trust you not to read my letters? It is ridiculous that I . . . have to lock things up in my own house. 20 He said he wished I . . . not come so often. 21 This train is entirely automatic; there is no driver; but a mechanic is always available


in case anything . . . go wrong. 22 She had one rather boring habit; she . . . insist on telling people about her dreams. 23 He recommended that the trouble makers in the factory . . . be dismissed. 24 It is absurd that women . . . be paid less than men for doing the same work. 25 1... rather you asked him. Last time I tried to speak to him he . . . not listen. 26 When he went out he left the radio on so that his parents . . . think that he was still in his room. 27 He was determined that his children . . . go to the best schools available. 28 Tom says you arc foolish to take such a risk. ~ He ...! {That is typical of him.) 29 When four hours had passed and there was still no sign of him she began to be worried lest he . . . have met with some accident. 30 People are very fond of saying, This . . . be stopped', or, 'Something . . . be done about this', but if they were the government they . . . not know how to stop it or what to do about it. 31 It is amazing that the Leaning Tower of Pisa . . . have stood for so long. 32 He resigned from the government in order that everyone . . . know that he disapproved of the new policy. 33 If I had had his education and he had had mine perhaps I . . . be sitting at his desk and he . . . be out here sweeping the streets, 34 He was a terribly obstinate child, who . . . never obey the simplest order, but . . . argue every point till she nearly went mad. 35 Robinson said, 'Why . . . Smith get all the credit when someone else has done all the work?' 36 All day he... sit in his office immaculately dressed, but at night he . . . put on dirty ragged clothing and roam about the streets with disreputable companions.

Conditionals Conditional sentences: type I PEG 221 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses. 1 If I see him I (give) him a lift. 2 The table will collapse if you (stand) on it. 3 If he (eat) all that he will be ill. 4 If I find your passport I (telephone) you at once. 5 The police (arrest) him if they catch him. 6 If he (read) in bad light he will ruin his eyes. 7 Someone (steal) your car if you leave it unlocked. 8 What will happen if my parachute (not open)? 9 If he (wash) my car I'll give him Ј10. 10 If she (need) a radio she can borrow mine. 11 If you (not go) away I'll send for the police.


12 I'll be very angry if he (make) any more mistakes. 13 If he (be) late we'll go without him. 14 She will be absolutely furious if she (hear) about this. 15 If you put on the kettle I (make) the tea. 16 If you give my dog a bone he (bury) it at once. 17 If we leave the car here it (not be) in anybody's way. 18 He'll be late for the train if he (not start) at once. 19 If you come late they (not let) you in. 20 If he (go) on telling lies nobody will believe a word he says. 21 Unless he (sell) more he won't get much commission. 22 If I lend you Ј10 when you (repay) me? 23 We'll have to move upstairs if the river (rise) any higher. 24 If he (work) hard today can he have a holiday tomorrow? 25 Ice (turn) to water if you heat it. 26 If the house (burn) down we can claim compensation. 27 If you (not like) this one I'll bring you another. 28 Unless you are more careful you (have) an accident. 29 Tell him to ring me up if you (see) him. 30 If I tell you a secret, you (promise) not to tell it to anyone else? 31 If you (not believe) what I say, ask your mother. 32 If he (like) the house will he buy it? 33 If you will kindly sit down I (make) enquiries for you. 34 Unless I have a quiet room I (not be able) to do any work. 35 She won't open the door unless she (know) who it is. 36 Should you require anything else please (ring) the bell for the attendant.

Conditional sentences: type 2 PEG 222 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses. 1 If I had a typewriter I (type) it myself. 2 If I (know) his address I'd give it to you. 3 He (look) a lot better if he shaved more often. 4 If you (play) for lower stakes you wouldn't lose so much. 5 If he worked more slowly he (not make) so many mistakes. 6 I shouldn't drink that wine if I (be) you. 7 More tourists would come to this country if it (have) a better climate. 8 If I were sent to prison you (visit) me? 9 If someone (give) you a helicopter what would you do with it? 10 I (buy) shares in that company if I had some money. 11 If he (clean) his windscreen he'd be able to see where he was going. 12 If you drove your car into the river you (be able) to get out? 13 If you (not belong) to a union you couldn't get a job. 14 If I (win) a big prize in a lottery I'd give up my job. 15 What you (do) if you found a burglar in your house?


16 I could tell you what this means if I (know) Greek. 17 If everybody (give) Ј1 we would have enough. 18 He might get fat if he (stop) smoking. 19 If he knew that it was dangerous he (not come). 20 If you (see) someone drowning what would you do? 21 I (be) ruined if I bought her everything she asked for. - 22 If you slept under a mosquito net you (not be) bitten so often. 23 I could get a job easily if I (have) a degree. 24 If she (do) her hair differently she might look quite nice. 25 If we had more rain our crops (grow) faster. 26 The whole machine would fall to pieces if you (remove) that screw 27 I (keep) a horse if I could afford it. ' 28 I'd go and see him more often if he (live) on a bus route. 29 If they (ban) the sale of alcohol at football matches there might be less violence. 30 I (offer) to help if I thought I'd be any use. ' 31 What would you do if the lift (get) stuck between two floors? 32 If you (paint) the walls white the room would be much brighter. 33 If you (change) your job would it affect your pension? 34 If you knew you had only six weeks to live how you (spend) those six weeks? 35 You wouldn't have so much trouble with your car if you (have) it serviced regularly. 36 I'd climb over the wall if there (not be) so much broken glass on t of it.

Conditional sentences: type 3 PEG 223 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

If I had known that you were in hospital I (visit) you. The ground was very soft. But for that, my horse (win). If you (arrive) ten minutes earlier you would have got a seat. You would have seen my garden at its best if you (be) here last week. But for his quickness I (be) killed. I shouldn't have believed it if I (not see) it with my own eyes. If he had slipped he (fall) 500 metres. If he had asked you, you (accept)? If I (had) a map I would have been all right. If I (know) that you were coming I'd have baked a cake. I (offer) to help him if I had realized that he was ill. If you had left that wasp alone it (not sting) you. If I (realize) what a bad driver you were I wouldn't have come with you. If I had realized that the traffic lights were red I (stop). But for the fog we (reach) our destination ages ago. If you had told me that he never paid his debts I (not lend) him the money. If you (not sneeze) he wouldn't have known that we were there. If you (put) some mustard in the sandwiches they would have tasted better. The hens (not get) into the house if you had shut the door. If he had known that the river was dangerous he (not try) to swim across it.


21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

If you (speak) more slowly he might have understood you. If he had known the whole story he (not be) so angry. I shouldn't have eaten it if I (know) that there was ginger in it. If I (try) again I think that I would have succeeded. You (not get) into trouble if you had obeyed my instructions. If you hadn't been in such a hurry you (not put) sugar into the sauce instead of salt. If I (be) ready when he called he would have taken me with him. She had a headache; otherwise she (come) with us. If she had listened to my directions she (not turn) down the wrong street. If you (look) at the engine for a moment you would have seen what was missing. Rome (be captured) by her enemies if the geese hadn't cackled. He would have been arrested if he (try) to leave the country. I (take) a taxi if I had realized that it was such a long way. You (save) me a lot of trouble if you had told me where you were going. They would have forced their way into the house if I (not call) for help. If he had put out his pipe before putting it in his pocket he (not burn) a hole in his coat.

Conditional sentences: mixed types PEG 221– 6 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

If you (find) a skeleton in the cellar don't mention it to anyone. If you pass your examination we (have) a celebration. What (happen) if I press this button? I should have voted for her if I (have) a vote then. If you go to Paris where you (stay)? If someone offered to buy you one of those rings, which you (choose)? The flight may be cancelled if the fog (get) thick. If the milkman (come) tell him to leave two pints. Someone (sit) on your glasses if you leave them there. You would play better bridge if you (not talk) so much. What I (do) if I hear the burglar alarm? If you (read) the instructions carefully you wouldn't have answered the wrong question. 13 I could repair the roof myself if I (have) a long ladder. 14 Unless they turn that radio off I (go) mad. 15 If you were made redundant what you (do)? 16 We'll have a long way to walk if we (run) out of petrol here. 17 If you shake that bottle of port it (not be) fit to drink. 18 I'll probably get lost unless he (come) with me. 19 You (not have) so many accidents if you drove more slowly. 20 If you (wear) a false beard nobody would have recognized you. 21 If she (leave) the fish there the car will get it. 22 Unless they leave a lamp beside that hole in the road somebody into it.


23 You'll get pneumonia if you (not change) your wet clothes. 24 If I had known that you couldn't eat octopus I (not buy) it. 25 If they (hang) that picture lower people would be able to see it. 26 She (be able) to walk faster if her shoes hadn't such high heels. 27 I (bring) you some beer if I had known that you were thirsty. 28 If you had touched that electric cable you (be) electrocuted. 29 If the story hadn't been true the newspaper (not print) it. 30 I (not buy) things on the installment system if I were you. 31 Dial 999 if you (want) Police, Ambulance, or Fire Brigade. 32 You (not be) any use to me unless you learn to type. 33 If anyone attacked me, my dog (jump) at his throat. 34 If he were in he (answer) the phone. 35 The ship would have run aground if the pilot (make) one mistake. 36 I shouldn't have taken your umbrella if I (know) that it was the only one you had.

Conditional sentences: mixed types PEG 221-6 Finish these sentences, taking care to use the correct tenses. 1 If he had taken my advice . . . 2 If you ate less . . . 3 We'll send for the doctor if . . . 4 If she practised more . . . 5 If there isn't enough wine in that bottle . . . 6 If you had checked the petrol before we started . . . 7 This clock wouldn't have run down if . . . 8 Try on the blue one if . . . 9 If these gates are locked . . . 10 If we leave before breakfast . . . 11 If the river rises any higher . . . 12 Her life might have been saved if . . . 13 If the volcano starts erupting ... 14 The grass would look better if . . . 15 Unless it is a nice day . . . 16 If you don't put enough stamps on a letter, the person who gets it . . . 17 He would lend it to you if . . . 18 Unless this hotel gets another cook . . . 19 If the storm becomes worse . . . 20 If your uncle sees you . . . 21 If you tried to climb it without a guide . . . 22 If you didn't shake the camera so much, your photographs . . . 23 I'd have brought my coat . . . 24 If (=as) you don't like the picture . . . 25 He would have given her diamonds if . . . 26 If you had asked his permission . . . 27 If the fire had been noticed earlier . . .


28 If you had any sense . . . 29 You would have been angry if . . . 30 If he had put the flowers into water at once . . . 31 I should have ordered more coal if . . . 32 If you leave the gate open . . . 33 You will have to go to the dentist if . . . 34 He would have been drowned if . . . 35 If I'd had a car . . . 36 If Tom rings while I'm out . . .

Mixed tenses and verb forms PEG 221-6, 283-4 Conditional forms are used in requests. Fill the gaps in the following dialogue with a suitable verb form. Telephone conversation . 1 Ann: .. .I... to Mr Wash, please? 2 Wash: Wash . . . 3 Ann: Good morning, Mr Wash. This is Ann Jones of 10 Cyprus Road. . . . you come and . . . my windows one Saturday this month? 4 Wash: I'm afraid 1... (negative). The next six Saturdays are ahead booked. 5 But I... ...on Wednesday morning. 6 Ann: . . . you . . . very early on Wednesday? I leave at 8.15 on weekdays. 7 Wash: I... ...to you by 8.30. . . . that be early enough? 8 Ann: No, it ...! There . . . be nobody to let you in. I... the flat at 8.15. 9 Wash: Oh 8.15! 1... you... 8.30! 10 Well, I suppose 1... ...to you by 8.00 as you're an old customer. But I . . . (negative) . . . a habit of it. 11 It means . . . breakfast at 6 and my wife . . . (negative) that. 12 She . . . always . . . to persuade me to give up window— . . . as it. She . . . it's dangerous. 13 Ann: What . . . she . . . you . . . instead? 14 Wash: Her father has a shop and she... ...me... ...in it. 15 She ...it... be a nice steady job with regular hours, 16 And if 1... in a shop she ... ... where I was. 17 Ann: And . . . you really . , . of giving it up? 18 Wash: No, I . . . the life. At least, I . . . it in summer. 19 Besides, I ... ... bored working in a shop. 20 Well, . . . Wednesday at 8.00 . . . you then, Miss Jones?


21 Ann: Yes, it . . . be splendid. It's very good of you . . . . . . so early. 22 I . . . let you in and you can . . . yourself out. 23 You . . . shut the door carefully after you, . . . (negative interrogative) you? 24 Wash: Yes, of course 1....I always .... Goodbye, Miss Jones.

Infinitive Full or bare infinitive PEG 246 Insert to where necessary before the infinitives in brackets. 1 He made me (do) it all over again. 2 She can (sing) quite well. 3 He will be able (swim) very soon. 4 I used (live) in a caravan. 5 You ought (go) today. It may (rain) tomorrow. 6 You needn't (say) anything. Just nod your head and he will (understand). 7 I want (see) the house where our president was born. 8 He made her (repeat) the message. 9 May I (use) your phone? 10 You needn't (ask) for permission; you can (use) it whenever you like. 11 If you want (get) there before dark you should (start) at once. 12 I couldn't (remember) his address. 13 You'll be able (do) it yourself when you are older. 14 Would you like (go) now or shall we (wait) till the end? 15 They won't let us (leave) the Customs shed till our luggage has been examined. 16 How dare you (open) my letters! 17 He didn't dare (argue) with his boss. 18 I used (smoke) forty cigarettes a day. 19 Will you help me (move) the bookcase? 20 He wouldn't let my baby (play) with his gold watch. 21 They refused (accept) the bribe. 22 He is expected (arrive) in a few days. 23 Please let me (know) your decision as soon as possible. 24 He made us (wait) for hours. 25 Could you (tell) me the time, please? 26 We must (send) him a telegram. 27 I let him (go) early as he wanted (meet) his wife. 28 Where would you like (have) lunch? 29 You can (leave) your dog with us if you don't (want) (take) him with you. 30 I'd like him (go) to a university but I can't (make) him (go). 31 We could (go) to a concert, unless you'd prefer (visit) a museum. 32 You seem (know) this area very well. ~ Yes, I used (live) here. 33 The kidnappers told the parents (not inform) the police, and the parents didn't dare


(disobey). 34 Need I (come)? I'd much rather (stay) at home. 35 You can (take) a horse to water but you can't (make) him (drink). (proverb) 36 I'm sorry (disappoint) you but I can't (let) you (have) any more money till the end of the month.

Full or bare infinitive PEG 246 Insert to where necessary before the infinitives in brackets. (In of the sentences a present participle could be used instead of an infinitive. These alternatives will be noted in the key.) 1 It is easy (be) wise after the event. 2 Do you (wish) (make) a complaint? 3 We don't (want) anybody (know) that we are here. 4 If you can't (remember) his number you'd better (look) it up. 5 I want her (learn) Esperanto; I think everybody ought to (know) it? 6 He is said (be) the best surgeon in the country. 7 Visitors are asked (not feed) the animals. 8 Could I (see) Mr Pitt, please?I'm afraid Mr Pitt isn't in. Would you like (speak) to his secretary' 9 It's better (travel) hopefully than (arrive), (proverb) 10 He should (know) how (use) the film projector, but if he doesn't had better (show) him. 11 He was made (sign) a paper admitting his guilt. 12 I heard the door (open) and saw a shadow (move) across the floor. 13 He tried (make) me (believe) that he was my stepbrother. 14 As we seem (have missed) the train we may as well (go) back to the house. 15 I felt the house (shake) with the explosion, 16 He told me (try) (come) early. 17 Before he let us (go) he made us (promise) (not tell) anyone what had seen. 18 Would you (like) (come) in my car? ~ No, thanks. I'd rather (walk). 19 I advised him (ask) the bus conductor (tell) him where (get) off. 20 It is better (put) your money in a bank than (keep) it under your bed in an old stocking. 21 He doesn't even bother (read) letters, let alone (answer) them. 22 The bank robbers made the cashier (show) them how (open) the safe. 23 If you knew he was wrong, why didn't you (say) something? ~ I didn't like (say) anything because he always gets angry if you contradict him. 24 It's better (be) sure than sorry. 25 What do you (want) me (tell) him? ~ Tell him that any time he cares (call) I shall be delighted (discuss) the matter with him. 26 Did you remember (give) him the money? ~ No, I didn't, I still have it in my pocket; but I'll (see) him tonight and I promise (not forget) this time.


27 I saw the driver (open) his window and (throw) a box into the bushes. 28 That is far too heavy for one person (carry); let me (help) you. 29 I was afraid (pick) up the revolver as I don't know how (handle) firearms. 30 I saw the plane (crash) into the hill and (burst) into flames. 31 There is nothing (do) but (wait) till somebody comes (let) us out. 32 He heard a cock (crow) in a neighbouring village. 33 You may as well (tell) us the truth. It will (be) easy (check) your story. 34 The American said he had seen nine presidents (come) and (go). ~ He must (be) a very old man. 35 It is up to you (learn) the laws of your own country. 36 Would you rather (be) more stupid than you look or (look) more stupid than you are?

Infinitive represented by to PEG 247 In each of the following pairs of sentences an infinitive used in the first sentence is repeated in the second. Read the sentences, expressing this second infinitive by to only. Note that where the second infinitive has an object, this word/phrase must be omitted. Why didn't you tell me the truth the first time?I meant to tell you the truth but I was too frightened. I meant to but I was too frightened. 1 Did you visit the Pyramids? ~ No, I wanted to visit them but there wasn't time. 2 Why do you wear dark glasses? ~ I have to wear them; I have weak eyes. 3 Do you smoke? ~ No, I used to smoke but I don't now. 4 Would you like to go to the theatre tonight? ~ Yes, I'd love to go to the theatre. 5 Why didn't you pay the bill for him? ~ I offered to pay it but he refused. 6 Have you put the car in the garage? ~ No, but I'm just going to put it there. 7 I want you two to apologize to each other. ~ Well. lam willing to apologize it he apologizes first. 8 Did you reserve seats on the train? ~ No. I tried to reserve them but they had all been booked already. 9 Did you answer the letter? ~ No, I intended to answer it but I'm afraid I forgot 10 Why didn't you hit him? ~ I was afraid to hit him. 11 I'd love to spend a night in a haunted room. ~ I'd hate to spend a night in a haunted room. 12 Why didn't you ask your father for the money? ~ I didn't like to ask him. 13 Did you get a chance to fly the aeroplane yourself? ~


No, I wanted to fly it but the pilot wouldn't let me. 14 Why doesn't he punish his boys when they disobey him? ~ He often threatens to punish them but he never actually does so. 15 Why didn't he repair the car himself? ~ He wasn't able to repair it. 16 I used to drink whisky with my meals. ~ I used to drink whisky with my meals also but I don't now. 17 Did you buy sausages?~ No, I meant to buy them but I forgot. 18 Why doesn't he try again?~ He doesn't want to try again. 19 You should visit the Prado when you are in Madrid.~ Yes. I intend to visit it. 20 Why doesn't he play games? ~ His mother doesn't want him to play games. 21 You ought to stop work now. ~ Yes, I am just going to stop. 22 Why do some jockeys carry extra weights?~ They are obliged to carry them by the regulations. 23 Did he help you?~ No, I asked him to help me but he said he hadn't time. 24 You should have thanked her before you left. ~ I meant to thank her but when I was going I couldn't find her anywhere. 25 Why did she put parsley in the soup?~ I told her to put it in. 26 Why didn't he report it to the police?~ He was afraid to report it. He didn't think they'd believe him. 27 Why did he drive so fast? ~ He had to drive fast; otherwise he'd have missed his train. 28 You used to like rice pudding. ~ Yes, I know I used to like it but I don't now. 29 Why didn't you buy the car? ~ I was advised not to buy it. 30 I hope the children won't go near the water. ~ I warned them not to go near it. 31 Why are we trying to get planning permission? ~ We have to get planning permission. It is the law. 32 I meant to work hard. ~ I know you meant to work hard but you didn't. 33 Do the boys tidy their own rooms? ~ They are supposed to tidy them but they don't always. 34 Why didn't he call the police. ~ He wasn't able to call them. His telephone line had been cut. 35 Why did you move your car? ~ The policeman told me to move it.


36 Why did you bring your mother-in-law? I particularly asked you not to bring her.

too/enough/so . . . as with infinitive PEG 252 Combine each of the following pairs of sentences into one sentence using too/enough with infinitive. It is very cold. We can't go out. It is too cold for us to go out. He is strong. He can carry it. He is strong enough to carry it. Rewrite numbers 3, 20, and 35 using so . . . as with infinitive. (enough with infinitive could also be used here, while so . . . as could replace enough in numbers 9, 24, and 29. These alternatives are given in the key.) 1 You are very young. You can't have a front-door key. 2 It is very cold. We can't bathe. 3 Would you be very kind and answer this letter by return? 4 I am rather old. I can't wear that kind of hat. 5 The ladder wasn't very long. It didn't reach the window. 6 He hadn't much money. He couldn't live on it. (Omit it.) 7 He was furious. He couldn't speak. 8 The fire isn't very hot. It won't boil a kettle. 9 Tom was very foolish. He told lies to the police. 10 You are quite thin. You could slip between the bars. 11 He is very ill. He can't eat anything. 12 Our new car is very wide. It won't get through those gates. 13 The floor wasn't strong. We couldn't dance on it. (Omit it.) 14 I was terrified. I couldn't move. 15 The bull isn't big. He couldn't harm you. 16 The coffee isn't strong. It won't keep us awake. 17 The river is deep. We can't wade it. (Omit it.) 18 He is lazy. He won't get up early. 19 He won't get up early so he never catches the fast train. 20 Would you be very good and forward my letters while I am away? 21 The ice is quite thick. We can walk on it. (Omit it.) 22 He was very drunk. He couldn't answer my question. 23 It is very cold. We can't have breakfast in the garden. 24 He was extremely rash. He set off up the mountain in a thick fog. 25 We aren't very high. We can't see the summit. 26 You aren't very old. You can't understand these things. 27 He was very snobbish. He wouldn't talk to any of us. 28 The package is very thick. I can't push it through the letterbox. (Omit it.) 29 She was very mean. She never gave to charity. 30 He is very impatient. He never listens to anyone.


31 32 33 34 35 36

I was very tired. I couldn't walk any further. It's not very dark. We can't see the stars clearly. It was very hot. You could fry an egg on the pavement. The oranges were very bitter. We couldn't eat them. (Omit them.) Would you be very kind and turn down the radio a little? He is very selfish. He wouldn't put himself out for anyone.

Various infinitive constructions PEG 26-7, 114, 239, 249-50 Replace the group of words in italics by an infinitive or an infinitive construction. It is important that he should understand this. It is important/or him to understand this. He was the first man who arrived. He was the first man to arrive. 1 The captain was the last man who left the ship. 2 He got to the top and was very disappointed when he found that someone else had reached it first. 3 The committee have decided to send you to Paris. (You (go) to Par omit The committee have decided to send.) 4 Would you be very kind and lend me your umbrella? 5 There are a lot of sheets that need mending. 6 I was astonished when I heard that he had left the country. 7 It is better that he should hear it from you. 8 I was rude to him, which was stupid. (It was stupid ...) 9 If he had another child with whom he could play, he would be happier 10 It is necessary that everyone should know the truth. 11 There was no place where we could sit. 12 He put his hand into his pocket and was astonished when he found that his wallet wasn't there. 13 He rushed into the burning house, which was very brave of him. (It was very brave . . .) 14 I can't go to the party; I have nothing that I can wear. 15 It is expected that he will broadcast a statement tonight. (He is expected...) 16 I want a kitchen where ( = in which) I can cook. 17 He reached the station exhausted and was very disappointed when he learnt that the train had just left. 18 Haven't you anything with which you could open it? 19 It seems that the crime was committed by a left-handed man. (The crime seems . . . Use perfect infinitive passive.) 20 Is it likely that he will arrive before six? (Is he . . .) 21 I was on the point of leaving the house when the phone rang. 22 This is the plan: someone will meet you at the station . . . (You . . . (be met) at the station) 23 She is anxious that they should have every possible advantage.


24 It is said that he was a brilliant scientist. (He is said . . .) 25 The strikers decided that the strike should continue. 26 Would you be very kind and translate this for me? 27 It is advisable that we should leave the house separately. 28 You signed the document without reading it, which was very stupid. (It was stupid...) 29 It is said that she has a frightful temper. (She . . .) 30 He was the first man who swam the Channel. 31 They believe that he is honest. (He . . .) 32 It appears that he was killed with a blunt instrument. (He appears . . . Use passive infinitive.) 33 He was the only one who realized the danger. 34 It is said that the earth was originally part of the sun. (The earth . . .) 35 He took out his spare wheel and was very disappointed when he discovered that that tyre was also punctured. 36 It is said that the murderer is hiding in the woods near your house.

Perfect infinitive used with auxiliary verbs PEG 255 Use the perfect infinitive of the verb in italics with the appropriate auxiliary verb. Phrases in bold type should not be repeated, but their meaning should be expressed by the auxiliary + perfect infinitive. It is possible that he telephoned while we were out. He may have telephoned while we were out. You (thank) him for his present but you didn't. You should have thanked him for his present. 1 I realized that my house was on fire. ~ That (be) a terrible moment. 2 I saw a ghost last night. ~ You (not see) a ghost: there aren't any ghosts. You (dream) it. 3 It is possible that a child broke the window. 4 You carried it yourself, which was not necessary. 5 I've had a toothache for two days. ~ You (go) to the dentist when it started. 6 There (he) motor-cycle races on the sands but as it is so wet they have been cancelled, 7 As I was standing in the hall your dog bit me. ~ It (not he) my dog; he was with me all day. It (be) my brother's 8 I feel terribly ill today. ~ You (not eat) those mushrooms yesterday. Mushrooms don't agree with you. 9 I wonder why he didn't answer? ~ Possibly he didn 't understand the question. 10 I gave him a tip, which was not necessary. 11 The prisoner (escape) this way, for here are his footprints. 12 You lied to him, which was wrong.


13 I didn't recognize the voice at the other end of the line. ~ It (be) my elder sister; she is often at home at that time. It (not be) my youngest sister as she is abroad. 14 Someone (cook) a meal here lately; the stove is still hot. 15 I've brought my own sandwiches. ~ You (not bring) them. I have enough for two. 16 The burglar went straight to the safe although it was hidden be picture. ~ Someone (tell) him where it was. 17 The president (unveil) the statue, but he is ill so his wife is doing instead. 18 The plane is late; I wonder what has happened? ~ Possibly it was delayed by fog. 19 I have never met him. ~ You (meet) him; he lives next door to you. 20 I (do) it. (It was my duty to do it, but I didn't.) 21 He (not catch) the 9.20 train because he didn't leave home till 9. 22 I opened it, which was unnecessary. 23 The police were here while we were out. ~ Someone (betray) us. 24 I drove at 80 miles an hour, which was wrong. 25 When I was your age I (climb) that mountain, (but I didn't). 26 If a policeman had seen me climbing through your window he me what I was doing, 27 He said that censorship of news was ridiculous and it (abolish) ago. (passive verb) 28 You boiled so many eggs; but there are only four of us. 29 She (play) the chief part in the film, but she quarrelled with the director, so he engaged someone else. 30 This poem (be) written by Keats, but I am not certain. 31 He (take) off his hat in the theatre, (but he didn't). 32 People used to walk twenty miles to do their shopping. ~ They (have) a lot of energy in those days. 33 One day he went for a walk up a mountain and never came back. ~ He (fall) over a precipice. 34 I just pressed lightly on the pane and my hand went through. ~ The glass (be) very thin. 35 You translated it into French, which wasn't necessary. 36 You looked at the new moon through glass. It is most unlucky.

Perfect infinitive used with auxiliaries and some other verbs

PEG 255 Instructions: as for Exercise 73, but where two verbs in italics are placed side by side, put the second verb into the perfect infinitive and the first into an appropriate tense. This palace (say) (build) in three years. This palace is said to have been built in three years. 1 She (marry) my brother but she was killed in a plane crash a month before the wedding


date. 2 You repeated it, which was unnecessary. 3 There (seem) (be) a fight here. Everything is smashed to bits. 4 We (set) out today, but the weather is so bad that we decided to postpone our start till tomorrow. 5 I thought they were mushrooms. ~ You (not eat) them unless you were sure. They (be) poisonous. 6 He learnt the language in six months. ~ He (work) very hard. 7 I brought my umbrella, which was unnecessary. 8 I (like) (bathe) but there wasn't time. 9 I've forgotten the address. I (write) it down (but I didn't). 10 If I'd known your house was so cold I (not come). 11 You (tell) me you were going camping! If I'd known I (go) with you.But it rained all the time. You (not like) that, would you? 12 Who gave you my address? ~ I don't remember. It (be) Tom. ~ It (not be) Tom; he doesn't know it. 13 You bought flowers but we have plenty in the garden. 14 After two years of his teaching she knew absolutely nothing. ~ He (not be) a good teacher. 15 My sister has just come back from abroad. She (seem) (enjoy) her trip very much. 16 Life (be) very uncomfortable in the Stone Age. 17 You (stand) still when you were being photographed, (but you didn't). 18 I (go) to a foreign university but the war prevented it. 19 I (like) (photograph) it but I had no more film. 20 There (he) a bad accident here. Look at all the broken glass. 21 It is possible that prehistoric cave drawings were connected with religion. 22 I have been driving for 20 years. ~ You (not drive) for 20 years. You are only 30 now. 23 It (take) years to dig the Suez Canal. 24 He walked past me without speaking. ~ He (not recognize) you. He is very short-sighted. 25 I (like) (go) to the match but the tickets were all sold. 26 He says he saw you at the theatre yesterday. ~ He (not see) me. I wasn't there. 27 This picture may be a fake: on the other hand it (be) painted by one of the Dutch masters. 28 It is possible that the fire in the ship was started by a bomb. 29 She walked 300 miles, carrying her child. ~ She (have) great courage. 30 It is possible that he (read) it in the papers. ~ He (not read) it. He can't read. Someone (tell) him. 31 I told them to meet me under the clock but they didn't turn up. Perhaps they were waiting under the wrong clock. There are two in


the station. 32 He told me his name was Johnson. ~ You (mishear) him. His name is Jones. 33 I said that I couldn't find my pen and he said that perhaps somebody had borrowed it. 34 I (like) (ask) a question but I was sitting so far back that I didn't think I'd be heard. 35 There (be) a fort here at one time. You can see where the foundations were. 36 The dinosaur (be said) (be) rather a stupid animal.

Gerund, infinitive and participles The gerund PEG 257 Put the verbs in brackets into the gerund. 1 He gave up (gamble). 2 Try to avoid (make) him angry. 3 Stop (argue) and start (work). 4 The children prefer (watch) TV to (read). 5 I am against (make) any complaints. 6 It's no use (cry) over spilt milk. {proverb) 7 I suggest (hold) another meeting next week. 8 He finished (speak) and sat down. 9 He was fined for (drive) without lights. 10 It is difficult to get used to (eat) with chopsticks. 11 if you can't turn the key try (put) some oil in the lock. 12 He lost no time in (get) down to work. 13 You can't make an omelette without (break) eggs. (proverb) 14 We are looking forward to (read) your new book. 15 They escaped by (slide) down ropes made of blankets. 16 They don't allow (smoke) in here. 17 He is thinking of (leave) his job and (go) to America. 18 After (read) this article you will give up (smoke). 19 If you put your money into that business you risk (lose) every penny. 20 Imagine (live) with someone who never stops (talk). 21 Is there anything here worth (buy)? 22 He was accused of (leak) classified information to the press. 23 You'd better consult your lawyer before (decide) to buy the property. 24 I don't enjoy (go) to the dentist. 25 Would you mind (put) your pet snake somewhere else? 26 The hostages were rescued without a shot (be) fired. 27 By (work) day and night he succeeded in (finish) the job in time. 28 He has a scheme for (make) grass grow in winter. 29 I don't feel like (work); what about (go) to a disco instead? 30 Would you mind (write) your name and address on the back of the cheque? 31 If a thing is worth (do) at all it is worth (do) well. (proverb) 32 I hate (borrow) money.


33 34 35 36

He was furious at (be) mistaken for an escaped convict. After (talk) for ten minutes I succeeded in (convince) him that there was no danger. I remember (read) a review of that book and (think) I'd like to get. As a result of (listen) at keyholes he learnt many facts which he no hesitation in (use) to his own advantage.

Gerund and infinitive PEG 266-71 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form (gerund or infinitive) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

I am looking forward to (see) you. He dreads (have) to retire. I arranged (meet) them here. He urged us (work) faster. I wish (see) the manager. It's no use (wait). He warned her (not touch) the wire. Don't forget (lock) the door before (go) to bed. My mother told me (not speak) to anyone about it. I can't understand her (behave) like that. He tried (explain) but she refused (listen). At dinner she annoyed me by (smoke) between the courses. You are expected (know) the safety regulations of the college. He decided (disguise) himself by (dress) as a woman. lam prepared (wait) here all night if necessary. Would you mind (show) me how (work) the lift? After (walk) for three hours we stopped to let the others (catch with us. I am beginning (understand) what you mean. He was fined for (exceed) the speed limit. The boys like (play) games but hate (do) lessons. I regret (inform) you that your application has been refused. I couldn't help (overhear) what you said. Mrs Jones: I don't allow (smoke) in my drawing-room. Mrs Smith: I don't allow my family (smoke) at all. 24 He surprised us all by (go) away without (say) 'Good-bye'. 25 Please go on (write); I don't mind (wait). 26 He wore dark glasses (avoid) (be) recognized. 27 Before (give) evidence you must swear (speak) the truth. 28 I tried (persuade) him (agree) with your proposal. 29 Your windows need (clean); would you like me (do) them for you? 30 Would you mind (shut) the window? I hate (sit) in a draught. 31 I can't help (sneeze); I caught a cold yesterday from (sit) in a draught. 32 Do stop (talk): I am trying (finish) a letter. 33 His doctor advised him (give up) (jog).


34 My watch keeps (stop). ~ That's because you keep (forget) (wind) it. 35 Without (realize) it. he hindered us instead of (help) us. 36 People used (make) fire by (rub) two sticks together.

Gerund and infinitive PEG 266-71 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form (gerund or infinitive). 1 He hates (answer) the phone, and very often just lets it (ring). 2 If you go on (let) your dog (chase) cars he'll end by (be) run over. 3 I prefer (drive) to (be driven). 4 I advise you (start) (look) for a flat at once. 5 Would you mind (lend) me Ј5? I forgot (cash) a cheque. 6 (Lie) on this beach is much more pleasant than (sit) in the office. 7 She likes her children (go) to the dentist every six months. 8 By (neglect) (take) ordinary precautions he endangered the life of his crew. 9 An instructor is coming (show) us how (use) the aqualung. 10 I have no intention of (go) to that film; I couldn't bear (see) my favourite actress in such a dreadful part. 11 I suggest (telephone) the hospitals before (ask) the police (look) for him. 12 After (hear) the conditions I decided (not enter) for the competition. 13 Some people seem (have) a passion for (write) to the newspapers. 14 He expects me (answer) by return but I have no intention of (reply) at all. 15 I tried (explain) to him but he refused (listen) and went on (grumble). 16 By (offer) enormous wages he is persuading men (leave) their present jobs and (work) for him. 17 He postponed (make) a decision till it was too late (do) anything. 18 Imagine (have) (get up) at five a.m. every day! 19 Try (forget) it: it isn't worth (worry) about. 20 There is no point in (remain) in a dangerous place if you can't do anything (help) the people who have (stay) there. 21 The horse won't be well enough (run) in tomorrow's race. He doesn't seem (have recovered) from his long journey. 22 At first I enjoyed (listen) to him but after a while I got tired of (hear) the same story again and again. 23 It is usually easier (learn) a subject by (read) books than by (listen) to lectures. 24 It wouldn't be safe (start) down now; we'll have (wait) till the mist clears. 25 After (discuss) the matter for an hour the committee adjourned without (have reached) any decision. 26 It's not much use (have) a bicycle if you don't know how (ride) it. 27 He didn't dare (leave) the house because he was afraid of (meet) someone who might (recognize) him. 28 I distinctly remember (pay) him. I gave him Ј2. 29 Did you remember (give) him the key of the safe? ~


No, I didn't. I'll go and do it now. 30 Please forgive me for (interrupt) you but would you mind (repeat) that last sentence? 31 I know my hair wants (cut) but I never have time (go) to the hairdresser's. 32 He made a lot of money by (buy) tickets in advance and (sell) them for twice the price on the day of the match. 33 She rushed out of the room without (give) me a chance (explain). 34 He keeps (ask) me the time and I keep (tell) him (buy) himself a watch. 35 He has a theory that it is possible (tell) the time in daylight by (look) into a cat's eyes. 36 I'd hate (be) beside a volcano when it started (erupt).

Gerund and infinitive PEG 266-71 After like it is sometimes possible to use either gerund or infinitive, but there tends to be a slight difference in implication. like + gerund usually means 'enjoy'; it also usually implies that the action is/was performed: I like skating = I enjoy skating (and do skate). like + infinitive has more the meaning of 'approve of, like the idea or habit'. In the affirmative it gives no indication as to whether the action is performed or not, and in the negative implies that it is not performed. I didn't like saying it usually means 1 said it, unwillingly', but I didn't like to say it usually means 1 didn't say it' (because it didn't seem right or sensible). The distinction, however, is not rigid. The above notes are, therefore, only guides which may safely be followed. Put the verbs in brackets into gerund or infinitive. 1 I used (ride) a lot but I haven't had a chance (do) any since (come) here. ~ I ride sometimes. Would you like (come) with me next time? 2 Most people prefer (spend) money to (earn) it. 3 I resented (be) unjustly accused and asked him (apologize). 4 It isn't good for children (eat) too many sweets. 5 I didn't feel like (work) so I suggested (spend) the day in the garden. 6 Why do you keep (look) back? Are you afraid of (be) followed? 7 Do you remember (post) the letter? ~ Yes, I do; I posted it in the letter-box near my gate. 8 Did you remember (lock) the door? ~ No, I didn't. I'd better (go) back and (do) it now. 9 You still have a lot (learn) if you'll forgive my (say) so. 10 It's no use (try) (interrupt) him. You'll have (wait) till he stops (talk). 11 I'm for (do) nothing till the police arrive. They don't like you (move) anything when a crime has been committed. 12 He didn't like (leave) the children alone in the house but he had no alternative as he had (go) out to work. 13 Why didn't you drink it?I didn't like (drink) it as I didn't know what it was.


14 I'm very sorry for (be) late. It was good of you (wait) for me. 15 I keep (try) (make) mayonnaise but I never succeed. ~ Try (add) the yolk of a hard-boiled egg. 16 Do you feel like (go) to a film or would you rather (stay) at home? 17 She told me (look) through her correspondence and (take) out any letters that you had written her. I didn't like (look) through someone else's letters but I had (do) as she said. 18 He took to (get up) early and (walk) noisily about the house. 19 I liked (listen) to folk music much better than (listen) to pop. 20 The car began (make) an extraordinary noise so I stopped (see) what it was. 21 You'll never regret (do) a kind action. 22 He decided (put) broken glass on top of his wall (prevent) boys (climb) over it. 23 He annoyed me very much by (take) the piece of cake that I was keeping (eat) after my supper. 24 He kept (ring) up and (ask) for an explanation and she didn't know what (do) about him. 25 We got tired of (wait) for the weather (clear) and finally decided (set) out in the rain. 26 He made me (repeat) his instructions (make) sure that I understood what I was (do) after he had gone. 27 I suggest (leave) the car here and (send) a breakdown van (tow) it to the garage. 28 She apologized for (borrow) my sewing-machine without (ask) permission and promised never (do) it again. 29 I didn't mean (offend) anyone but somehow I succeeded in (annoy) them all. 30 She claimed (be able) (tell) the future by (gaze) into her crystal ball. 31 He never thinks of (get) out of your way; he expects you (walk) round him. 32 You don't need (ask) his permission every time you want (leave) the room. 33 The police accused him of (set) fire to the building but he denied (have been) in the area on the night of the fire. 34 I left my door open. Why didn't you walk in? ~ I didn't like (go) in when you weren't there. 35 It's much better (go) to a hairdresser than (try) (save) time by (cut) your own hair. 36 I'd rather (earn) my living by (scrub) floors than (make) money by (blackmail) people.

Infinitive, gerund, present participle PEG 266-75, 295 C, 295 D This exercise includes examples of both ing forms, the gerund and the present participle. Either present participle or infinitive without to can be used after verbs of the senses. Put the verbs in brackets into a correct form. When more than one form is possible it will be noted in the key. 1 When the painter felt the ladder (begin) (slip) he grabbed the glitter (save) himself from (fall). 2 The snow kept (fall) and the workmen grew tired of (try) (keep) the roads clear. 3 He offered (lend) me the money. I didn't like (take) it but I had no alternative. 4 What was in the letter? ~


I don't know. I didn't like (open) it as it wasn't addressed to me. 5 Do you remember (read) about it? ~ No, at that time I was too young (read) newspapers. 6 Did you remember (book) seats for the theatre tomorrow? ~ Yes, I have the tickets here. Would you like (keep) them? I am inclined (lose) theatre tickets. 7 Try (avoid) (be) late. He hates (be) kept (wait). 8 I didn't know how (get) to your house so I stopped (ask) the way. 9 I wish my refrigerator would stop (make) that horrible noise. You can't hear anyone (speak). 10 This book tells you how (win) at games without actually (cheat). 11 The gunman began (fire). He felt a bullet (graze) his cheek. 12 He heard the clock (strike) six and knew that it was time for him (get) up. 13 I can hear the bell (ring) but nobody seems (be coming) (open) the door. 14 Did you advise him (go) to the police? ~ No, I didn't like (give) any advice on such a difficult matter. 15 He wanted (put) my chameleon on a tartan rug and (watch) it (change) colour. 16 It is easy (see) animals on the road in daylight but sometimes at night it is very difficult (avoid) (hit) them. 17 The tire seems (be) out. ~ It can't be quite out. I can hear the wood (crackle). 18 I caught him (climb) over my wall. I asked him (explain) but he refused (say) anything, so in the end I had (let) him (go). 19 When at last I succeeded in (convince) him that I wanted (get) home quickly he put his foot on the accelerator and I felt the car (leap) forward. 20 I'm not used to (drive) on the left. When you see everyone else (do) it you'll find it quite easy (do) yourself. 21 It is pleasant (sit) by the fire at night and (hear) the wind (howl) outside. 22 There was no way of (get) out of the building except by (climb) down a rope and Ann was too terrified (do) this. 23 We heard the engines (roar) as the plane began (move) and we saw the people on the ground (wave) good-bye. 24 It's no good (write) to him; he never answers letters. The only thing (do) is (go) and (see) him. 25 Why did you go all round the field instead of (walk) across it? ~ I didn't like (cross) it because of the bull. I never see a bull without (think) that it wants (chase) me. 26 The people in the flat below seem (be having) a party. You can hear the champagne corks (thud) against their ceiling. 27 I don't like (get) bills but when I do get them I like (pay) them promptly. 28 Ask him (come) in. Don't keep him (stand) at the door. 29 The boys next door used (like) (make) and (fly) model aeroplanes, but they seem to have stopped (do) that now. 30 I knew I wasn't the first (arrive), for I saw smoke (rise) from the chimney. 31 We watched the men (saw) the tree and as we were walking away heard it (fall) with a


tremendous crash. 32 I hate (see) a child (cry). 33 We watched the children (jump) from a window and (fall) into a blanket held by the people below. 34 It is very unpleasant (wake) up and (hear) the rain (beat) on the windows. 35 He saw the lorry (begin) (roll) forwards but he was too far away (do) anything (stop) it. 36 There are people who can't help (laugh) when they see someone (slip) on a banana skin.

Using participles to join sentences PEG 276-9 Join each of the following pairs of sentences, using either a present participle e.g. knowing, a past participle e.g. known, or a perfect participle e.g. having known. Numbers 17, 28, 33, and 36 contain three sentences each. Combine these in the same way. He got off his horse. He began searching for something on the ground. Getting off his horse, he began searching . . : I had seen photographs of the place. I had no desire to go there. Having seen photographs of the place, I had no desire . . . The speaker refused to continue. He was infuriated by the interruptions. Infuriated by the interruptions, the speaker refused. . . These participle constructions are more common in written English. 1 I knew that he was poor. I offered to pay his fare. 2 We barricaded the windows. We assembled in the hall. 3 She became tired of my complaints about the programme. She turned it off. 4 He found no one at home. He left the house in a bad temper. 5 She hoped to find the will. She searched everywhere. 6 The criminal removed all traces of his crime. He left the building. 7 He realized that he had missed the last train. He began to walk. 8 He was exhausted by his work. He threw himself on his bed. 9 He had spent all his money. He decided to go home and ask his father for a job. 10 He escaped from prison. He looked for a place where he could get food. 11 She didn't want to hear the story again. She had heard it all before 12 They found the money. They began quarrelling about how to divide it. 13 She entered the room suddenly. She found them smoking. 14 I turned on the light. I was astonished at what I saw. 15 We visited the museum. We decided to have lunch in the park. 16 He offered to show us the way home. He thought we were lost. 17 He found his revolver. He loaded it. He sat down facing the door. 18 She asked me to help her. She realized that she couldn't move it alone. 19 He fed the dog. He sat down to his own dinner. 20 He addressed the congregation. He said he was sorry to see how few of them had been able to come. 21 He thought he must have made a mistake somewhere. He went through his


calculations again. 22 I have looked through the fashion magazines. I realize that my clothes are hopelessly out of date. 23 The tree had fallen across the road. It had been uprooted by the gale. 24 People were sleeping in the next room. They were wakened by the sound of breaking glass. 25 I knew that the murderer was still at large. I was extremely reluctant to open the door. 26 He stole the silver. He looked for a place to hide it. 27 We were soaked to the skin. We eventually reached the station. 28 I sat in the front row. I used opera glasses. I saw everything beautifully. 29 One evening you will be sitting by the fire. You will remember this day. 30 I didn't like to sit down. I knew that there were ants in the grass. 31 She believed that she could trust him absolutely. She gave him a blank cheque. 32 Slates were ripped off by the gale. They fell on people passing below. 33 The lion found his cage door open. He saw no sign of his keeper. He left the cage and walked slowly towards the zoo entrance. 34 The government once tried to tax people according to the size of their houses. They put a tax on windows. 35 I had heard that the caves were dangerous. I didn't like to go any further without a light. 36 She wore extremely fashionable clothes. She was surrounded by photographers and pressmen. She swept up to the microphone.

Misrelated participles PEG 280 A participle is considered to belong to the noun or pronoun that immediately precedes it (which usually, but not necessarily, is the subject of the main verb). The boy, climbing the tree to get birds' eggs, had a bad fall. If there is no noun/pronoun in this position the participle is considered to belong to the subject of the following main verb: Climbing the tree to get birds' eggs, the boy had a bad fall. Sometimes this principle is disregarded and confusion results: Climbing down the tree, one of the eggs broke. This word order makes it appear that the egg was climbing, which is nonsense. A participle linked in this way to the wrong noun/pronoun is said to be 'misrelated'. The sentence should be rewritten: Climbing down the tree he broke one of the eggs or As he was climbing down the tree one of the eggs broke. Other examples of this type of error are given below. Correct the sentences. Sometimes only a change of order is required. 1 2 3 4

When leaving a car in this car park the brakes must be left off. Wading across the river, the current swept me off my feet. When filling a tank with petrol naked lights should be extinguished. Running into the room, a rug caught her foot and she fell.


5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Reading the letter a second time, the meaning becomes clearer. When carrying a gun it should never be pointed at anyone. When planting these flowers care must be taken not to damage the roots. Riding in his first race, his horse fell at the last jump. When paying by cheque, a bank card should be shown. Knowing me to be the fool of the family, the news that I had won a scholarship astonished him. Believing that his last hour had come, his hands began to tremble. Passing under a ladder, a pot of paint fell on my head. Reading in bed, my hands often get very cold. Leaving the cinema, it seemed to him that the film had been exceptionally bad. Barking furiously, I led the dog out of the room. Having paid my taxes, the amount left in the bank is hardly worth mentioning. Writing my name in the hotel register, a familiar voice attracted my attention. Tied to a post, the sea was tossing the boat up and down. Misunderstanding the question, the wrong answer was sent in. Shining in the sky, we saw the first star. When driving carelessly it is easy to have an accident. Pinned to the door by a knife, the man saw a notice. Written in large letters they read the words 'No Entry'. While cleaning his gun it went off unexpectedly. Wondering where to go. an advertisement caught my eye. Rushing out of (he house, a lorry knocked me over. Sitting by the fire, it all comes back to me. Flailing from such a height, we thought he would never survive. When changing a fuse the electricity should first be switched off. Towed behind the car, I saw a trailer with a boat on it. While sitting at the foot of a cliff a stone fell on him. Driving to work, the traffic jams infuriated him. Dropped by parachute, the country seemed entirely unfamiliar. Sitting in the dentist's chair, an idea suddenly occurred to me. Weakened by his last illness, I felt sure that another winter in this country would kill him. Getting out of bed, a scorpion bit him.

Passive Active to passive PEG 302-6 Put the following into the passive voice. The agent should not be mentioned except in numbers II and 28. 1 You should open the wine about three hours before you use it. 2 Previous climbers had cut steps in the ice. 3 Somebody had cleaned my shoes and brushed my suit. 4 We use this room only on special occasions.


5 You must not hammer nails into the walls without permission. 6 In some districts farmers use pigs to find truffles. 7 Someone switched on a light and opened the door. 8 Somebody had slashed the picture with a knife. 9 They are pulling down the old theatre. 10 Why didn't they mend the roof before it fell in? 11 The mob broke all the shop windows in recent riots. 12 The librarian said that they were starting a new system because people were not returning books. 13 The police asked each of us about his movements on the night of the crime. 14 Someone will serve refreshments. 15 People must not leave bicycles in the hall. 16 Members may keep books for three weeks. After that they must return them. 17 The burglars had cut an enormous hole in the steel door. 18 I've bought a harp. They are delivering it this afternoon. (Do not change the first sentence.) 19 Someone has already told him to report for duty at six. 20 They rang the church bells as a flood warning. 21 No one can do anything unless someone gives us more information. 22 People are spending far more money on food now than they spent ten years ago. 23 The organizers will exhibit the paintings till the end of the month. 24 They will say nothing more about the matter if someone returns the stolen gun. 25 It is high time someone told him to stop behaving like a child. 26 A thief stole my dog and brought him back only when I offered Ј20 reward for him. 27 The judge gave him two weeks in which to pay the fine. 28 They make these artificial flowers of silk.

Active to passive

PEG 302-6 Put the following into the passive, mentioning the agent where necessary. Where there is an indirect and a direct object, make the indirect object the subject of the passive verb. They gave her a clock. She was given a clock. The gerund after certain verbs is replaced in the passive by should be + past participle: They advised employing part-time workers. They advised that part-time workers should be employed. 1 They feed the seals at the zoo twice a day. 2 Who wrote it? 3 Compare clothes which we have washed with clothes which any other laundry has washed. 4 He expected us to offer him the job. 5 They showed her the easiest way to do it. 6 Lightning struck the old oak.


7 Titian couldn't have painted it as people didn't wear that style of dress till after his death. 8 A jellyfish stung her. 9 The author has written a special edition for children. 10 Judges used to carry sweet herbs as a protection against jail-fever. 11 What did he write it with? ~ He wrote it with a matchstick dipped in blood. 12 An uneasy silence succeeded the shot. 13 Did the idea interest you? 14 The lawyer gave him the details of his uncle's will. 15 Beavers make these dams. 16 They used to start these engines by hand. Now they start them by electricity. 17 Most people opposed this. 18 Students are doing a lot of the work. 19 The Prime Minister was to have opened the dry dock. 20 They recommended opening new factories in the depressed area. (Use should.) 21 The closure of the workshops will make a lot of men redundant. 22 Anyone with the smallest intelligence could understand these instructions. 23 We will not admit children under sixteen. 24 Boys of sixteen to eighteen are to man this training ship. 25 A rainstorm flooded the gypsies' camp. 26 The howling of wolves kept him awake all night. 27 They suggested making the tests easier. (Use should.) 28 Children couldn't have done all this damage.

Passive to active PEG 302-6 Turn the following sentences into the active voice. Where no agent is mentioned one must be supplied. School notice: This door must be kept shut. Students must keep this door shut. 1 Why don't you have your eyes tested? (... get an optician to . . . See 119.) 2 This speed limit is to be introduced gradually. 3 The runways are being lengthened at all the main airports. 4 It is now 6 a.m. and at most of the hospitals in the country patients are being wakened with cups of tea. 5 Byron is said to have lived on vinegar and potatoes. 6 By tradition, any sturgeon that are caught by British ships must be offered to the Queen. 7 This notice has been altered. 8 The owners went away last March and since then their houseboat has been used continuously by squatters. (Use a continuous tense and omit continuously.) 9 The damaged ship was being towed into harbour when the towline broke. 10 Have a lift put in and then you won't have to climb up all these stairs.


11 Last year a profit of two million pounds was made in the first six months but this was cancelled by a loss of seventeen million pounds which was made in the second six months. 12 Evening dress will be worn. 13 The ship was put into quarantine and passengers and crew were forbidden to land. 14 Someone will have to be found to take her place. 15 He was made to surrender his passport. 16 This rumour must have been started by our opponents. 17 My paintings are to be exhibited for the first time by New Arts Gallery. 18 This scientific theory has now been proved to be false. 19 The car which was blown over the cliff yesterday is to be salvaged today. 20 The house where the dead man was found is being guarded by the police to prevent it from being entered and the evidence interfered with. 21 Why wasn't the car either locked or put into the garage? 22 It is being said that too little money is being spent by the government on roads. 23 Your money could be put to good use instead of being left idle in the bank. 24 For a long time the earth was believed to be flat. 25 This copy hasn't been read. The pages haven't been cut. 26 The stones were thrown by a student, who was afterwards led away by the police. 27 Carrier pigeons are said to have been used by early Egyptian and Greek sailors. 28 The referee was being escorted from the football field by a strong police guard.

Indirect speech Indirect speech: statements PEG 307-8,313 1 Students are asked to assume that these sentences are spoken and reported on different days. This will mean that a sentence such as: He said, 1 am coming tomorrow,' will become: He said that he was coming the next day, and so on. This applies to all the exercises on indirect speech in this book. 2 With indirect speech, when the person addressed is mentioned, tell is more usual than say to as an introductory verb. For example: He told me that he was going away the next day is more usual than He said to me that he was going away the next day. Put the following into indirect speech. 1 1 have something to show you,' I said to her. 2 'Nothing grows in my garden. It never gets any sun,' she said. 3 I'm going away tomorrow, mother,' he said. 4 I've been in London for a month but so far I haven't had time to visit the Tower,' said Rupert. 5 It isn't so foggy today as it was yesterday,' I remarked. 6 'The new underpass is being officially opened the day after tomorrow, 'said the BBC announcer.


7 'We have moved into our new flat. We don't like it nearly so much as our last one,' said my aunt. 8 'We have a lift but very often it doesn't work,' they said. 9 'From one of the windows of my flat I can see the Eiffel Tower,' he said. 10 I've no idea what the time is but I'll dial 8081 and find out,' said his daughter. 11 He said, 'My wife has just been made a judge.' 12 I'll come with you as soon as I am ready,' she replied. 13 I have a German lesson this afternoon and I haven't done my homework yet,' said the small boy. 14 If you let the iron get too hot you will scorch your clothes,' I warned her. 15 'You haven't given me quite enough. The bill is for Ј14 and you've paid me only Ј13,' he pointed out. 16 Ann said, 'Englishmen make good husbands because they are nearly always willing to help in the house.' 17 Mary answered, I like men to be useful but I don't like them to be too domesticated. I prefer them to keep out of the kitchen altogether. Men look silly in aprons anyway.' 18 Motoring report: The new Rolls Royce runs so quietly that all you can hear is the ticking of the clock. Managing director of the Rolls Royce company: In that case we'll have to do something about the clock. 19 1 don't know what to do with all my plums. I suppose I'll have to make jam. The trouble is that none of us eats jam,' she said. 20 'We like working on Sundays because we get double pay,' explained the builders. 21 He said, I am quite a good cook and I do all my own washing and mending too.' 22 'You can keep that one if you like, Joan,' he said. I've got plenty of others.' 23 I'm going fishing with mother this afternoon,' said the small boy, 'and we are going into the garden now to dig for worms.' (Omit now). 24 'You've got my umbrella,' I said crossly. 'Yours is in your bedroom.' 25 I know exactly what they said,' the private detective explained to his client, 'because I bugged their phone.' 26 I'll sit up till she comes in, but I hope she won't be late,' he said. 27 If you give me some wire, I'll hang that picture for you,' said my cousin. 28 I have a Turkish bath occasionally, but it doesn't seem to make any difference to my weight.,' she said. 29 This is quite a good model, madam. I use one of these myself,' said the salesman. 30 'My new house is supposed to be haunted, but so far I haven't seen any ghosts,' she said. 31 The advertisement said, If you answer the questions correctly you may win Ј100.' 32 If I press my ear against the wall, I can hear what the people in the next flat are saying,' he said.

Indirect speech: statements PEG 309-10


Some tenses/forms do not change when direct speech becomes indirect: 'I wish my children would eat vegetables,' she said. She (said she) wished her children would eat vegetables. Put the following into indirect speech, being careful to avoid ambiguity: 1 I couldn't get into the house because I had lost my key, so I had to break a window,' he said. 2 'The mirror is there so that you can see yourself when you are dancing,' the instructress told him. 3 I wrote to him the day before yesterday. I wonder why he hasn't rung up,' she said. 4 If the ground is dry on the day of the race, my horse might win,' said the owner. 5 'You'd better slow down. There's a speed limit here,' she said to me. (Use advise.) 6 If Tom wants seats, he'd better apply early,' she said. 7 'We walked 50 miles last night to see the Minister and protest about our rents being raised. He was very polite and promised to do what he could for us,' said one of the tenants. 8 'They should put traffic lights here, otherwise there'11 be more accidents,' she said. 9 It's time we began training for our next match,' the coach said to them. 10 If you leave home at six, you should be here by nine,' he said to me. 11 If it rains this afternoon it will be too wet to play the match tomorrow,' the captain said. 12 I meant to plug in the electric blanket but I plugged in the electric kettle by mistake. I'm always doing silly things like that,' she told her guest. 13 I was intending to do it tomorrow,' he said, 'but now I don't think I'll be able to.' 14 'Bill should do very well at the university, Mrs Smith,' said the headmaster. 'He's done very well here.' 15 I don't think your father likes me,' said the young wife. 'You mustn't think that,' said her husband; 'it is just that he is old and finds it hard to get used to new people.' (Leave mustn't unchanged. ) 16 'The steak is overdone again. I'm not complaining; I'm just pointing it out,' said her husband. 'I wish you'd stop pointing things out,' said his wife. 17 'They couldn't open the safe on the spot so they carried it away with them,' the night watchman reported. 18 If you saw my father, you'd recognize him at once. He is the most extraordinarylooking man,' she said to me. 19 I found an old Roman coin in the garden yesterday,' he said, 'and I'm going to take it to the museum this afternoon.' 20 He said, I got out of my boat, leaving the engine running, but while I was standing on the quay the gears suddenly engaged themselves and the boat went straight out of the harbour with no one on board.' 21 Then Macbeth enters and says, I have done the deed.' 22 'Would you like me to go with you?' I said. I'd rather go alone,' he answered. 23 My brother said, 'You may take my car if you like. I shan't be needing it tomorrow or


the day after. ' 24 'Yesterday Tom and I went to look at a house that he was thinking of buying. It was rather a nice house and had a lovely garden but Tom decided against it because it was opposite a cemetery,' said Celia. 25 He said, 'My wife wants to take a job but I'd rather she concentrated on our home.' 26 I don't know what your father will say when he sees what a mess your puppies have made of this five-pound note,' said my mother. 27 It's high time you passed your test; I'm tired of driving round with an L-plate on the front of the car,' my sister said. 28 I wish you'd seen it,' I said to her.

Indirect speech: questions PEG 317 Put the following into indirect speech. The first ten questions require no change of order: He said, 'What is happening?' He asked what was happening. 1 'What happened to Mr Budd?' said one of the men. 2 'Which of his sons inherited his estate?' asked another. 3 'Who is going to live in the big house?' enquired a third. 4 'What will happen to his racehorses?' asked someone else. 5 'Which team has won?' asked Ann. 6 'Which team won the previous match?' said Bill. 7 'Who is playing next week?' he asked. 8 'Who will be umpiring that match?' asked Tom. 9 'Who wants a lift home?' said Ann. 10 'Who has just dropped a Ј10 note?' I asked. 11 'Where is the ticket office?' asked Mrs Jones. 12 'What shall I do with my heavy luggage?' she said. (Use should.) 13 'What platform does the train leave from?' asked Bill. 14 'When does it arrive in York?' he asked. 15 'When was the timetable changed?' I asked. 16 'Why has the 2.30 train been cancelled?' said Ann. 17 'How much does a day return to Bath cost?' Mrs Jones asked. 18 'Why does the price go up so often?' she wondered. 19 'How can I get from the station to the airport?' said Bill. 20 'When are you coming back?' I asked them. 21 Is a return ticket cheaper than two singles?' said my aunt. 22 'Do puppies travel free?' asked a dog owner. 23 'Can I bring my dog into the compartment with me?' she asked. 24 'Does this train stop at York?' asked Bill. 25 'Can you telephone from inter-city trains?' said the businessman. 26 'Does the 2.40 have a restaurant car?' he enquired. 27 'Can you get coffee on the train?' asked my aunt.


28 'Do they bring it round on a trolley?' she said. 29 'Are there smoking compartments?' said the man with the pipe. 30 'Have you reserved a seat?' I asked him. Extra exercise: read the last twenty questions, using one of the following prefaces: I wonder/I'd like to know/Do you know?/Have you any idea?/Can you tell me? 11 'Do you know where the ticket office is?' 12 'I wonder what I should do with my heavy luggage.'

Indirect speech: questions PEG 317 A new student, Paul, has come to the college and the other students are asking him questions. Imagine that he reports these questions later to an English friend: I Bill asked what country I came from. 1 'What country do you come from?' said Bill. 2 'How long have you been here?' said Ann. 3 'Are you working as well as studying?' asked Peter. 4 'Have you got a work permit?' Bill wanted to know. 5 'What are you going to study?' asked Ann. 6 'Have you enrolled for more than one class?' said Peter. 7 'Do you want to buy any second-hand books?' said Bill. 8 'Have you seen the library?' asked Ann. 9 'Do you play rugby?' said Peter. 10 'Will you have time to play regularly?' he went on. 11 'Did you play for your school team?' said Bill. 12 'Are you interested in acting?' asked Ann. 13 'Would you like to join our Drama Group?' she said. 14 'What do you think of the canteen coffee?' asked Peter. Mary and Tom, with their son, John, aged II, have recently come to this area. Mary wants to find a school for John and asks her neighbour Mrs Smith about the local school. (a) Later, Mrs Smith reports these questions to her husband: 'Is it a mixed school?' She asked if it was a mixed school. (b) Alternatively, supply suitable answers to Mary's questions and then imagine that Mary reports the conversation (her questions and Mrs Smith's answers) to her husband Tom: 36 'Were your boys happy there?' ~ 'Yes, they were.' I asked if her boys had been happy there and she said that they had. 15 'How long has it been a mixed school?' 16 'Do you like the headmaster?' 17 Is he a scientist or an arts graduate?' 18 'How many children are there in the school?' 19 'How big are the classes?'


20 'Are the classes streamed?' 21 'What is the academic standard like?' 22 'Can parents visit the school at any time?' 23 Is there a good art department?' 24 'Do they teach music?' 25 'What instruments can the children learn?' 26 Is there a school orchestra?' 27 'Do they act plays?' 28 'What sort of plays have they done?' 29 'What games do they play?' 30 'Are the playing fields near the school?' 31 'Are they taught to swim?' 32 'Can the children get dinner at school?' 33 Is the food good?' 34 Is there a Parent-Teacher Association?' 35 'How often does it meet?' 36 'Were your own boys happy at the school?'

Indirect speech: questions PEG 317 Put the following into indirect speech. 1 'Why are you looking through the keyhole?' I said. 2 'Who put salt in my coffee?' he asked. 3 'Which of you knows how to make Irish stew?' said the chief cook. 4 'Why did you travel first class?' I asked him. 5 'How can I run in high-heeled shoes?' she enquired. 6 'What is your new house like?' I asked them. 7 He said, 'Where am I supposed to go now?' (Omit now.) 8 'Whose car did you borrow last night?' I said to him. 9 'What was she wearing when you saw her last?' the policeman asked me. 10 'Who owns this revolver?' said the detective. 11 'Where were you last night, Mr Jones?' he said. 12 'What else did you see?' I asked the boy. 13 'Have you done this sort of work before?' said his new employer. 14 'Can you read the last line on the chart?' the oculist asked her. 15 'Did they understand what you said to them?' he asked me. 16 'Are you being attended to, sir?' said the shop assistant. 17 'Will you go on strike when the others do?' the shop steward asked him. 18 'Do you see what I see, Mary?' said the young man. 19 'Who left the banana skin on the front doorstep?' said my mother. 20 'Have you gone completely mad?' I asked. 'Do you want to blow us all up?'


21 'Why is your house so full of antiques?' she asked. 'Was your father a collector?' 22 'Are you leaving today or tomorrow morning?' said his secretary. 23 'How far is it?' I said, 'and how long will it take me to get there?' 24 'Could I speak to Mrs Pitt?' said the caller. I'm afraid she's out,' said the au pair girl. 'Could I take a message?' 25 'Are you sorry for what you did?' the mother asked the little boy. 26 'Are you going to see him off at the station?' I asked her. 27 'Would you mind if I looked inside your bag, Madam?' said the policeman. 28 If someone fell at your feet foaming at the mouth would you know what to do?' said the instructor in First Aid. 29 'Why do you think it may be dangerous?' he asked her. 30 'Do you know that the shoes you are wearing aren't a pair?' I asked him.

Indirect speech: commands, requests, advice expressed by object + infinitive PEG 320 Indirect commands, requests, etc. are normally expressed by tell, order, ask, beg, advise, remind, warn, etc., with the person addressed and the infinitive. Change the following direct commands into indirect commands using this construction. Remember that the person addressed is often not mentioned in a direct command: He said, 'Go away', but must be mentioned in an indirect command: He told me ( Tom/us/them, etc. ) to go away. 1 'Switch off the TV,' he said to her. 2 'Shut the door, Tom,' she said. 3 'Lend me your pen for a moment,' I said to Mary. 4 'Don't watch late-night horror movies,' I warned them. 5 'Don't believe everything you hear,' he warned me. 6 'Please fill up this form,' the secretary said. 7 'Don't hurry,' I said. 8 'Don't touch that switch, Mary,' I said. 9 'Open the safe!' the raiders ordered the bank clerk. 10 'Please do as I say,' he begged me. 11 'Help your mother, Peter,' Mr Pitt said. 12 'Don't make too much noise, children,' he said. 13 'Do whatever you like,' she said to us. 14 'Don't miss your train,' she warned them. 15 'Read it before you sign it,' he said to his client. 16 'Do sing it again,' he said. 17 'Don't put your hands near the bars,' the zoo keeper warned us. 18 'Buy a new car,' I advised him. 19 'Don't drive too fast,' she begged him. 20 'Don't lean your bicycles against my windows, boys,' said the shopkeeper. 21 'Come to the cinema with me,' he asked her.


22 'Cook it in butter,' I advised her. 23 'Don't touch the gates, madam,' said the lift operator. 24 'Don't argue with me,' the teacher said to the boy. 25 'Pull as hard as you can,' he said to him. 26 'Send for the Fire Brigade,' the manager said to the porter. 27 'Don't lend her anything,' he advised us. 28 'Make a list of what you want,' she told us. 29 'Look at the paper,' he said to her. 30 'Stand clear of the doors,' a voice warned the people on the platform. 31 'See if you can find any mushrooms, children,' she said. 32 'Don't go alone,' I warned her. 33 'Pay at the cash desk, 'the shop assistant said to the customer. 34 The notice said, 'Leave this space clear.' 35 'Remember to write to your mother, 'I said to them. 36 'Think well before you answer,' the detective warned her.

Indirect speech: commands, requests, advice PEG 320 See note to 90. Put the following into indirect speech. In most cases the person addressed must be supplied. 1 He said, 'Get out of my way.' 2 'Climb in through the window,' he ordered. 3 'Please pay at the desk,' said the assistant. 4 'Open your bag, please,' said the store detective. 5 'Don't worry about anything, Mrs Pitt,' said her solicitor. 'Leave it all to me.' 6 'Don't use bent coins in a slot machine,' I warned him. 7 'Follow that car,' the detective said to the taxi-driver. 8 'Wash it in lukewarm water,' recommended the assistant. 9 'Have confidence in me,' urged the doctor. 10 'Take me up to the 33rd floor,' he said to the liftman. 11 'Read the notice about life-saving equipment,' advised the air-hostess. 12 'Always cook with butter,' said her mother, 'never use margarine.' 13 'Don't argue with your father,' I said. 14 'Remember to prune the roses,' said my aunt. 15 'Wait for me at the bridge,' said the young man. 16 'Don't eat too much starch,' I advised her, 'and avoid fried food.' 17 'Don't say anything to make her angry,' said my father. 18 Notice: Please do not ask at the desk for change for telephone calls. 19 'Don't forget to feed the goldfish,' Mary said to her brother.


20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

'Cross the line by the footbridge,' said the porter. 'Write to me as often as you can,' said his wife. 'Put your pistol on the table,' said the crook. 'Please book me a seat in a non-smoker,' said the traveller. 'Don't forget your sandwiches,' said his mother. 'Don't go near the water, children,' she said. 'Search the house,' said the police sergeant. 'Don't make mountains out of molehills,' he said. 'Put down that gun. It's loaded,' she warned.

Indirect speech: commands, requests, advice PEG 320 See note to 90. Put the following into indirect speech, joining the sentences together with as, and, but or for. 1 'Make good use of your time. You won't get such an opportunity again,' he said to us. 2 'Don't wait till tomorrow,' said the advertisement, 'post the coupon at once.' 3 'Be very careful crossing roads,' she said, 'and remember to drive on the right.' 4 1 can't open it. You have a try, Peter,' he said. 5 'Go and get me a paper, and come straight back,' he said to me. 6 'Someone's coming. Get into the cupboard,' she said. 7 'Give way to traffic approaching from your right,' the road sign warned us. 8 'Please, please send whatever you can spare,' said the secretary of the disaster fund. 9 'Wear a wig if you don't want to be recognized,' I advised him. 10 'Don't bathe when the red flag is flying,' said the lifeguard. 11 'Don't forget to thank Mrs Jones when you are saying goodbye to her,' said his mother. 12 'Watch the milk and don't let it boil over,' he said. 13 'Don't shelter under a tree in a thunderstorm,' he said. The tree might be struck by lightning.' 14 'Put the message into a bottle and throw it into the sea,' he said. 15 'Read it for yourself if you don't believe what I say,' he told me. 16 'Don't forget to use your indicators,' said the driving instructor. 17 'Don't drive too fast or the baby 11 be sick,' she said to her husband. 18 'Do make the coffee a bit stronger,' I begged. It was terribly weak last night.' 19 'Beware of pickpockets,' said a huge notice. 20 'Smell this. Do you think it has gone bad?' she said. 21 'Don't take your coat off. We are going out again in a moment, she told him. 22 'Stand by the window and tell me if anyone goes into the house opposite,' he said. 23 'Don't move till the policeman waves you on,' said the driving instructor. 24 'Don't touch it. You will only make it worse, 'he told me. 25 'Be careful; the steps are very slippery,' I warned him. 26 'Ask your boss to ring me back,' I said. 'My number is 1234567.' 'Could you repeat that, please?' said the girl. 27 'Don't work too fast,' said the foreman. If we finish before six we shan't get any


overtime.' 28 'Prepare to meet your doom. The end of the world is at hand,' said the placard. 29 'Remember to put the brake on,' the instructor said. 30 'Would you please take off your shoes?' Keiko said to him.

Indirect speech: commands, requests, invitations, offers, advice PEG 284-7, 318-20 Put the following into indirect speech using ask, advise, invite, offer, remind, tell, warn. 1 'Would you like to have lunch with me on Sunday?' he said to me. 2 'Would you like a cigarette?' said one of the guests. 3 'Would you mind not smoking between courses?' said their hostess. 4 Take these letters to the post, will you? And shut the door as you out,' said the boss. 5 'Will you help me, please?' she said. 1 can't reach the top shelf.' 6 'This is a horrible room. Why don't you ask for something better?' he said. 7 If I were you I'd try to get a room on the top floor,' he said. 8 I'll wait for you if you like,' she said. 9 'Remember to switch off when you've finished,' he said. 10 'You might check these figures for me,' he said. 11 'You'd better apologize for being late,' said my mother. 12 'Could you check the oil, please?' I asked the mechanic. 13 1 wish you'd sit still!' said the artist. 'How do you expect me to paint you when you keep jerking your head?' 14 'Why don't you go by train? It's much less tiring than driving,' I said. 15 Hotel notice:-Will guests please not play radios loudly after midnight? 16 'Would you like to wait here?' said the receptionist, showing me into the waiting room. 17 'You must see this exhibition!' said all my friends. 18 1 should plant daffodils, if I were you,' I said to them. 19 If you'd just sign the back of the cheque,' said the bank clerk. 20 I'd be very grateful if you'd forward my letters while I am away,' he said. 21 Police announcement: Will anyone who saw this accident please get in touch with their nearest police station? 22 'Don't leave your room at night,' he said. 'Our host's dogs might mistake you for a burglar.' 23 'Answer this letter for me, will you?' he said. 'And remember to keep a copy.' 24 'Would you mind moving your car?' he said. It's blocking my gate.' 25 (in a letter) 'Perhaps you'd let me know when your new stock comes in.' (Mrs Jones...) 26 Notice on board: The first team will report to the gymnasium for weight-training. (The coach...) 27 'Could you sew on this button for me?' Tom asked Ann. 'You'd better sew it on yourself,' said Mary. 'Buttons sewn on by Ann usually come off the next day.' 28 If you will kindly sit down the fortune-teller will be with you in a moment,' the girl said.


Indirect speech: questions, requests, invitations, offers, advice PEG 284-7, 318-20, 323 Remember that Why don't you? can be an ordinary question or advice/suggestion. Treat it here as advice. Put the following into indirect speech. 1 'Could you get there and back in one day?' I asked. (I asked if he . . .) 2 1 can't open this tin,' said Ann. 'Shall I do it for you?' said Tom. 3 'Could you translate this for me, please?' I asked the official. 4 'Shall we ever meet again?' he wondered. 5 'Will you be here tomorrow?' she asked. 'Yes,' I answered. 6 'Could I lose five kilos in a week?' said the fat woman. 'No,' said the doctor. 7 'Will you have a drink?' he said. 8 'Why don't you install gas central heating?' said the advertisement. (urge) 9 'Will you read this very carefully, please?' he said to me. 10 'Shall I tell him what happened?' she asked me. 11 'Wouldn't you like to look ten years younger?' said the hairdresser. 12 I'm going to Brighton tomorrow,' said Ann. 'So am I,' said Tom. 'Would you like a lift?' (Tom said he was too and...) 13 'Can I have a sweet?' said the small boy. 14 'Can we stay up till the end of the programme?' said the children. 15 'Could I have the weekend off?' he asked his boss. 16 'Could I leave early on Friday?' he said. 17 'Why don't you like pop music?' the teenagers asked him. 18 'Why don't you take up the oboe again?' said my friends, (advise) 19 'Where shall I hang my new picture?' he said. 'Would it look well over the mantelpiece?' 20 'What shall I do if the car won't start?' I said. 21 'Have you got enough money? Shall I lend you some?' said my friend. 22 'Will you be able to guide me or shall I bring a map?' I asked. 23 'You won't forget to shut the door, will you?' she said. (remind) 24 'Would you like to see over the house?' I asked her. 25 'Would you like to peel the potatoes?' said Ann, handing me a knife. 26 I've got two tickets. Would you like to come with me?' he said. 27 'Can you use a word processor?' he asked. 'No,' I said. 28 'Would you mind living by yourself for six months?' they asked. 29 'Would you mind paying cash?' said my landlady when I took out my cheque-book. 30 'Why don't you trust him?' I asked Ann. 1 never trust left-handed men,' she answered.

Indirect speech: commands and questions with if- clauses and time clauses PEG 229, 320-1


Questions with if- clauses and time clauses should be reported with the if- clause or time clause last. 'When/If I see him, what shall I say?' she asked. She asked what she should say when/if she saw him. Commands can be reported by tell + infinitive + if- clause/time clause. But sometimes (as in nos. 5 and 10 below) this would produce a rather clumsy sentence. It is then advisable to use say/said that + if- clause/time clause + be/should + infinitive: 'If When you see him, ask him to ring me,' she said. She said that if/when I saw him I was to ask him to ring her. was to expresses a definite command; should implies advice. Put the following into indirect speech. 1 He said, 'When you are at the butcher's remember to get a bone for the dog.' 2 She said, If you feel faint sit down and put your head between your knees.' 3 If I find your purse what shall I do with it?' he said. 'Keep it till you see me again,' I replied. 4 She said, If he arrives before I get back give him something to drink.' 5 If anyone rings up,' she said, 'say that I'll be back shortly.' 6 'When you are driving always look in your driving mirror before turning right,' said my instructor. 7 'Leave the key under the mat if you go out,' she said. 8 If you think the room is cold shut the windows,' said my aunt. 9 If you feel lonely any time ring me up,' he said. 10 If she doesn't eat meat, offer her an omelette,' he said. 11 'Get the car off the road on to the verge if you have a puncture. Don't leave it on the road,' said my father. 12 If I am not back by this time tomorrow, take this letter to the police,' he said. 13 'When you see Mrs Pitt don't forget to thank her,' she said to her husband. 14 'When the bell rings take the meat out of the oven,' my sister said. 15 If you are taken prisoner,' said the officer, 'give your name, rank and number but refuse to answer any other questions.' 16 'When you hear the fire alarm, shut all windows and go downstairs as quickly as possible,' said the schoolmaster. 17 If the lift should stop between two floors press the emergency button,' he said. 18 'Before you allow anyone to use the Turkish bath remember to ask him if he has a weak heart,' said the senior attendant. 19 If the police stop me, what shall I say?' she asked. 20 'What shall I do if he refuses to let me in?' she said. 'Write a note and push it under the door,' I said. 21 'What will happen if the strike continues?' he said. 22 If it goes on snowing, how'll we get food?' wondered the housewives. 23 'When the rain stops, can we go out?' said the children. 24 'When you've completed one section, go on to the next,' the teacher said. 25 If you don't like the programme, switch to another channel,' I said I to her. 26 If I lose my traveller's cheques, will the bank repay me?' I asked.


27 If the noise gets worse, you'd better complain to the police,' he said to me. 28 'As soon as you find a hotel, ring me and give me the address,' he said.

Indirect speech: suggestions PEG 289 D, 322 Part I Write the following in indirect speech, in ordinary narrative form. Ann suggested having a party on the next Saturday. Mary agreed and asked who they should invite. Report 'Why don't we ... ?' as a suggestion and 'Why don't you . . .?' as suggestion or advice. Report 'Why not?' in no. 9 as agreed. 1 Ann: What about having a party on Saturday? 2 Mary: Yes, let's. Who shall we invite? 3 Ann: Let's not make a list. Let's just invite everybody. 4 Mary: We don't want to do too much cooking, so what about making it a wine and cheese party? 5 Ann: Suppose we ask everybody to bring a bottle? 6 Mary: Shall we hire glasses from our local wine shop? We haven't many left. 7 Ann: If it's warm, how about having the party in the garden? 8 Mary: Why not have a barbecue? 9 Ann: Why not? We could ask Paul to do the cooking. 10 Mary: Last time we had a barbecue the neighbours complained about the noise. Shall we ask everyone to speak in whispers? 11 Ann: Suppose we go round to the neighbours and apologize in advance this time? 12 Mary: Why not invite the neighbours? Then the noise won't matter. 13 Ann: What a clever idea! Shall we start ringing everyone up tonight? 14 Mary: What about working out how much it will cost first? Part 2 Put the following into indirect speech. 15 'What about a round-the-world cruise?' suggested Mrs Smith. 'What about renting a caravan? It's all we can afford,' said her husband. 16 'Suppose you complain, Ann?' I said. 'The boss is more likely to listen to you than to any of us.' 17 'You used to be a good tennis player,' she reminded him. 'Why don't you take it up again?' 18 'Shall we talk there? It's not far,' he said. 'Yes, let's,' I said. 19 'What about joining a weaving class?' Ann said to me. 'There's one starting soon.' 20 'Let's organize a sponsored cycle race,' said the children. 'What about a sponsored silence?' said the teacher with a grin. 21 'Where shall we meet?' I said. 'What about the hotel?' said Bill. 22 'Suppose you ring him, Ann, and ask him what he thinks of the idea?' I said. 23 I'm doing most of the work,' I pointed out. 'What about giving me a hand?' 24 'Let's leave the washing-up till tomorrow,' he suggested. I hate washing up last thing at night.' 25 'Suppose the children go on an adventure holiday this summer?' suggested the father.


26 'Why don't you ask them what they'd like to do?' I said. 27 'Shall we begin training for the next London Marathon?' said Bill. 'I've no intention of running in marathons,' I said. 'Why don't you ask Paul?' 28 'Why don't you put an advertisement in the local paper?' they suggested to me.

Indirect speech: mixed types PEG chapter 31 (note especially 324) Put the following into indirect speech, avoiding as far as possible the verbs say, ask and tell and choosing instead from the following: accept, accuse, admit, advise, agree, apologize, assure, beg, call (=summon), call (+noun/pronoun+noun), complain, congratulate, deny, exclaim, explain, give, hope, insist, introduce, invite, offer, point out, promise, protest, refuse, remark, remind, suggest, thank, threaten, warn, wish. 1 He said, 'Don't walk on the ice; it isn't safe.' 2 'Miss Brown, this is Miss White. Miss White, Miss Brown,' he said. 3 'Here are the car keys. You'd better wait in the car,' he said to her. 4 'Please, please, don't tell anyone,' she said. I won't, I promise,' I said. 5 'Would you like my torch?' I said, holding it out. 'No, thanks,' he said. I have one of my own.' {Omit thanks) 6 Tom: I'll pay. Ann: Oh no, you mustn't! Tom: I insist on paying! 7 'Come in and look round. There's no obligation to buy,' said the shopkeeper. 8 If you don't pay the ransom, we'll kill the boy,' said the kidnappers. 9 I won't answer any questions,' said the arrested man. 10 'He expects a lot of work for very little money,' complained one of the typists. 'Yes, he does,' agreed the other. 11 I wish it would rain,' she said. 12 'You pressed the wrong button,' said the mechanic. 'Don't do it again. You might have a nasty accident.' 13 'Your weight's gone up a lot!' I exclaimed. 'I'm afraid it has,' she said sadly. 14 1 hope you'll have a good journey,' he said. 'Don't forget to send a card when you arrive.' 15 'Hurrah! I've passed the first exam!' he exclaimed. 'Congratulations!' I said, 'and good luck with the second.' 16 'All right, I'll wait a week,' she said. (Omit all right) 17 'Many happy returns of your birthday!' we said. 'Thanks,' said the boy. 18 'Your door is the shabbiest in the street, 'said the neighbour. It is,' I said. 19 'Cigarette?''Thanks,' I said.


20 I'll sell the TV set if you keep quarrelling about the programme,' said their mother. 'No, don't do that! We won't quarrel any more,' said the children. 21 I'll give you Ј500 to keep your mouth shut,' he said to me. 22 I'll wait for you, I promise,' he said to me. 23 I'm sorry I'm late,' she said. 'The bus broke down.' 24 'You've been leaking information to the Press!' said his colleagues. 'No, I haven't,' he said. 'Liar!' said Tom. 25 I'll drop you from the team if you don't train harder,' said the captain. 26 If the boys do anything clever, you call them your sons,' complained his wife. 'But if they do anything stupid, you call them mine.' 27 'Let's have a rest,' said Tom. 'Yes, let's,' said Ann. 28 'Ugh! There's a slug in my lettuce. Waiter!' he cried.

Indirect to direct speech PEG 307-22 Put the following into direct speech, using dialogue form: Tom: Would you like to come for a drive tomorrow, Ann? Ann: I'd love to etc. Trip to Stratford 1 Tom invited Ann to come for a drive the following day. 2 Ann accepted with pleasure and asked where he was thinking of going. 3 He said he'd leave it to her. 4 She suggested Stratford . . . 5 adding that she hadn't been there for ages. 6 Tom agreed and said that they might go on the river if it was a fine day. 7 Ann wondered what was on at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre. 8 Tom said they'd find out when they got there ... 9 adding that it was usually possible to get seats on the day of the play. 10 He asked Ann if she could be ready by ten. 11 Ann said with regret that she couldn't as she had to type a report first. 12 Tom expressed horror at the idea of working on Saturday . . . 13 and advised her to change her job. 14 She told him not to be ridiculous and explained that . . . 15 she had volunteered to type the report in return for a free afternoon the following week. 16 She pointed out that she hadn't known that he was going to ask her out. 17 Tom said he supposed it was all right but . . . 18 warned her not to make a habit of volunteering for weekend work. 19 Ann promised not to. 20 Tom said gloomily that he supposed she'd be busy all morning. 21 Ann assured him that she'd be finished by 11.00 and . . . 22 offered to meet him at the bus stop at Hyde Park Corner.


23 Tom said that it wasn't a very good meeting place and that he'd call for her. 24 Ann said that that was very kind of him and that she'd be waiting in the hall. Hill climb 25 Tom suggested climbing to the top, adding that the view from there was marvellous ... 26 but Ann said that they'd been climbing for three hours and that she was too tired to go any further. 27 She suggested that Tom should go on up while she went down and waited there. 28 Tom agreed and handed her the car keys, advising her to wait in the car. 29 He promised to be as quick as he could. 30 Ann said that if he was too long there'd be no lunch left, for she'd have eaten it all.

Purpose Infinitive used to express purpose PEG 334 Combine each of the following pairs of sentences into one sentence using so as/in order where necessary. He sent me to Spain. He wanted me to learn Spanish. He sent me to Spain to learn Spanish. He turned out the light. He didn't want to waste electricity. He turned out the light so as not to waste electricity. 1 I am buying paint. I want to paint my hall door. 2 He tied a knot in. his handkerchief. He hoped that this would remind him to meet the train. 3 He opened the lions' cage. He intended to feed the lions. 4 He left his rifle outside. He didn't want to frighten his wife. 5 He has a box. He plans to put his savings in it. (Omit it.) 6 We had no cups but he gave us coconut shells. He said we could drink out of them. (Omit them.) 7 He rushed into the burning house. He wanted to save the child. 8 He read only for short periods each day. He didn't want to strain his eyes. 9 They got up very early. They wanted to get to the top of the hill before sunrise. 10 He rang the bell. He wanted to tell us that dinner was ready. 11 We must keep our gloves on. We don't want to get frost-bitten. 12 The farmer put a scarecrow up in the field. He wanted to frighten I the birds. 13 I took off my shoes. I didn't want to make any noise. 14 Before the carpenter came she covered the floor with polythene sheeting. She wanted to protect the carpet. 15 The boys are collecting sticks. They intend to put them on the fire. (Omit them.) 16 He was playing very softly. He didn't want to disturb anyone. 17 I am sending him to the USA. I want him to study electronics there. 18 I sent him out of the room. I wanted to discuss his progress with his headmaster. 19 He fixed a metal ladder to the wall below his window. He wanted to be able to escape if there was a fire.


20 He changed his address constantly. He wanted to elude the police. 21 The police have barricaded the main streets. They want to prevent the demonstrators from marching through the town. 22 They evacuated everybody from the danger zone. They wanted to reduce the risk. 23 I am learning Greek. I wish to read Homer. 24 He sent his children to his sister's house. He wanted them to watch the television programme. 25 He sent his children to their aunt's house. He wanted to have some peace. 26 The town council has forbidden coal fires. They are trying to keep the air clean. 27 They employed a detective. They wanted to learn what I did in the evenings. 28 I am saving up. I want to buy a helicopter. 29 He coughed. He wanted to warn them that he was coming. 30 You should take your holidays in June. In this way you would avoid the rush. 31 I keep my hens in a field surrounded by wire netting. I want to protect them against the foxes. 32 I am learning skiing at an indoor school. I want to be able to ski when I get to Switzerland. 33 The workmen left red lights near the hole. They wanted to warn motorists. 34 He invented a wife and six children. By this trick he hoped to avoid paying income tax. 35 Some women tint their hair when it goes grey. They want to look younger. 36 He didn't tell her he was going up in the spacecraft. He didn't want to alarm her.

Clauses and phrases of purpose PEG 336-7 A purpose clause introduced by so that can sometimes be replaced by prevent/avoid + gerund or allow/enable/let/make etc. + infinitive. The two sentences: He rumpled the bedclothes. He wanted to make me think he had slept in the bed. could be combined: He rumpled the bedclothes so that I should/would think he had slept etc. or to make me think he had slept etc. An in case clause is useful when we mention the possible future action we are taking precautions against: Don't let him play with scissors. He may cut himself. could be expressed: Don't let him play with scissors in case he cuts himself. Sometimes an in case clause can be replaced by a negative purpose clause. 1 He killed the men who helped him to bury the treasure. He wanted nobody but himself to know where it was. 2 Put the cork back. Someone may knock the bottle over. 3 The airfield authorities have put arc lights over the damaged runway.


They want repair work to continue day and night. 4 The girl packed the vase in polyester foam. She didn't want it to get broken in the post. 5 He wore a false beard. He didn't want anyone to recognize him. 6 She built a high wall round her garden. She didn't want her fruit to be stolen. 7 They talked in whispers. They didn't want me to overhear them. 8 You ought to take some serum with you. You may get bitten by a snake. 9 Aeroplanes carry parachutes. The crew can escape in case of fire. 101 am insuring my life. I want my children to have something to live on if I am killed. 11 Please shut the gate. I don't want the cows to get out of the field. 12 He telephoned from a public call-box. He didn't want the call to be traced to his own address. 13 I am putting nets over my strawberry plants. I don't want the birds to eat all the strawberries. 14 We keep a spade in the house. There may be a heavy fall of snow in the night. 15 We put bars on the lower windows. We didn't want anyone to climb in. 16 You should carry a jack in your car. You may have a puncture. 17 We built the roof with a steep slope. We wanted the snow to slide off easily. 18 The notices are written in several languages. The government wants everyone to understand them. 19 I put my address on my dog's collar. I want anyone who finds him to know where he comes from. 20 She tied a bell round her cat's neck. She wanted the birds to know when he was approaching. 21 Bring your gun with you. We may be attacked. 22 I have put wire over my chimney-pots. I don't want birds to build nests in them. 23 Write your name in the book. He may forget who lent it to him. 24 He chained up the lioness at night. He didn't want her to frighten anyone. 25 Don't put on any more coal. The chimney may catch fire. 26 The burglar cut the telephone wires. He didn't want me to call the police. 27 Take a torch with you. It may be dark before you get back. 28 The manufacturers have made the taps of their new gas cooker very stiff. They don't want young children to be able to turn them on. 29 Don't let the baby play with my glasses. He may break them. 30 The debate on education has been postponed. The government want to discuss the latest crisis. 31 If someone knocks at the door at night don't open it. It may be the escaped convict. 32 The policeman stopped the traffic every few minutes. He wanted the pedestrians to be able to cross the road. 33 He had a telephone installed in his car. He wanted his secretary to be able to contact him whenever necessary. 34 Never let children play with matches. They may set themselves on fire. 35 As he went through the forest Bill marked the trees. He wanted the rest of the party to know which way he had gone. 36 Turn down the oven. We don't want the meat to burn while we are out.


some, any etc. and relatives 101 some, any and compounds, e.g. somebody, anything, somehow PEG 50-1 Insert some or any, making the appropriate compounds if necessary. 1 There's . . . milk in that jug. 2 She wanted . . . stamps but there weren't . . . in the machine. 3 I'm afraid there isn't . . . coffee left; will you grind . . . ? 4 Is there . . . one here who speaks Italian? 5 I'd like to buy . . . new clothes but I haven't . . . money. 6 There's . . . gin in the cupboard but there aren't . . . glasses. 7 They can't have . . . more strawberries; I want . . . to make jam. 8 . . . one I know told me . . . of the details. 9 Have you . . . idea who could have borrowed your bicycle? 10 I saw hardly . . . one I knew at the party, and I didn't get . . . thing to drink. 11 When would you like to come? ~ . . . day would suit me. 12 Are there . . . letters for me? 13 Don't let . . . one in. I'm too busy to see . . . body. 14 . . . thing tells me you've got . . . bad news for me. 15 I can't see my glasses . . . where. 16 We didn't think he'd succeed but he managed . . . how. 17 You're looking very miserable; has . . . thing upset you? 18 If you had . . . sense you wouldn't leave your car unlocked. 19 Scarcely . . . one was wearing a dinner jacket. 20 . . . one who believes what Jack says is a fool. 21 She put her handbag down . . . where and now she can't find it. 22 Will you have . . . pudding or . . . fruit? 23 Haven't you got . . . friends in Rome? I feel sure you mentioned them once. 24 Haven't you got . . . friends here? You should join a club and get to know people. 25 I see you haven't . . . maps. Would you like to borrow . . . of mine? 26 . . . one can tell you how to get there. (Everyone knows the way.) 27 Come and have supper with us if you aren't doing . . . thing tonight. 28 1... how imagined the house would be much larger. 29 All the salaries are being paid much later now; it's . . . thing to do with the computer. 30 He lives . . . where in France now. 31 You can't expect just . . . student to solve the problem. It requires a mathematician. 32 He's not very well known here but he's . . . one (an important person) in his own country. 33 Where shall we sit? ~ Oh, . . . where will do. 34 Is there . . . one moving about downstairs? I heard . . . thing falling. 35 Is there . . . one living in that house? It looks deserted. 36 Would you like . . . thing to drink? There's . . . very good beer in the f ridge.


102 Relatives: defining, non-defining and connective PEG 72-84 Read the following passage and then do the exercises on it. In answers to questions, use a relative clause. Example: Lucy was shaking the mat out of the window of the flat. Tom happened to be passing underneath. Suddenly Lucy's baby gave a cry and she dropped the mat. It fell on Tom and knocked his hat off. (a) What mat are we talking about? The mat that/which Lucy dropped or The mat that Lucy dropped or The mat that fell on Tom's head. (b) Who was Tom? The man who was passing underneath or The man (that/whom) the mat fell on or The man whose hat was knocked off. 1 Mr Black usually catches the 8.10 train. This is a fast train. Today he missed it. This annoyed him very much. He caught the 8.40. This is a slow train and doesn't reach London till 9.40. Mr White usually travels up with Mr Black. Today he caught the 8.10 as usual. Mr White normally borrows Mr Black's paper to read on the train. As Mr Black was not there today he borrowed a paper from another passenger, Mr Brown. (a) What is the 8.10? (b) What is the 8.40? (c) Who is Mr White? (d) Who is Mr Brown? {Connect him with Mr White.) Combine the following pairs of sentences into one sentence (one for each pair) using relative pronouns: (e) Mr Black usually catches the 8.10. This is a fast train. (f) Today he missed the 8.10. This annoyed him very much. (g) He caught the 8.40. This doesn't get in till 9.40. 2 Mr Penn has two umbrellas, a brown one and a black one. Today he took the black one but left it in the bus on his way to work. When he was putting on his coat after his day's work, he saw a dark blue umbrella hanging on the next hook and took it, thinking it was his. Actually it belonged to Mr Count. (a) What was the brown umbrella? (b) What was the black umbrella? (c) What was the blue umbrella? (d) Who was Mr Count? (Relate all your answers to Mr Penn.) 3 Jack and Tom both wanted to go to Malta for their holidays. Tom liked flying so he went to the Blue Skies Agency. They booked him a seat on a tourist flight. Jack hated flying. He went to the Blue Seas Agency. They booked him a berth on the MS Banana.


Jack enjoyed his voyage on the MS Banana, especially as he met a very pretty girl on board. She was called Julia. (a) What is Malta? (from the point of view of Jack and Tom) (b) What is the Blue Skies Agency? (c) What is the Blue Seas Agency? (d) What is the MS Banana? (e) Who is Julia? (Relate all your answers to Jack or Tom or both. (f) Combine the second and third sentences in the passage into one sentence (Tom . . . flight). (g) Combine the next three sentences into one sentence. 4 George and Paul were working on Mr Jones's roof. When they stopped work at 6.00 they left their ladder leaning against the house. At 7.00 Bill, a burglar, passed and saw the ladder. The house was now empty as Mr and Mrs Jones were out playing cards with Mr and Mrs Smith. Bill climbed up the ladder, got in through a first-floor window and went straight to the main bedroom, where he opened a locked drawer with the help of a screwdriver and pocketed Mrs Jones's jewellery. Just then Tom returned. Tom was a student. He lodged with Mr and Mrs Jones. Bill heard him coming. He climbed quickly out of the window, leaving his screwdriver on the floor. (a) Who were George and Paul? (b) Who was Bill? (c) Who was Tom? (d) Who was Mrs Jones? (Mention jewellery.) (e) Who were Mr and Mrs Smith? (f) What ladder are we talking about? (g) What window are we talking about? (h) What was the screwdriver found on the floor? (Connect it with Bill.) (i) Combine into one sentence: George and Paul were working on the roof. They left the ladder leaning against the house. (j) Combine: Mr and Mrs Jones were out playing cards. They knew nothing of the burglary till they arrived home at 11.30. (k) Combine: Bill's fingerprints were on the screwdriver. He was later caught by the police. 5 Ann is an au pair girl. She works for Mr and Mrs Green, in Tunbridge Wells. One day Mrs Green unexpectedly gave Ann the day off. (She thought that Ann was looking rather tired.) So Ann rang up her boyfriend, Tom, and said I'm coming up to London by the 12.10 from Tunbridge Wells. It gets into Charing Cross at 13.10. Could you meet me for lunch?' 'Yes, of course,' said Tom, I'll meet you at the station under the clock. We'll have lunch at the Intrepid Fox.' Tom usually goes to the Intrepid Fox for lunch. On the 12.10 Ann met a boy called Peter. Peter was attracted by Ann and asked her to have lunch with him. Ann explained that she was having lunch with Tom. 'Well, I'll wait till he turns up,' said Peter. So Peter and Ann waited under a clock, with another passenger, Mary, who had come up to meet a boy called Paul.


Meanwhile Tom was waiting under another clock. When Ann didn't turn up he thought she'd missed the train, and asked a porter about the next train from Tunbridge Wells. 'The next train leaves Tunbridge Wells at 12.30,' he said, 'and gets in at 13.40. The next one gets in at 14.30.' Tom met the 12.30 but Ann wasn't on it. He couldn't meet the next train because he had to be back at work by 14.00. So he walked slowly towards the exit, wondering what had happened. Luckily the exit was almost directly under the other clock so he met Ann after all. (a) Who are the Greens? (b) What was the 12.10 from Tunbridge Wells? (c) What was the 12.30? (Connect it with Tom.) (d) Who was Peter? (Connect him with Ann.) (e) Who was Paul? (f) What is the Intrepid Fox? (Connect it with Tom.) (g) Combine: Mrs Green thought Ann looked tired. She gave her the day off. (h) Combine: Peter hated eating by himself. He hoped to have lunch with Ann. (i) Combine: Tom had only an hour for lunch. He couldn't wait any longer. (j) Combine: Mary's boyfriend didn't turn up. She ended by having lunch with Peter. (k) Combine: Tom and Ann wasted half an hour at the station. This meant that they hadn't time for a proper lunch. (1) Combine: Tom and Ann very nearly missed one another. This shows that you should never arrange to meet under a clock. 103 Relatives: defining, non-defining and connective PEG 72-84 Combine the following pairs or groups of sentences by means of relative pronouns, making any changes necessary. 1 You sent me a present. Thank you very much for it. (Thank you very much/or...) 2 She was dancing with a student. He had a slight limp. (two ways) 3 I am looking after some children. They are terribly spoilt, (two ways) 4 The bed has no mattress. I sleep on this bed. (The bed 1. . .) 5 Romeo and Juliet were lovers. Their parents hated each other. 6 There wasn't any directory in the telephone box. I was phoning from this box. 7 This is Mrs Jones. Her son won the championship last year. 8 I was sitting in a chair. It suddenly collapsed. (The chair . . .) 9 Mr Smith said he was too busy to speak to me. I had come specially to see him. 10 The man was sitting at the desk. I had come to see this man. 11 I missed the train. I usually catch this train. And I had to travel on the next. This was a slow train. (Make into one sentence.) 12 His girl friend turned out to be an enemy spy. He trusted her absolutely. 13 The car had bad brakes. We were in this car. And The man didn't know the way. This man was driving. (Make into one sentence.) 14 This is the story of a man. His wife suddenly loses her memory. 15 We'll have to get across the frontier. This will be difficult. 16 A man brought in a small girl. Her hand had been cut by flying glass. 17 The car crashed into a queue of people. Four of them were killed.


18 The roads were crowded with refugees. Many of them were wounded. 19 I was waiting for a man. He didn't turn up. (The man. . .) 20 Tom came to the party in patched jeans. This surprised the other guests. Most of the other guests were wearing evening dress. 21 The firm is sending me to York. I work for this firm. (The firm. . .) 22 The Smiths were given rooms in the hotel. Their house had been destroyed in the explosion. 23 I saw several houses. Most of them were quite unsuitable. 24 He wanted to come at 2 a.m. This didn't suit me at all. 25 This is a story of a group of boys. Their plane crashed on an uninhabited island. 26 They tie up parcels with string. This is so weak that the parcel usually comes to pieces before you get it home. (The string . ..) 27 He introduced me to his students. Most of them were from abroad. 28 He expected me to pay £2 for 12 eggs. Four of the eggs were broken. 29 He spoke in French. But the people didn't know French. He was speaking to these people. (Combine these last two sentences only.) 30 The boy was a philosophy student and wanted to sit up half the night discussing philosophy. Peter shared a flat with this boy. (two ways) 31 They gave me four very bad tyres. One of them burst before I had driven four miles. 32 She climbed to the top of the Monument to see the wonderful view. She had been told about this view. 33 I was given this address by a man, I met this man on a train. 34 The bar was so noisy that I couldn't hear the person at the other end of the line. I was telephoning from this bar. ' 35 A man answered the phone. He said Tom was out. 36 The horse kept stopping to eat grass. I was on the horse. This (his continual stopping) annoyed the riding instructor. 104 Relatives: non-defining and connective PEG 78-84 Combine the following pairs or groups of sentences, using relative pronouns. 1 Tom had been driving all day. He was tired and wanted to stop. 2 Ann had been sleeping in the back of the car. She felt quite fresh and wanted to go on. 3 Paul wanted to take the mountain road. His tyres were nearly new. 4 Jack's tyres were very old. He wanted to stick to the tarred road. 5 Mary didn't know anything about mountains. She thought it would be quite safe to climb alone. 6 He gave orders to the manager. The manager passed them on to the foreman. 7 She said that the men were thieves. This turned out to be true. 8 The matter was reported to the Chief of Police. He ordered us all to be arrested. 9 In prison they fed us on dry bread. Most of it was mouldy. 10 We slept in the same room as a handcuffed prisoner. His handcuffs rattled every time he moved. 11 We lit a fire. It soon dried out our clothes.


12 They rowed across the Atlantic. This had never been done before. 13 The lorry crashed into a bus-load of schoolchildren. Six of them were slightly injured. 14 She refuses to use machines. This makes her work more arduous. 15 I met Mary. She asked me to give you this. 16 The women prayed aloud all night. This kept us awake. 17 The river bed is uneven and you may be in shallow water one moment and in deep water the next. This makes it unsafe for non-swimmers. 18 Mary said that there should be a notice up warning people. Mary's children couldn't swim. 19 Ann said that there were far too many notices. Ann's children could swim very well. 20 He paid me £5 for cleaning ten windows. Most of them hadn't been cleaned for at least a year. 21 Jack, the goalkeeper, and Tom, one of the backs, were injured in last Saturday's match. Jack's injuries were very slight. He is being allowed to play in today's match. This is a good thing because the team hasn't got another goalkeeper. (Combine the last three sentences only.) 22 But Tom's leg is still in bandages. He will have to watch the match from the stand. 23 Mr White didn't get a seat on his train this morning. This put him in a bad temper, and caused him to be very rude to his junior partner. The junior partner in turn was rude to the chief clerk; and so on all the way down to the office boy. 24 On Monday Tom's boss suddenly asked for a report on the previous week's figures. Tom had a hangover. He felt too sick to work fast. (Combine the last two sentences only.) 25 His boss didn't drink. He saw what was the matter and wasn't sympathetic. 26 In the afternoon he rang Tom and asked why the report still hadn't arrived. The report should have been on his desk by 2 o'clock. 27 Tom's headache was now much worse. He just put the receiver down without answering. This was just as well, as if he'd said anything he would have been very rude. 28 Fortunately Ann, the typist, came to Tom's assistance. Ann rather liked Tom. 29 Even so the report took three hours. It should have taken an hour and a half. 30 I went to Munich. I had always wanted to visit Munich. 31 'Hello, Paul,' said Mr Jones to the headwaiter. The headwaiter's name was Tom. He said 'Good evening, sir,' without any sign of recognition. This disappointed Mr Jones. Mr Jones liked to be recognized by headwaiters. (Omit the first sentence.) 32 And this time he was with Lucy. He was particularly anxious to impress Lucy. 105 what and which PEG 81-3 Fill the gaps in the following sentences by using either what or which. (When which is used it should be preceded by a comma which the student must insert for himself.) 1 He didn't believe . . . I said . . . annoyed me very much. 2 In detective stories the murderer is always caught . . . doesn't happen in real life. 3 He wasn't surprised at . . . he saw because I told him . . . to expect.


4 In hospitals they wake patients at 6 a.m. . . . is much too early. 5 There was no directory in the first telephone box . . . meant that I had to go to another one. 6 I did... I could . . . wasn't much. 7 The clock struck thirteen . . . made everyone laugh. 8 I am sure that . . . you say is true. 9 We travelled second class . . . is cheaper than first class but more crowded. 10 He didn't know the language . . . made it difficult for him to get a job. 11 People whose names begin with A always get taken first . . . is most unfair. 12 He played the violin all night . . . annoyed the neighbours. 13 When the mechanic opened the bonnet he saw at once . . . was wrong with the car. 14 I didn't buy anything because I didn't see . . . I wanted. 15 They sang as they marched . . . helped them to forget how tired they were. 16 I saw a coat marked down to £10... was just . . . I was prepared to pay. 17 He was very rude to the customs officer . . . of course made things worse. 18 Show me . . . you've got in your hand. 19 Tell me . . . you want me to do. 20 The frogs croaked all night . . . kept us awake. 21 All the roads were blocked by snow . . . meant that help could not reach us till the following spring. 22 You needn't think you were unobserved! I saw . . . you did! 23 She was once bitten by a monkey . . . made her dislike monkeys for the rest of her life. 24 Some dairies have given up electric milk floats and gone back to horsedrawn vehicles . . . shows that the horse still has a place in modern transport. 25 She expects me to clean the house in half an hour . . . is impossible. 26 He poured water on the burning oil stove . . . was a crazy thing to do. 27 Would you know . . . to do if you were bitten by a snake? 28 They turned on the street lights . . - made it suddenly seem much darker than it really was. 29 I don't know . . . delayed the train, but it went much slower than usual . . . made me late for my appointment. 30 He asked a question . . . I answered, and then he asked exactly the same question again . . . showed me that he hadn't been listening. 31 The crime was not discovered till 48 hours later . . . gave the criminals plenty of time to get away. 32 My neighbours on either side of me have painted their houses . . . of course only makes my house look shabbier than it really is. 33 The headmaster believed that children should do . . . they liked . . . meant, of course, that they didn't learn much. 34 I couldn't remember the number of my own car . . . made the police suspicious. 34 He said that . . . frightened him was the appalling silence of the place. 36 You will be punished for . . . you have done.


106 whatever, whenever, whoever etc. PEG 85 Fill each of the gaps in the following sentences with one of the following words: however, whatever, whenever, wherever, whichever, whoever. 1 . . . you do, don't mention my name. (I particularly don't want you to.) 2 He lives in Wick, . . . that is (I don't know and don't much care.) 3 Ann (looking out of the window): Bill's van – Tom: It isn't a van, it's a station wagon. Ann: Well, . . . it is, it's just been given a parking ticket! 4 You'll never escape. He'll find you, . . . you hide yourself, (no matter where) 5 . . . of you broke this window will have to pay for it. 6 . . . broke this window will have to pay for it. 7 The lift works perfectly for Tom, but . . . I use it, the doors stick. (every time) 8 I'd rather have a room of my own, . . . small, than share with someone. 9 . , . told you I'd lend you £500 was pulling your leg. 10 Shall I type it or send it like this? ~ . . . you like. 11 You're wanted on the phone! ~ I can't come now. Ask . . . it is to leave his number and I'll ring him back in half an hour. 12 . . . rich you are you can't buy happiness. 13 He's a phrenologist, . . . that is. (I don't know.) 14 We must finish tonight, . . . long it takes us. (no matter how long) 15 . . . it rains, my roof leaks. 16 Announcement: A box of dangerous drugs has been removed from the hospital dispensary. Will . . . took it please return it immediately? 17 Mothers in this district are not letting their children out alone till . . . committed these murders has been arrested. 18 He started half an hour ago and his car is faster than yours. . . . fast you drive, you won't catch him up. 19 Married man (to bachelor friend): You can do . . . you like in the evenings but I have to go home to my wife. 20 . . . my neighbour is cooking there is a smell of burning, (every time) 21 I hope that . . . left this rubbish here is going to clear it away. 22 We each draw a card and . . . of us has the lowest card does the washing up. Or . . . has the lowest card. 23 If I say, 'Heads, I win; tails, you lose,' I will win . . . happens. Or I will win . . . way the coin falls. 24 . . . used the bathroom last forgot to clean the bath. 107 Relative clauses replaced by infinitives PEG 77 Part I Replace the clauses in bold type by an infinitive or infinitive phrase. I have books that I must read. I have books to read.


a peg on which I can hang my coat a peg to hang my coat on a form that you must fill in a form for you to fill in 1 We had a river in which we could swim. 2 The child is lonely; he would be happier if he had someone that he could play with. 3 I don't much care for cooking for myself; if I had a family that I had to cook for I'd be more interested. 4 Here are some accounts that you must check. 5 I've got a bottle of wine but I haven't got anything that I could open it with. 6 I have some letters that I must write. 7 I don't want to go alone and I haven't anyone that I can go with. 8 I don't like him playing in the streets; I wish we had a garden that he could play in. 9 We had to eat standing up because we hadn't anything that we could sit on, and the grass was too wet. 10 The floor is dusty but I haven't got a brush that I can sweep it with. 11 My files are all over the place. I wish I had a box that I could keep them in. 12 She said that she wasn't going to buy any cards; she hadn't anyone to whom she could send cards. Part 2 Replace the clauses in bold type by infinitives. He was the first man who reached the top. He was the first man to reach the top. 13 He was the first man who left the burning building. 14 You are the last person who saw her alive. 15 My brother was the only one who realized the danger. 16 The pilot was the only man who survived the crash. 17 He simply loves parties. He is always the first who comes and the last who goes. 18 The Queen Elizabeth is the largest ship which has been built on the Clyde. 19 The last person who leaves the room must turn out the lights. 20 I was the only person who saw the difficulty. 21 He was the second man who was killed in this way. 22 Neil Armstrong was the first man who walked on the moon. 23 Lady Astor was the first woman who took her seat in Parliament. 24 The fifth man who was interviewed was entirely unsuitable.

Prepositions 108 Prepositions: at, to; preposition/adverb: in PEG 90,93 Insert suitable prepositions in the following. 1 Could I speak . . . Tom, please? ~ I'm afraid Tom's . . . work. But Jack's .... Would you like to speak . . . him?


2 How do I get ...the air terminal? Turn right . . . the end of this street and you'll see it . . . front of you. 3 He started going . . . school . . . the age of five. So now he's been . . . school for ten years. He's leaving . . . the end of this year. 4 He goes . . . his office every day except Sunday. On Sundays he stays . . . home and works . . . the garden. 5 I think I left my umbrella . . . the bus. I'd better write . . . the Lost Property Office. 6 We arrived . . . the airport . . . good time for the plane. 7 Can I look up a word . . . your dictionary? I left mine . . . home. 8 Our train arrived . . . York . . . 6.30. Paul met us . . . the station. 9 Have you been . . . the theatre recently? ~ Yes, I was . . . the Old Vie last night. 10 I'm returning . . . France . . . the end of this term. ~ Are you coming back . . . England after the holidays? 11 He isn't living . . . home now, but if you write . . . his home they'll forward the letter . . . his new address. 12 I went . . . bed early but I couldn't get . . . sleep because the people . . . the next room were talking so loudly. 13 . . . first I found the work very tiring, but . . . a few weeks I got used ... it. 14 There was an accident . . . the crossroads . . . midnight last night. Two men were taken . . . hospital. I believe one of them is still . . . hospital. 15 . . . the daytime the streets are crowded but . . . night they are quite deserted. 16 . . . first her father refused to allow her to go back . . . work; but . . . the end he agreed. 17 . . . the beginning of a textbook there is a preface, and . . . the end there is an index. 18 He went . . . sea . . . 18, and spent all his working life . . . sea. He retired . . . 56 and went to live . . . the country. 19 I saw Tom . . . the bus stop this morning but couldn't speak . . . him because we were standing . . . a queue and he was . . . the front of it and I was . . . the back. 20 I'll leave some sandwiches . . . the fridge in case you are hungry when you come in. 21 We'd better start . . . six, because climbing up . . . the gallery takes some time. I hope you don't mind sitting . . . the gallery. ~ No, of course not. When I go . . . the opera I always go . . . the gallery. 22 He is always . . . a hurry. He drives . . . a tremendous speed. 23 When he began speaking . . . English, she looked . . . him . . . amazement. 24 Write . . . ink and put your name . . . the top of the page. 25 We start serving breakfasts . . . 7.30. Shall I send yours up . . . your room, or will you have it . . . the restaurant? 26 He's always . . . a bad temper . . . breakfast time. 27 According . . . the guidebook there are three hotels . . . the town. 28 The pilot climbed . . . 5,000 metres and flew . . . that height till he got . . . the coast. Then he came down . . . 1,000 metres and began to take photographs. 29 I'm interested . . . chess but I'm not very good . . . it. 30 Who is the girl . . . the blue dress, sitting . . . the head of the table? 31 I couldn't offer him a room . . . my flat because . . . that time my mother-in-law was staying with us.


32 The train stopped . . . all the stations, and long before we got . . . London every seat was taken and people were standing . . . the corridors. 33 Shall we discuss it . . . my room, or shall I come . . . your office? 34 . . . my astonishment I was the only person . . . the bar. Everyone else had gone . . . the Casino. 35 The Loch Ness Monster is supposed to live . . . the bottom of the Loch and come . . . the surface from time . . . time. 36 You can't say that he lives . . . luxury. There's hardly any furniture . . . his room. He hasn't even got a desk to write .... 109 Prepositions and prepositions/adverbs: at, by, in, into, of, off, on, out (of), to, under, with PEG 90, 92-4, 95 G Fill the gaps in the following sentences from the above list. I I'm going to Bath . . . Monday . . . Tom. Would you like to come . . . us?Are you going . . . bus? No, we're going . . . Tom's car. 2 I saw him standing . . . the queue but I don't know whether he got . . . the bus or not. 3 How do you go . . . school? ~ It depends . . . the weather. . . . wet days I go . . . tube; . . . fine weather I go . . . foot. 4 The car stopped . . . the traffic lights and wouldn't start again, so the driver got . . . and pushed it . . . the side . . . the road. 5 Someone threw a stone . . . the speaker. It hit him . . . the head and knocked his glasses.... 6 I want to post this . . . a friend . . . Italy. Will he have to pay duty ... it? 7 According . . . Tom, it is impossible to live . . . Paris . . . less than £10,000 a year. 8 Are you . . . your own (alone)? No, I'm . . . a friend . . . mine. 9 You ought to be ashamed . . . yourself for coming . . . my nice clean kitchen . . . muddy boots. 10 Children get presents . . . Christmas and . . . their birthdays. 11 How would we get ... ... {escape from) this room if the hotel were ... fire? 12 He arrived . . . London . . . 6 p.m. . . . a foggy November day. We often have fogs . . . November. 13 The man . . . his back . . . the camera is the Minister . . . Agriculture. 14 How do I get . . . the Public Library? ~ Go . . . the end . . . this street and turn right; turn left . . . the next traffic lights and then take the second turning . . . your right. This will bring you . . . Brook Street, and you'll find the library . . . your left. 15 Alternatively you could get a 14 bus . . . this stop and ask the conductor to tell you where to get . . . (alight). 16 The boy was leaning against the wall . . . his hands . . . his pockets. 'Take your hands ... ... your pockets,' said his father sharply. 17 As she was getting . . . . . . the car one . . . her buttons fell ....


Although we were . . . a hurry she insisted . . . stopping to look for it. 18 Mr Jones is very keen . . . punctuality. His lessons start dead . . . time and you get . . . terrible trouble if you're late. 19 The man . . . the pipe and red hair is the brother . . . the girl . . . blue. 20 Don't leave your luggage . . . the corridor. It'll be . . . everyone's way. Bring it . . . the compartment and put it . . . the rack. 21 He sits . . . his desk all day . . . his head . . . his hands. It gets . . . my nerves. 22 . . . mistake I opened Mary's letter instead . . . my own. She was very angry . . . me and said that I'd done it . . . purpose. 23 I buy a newspaper . . . my way . . . the station and read it . . . the train. By the time I get . . . London I've read most . . . it. 24 He was charged . . . driving while . . . the influence . . . alcohol. 25 People who drop litter . - . the pavements are liable . . . a fine . . . £50. 26 He accused me . . . selling secret information . . . the enemy. 27 You look worried. Are you . . . some sort . . . trouble?Yes, . . . a way. I'm . . . debt and my creditors want to be paid . . . the end . . . the month, and . . . the moment I haven't any money . . . the bank. 28 The car skidded . . . the tree, the windscreen was smashed and the driver was cut . . . the face . . . splinters . . . glass. 29 Four people were injured . . . the demonstration. Three . . . them are students . . . the university, the fourth is here . . . holiday. That's him over there . . . his arm . . . plaster. 30 This picture was painted . . . Picasso; and there's another Picasso . . . the opposite wall. 31 The horse stopped suddenly and the rider fell . . . . He couldn't get . . . again without help and there was no one . . . sight. 32 The children hastily changed . . . bathing things and jumped . . . the river . . . shouts of delight. 33 We'll have to go . . . car; we can't go . . . bus . . . account . . . the bus strike. 34 Divers breathing a mixture . . . helium and oxygen can work . . . a depth . . . 100 metres. 35 I'm tired . . . working . . . the suburbs and I've asked to be transferred . . . our central branch. 36 Can I have Monday . . . ? or Can I have a holiday . . . Monday? I want to go . . . my grandson's wedding. 110 Prepositions and prepositions/adverbs: at, by, during, for, from, in, of, on, over, since, till, under, with PEG 87,90-1 Insert suitable words, choosing them from the above list. 1 I've lived . . . this street . . . ten years. 2 He has lived . . . 101 Cornwall Gardens . . . 1966. 3 . . . the age . . . 18 he was sent to prison . . . theft. 4 He was . . . prison . . . two years. . . . that time he became interested . . . pigeons. 5 There is a parcel of books . . . you . . . the table . . . the hall. ~


Oh, they must be . . . my brother. He always sends me books . . . my birthday. 6 We heard that Bill wasn't . . . arrest but was helping the police . . . their enquiries. The police are interested . . . a bank robbery which took place . . . Bill's last holidays. 7 Much Ado About Nothing is . . . Shakespeare, and you'll find more . . . his plays . . . the bookcase . . . the corner. 8 As the child was too young to travel . . . herself, they arranged . . . her to travel . . . the care . . . a friend of the family. 9 Have you heard . . . John . . . his return? ~ Yes, I had a letter . . . Monday. He's thinking . . . going back . . . America. 10 He was ill . . . a week and . . . that week his wife never left his side. 11 Aren't you coming . . . us? ~ No, I'm waiting . . . Tom. ~ But he won't be ready . . . some time. ~ I'm not . . . a hurry. I'll wait till he's ready. 12 I'm very sorry . . . being late. It was good . . . you to wait . . . me. 13 Passengers may leave bulky articles . . . the stairs . . . the conductor's permission, but the bus company will not be responsible . . . such articles. 14 Remember to be . . . good time . . . the opera because if you're late they won't let you ... ... the end . . . the act. 15 I want two seats . . . Romeo and Juliet . . . Friday night. 16 . . . spite . . . the heat he refused to take . . . his coat. 17 He was wounded . . . the shoulder . . . a bullet fired . . . an upstairs window. 18 While . . . their way from the coast . . . the mountains they were attacked . . . a jaguar. 19 What platform does the train . . . York leave . . . ? ~ Platform 8, and you'd better hurry. It'll be leaving . . . a minute. 20 He invited me to dinner . . . his club and . . . the meal he asked me . . . advice about his investments. 21 He's not independent . . . any means. He depends . . . his father . . . everything. 22 He has a picture . . . Picasso (Picasso painted the picture) and he can't decide whether to hang it . . . the hall . . . the right as you come . . . or . . . the sitting room . . . the fireplace. 23 I'm tired . . . hearing about Tom and his Picasso. He can hang it . . his garage . . . all I care! 24 He said he was . . . debt and asked me . . . a loan . . . £50. 25 What's the cheapest way . . . getting . . . London . . . Edinburgh?Well, you could hitch hike there . . . next . . . nothing, or you could go . . . coach . . . about £20. 26 I was horrified . . . his appearance. He looked as if he hadn't slept ... weeks. 27 When he gets back . . . the office he expects his wife to meet him . . . the door . . . his slippers, and have a hot meal waiting . . . him. 28 Yesterday the children went . . . a walk and didn't get back ... 10 p.m. Their mother was furious . . . them . . . coming in so late. . 29 Passengers who get ...or... a bus (i.e. who board or leave it) except . . . the official stops do so . . . their own risk. 30 The rows are lettered - . . A to T, beginning . . . the row nearest the stage. So if Tom is


sitting . . . B26, and Jack is sitting . . . C26, Tom will be directly . . . front . . . Jack. 31 What's the best way . . . cooking a lobster? ~ Cook it . . . boiling salted water, and serve it cold . . . mayonnaise. 32 He was fined . . . parking his car . . . a no-parking area. 33 He opened the door . . . a rusty key and went down the steps . . . the cellar, followed by Bill . . . a torch. 34 The adults worked . . . 6 a.m. to 6 p.m., . . . an hour . . . lunch. Boys . . . 18 were not supposed to start . . . 8 a.m. (earlier than 8 a.m.) 35 He died . . . heart failure . . . Tuesday night. His wife is still suffering . . . shock. 36 The house is . . . fire! Send . . . the Fire Brigade! 111 Prepositions and prepositions/adverbs: about, at, away (adverb only), by, for, from, in, into, on, out, to, under, up, with, over PEG 96-7 Insert a suitable word in the following sentences. 1 He insisted . . . seeing the documents. 2 They succeeded . . . escaping . . . the burning house. 3 I am not interested . . . anything that happened . . . the very remote past. 4 The children are very fond . . . swimming. . . . summer they spend most . . . their time . . . the water. 5 How are you getting . . . at school? ~ I'm getting . . . all right except . . . English. I'm very bad . . . English; I'll have to work harder . .'. it, and spend more time . . . it. 6 Paul goes . . . school . . . you, doesn't he? How's he getting ... ... his English? or How's his English getting . . . ?~ 7 I don't know. We're not . . . the same class. But he gets . . . . . . the other students all right. He has heaps . . . friends. 8 There is no point . . . going . . . car if we can't park near the theatre. 9 She made a point . . . coming late so that everyone would look . . . her. 10 It never occurred . . . me to ask him . . . proof . . . his identity. 11 . . . first, driving on the left is confusing, but you'll soon get used . . . it. 12 I've heard such a lot . . . him that I'm looking forward . . . seeing him very much. 13 He was so absorbed . . . his work that when I came . . . , he didn't even look . . . (raise his head) 14 I'm sorry . . . Tom. (I pity him.) He has worked . . . Brown and Company . . . ten years and now the firm has been taken . . . by Jones Ltd, and they're going to dismiss him. 15 I'm sorry . . . being late . . . Monday. Or I'm sorry . . . Monday. 16 The complete set . . . books can be ordered . . . £10 . . . Jones and Company. (Jones and Company will send them to you if you write enclosing £10.) 17 I'm waiting . . . my friend. He'll be here . . . a moment. 18 I see . . . today's paper that you need a secretary . . . a knowledge of French. I should like to apply . . . the post.


19 You can't rely . . . him. He's almost always late . . . appointments. 20 If you do not comply . . . the traffic regulations you will get . . . trouble . . . the police. 21 Wine is good . . . you, but it is expensive . . . England because there is a fairly high tax . . . it. 22 . . . fairy stories, stepmothers are always unkind . . . their stepchildren; but my stepmother has always been very good . . . me. 23 He was so infuriated . . . the play that he walked . . . (left the theatre) . . . the middle . . . the first act. 24 My au pair girl takes care . . . my little boys (looks . . . them) . . . the afternoons. She's very good . . . children. (She can manage them well.) 25 He threw stones . . . his attackers, trying to drive them .... 26 I threw the ball . . . Peter, but instead . . . throwing it back . . . me, he ran . . . and hid it. 27 I object . . . being kept waiting. Why can't you be . . . time? 28 '. . . accordance . . . the wishes . . . my people,' the president said, am retiring . . . public life.' 29 This regulation doesn't apply . . . you. You are . . . {less than) 18. 30 I'm not exactly keen . . . cooking; but I prefer it . . . washing up. (Washing up is worse than cooking.) 31 I was so afraid . . . missing the train that I took a taxi . . . the station. 32 What . . . taking the day . . . and spending it . . . the seaside? 33 I don't object . . . lending you my pen, but wouldn't it be better if you had a pen . . . your own? 34 Don't ask the office . . . information. I will provide you . . . all the information you need. 35 I disapprove . . . people who make all sorts . . . promises which the have no intention . . . keeping. 36 I was . . . the impression that I had paid you . . . the work you did ... me. 112 Use and omission of prepositions PEG 88-9 Insert a preposition if necessary. Choose from at, by, for, in, of, on, past, till/until, to, with. 1 He asked . . . his father . . . money. 2 They paid . . . me . . . the books. 3 I thought he would offer . . . Ann the job, but he offered it . . . me. 4 Keep . . . me a place, and keep a place . . . Ann too. 5 They showed . . . us photographs . . . their baby. 6 Buying presents . . . children is sometimes very difficult. . . . the end I bought a kite . . . Tom and a torch . . . Ann. 7 Pass the salt . . . your father, Peter, and pass . . . me the pepper, please. 8 When you have lunch . . . a restaurant, who pays . . . the bill? ~


Oh, each . . . us pays . . . what he has had. 9 Paul's a pianist. He sometimes plays . . . us . . . the evening. Last night he played some Chopin. 10 I think I'll be able to find . . . Ann a job. ~ Could you find a job . . . me, too? 11 He sold the picture . . . an American dealer . . . £5,000. 12 He promised . . . us a share . . . the profits. 13 He built a very nice house . . . Jack . . . only £50,000. I wonder what sort . . . house he would build . . . me . . . £30,000. 14 She is knitting socks . . . refugees. I wish she'd knit . . . me some socks. 15 Sitting . . . the floor isn't exactly comfortable. Throw . . . me a cushion, please, Ann. 16 If you are going . . . the Post Office, could you buy . . . me a book ... stamps? 17 If you write . . . me a song I'll sing it . . . the school concert. I'll get Paul to accompany . . . me . . . the guitar. 18 Could you lend . . . us your lawnmower, please? ~ I'm afraid you'll have to ask . . . someone else to lend . . . you one. We've lent ours . . . Mr Jones and he always keeps it . . . ages. 19 I thought you'd be late . . . dinner, so I ordered some sandwiches . . . you; they're . . . the bar. I haven't paid . . . them: you can pay . . . the barman. 20 I explained . . . him that it was the custom . . . England to wash one's car at the weekend. 21 I described the machine . . . him and asked . . . him if he could make . . . me one like it. 22 She told . . . us that she'd been attacked . . . the street. We asked . . . her to describe her attacker and she said he was a tall man . . . a limp. 23 He told . . . them to wait . . . him . . . the bridge. 24 I cannot repeat . . . you what she said . . . me . . . confidence. 25 The headmaster warned . . . me to work harder. What did he say . . . you, Jack? 26 He advised . . . the strikers to go back . . . work. They received his advice . . . shouts . . . contempt. 27 They don't allow . . . you to smoke . . . cinemas . . . France. 28 He told lies . . . the police. ~ I'm not surprised. He told . . . me a pack . . . lies yesterday. 29 This film reminds . . . me . . . my childhood. 30 I rely . . . you to remind . . . me to pay Jack . . . the books he bought ... me. 31 We must try to get . . . home . . . time . . . tea. 32 We didn't reach Berlin . . . after dark, and had some difficulty . . . finding our hotel. 33 If we say 'The manager showed . . . us to our room,' we mean that he led... us... the door. If we say, 'He showed . . . us the room,' we mean that he entered . . . the room . . . us. 34 I read . . . him the report. He listened . . . me . . . amazement. 35 He ordered . . . us to give . . . him all the maps . . . our possession. 36 He suggested . . . me that we should offer to pay . . . her . . . dollars 113 till/until, to, for, since, then, after, afterwards PEG 92 A, 93 Part 1 till, until, to


Insert till, until, to where appropriate. 1 Go on... the crossroads. 2 Go on . . . you see a church on your right. 3 We work from 9 a.m. . . . 6 p.m. 4 Start now and go on . . . I tell you to stop. 5 I'm going to wait . . . it stops raining. 6 You'll have to stay in bed . . . your temperature goes down. 7 The library is open from 10 . . . 4 o'clock. 8 This train goes . . . York. 9 We have lunch from 12.00 . . . 1.00. Then we start again and go on ... 5.30. 10 Go back . . . the hotel and wait there ...I call for you. 11 I'm not going for a walk, I'm only going . . . the bank. ~ Then you'd better wait . . . the bank opens. 12 If you're going . . . the Post Office would you post a letter for me? ~ Yes, of course; but it won't go . . . tomorrow. Part 2 for, since (see also Exercise 122) PEG 91,187 Insert for or since. 1 It's a long time . . . I had a good meal. Or I haven't had a good meal ... ages. 2 I've been waiting for Tom . . . 6.00; I wonder if he's lost his way. 3 Ever . . . his accident he's been afraid of flying. 4 I haven't seen Tom . . . we left school. 5 The astronauts have already been in orbit . . . two days. 6 . . . last year the noise has become very much worse. 7 I've had this toothache . . . the last week. 8 Her husband died last year, and . . . then she has been supporting the family. Or She's been supporting the family . . . the last year. 9 It's three years . . . I did any skiing. Or I haven't done any skiing . . . three years. 10 The windows haven't been cleaned . . . weeks. 11 He has been missing . . . 48 hours. 12 . . . last year we haven't been allowed to park here. Part 3 then, after, afterwards PEG 92 B Insert then, after, or afterwards. 1 We had tea and . . . went for a walk. Or . . . tea we went for a walk. 2 We'll have watercress soup to start with. What would you like . . . that? 3 . . . waiting for half an hour he went home in disgust. . . . (later on) he was sorry he hadn't waited longer. 4 I give all the guests breakfast; . . . I have my own. 5 First you loosen the nuts, . . . you jack up the car, . . . you take the wheel off. 6 He listened at the keyhole for a minute; . . . he opened the door cautiously.


7 University administrators sometimes appear more important than scholars; but the administrators will not be remembered . . . their death. 8 'Put your toys away,' said his mother, 'and . . . we'll have tea.' 9 In the story, the Princess married the Prince and they lived happily ever.... 10 He wound up the clock, set the alarm for 5.00, . . . got into bed and fell asleep. 11 He poured the brandy into a glass, warmed it in his hands a little, . . . drank it slowly. 12 I covered the pudding with cream and decorated it with cherries. ~ And . . . ?~ . . . we ate it, of course. 13 For years . . . people remembered that terrible night. 14 I spoke angrily; . . . (some time later) I regretted my words. 15 He looked round to see that nobody was watching; . . . he took a piece of bent wire and began trying to open the door. 16 First you say 'Yes', and . . . you say 'No'. You're an impossible person to make plans with.

Auxiliaries + perfect infinitives 114 Auxiliaries + perfect infinitives PEG 255 Use the perfect infinitive of the verbs in brackets with a suitable auxiliary verb: I've never seen a London policeman. You (see) one! You've been in London a week already! You must have seen one. Note that not placed before the verb in brackets refers to the auxiliary verb: I heard their phone ringing. You (not hear) their phone ringing. They haven't got a phone. You couldn't have heard their phone ringing. 1 Jack: I've finished. Ann: But you were only half way through when I went to bed. You (work) all night! 2 The instructions were in French. I translated them into English for him. ~ You (not translate) them. He knows French. 3 Tom: What's happened to Jack? We said 7.30 and now it's 8.00 and there's no sign of him. Ann: He (forget) that we invited him. He is rather forgetful. I (telephone) him yesterday to remind him. (It was foolish of me not to telephone.) 4 Tom: Or he (get) lost. He hasn't been to this house before. I (give) him directions. (I didn't give him directions, which was stupid of me.) Ann: Or he (have) a breakdown or a puncture. Tom: A puncture (not delay) him so long. 5 Ann: Or he (stop) for a drink and (get) involved in an argument. Jack's arguments go on for hours! Tom: Or he (run) out of petrol. Perhaps we'd better go and look for him. 6 You (not feed) the bears! (It was foolish of you to feed them.) Now they'll be angry if


the next campers don't feed them too. 7 Nobody has been in this house for a month. ~ Nonsense! Here's last Monday's paper in the wastepaper basket; somebody (be) here quite recently. 8 Two of the players spent the night before the big match at a party. ~ That was very foolish of them. They (go) to bed early. 9 He says that when walking across Kensington Gardens he was attacked by wolves. ~ He (not be attacked) by wolves. There aren't any wolves in Kensington. He (see) some Alsatian dogs and (think) they were wolves. 10 I waited from 8.00 to 8.30 under the clock and he says he waited from 8.00 to 8.30 under the clock, and we didn't see each other! ~ You (wait) under different clocks! There are two in the station, you know. 11 He set off alone a month ago and hasn't been heard of since. ~ He (fall) into a river and (be eaten) by crocodiles. ~ Or (be kidnapped) by tribesmen. ~ Or (catch) fever and (die) of it. 12 We (start) yesterday (this was the plan)-, but the flight was cancelled because of the fog, so we're still here, as you see. 13 Mary to Ann, who has just toiled up six flights of stairs: You (not walk) up! You (come) up in the lift. It's working now. 14 I left my car here under the No Parking sign; and now it's gone. It (be) stolen! ~ Not necessarily. The police (drive) it away. 15 He had two bottles of Coke and got frightfully drunk. ~ He (not get) drunk on Coke. He (drink) gin with it. 16 He was riding a bicycle along the motorway when he. was hit by the trailer of a lorry. These big lorries are very dangerous. Perhaps, but Paul (not ride) a bicycle along the motorway; bicycles are not allowed. 17 I've lost one of my gloves! ~ The puppy (take) it. I saw him running by just now with something in his mouth. It (be) your glove. 18 We've run out of petrol! ~ I'm not surprised. I noticed that the tank was nearly empty when left home. ~ You (tell) me! We (get) petrol at the last village. Now we've got a 10-mile walk! 19 If the ground hadn't been so soft the horse I backed (win) instead of coming in second. He never does very well on soft ground. 20 I've written to Paul. ~ You (not write). He's coming here tomorrow. You'll see him before he gets your letter. 21 They (build) a two-storey house (this was the original plan), but money ran out so they built a bungalow instead. 22 If the dog hadn't woken us we (not notice) the fire for several hours, and by that time it (spread) the house next door. 23 Why didn't you wait for me yesterday? ~ I waited five minutes. ~ You (wait) a little longer! 24 How did Peter get here? ~


He (come) on a motorcycle. {This is a possibility.) ~ He (not come) on a motorcycle. He doesn't ride one. ~ He (come) as a pillion passenger. 25 (Alice, staying at a hotel for the first time, carefully washes up the early morning tea things.) Mother: You (not do) that. The hotel staff do the washing up. 26 Why are you so late? You (be) here two hours ago! 27 Mrs Smith: I've cooked scrambled eggs for Mr Jones, because of his diet, and steak and onions for everyone else. Mr Jones: You (not cook) anything special for me, Mrs Smith; I'm not on a diet any longer. 28 If I'd known we'd have to wait so long I (bring) a book. ~ If I'd known it was going to be so cold I (not come) at all! 29 Tom (looking out of the window): Fortunately that teapot didn't hit anyone, but you (not throw) it out of the window, Ann! You (kill) someone. 30 Look at this beautiful painting! Only a very great artist (paint) such a picture! ~ Nonsense! A child of five (paint) it with his eyes shut. 31 I wonder how the fire started. ~ Oh, someone (drop) a lighted cigarette. Or it (be) an electrical fault. ~ 32 You don't think it (be started) deliberately? ~ Well, I suppose it (be). {It is possible.) But who would do a thing like that? 33 There is only one set of footprints, so the kidnapper (carry) his prisoner out. He not (do) it in daylight or he (be) seen. He (wait) till dark. 34 I went with him to show him the way. ~ You (not do) that. {That wasn 't necessary.) He knows the way. 35 Then an enormous man, ten feet tall, came into the ring. ~ He (not be) ten feet tall really. He (walk) on stilts. 36 He jumped out of a sixth-floor window and broke his neck. ~ You say 'jumped'. It (not be) an accident? ~ No. The window was too small. It (be) deliberate. 115 Auxiliaries + perfect infinitives PEG 255 Use the perfect infinitive of the verbs in brackets with a suitable auxiliary verb. 1 Tom: I had my house painted recently, but when they sent in the bill I was appalled. If I'd known it was going to cost so much I (not have) it done. 2 Peter: But it's your own fault, Tom. You (ask) for an estimate before letting them start. 3 Mother (very anxious about her son, aged ten): Where is he? He (be) here an hour ago? (It's now 5.00 and he is usually home by 4.00.) 4 Friend: He (go) to the playground to watch a football match. Mother: No, if there'd been a match today he (tell) me. He always tells me all the football news. 5 Friend: His teacher (keep) him in as a punishment. Mother: She (not keep) him in for a whole hour.


6 Friend: Then he (go) to a friend's house. Mother: Yes, or he (be) knocked down crossing the street. He may be lying unconscious in hospital! Friend: If that had happened the hospital (ring) you. Mother: They (not ring) me. My phone isn't working! 7 He jumped out of the aeroplane and landed unhurt! ~ You mean he parachuted down? ~ He didn't say anything about a parachute. ~ He (have) a parachute. Otherwise he (be) killed. 8 I bought a sweater at Marks and Spencer's last Sunday. ~ You (not buy) it on Sunday. Marks and Spencer's is shut on Sundays. 9 Tom's had another accident. He came out of a side road rather fast and a lorry crashed into him. ~ It sounds like Tom's fault. He (wait) till the main road was clear. 10 I wonder who carried the piano upstairs. I suppose it was Paul. ~ Paul (not carry) it by himself. Someone (help) him. 11 I was on the Circle Line and we were just leaving Piccadilly— ~ Then you (not be) on the Circle Line. It doesn't go through Piccadilly. You (be) on the Bakerloo Line or the Piccadilly Line. 12 The plane disappeared two weeks ago and no one knows what happened to it. ~ It (crash) into the sea. If it had crashed on land someone (report) it by now. ~ 13 But what do you think caused the plane to crash? ~ Who knows? It (blow) up. Someone (plant) a bomb on board before take-off, or one of the passengers (have) explosives with him. 14 Or someone (try) to hijack the plane. And there (be) a fight during which the plane crashed. 15 Or something (go) wrong with the engines, or it (be) a case of metal fatigue. ~ It (not be) metal fatigue because it was a brand new plane. 16 The pilot (collapse) at the controls. ~ But if that had happened the second pilot (take over). 17 Maria (new to English customs): He said, 'How do you do?' so I told him about my migraine. Ann: You (not do) that. (That wasn't the right thing to do.) You (say), 'How do you do?' too. 18 It was the depths of winter and we had to wait eighteen hours in an unheated station. ~ You (be) frozen by the time the train arrived. 19 I've done all the calculations. Here you are—six pages. ~ But you (not do) all that work! We have a computer to do that sort of thing. You (tell) me! Then I (not waste) all my time! 20 He failed the exam but he (pass) it. (He had the ability to pass it.) It's all his own fault; he (work) much harder during the term. 21 He's not here! Yet I locked him in and bolted the door too, so he (not possibly open) the door from inside. And he (not get) out of the window; it's too small. ~ 22 Somebody (let) him out. One of his friends (follow) you here and (slip) in when your back was turned.


23 Passenger: Fares are awful! I had to pay £2 for my ticket and £1 for the baby. Another passenger: But you (not buy) a ticket for the baby. Babies travel free. 24 Immediately after drinking the coffee I felt very sleepy and the next thing I remember is finding myself lying in the middle of the road. ~ They (drug) your coffee and (dump) you there. ~ If I hadn't woken up when I did I (be run) over. ~ That (be) part of their plan. (It is possible that it was part of their plan.) 25 I found he knew all my movements for the past week. He (bribe) one of the other students to give him the information. ~ Or he (follow) you himself. ~ No, he (not do) that. (That is not possible.) I (see) him. 26 I stamped it and posted it. ~ You (not stamp) it. It was a reply-paid envelope. 27 He walked from London to Cambridge in three hours. ~ He (not do) it in that time! Someone (give) him a lift. 28 I found that everything I said on the phone had been reported to the police. ~ Your phone (be) tapped. 29 My ring's gone! It was on the table by the window only a minute ago! Who (take) it? ~ It (be) a magpie. There are some round here and they like shining things. A magpie (hop) in through the window and (snatch) it when you were out of the room. (This is possible.) 30 I had to walk home yesterday: I had no money for my fare. ~ You (tell) me! I (lend) you the money! 31 I (not take) a taxi. I (walk); it was only a hundred metres. (/ took a taxi but it wasn 't necessary. ) 32 The shoplifter thought she was unobserved but when she got to the door a store detective stopped her. They (watch) her on closed-circuit television. 33 When I rang the exchange and asked for the number the operator said, 'You (not ring) the exchange! You (dial) the number direct!' However, he put me through. 34 One moment the conjurer's handkerchief was empty and the next moment it was full of eggs! ~ He (have) the eggs up his sleeve! ~ 35 Well, I suppose he (have) eggs up his sleeve: but for his next trick he produced a bowl of goldfish out of the air. He (not have) a bowl of goldfish up his sleeve, now, could he? 36 Mary: My grandmother knew a girl whose fiance was sent to prison for twenty years. This girl (marry) any one of a dozen men because she was a real beauty, but she waited till her fiance came out of jail! Jack: She (love) him very much. Ann: She (be) an idiot! 116 Auxiliaries + perfect infinitives PEG 114 B, 255 Use the perfect infinitive of the verbs in brackets with the appropriate auxiliary. Phrases in bold type should not be repeated but their meaning should be expressed by auxiliary +


perfect infinitive. You (bought) bread, which was not necessary. You needn 't have bought bread. 1 To someone who was not at the party: 'We had a wonderful time; you (be) there.' 2 It is possible that Shakespeare (write) it. ~ Shakespeare (not write) it because events are mentioned that did occur till after Shakespeare's time. 3 I found this baby bird at the foot of a tree. It (fall) from a nest. 4 I used to visit her and I always wondered why she had those dreadful pictures on the walls. ~ It is possible that she (like) them. 5 During the gale, the captain was on the bridge the whole time. He (be) exhausted afterwards. 6 You (send) a telegram, which was quite unnecessary; a letter would have done. 7 You (leave) a note. (It was very inconsiderate of you not to do so.) 8 Somebody phoned at lunchtime t) but I couldn't catch the name. ~ It (be) my brother. He sometimes rings me up then. 9 The lecturer was a tall thin man with white hair. ~ Then it (not be) Dr Fell because he is short and fat. It (be) Dr Jones; I think he is thin. 10 You (not go) out yesterday without a coat. No wonder you caught cold. 11 I saw them in the street but they didn't stop to speak to me. ~ It is possible that they (be) in a hurry. 12 They (be) married next week but now they have quarrelled and the wedding has been cancelled. 13 If we hadn't had this puncture we certainly (be) home by now. 14 You (carry) the dog, which was unnecessary. He can walk very well. 15 People were waiting but the bus didn't stop. ~ It is possible that it (be) full. 16 We went sailing on a lake in a London park. I think it was the Round Pond. ~ It (not be) the Round Pond. There are only toy boats there. It (be) the Serpentine. 17 Look, there's a tree right across the road! ~ So there is. It (be) blown down by the gale last night. 18 This building (be) finished by the end of last year (this was the plan), but there have been so many strikes that it isn't finished yet. 19 But for the fog they (reach) the top next day. 20 You (cross) the road by the subway, (but you didn't) 21 It is a pity you (not bring) your kite. It is just the day for kites. 22 It is possible that I (be) mistaken. 23 I sat on a seat in the park and now my coat is covered in green stripes. ~ The paint (be) wet. 24 I suppose it was Charles who left the kitchen in such a mess. ~ No, it (not be) Charles. He never has a meal in. It (be) Bill. 25 I know she was in because I heard her radio, but she didn't open the door. ~


Possibly she (not hear) the bell. 26 If you had told me that you were in London I (put) you up. (This would have been possible.) 27 If they had gone any further they (fall) over a precipice. 28 He (check) that his brakes were working properly, (but he didn't) 29 You (apologize), which was not necessary. 30 I can't think why they didn't try to help him. ~ It is possible that they (not realize) that he was drowning. 31 He (thank) us. (We are offended that he didn't.) 32 I (go) on Tuesday (this was the plan). But on Tuesday I had a terrible cold so I decided to wait till Wednesday. 33 You (warn) him that the ice was dangerous, (but you didn't) 34 If you had kept quiet nobody (know) anything about it. 35 You (bought) a new one, which wasn't necessary. I could have lent you mine. 36 As soon as I switched on my new electric cooker there was an explosion. ~ There (be) something wrong with it.

Present, past and perfect tenses 117 The simple present and the present continuous PEG 164-74 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct present tense. 1 Ann sees Paul putting-on his coat and says: Where you (go), Paul? Paul: I (go) to buy some cigarettes. You (want) an evening paper? 2 Ann: No, thanks. You are always buying cigarettes, Paul. How many you (smoke) a day? Paul: I (not smoke) very many—perhaps 20. Jack (smoke) far more than I (do). He (spend) £10 a week on cigarettes. 3 Mary (see) Peter standing at the bus stop. Mary: Hello, Peter. What bus you (wait) for? Peter: Hello, Mary. I (wait) for a 9 or a 14. 4 Mary: You usually (go) to work by car, don't you? Peter: Yes, but the car (belong) to my mother and she sometimes (want) it. She (use) it today to take Tom to the dentist. 5 Mary: I usually (go) by car too. Jack (take) me because he (pass) my office on his way to the factory. But this week he (work) in a factory in the opposite direction: so I (queue) like you. 6 Peter: Here's a 9 now. You (come) on it or you (wait) for a 14? Mary: I (think) I'll take the 9. If I (wait) for a 14 I may be late, and if you (be) late at my office everyone (look) at you. 7 Mary and Ann (wait) outside a telephone box. Inside the box a boy (dial) a number. Mary: You (know) that boy? Ann: Yes, he's a friend of my brother's. He (phone) his girl friend every day from this box.


8 Mary: Where he (come) from? Ann: He (come) from Japan. He's a very clever boy; he (speak) four languages. 9 Mary: I (wonder) what he (speak) now. Ann: Well, his girl friend (come) from Japan too; so I (suppose) he (speak) Japanese. 10 It is 8.30. Tom and Ann (have) breakfast. They both (open) their letters. Tom: No one ever (write) to me. All I (get) is bills! You (have) anything interesting? 11 Ann: I've got a letter from Hugh. He (say) he (come) to London next week and (want) us to meet him for lunch. 12 Peter: You (have) traffic wardens in your country? Pedro: No, I (not think) so. You (not see) them in my town anyway. What exactly a traffic warden (do)? 13 Peter: He (walk) up and down the street and if a car (stay) too long; at a parking place or (park) in a no-parking area he (stick) a parking ticket to the windscreen. 14 Look! He (put) a ticket on Tom's car. Tom will be furious when he (see) it. He (hate) getting parking tickets. 15 Customer: I (want) to buy a fur coat. Have you any nice coats for about £500? Assistant: I'm afraid we just (close), madam. It's 4.55, and we always (close) at 5.00 sharp on Fridays as Mr Jones the manager (not want) to miss his favourite television programme. 16 It is Friday evening and the Brown family are at home. Mrs Brown (listen) to a concert on the radio; Mr Brown (read) a paper, George Brown (do) his homework and Ann Brown (write) a letter. 17 Mr Brown always (read) his newspapers in the evenings. Mrs Brown sometimes (knit) but she (not knit) tonight. 18 Mr Black often (go) to the theatre but his wife (not go) very often. He (like) all sorts of plays. She (prefer) comedies. 19 Tonight they (watch) a very modern comedy. They (enjoy) it, but they (not understand) some of the jokes. 20 What (happen) in your class? The teacher (give) lectures every day? ~ No. He (give) one lecture a week, and on the other days he (show) films or (discuss) books with us. 21 A bus conductor (get) more exercise than a bus driver. The driver just (sit) in his cab but the conductor (stand) and (walk) about and (run) up and down the stairs. 22 Why that man (stand) in the middle of the road? ~ He (try) to get across. He (wait) for a gap in the traffic. ~ Why he (not use) the subway? ~ Lots of people (not bother) to use the subway. They (prefer) to risk their lives crossing here. 23 You (wear) a new coat, aren't you? ~ Yes. You (like) it? ~ The colour (suit) you but it (not fit) you very well. It's much too big. 24 All the guides here (speak) at least three foreign languages, because a lot of foreign visitors (come) every summer. 25 Paul (take) a party of French tourists round now and tomorrow an American party (come).


26 Englishmen very seldom (talk) on the Underground. They (prefer) to read their newspapers. ~ Those two men in the corner (talk). ~ But they (not talk) English. 27 Jones and Co. (have) a sale at the moment. Shall we look in on our way home? ~ I'd love to but I'm afraid I won't have time. I (meet) Tom at 5.30. ~ You (go) out with Tom often? 28 I usually (go) by train, but this weekend I (go) by bus. It (take) longer but it (cost) less. 29 Ann (on telephone): You (do) anything at the moment, Sally? Sally: Yes. I (pack); I (catch) a plane to New York in three hours' time. Ann: Lucky girl! How long you (stay) in New York? 30 Peter: You (go) out tonight, Paul? Paul: No, I (stay) at home. The neighbours (come) in to watch TV. Peter: You (invite) the neighbours often? Paul: No, but they (invite) themselves whenever there is a good programme. 31 Jack: I just (go) out to get an evening paper. Ann: But it (pour)! Why you (not wait) till the rain (stop)? (I advise you to wait.) 32 Lucy: Tom (get) up very early but he (wash) and (shave) and (get) his breakfast so quietly that I (not hear) a thing. But I (hear) him driving away from the house because his car (make) a lot of noise. 33 Alice: My brother (get) up very early too. But he (make) such a lot of noise that he (wake) everybody up. He (sing) in his bath and (bang) doors and (drop) things in the kitchen and (play) the radio very loudly. 34 Lucy: Why you (not ask) him to be a bit quieter? Alice: I (mention) it every night but it (not do) any good. He (say) that he (not make) a sound, and I (think) he really (believe) it. 35 Tom: You (see) that man at the corner? He (keep) stopping people and asking them questions. You (think) he (ask) for directions? Jack: No, I (expect) he (make) a survey. Tom: How you (make) a survey? Jack: You (stop) people and (ask) them questions and (write) the answers on a report sheet. 36 In most countries a child (start) school at six and (stay) for about five years in a primary school. Then he (move) to a secondary school. At 17 or 18 he (take) an exam; if he (do) well in this exam he can go on to a university if he (wish). 118 The simple present and the present continuous PEG 164-74 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct present tense. I Mrs Jones: My daughter never (write) to me so I never (know) what she (do). Your son (write) to you, Mrs Smith? Mrs Smith: Yes, I (hear) from him every week. He (seem) to like writing letters. 2 These apples (cost) 40p a bag. You (think) that is expensive? ~ It (depend) on the size of the bag. 3 I (see) my solicitor tomorrow (/ have arranged this)', I (change) my will. ~


You always (change) your will. Why you (not leave) it alone? 4 You (look) very thoughtful. What you (think) about? ~ I (think) about my retirement. ~ But you're only 25. You only just (start) your career. ~ I (know); but I (read) an article which (say) that a sensible man (start) thinking about retirement at 25. 5 My next door neighbour always (knock) on my door and (ask) me lend her lOp pieces. ~ What she (do) with them? ~ She (put) them in her gas meter. I really (not mind) lending her a few l0p pieces but what (annoy) me is that she (know) how many she (need) each week but never (take) the trouble to bring the right number home. ~ 6 What she (do) if she (run out) of them when you are away? ~ Oh, she (borrow) from her other neighbour, Mr White; but this (take) longer because he always (want) her to stay and chat and she (find) quite hard to get away from him. ~ 7 How much she (owe) you now? ~ I (not know); I (not keep) an account. Anyway she (leave) next week; she (get) married. I (try) to think of a suitable wedding present, ~ 8 Why you (not offer) to cancel her debt? ~ That (sound) rather a mean sort of present. Anyway she probably (not realize) that she (owe) me money. ~ 9 My brother (say) that people who (owe) him money always (seem) forget about it, but people he (owe) money to always (remember) exactly. 10 I (not think) your brother (enjoy) the party. He (keep) looking at his watch. ~ Oh, I'm sure he (enjoy) it. He always (enjoy) your parties. But I (know) he (want) to be home early tonight because he (expect) an important telephone call. 11 Jack: How much longer you (stay) in England? Paul: Only one more day. I (leave) tomorrow night. I (go) to Holland for two weeks. 12 Jack: And you (come) back to England after that or you (go) home? Paul: It (depend) on my father. But if he (agree) to let me go on studying here, I'll certainly come back. And I (expect) he will agree. 13 Paul: By the way, Jack, Ann (see) me off at Victoria tomorrow. Why you (not come) too? You could have coffee with her afterwards. (Paul is advising/inviting Jack to come and see him off.) 14 You (see) that man at the corner of the street? He is a private detective. He (watch) No. 24. ~ How you (know) he (watch) No. 24? ~ Because whenever anyone (come) out of, or (go) into, the house he (make) a note in his little book. 15 What all those people (do) in the middle of the street? And why they (wear) such extraordinary clothes? ~ They (make) a film. Most of the crowd are local people who (work) as extras. ~ 16 It (sound) great fun. You (think) I could get a job as a film extra? ~ I (not know) but I (see) Ann over there; when they (finish) this scene I'll ask her if they still (take) on extras. ~


17 Ann (act) in the film? ~ She has a small part. She (not act) very well. I (imagine) she got the part because she (know) the director. 18 My brother (live) next door and his two children (come) and (see) me every day. The boy (not bother) to knock at the door; he just (climb) in through the window; but the girl always (knock). 19 Tom: We (move) into our new house tomorrow. Bill: But why you (leave) your present house? It (suit) you all. Tom: Yes, I (know) it (do); but the Council (pull down) all the houses on this side. They (widen) the road. They (say) it's a bottleneck. 20 If you (ask) a friend if she (like) your new dress she usually (say) 'Yes'; so you (not know) whether she really (think) it (suit) you or whether she merely (be) polite. 21 If you (want) a candid opinion you'd better ask my sister. She never (tell) white lies; she always (say) exactly what she (think). 22 Your sister's frankness (annoy) people? ~ Yes, it (do). The average person (not want) a truthful answer; he (want) you to say something agreeable. 23 I (hear) that you have bought a new house. ~ Yes, but I (not live) in it yet. They still (work) on it, and the work (take) longer than I expected. ~ 24 I (think) repair jobs always (take) longer than one (expect). What they (do) now? ~ They (put) in new electric points. They (seem) competent electricians but they (smoke) at their work and this (slow) them down. 25 They always (hammer) next door. ~ Yes, that house (keep) changing hands and the new owner always (begin) by putting in a new fireplace, and their fireplace is just on the other side of this wall so we (hear) everything. The wall (shake), too. 26 Ann (stir) something in a saucepan and Mary (stand) beside her holding a cookery book. Mary: It (say) 'simmer', and you (boil) it, Ann. Ann: I (not think) it (matter) if you (cook) it quickly; but I (not know) why it (not get) thick. It usually (thicken) at once. 27 The hall (be) painted at the moment, so it (not look) its best. ~ But where are the painters? They (stop) work at 3.00? ~ No, they are in the kitchen. They (have) a tea break. 28 What the word 'Establishment' (mean)? My dictionary (not give) an explanation. ~ It roughly (mean) the government and people who (have) power and authority. 29 If we (say) that Mr Brown (belong) to the Establishment we also (imply) that he (accept) the existing system. He (not try) to overthrow it. ~ 30 All rich men (belong) to the Establishment? ~ Middle-aged rich men probably (do) but rich young men like pop singers always (jeer) at the Establishment. The word (be used) chiefly in a pejorative sense. 31 The house opposite the college (be pulled) down. That's why we (use) the back entrance at present. If you (go) out by the front door you (get) covered with dust. 32 Tom: I (smell) something burning!


Jack: So (do) 1. I (think) it (come) from the kitchen. Ann probably (iron). She usually (iron) and (watch) TV at the same time and if she (get) very interested in a programme she (forget) that she (press) a hot iron on to somebody's shirt. Mother (think) of selling the TV set. 33 Mrs Jones: What you (look) for, Tom? Mr Jones: I (look) for the garage key. I always (look) for the garage key, because nobody ever (put) it back on its hook. Mrs Jones: I always (put) it back on its hook. Why you (not try) your pockets? (I advise you to try your pockets). 34 Imagine that you (travel) by train, in a crowded compartment. One of the passengers (read) a newspaper; another (do) a crossword puzzle; another (look out) of the window. Suddenly the train (stop) with a jerk and your suitcase (fall) off the rack on to somebody's toes. 35 This is a story about an invalid who (spend) most of the day in bed. He has a powerful telescope and he (amuse) himself by watching the activities of the people in the opposite houses. One day when he (watch) No. 24 he (see) a murder being committed. 36 The cashier used to do the accounts and I used to check his figures now the computer (do) it all. ~ And who (check) the computer? ~ No one. The computer (not need) a second opinion. ~ And what (happen) if the computer (make) a mistake? The computer never (make) a mistake. 119 The simple past and the past continuous PEG 175-81 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense: simple past or past continuous. 1 Peter and Ann (decide) to redecorate their sitting-room themselves. 2 They (choose) cream paint for the woodwork and apricot for the walls. 3 When John (look) in to see how they (get) on, Ann (mix) the paint, and Peter (wash) down the walls. 4 They (be) glad to see John and (ask) if he (do) anything special that day. 5 He hastily (reply) he (go) to the theatre and (go) away at once, because he (know) they (look) for someone to help them. 6 They (begin) painting, but (find) the walls (be) too wet. 7 While they (wait) for the walls to dry, Ann (remember) she (have) a phone call to make. 8 Peter (start) painting while she (telephone), and (do) a whole wall before Ann (come) back. 9 He (grumble) that she always (telephone). 10 Ann (retort) that Peter always (complain). 11 They (work) in silence for some time. 12 Just as they (start) the third wall, the doorbell (ring). 13 It (be) a friend of Peter's who (want) to know if Peter (play) golf the following weekend. 14 He (stay) talking to Peter in the hall while Ann (go) on painting. 15 At last he (leave). 16 Peter (return), expecting Ann to say something about friends who (come) and (waste) valuable time talking about golf. 17 But Ann nobly (say) nothing. 18 Then Peter (think) he would do the ceiling. 19 He just (climb) the step ladder when the doorbell (ring) again. 20 Ann (say) she (get) tired of interruptions but (go) and (open) the door. 21 It (be) the postman with a letter from her aunt Mary, saying she (come) to spend the weekend with them and (arrive) that evening at 6.30.


120 The simple past and the past continuous PEG 175-81 Put the verbs in brackets into the simple past or past continuous. 1 I (walk) along Piccadilly when I (realize) that a man with a ginger beard, whom I had seen three times already that afternoon, (follow) me. 2 To make quite sure, I (walk) on quickly, (turn) right, then left and (stop) suddenly at a shop window. 3 In a few minutes the man with the beard (appear) and (stop) at another shop window. 4 I (go) on. 5 Whenever I (stop) he (stop), and whenever I (look) round he (be) still there. 6 He (look) a very respectable type and (wear) very conventional clothes and I (wonder) if he was a policeman or a private detective. 7 I (decide) to try and shake him off. 8 A 74 bus (stand) at the bus stop just beside me. 9 Then the conductor (come) downstairs and (ring) the bell; just as the bus (move) off, I (jump) on it. 10 The man with the beard (miss) the bus but (get) into another 74, which (follow) the first. II Both buses (crawl) very slowly along Knightsbridge. 12 Every time the buses (pull) up at a stop, the man (look) out anxiously to see if I (get) off. 13 Finally, at some traffic lights, he (change) buses and (get) into mine. 14 At Gloucester Road Underground, I (leave) the bus and (buy) a ticket at a ticket machine. 15 As I (stand) on the platform waiting for a Circle Line train, my pursuer (come) down the stairs. 16 He (carry) a newspaper and when we (get) into the same compartment, he (sit) in one corner reading it, and I (read) the advertisements. 17 He (look) over the top of the newspaper at every station to see if I (get) out. 18 I (become) rather tired of being shadowed like this, so finally I (go) and (sit) beside the man and (ask) him why he (follow) me. 19 At first he (say) he (not follow) me at all but when I (threaten) to knock him down, he (admit) that he was. 20 Then he (tell) me he (be) a writer of detective stories and (try) to see if it was difficult to follow someone unseen. 21 I (tell) him he hadn't been unseen because I had noticed him in Piccadilly and I (advise) him to shave off his ginger beard if he (not want) his victim to know he (be) followed. 121 The simple past and the past continuous PEG 175-81 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense: simple past or past continuous. 1 He (sit) on the bank fishing when he (see) a man's hat floating down the river. It (seem) strangely familiar. 2 It (snow) heavily when he (wake) up. He (remember) that Jack (come) for lunch and (decide) to go down to the station to meet him in case he (lose) his way in the snowy lanes. 3 When I (reach) the street I (realize) that I (not know) the number of Tom's house. I (wonder) what to do about it when Tom himself (tap) me on the shoulder. 4 As the goalkeeper (run) forward to seize the ball a bottle (strike) him on the shoulder.


5 I (look) through the classroom window. A geometry lesson (go) on. The teacher (draw) diagrams on the blackboard. 6 Most of the boys (listen) to the teacher but a few (whisper) to each other, and Tom (read) a history book. Tom (hate) mathematics; he always (read) history during his mathematics lesson. 7 Everyone (read) quietly when suddenly the door (burst) open and a complete stranger (rush) in. 8 I (go) to Jack's house but (not find) him in. His mother (say) that she (not know) what he (do) but (think) he probably (play) football. 9 This used to be a station and all the London trains (stop) here. But two years ago they (close) the station and (give) us a bus service instead. 10 She (promise) not to report me to the police but ten minutes later I (see) her talking with a policeman and from the expression on his face I am sure she (tell) him all about it. 11 I (pick) up the receiver and (dial) a number. To my surprise I (find) myself listening to an extraordinary conversation. Two men (plan) to kidnap the Prime Minister. 12 I (meet) Paul at the university. We (be) both in the same year. He (study) law, but he (not be) very interested in it and (spend) most of his time practising the flute. 13 The train just (start) when the door (open) and two panting passengers (leap) in. 14 'What you (do) between 9.00 and 10.00 yesterday?' (say) the detective. I (clean) my house,' said Mrs Jones. I always clean my house on Saturday mornings.' 15 My neighbour (look) in last night and (say) that he (leave) the district and (go) to Yorkshire, to a new job. I (say) that I (be) very sorry that he (go), and (tell) him to write to me from Yorkshire and tell me how he (get) on. 16 They (build) that bridge when I (be) here last year. They haven't finished it yet. 17 The dentist's waiting room was full of people. Some (read) magazines, others just (turn) over the pages. A woman (knit); a child (play) with a toy car. Suddenly the door (open) and the nurse (say), 'Next, please.' 18 The house next to yours (be) full of policemen and police dogs yesterday. ~ What they (do)? ~ I (hear) that they (look) for drugs. ~ They (find) any? ~ Yes, I believe one of the dogs (discover) some cannabis. 19 Peter (tell) me yesterday that he (make) his own £5 notes. ~ Don't believe him. He just (pull) your leg. 20 A traffic warden just (stick) a parking ticket to my windscreen when I (come) back to the car. I (try) to persuade him to tear it up but he (refuse). 21 Ann works in the branch where the big robbery (take) place. ~ She actually (work) there at the time of the raid? 2? When Ann (say) that she (come) to see me the next day, I (wonder) what flowers she would bring. She always brings flowers. 23 While I (wonder) whether to buy the dress or not, someone else (come) and (buy) it. 24 He always (borrow) from me (he borrowed more often than was reasonable) but when I once (ask) him to lend me something, he (say) he (not have) got it before he even


(know) what I (want) to borrow. 25 I (go) home on foot and all the time I (have) the impression that I (be) followed (passive). But though I (turn) round several times, I never (see) anybody. 26 I (bump) into Tom yesterday. I (ask) him to join us for lunch tomorrow but he (say) he (have) (had arranged to have) lunch with Ann. 27 My dog (attack) the postman as he (put) the letters into the letter box. The man (thrust) a large envelope into the dog's mouth and of course he (tear) it. Unfortunately the letter (contain) my diploma. I (patch) the diploma up with Sellotape but it still looks a bit odd. 28 How you (break) your leg? ~ ' I (fall) off a ladder when I (put) up curtains. The worst of it (be) that it (be) just before the holidays and I (go) away. (had planned to go away) ~ 29 So you (not go) away? ~ No, of course not. I (cancel) my bookings and (spend) the holiday hobbling about at home. 30 The curtain just (rise) when somebody at the back of the theatre (shout) 'Fire!' The audience (look) round nervously. 31 As it (rain) the children (play) in the sitting room. Tom was there too. He (try) to write a letter but he (not get on) very well because the children (keep) asking him questions. 32 What you (do) when the doorbell (ring)? ~ I (make) a cake. And what you (do) when you (hear) the bell? ~ I (go) to answer it of course. But when I (open) the door there (be) nobody there. 33 A few minutes later the bell (ring) again and this time I (find) a man in a peaked cap who (say) he (make) a survey. 34 I (say), '(Be) it you who (ring) this bell a minute ago?' 'No,' he (answer), 'but when I (talk) to your neighbour I (see) a man standing at your door. I think he (go) round to the back of your house.' 35 We (not get) much sleep last night because the people next door (have) a noisy party. I (ring) up the landlord and (say) that his tenants (make) too much noise. He (point out) that it (be) Saturday and that people often (have) parties on Saturday nights. I (say) that the people in his house always (have) parties, (had too many parties) 36 What you (do) before you (get) this job? ~ I (work) for Brown and Company. ~ And how long you (stay) with them? ~ I (stay) for about six months. I (leave) because they always (go) on strike. It (become) quite monotonous. 122 The present perfect with for and since PEG 187 Part I Answer the following questions as shown in the examples: Can you skate? (three years) Yes, but I haven't skated for three years. Could you climb a rope? (I left school) Yes, I suppose I could, but I haven't climbed one since I left school.


1 Can you play chess? (ten years) 2 Can you sing? (I came to England) 3 Could you milk a cow? (I left my father's farm) 4 Can you put up a tent? (I went camping two years ago) 5 Can you make Yorkshire pudding? (over a year) 6 Can you read Latin? (I left school) 7 Could you bath a baby? (fifteen years) 8 Could you repair a radio? (I left the army) 9 Can you ski? (my last holiday) 10 Can you read a map? (quite a long time) 11 Could you make a basket? (I was in hospital) 12 Can you sew on buttons? (I got married) 13 Can you drive a car? (over six months) 14 Could you take someone's temperature? (years) 15 Can you ride a motor cycle? (I was at the university) 16 Can you row a boat? (1977) 17 Can you paint in oils? (some time) 18 Can you type? (years and years) Part 2 Rephrase the following sentences, using the present perfect tense with for or since: I last read a newspaper on June 2. I haven't read a newspaper since June 2. It is two years since I saw Tom. I haven't seen Tom for two years. 19 It's two years since I had a puncture. 20 It's two months since he earned any money. 21 He last shaved the day before yesterday. 22 I last drank champagne at my brother's wedding. 23 It's two years since I was last in Rome. 24 I saw Tom last on his wedding day. 25 I last ate raw fish when I was in Japan. 26 It's years since Mary last spoke French. 27 It's ten weeks since I last had a good night's sleep. 28 He last paid taxes in 1970. 29 I last ate meat five years ago. (Omit ago.) 30 It's three months since the windows were cleaned. 31 It's years since I took any photographs. 32 I last watched TV on New Year's Day. 33 It's three months since he wrote to me. 34 I was last paid six months ago. (My pay is six months in arrears.) 35 The last time I was abroad was in the summer of 1978. 36 It's ten years since that house was lived in.


123 The present perfect and the simple past PEG 175-7,182-9 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense: present perfect or simple past. (In some cases the present perfect continuous is also possible. This is noted in the Key.) 1 Paul: I (play) football since I was five years old. Tom: You (play) since you (come) to England? Paul: Oh yes. I (play) quite a lot. I (join) a club the day after I (arrive). 2 Tom: You (play) any matches? Paul: We (play) about ten. We have two more to play. We (have) a very good season, we (win) all our matches so far, though we (not really deserve) to win the last one. 3 Tom: I (play) football when I (be) at school but when I (leave) school I (drop) it and (take) up golf. 4 Ann: Hello, Jack! I (not see) you for ages! Where you (be)? Jack: I (be) in Switzerland. I (mean) to send you a postcard but I (not have) your address with me. Ann: Never mind. You (have) a good time in Switzerland? How long you (be) there? Jack: I (be) there for a month. I only just (get) back. Yes, I (enjoy) it thoroughly. I (ski) all day and (dance) all night. 5 Ann: I (ski) when I (be) at the university, but I (break) a leg five years ago and since then I (not do) any. 6 When I first (come) to this house, it (be) a very quiet area. But since then a new housing estate (be) built and it (become) very noisy. 7 My son (not start) work yet. He's still at the High School. ~ How long he (be) at school? ~ He (be) at the High School for six years; before that he (spend) five years at the Primary School in Windmill Street. 8 I just (hear) that Peter is in Australia. ~ Oh, you (not know)? He (fly) out at the beginning of the month. ~ You (hear) from him? Does he like the life? ~ Yes, I (get) a letter last week. He (tell) me about his job. But he (not say) whether he (like) the life or not. Perhaps it's too soon to say. He only (be) there three weeks. 9 I (not know) you (be) left-handed. ~ I'm not left-handed; but my oil-heater (explode) yesterday and I (burn) my right hand, so I have to use my left. 10 This bicycle (be) in our family for fourteen years. My father (use) it for the first five years, my brother (ride) it for the next five, and I (have) it for the last four. 11 I hear that your MP, Mr Simpson, (make) a very clever speech last night. How long he (be) your MP?~ Oh, we only (have) him since January. His predecessor Mr Alien (resign) suddenly


because of ill-health and there (be) a by-election. 12 I hear that Mr Jones (leave). ~ Yes, he (leave) last week. ~ Anybody (be) appointed to take his place? ~ I believe several men (apply) for the job but so far nothing (be) decided. 13 Peter (meeting Ann at the airport): Hello, Ann. You (have) a good trip? Ann: The actual flight (be) lovely, one of the best I (have) ever, but it (take) ages to get into the plane. First they (think) that one of us (be) a hijacker and they (search) us all for firearms; then they (announce) that one of the engines (be) faulty. We finally (take off) an hour later. 14 Peter: How you (spend) this extra hour before take-off)? Ann: Oh, they (take) us to the restaurant and (feed) us and we (walk) about and (buy) things we (not need). The time (pass) all right. 15 You (book) your hotel room yet?~ Well, I (write) to the hotel last week but they (not answer) yet. 16 Peter (meeting Paul unexpectedly in London): Hello, Paul! I (not know) you (be) here. Paul: Oh, I (be) here nearly two months. I (arrive) on the 6th of January. 17 Peter: When we last (meet) you (say) that nothing would induce you to come to England. What (make) you change your mind? Paul: I (find) that I (need) English for my work and this (seem) the quickest way of learning it. 18 Peter: You (know) any English when you first (arrive) here? Paul: No, I (not know) a word. 19 Ann (to Yvonne, who is going to English classes): How long you (learn) English? Yvonne: I (learn) off and on for about five and a half years. (Use the continuous form.) 20 I (begin) English at secondary school and (do) it for three years. Then I (drop) it for a year and (forget) most of it. Then I (spend) two years at a secretarial college, where I (study) commercial English, and for the last six months I (study) in London. 21 At 4 p.m. my neighbour (ring) up and (say), 1s Tom with you?' Tom, her son, (spend) most of his time in my garden playing with my children, so whenever she (not be able) to find him she (ring) me. I'm afraid I (not see) him today,' I (say). 'But my children (go) to the beach this morning and (not come) back yet. Perhaps he (go) with them.' 22 I just (have) my first driving lesson. ~ How it (go)? You (enjoy) it? ~ Well, I not actually (hit) anything but I (make) every other possible mistake. 23 Old Ben (sell) newspapers just inside the station entrance, and my father always (buy) his evening paper from him as he (leave) the station on his way home. But one day my father (arrive) home without his paper. 'Ben (not be) there this evening,' he (say). 'I hope he (not be taken) ill.' 24 On Saturday afternoon I (see) Frederick sitting in his garden. 'I (think) you (work) on Saturdays,' I (say). 'I (work) this morning,' (explain) Frederick, 'but at lunch time the boss (go) off to play golf and (tell) us all to go home. It's about time he (give) us a whole Saturday off actually. I (work) practically even Saturday since the beginning of the year.'


25 Ann: You (be) to Hampton Court? Jane: Yes, I (go) there last week. The tulips (be) wonderful. Ann: You (go) by car? Jane: No, I (go) with my English class. We (hire) a coach. 26 Ann: Where else you (be) to since you (come) to England? Jane: Oh, I (be) to Stratford and Coventry and Oxford and Canterbury. 27 Ann: You (see) a lot. When you (go) to Stratford? Jane: I (go) last week. The people I work for (take) me. 28 Ann: You (see) a play at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre when you (be) at Stratford? Jane: Yes, we (see) Macbeth. We were very lucky. We just (walk) in and (ask) if they (have) any returned tickets, and the girl at the box office (say), 'Yes, a man just (return) three stalls.' 29 Ann: You (be) to Wales? Jane: No, I (be) to Scotland but I (not be) to Wales. I'd like to go. 30 Peter: You (see) any good films lately? Ann: Yes, I (go) to the National Film Theatre last week and (see) a Japanese film. Peter: You (like) it? Ann: Yes, I (love) it, but of course I (not understand) a word. 31 Tom: I hear that Mr Benson just (die). You (know) him quite well, didn't you? Jack: Yes. We (work) for the same company for ten years. I (not see) so much of him after he (leave) the company but we (keep) in touch 32 Ann (think) the garage (be) empty, and (turn) off the lights. 'Hey!' (shout) Paul from under the car. I'm sorry, Paul,' (say) Ann, I (not know) you (be) there.' 33 Father: Tom (not come) back yet? Mother: Yes, he (come) in an hour ago. He (go) straight to bed. Father: Funny. I (not hear) him. 34 Paul: That's a live wire. It just (give) me a shock! Ann: Nonsense! I just (touch) it and I (not feel) anything! 35 When Paul (come) into the room, Ann was sitting in an armchair just behind the door. Paul, not noticing Ann, (go) to the window and (look) out. Ann (cough) and Paul (spin) round. 'Hello, Ann!' he (exclaim), 'I (not see) you!' 36 Jack: You just (agree) to go, so why aren't you getting ready? Peter: But I (not realize) that you (want) me to start at once! 124 The present perfect and the simple past PEG 175-7,182-9 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense: present perfect or simple past. 1 I (buy) a new house last year, but I (not sell) my old house yet, so at the moment I have two houses. 2 When Ann (be) on her way to the station it (begin) to rain. Ann (run) back to her flat for her umbrella, but this (make) her late for her train. 3 She (catch) the next train but it (not get) in till 9.00, so she (arrive) at her office ten minutes late.


4 Her boss (look) up as she (come) in. 'You (be) late every morning this week,' he (growl). 5 At 7 a.m. Charles (ring) Peter and (say), 'I'm going fishing, Peter. Would you like to come?' 'But it's so early,' (say) Peter. I (not have) breakfast yet. Why you (not tell) me last night?' 6 Tom (meet) Paul at lunch time and (say), I (not see) you at the bus stop this morning. You (miss) the bus?' 'I (not miss) it,' (reply) Paul. I (not miss) a bus for years. But this morning George (give) me a lift. ' 7 Ann (go) to Canada six months ago. She (work) in Canada for a while and then (go) to the United States. 8 Mary (be) in Japan for two years. She is working there and likes it very much. ~ How she (go)? ~ She (go) by air. 9 When I (buy) my new house I (ask) for a telephone. The Post Office (tell) me to wait, but I (wait) a year now and my phone still (not come). 10 Bill usually has breakfast at 8.00. Yesterday at 8.30 Peter (meet) Bill and (offer) him an apple. 'No, thanks,' (say) Bill. I just (have) breakfast.' 11 Just as Ann (arrive) at the airfield a plane (land) and a girl (climb) out. To her surprise Ann (recognize) her cousin, Lucy. 'Hello, Lucy,' she (exclaim). I (not know) that you (know) how to fly a plane.' 'I only just (learn),' (say) Lucy. 'I (go) solo for the first time last week.' 12 Peter (try) to come in quietly but his mother (hear) him and (call) out, 'Where you (be)? Your supper (be) in the oven for an hour.' 13 You (be) to the theatre lately? ~ Yes, I (go) to Othello last week. ~ You (like) it?Yes, but I (not see) very well. I (be) right at the back. 14 Ann (coming out of a bookshop): I just (buy) a copy of David Copperfield. You (read) it? Mary: As it happens it is the only one of Dickens's books that I (not read). I (not even see) the film. 15 You (be) to Cambridge? ~ Yes, I (be) there last month. ~ How you (get) there? ~ My brother (take) me in his car. 16 You (see) Philip lately? I (ring) his flat several times last week but (get) no answer. ~ Oh, he (be) in America for the last month. He (fly) out on the first a conference and then (decide) to stay for six weeks. ~ You (hear) from him? ~ Yes, I (get) a letter shortly after he (arrive). 17 How long you (be) in your present job? ~ I (be) there for six months. ~ And what you (do) before that? ~


Before that I (work) for Jones and Company. 18 How long you (work) for Jones and Company? ~ I (work) for them for two years. ~ You (like) working for them? ~ No, I (not like) it at all. ~ Then why you (stay) so long? 19 We usually go out on Saturday evenings, but last Saturday (be) so wet that we (stay) in and (play) cards. ~ What you (play)? ~ We (play) poker. I (lose) fifty pence. 20 When you (begin) school? ~ I (begin) school when I (be) five. I (go) to a primary school first. I (stay) there for six years and then I (go) to a comprehensive school 21 When I (be) seventeen I (start) my university course. ~ When you (get) your degree? ~ Oh, I (not get) my degree yet; I'm still at the university. I only (be) there for two years. 22 Tom (leave) the house at 8.20. At 8.25 the phone in Tom's house (ring), Tom's wife, Mary, (answer) it. 'Could I speak to Tom, please?' (say) the caller. 'I'm afraid he just (go) out', (say) Mary. 23 You (be) to Cornwall? ~ Yes, I (be) there last Easter. ~ You (go) by train? ~ No, I (hitch-hike). 24 I (not see) Charles for some time. ~ He (be) ill, poor chap. He (collapse) at work a fortnight ago and (be taken) to hospital. They (send) him home after two days but he (not come) back to work yet. 25 There (be) a very good programme on TV last night. You (see) it? ~ No, I (take) my set back to the shop last week because there (be) so much distortion; and they (say) it (need) a new part. They (not be able) to get the new part so far, so I (not watch) television for about ten days. 26 You (ever) be to France? ~ Yes, I (spend) last July and August in Grenoble. I (go) to improve my French but everyone I (meet) (want) to improve his English so I (not get) much practice. 27 The postman usually comes between 8.00 and 9.00 in the morning. At 8.45 a.m. yesterday Ann (say), 'Are there any letters for me?' 'I don't know,' (say) Mary. The postman (not come) yet.' At II a.m. Jack, Mary's husband, (ring) from his office to ask if there (be) any letters for him. 'No,' (say) Mary. 'Nobody (get) letters today. The postman (not come).' 28 Mr Speed, Ann's employer, (dictate) three letters and (tell) Ann to type them as soon as possible. Half an hour later he (ring) Ann's office. 'You (finish) those letters yet?' he (ask). 'Well,' (say) Ann, 1 (do) the letter to Mr Jones, and I'm now typing the one to Mr Robinson, but I (not start) the one to Mr Smith yet.' 29 You (find) out yet about the trains to Liverpool? ~ No. I (ring) the station last night but the man who (answer) the phone (not seem) to be


sure of the times. He (say) something about a new timetable. ~ But the new timetable (be) in operation for three weeks! 30 Tom and Jack work in different offices but go to work in the same train. One evening Tom's wife (say), 'Jack (move) into his new house yet?' 1 don't know,' (say) Tom, I (not see) Jack today. He (not be) on the train.' 31 Where you (be)? ~ I (be) shopping in Oxford Street. ~ So I suppose you (buy) shoes? ~ Yes. I (find) a shop where they were having a sale and I (get) three pairs. 32 In the evenings I often play chess with my next door neighbour. I (play) chess with him ever since I (come) to live here ten years ago. He (be) here all his life; he (inherit) the house from his father, another great chess player. ~ You ever (play) chess with the father? ~ We (play) once or twice but he (die) a year after I (arrive). 33 I can't find my gloves. You (see) them? ~ Yes, you (leave) them in the car yesterday. I (put) them back in your drawer. 34 I hope you're enjoying your visit to England. You (meet) any Englishmen yet? ~ Yes, I (meet) a man called Smith at a party last night. ~ What you (talk) about? ~ We (talk) about the weather. 35 Mrs Jones: For years I (do) all my washing by hand; then last year I (buy) a washing machine and I must say it (make) washing day much less exhausting. It only takes me an hour now. Mrs White: I don't like washing machines. I always (do) my washing by hand and I intend to go on doing it. I always (find) it very satisfying work. 36 Tom: Don't you think it's time we (have) something different for, Sunday dinner? Ann: But we (have) roast beef for Sunday dinner ever since we (get married. Your mother (tell) me that you (be) particularly fond of roast beef. Tom: But my mother (be) dead for five years and in those five year my tastes (change).

125 The present perfect simple and continuous PEG 182-93 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense: present perfect simple or present perfect continuous. 1 Peter: You (telephone) for ages. You not nearly (finish)? Jack: I (not get) through yet. I (try) to get our Paris office but the line (be) engaged all morning. 2 Ann (fail) her driving test three times because she's so bad at reversing. But she (practise) reversing for the last week and I think she (get) a bit better at it. 3 Tom: I often (wonder) why Bill left the country so suddenly. Peter: Actually, I just (find) out. 4 He (play) the bagpipes since six o'clock this morning. He only just (stop).


5 Why you (not bring) me the letters for signature? You (not type) them yet? 6 Tom (looking up absent-mindedly as Mary comes in): You (sunbathe)? Mary (crossly): Don't be ridiculous! It (rain) all day! 7 A pair of robins (build) a nest in the porch since last week. I (watch them from my window since they began. 8 The police (not find) the murderer yet, but the dead man's brother (be) in the station all day. The police say that he (help) them with their enquiries. 9 They (pull) down most of the houses in this street, but they (not touch) the old shop at the corner yet. 10 Tom is convinced that there is gold in these hills but we (search) for six months and (not see) any sign of it. 11 I (wait) for the prices of the houses to come down before buying a house, but I think I (wait) too long and the prices are beginning to go up again. 12 Peter (be) a junior clerk for three years. Lately he (look) for a better post but so far he (not find) anything. 13 I (do) housework all morning and I (not finish) yet. ~ I (do) mine already. I always start at 6 a.m. 14 I just (pick) ten pounds of strawberries! I (grow) strawberries for years but I never (have) such a good crop before. 15 What you (do) with the corkscrew? The point is broken off. ~ I'm afraid I (use) it to make holes in this tin. 16 She just (sell) two of her own paintings. ~ She's lucky. I (paint) for five years and I (not sell) a single picture yet. 17 They are throwing crockery at each other in the next flat. ~ This (happen) before? ~ Well, they (have) a good many rows but this is the first time they (throw) crockery. 18 What you (do) with my typewriter? I can't find it anywhere. ~ Tom just (go) off with it. He says he'll bring it back when he (finish). 19 He (work) for Crow Brothers for forty years and never once (be) late. The firm just (present) him with a gold watch as a sign of their appreciation. 20 We (mend) sheets all morning but we only (do) three, and now the sewing machine (break) down so we'll be even slower with the next one. 21 George (collect) matchboxes ever since he left school. Now he (collect) so many that he doesn't know where to put them. 22 I (look) through my old photograph album. It's full of photographs of people whose names I completely (forget). I wonder what (happen) to them all. 23 It was lovely at eleven o'clock, but since then the sky (get) steadily darker and the wind (rise). I'm afraid the fine spell (come) to an end. 24 Since he became Mayor, my brother reckons that he (eat) 30 official lunches and 22 official dinners, and he (lose) count of the number of receptions and parties that he (attend). ~ He (put) on a lot of weight? 25 Secretary: Customers (ring) up all morning complaining about getting incorrect bills. Manager: I know; something (go) wrong with our computer. The mechanic (work) on it. I hope he (find) out what's wrong.


26 Someone (use) my umbrella! It's all wet! And it was wet yesterday and the day before! ~ Well, it wasn't me. I (not be) out of the house for a week! 27 I (stand) in this queue for ages. It (not move) at all in the last five minutes. I think the man in the ticket office just (shut) his window and (go) off for lunch. 28 The Town Council (consider) my application for permission to build I a garage for three months. They just (give) my neighbour permission to build one, so I hope they (decide) to let me have one too. 29 You look exhausted! ~ Yes, I (play) tennis and I (not play) for years, so I'm not used to it. 30 They began widening this road three weeks ago; but the workmen (be) on strike for the last fortnight so they (not get) very far with it. 31 That man (stand) at the bus stop for the last half hour. Shall I tell him that the last bus already (go)? 32 I wonder if anything (happen) to Tom. I (wait) an hour now. He often (keep) me waiting but he never (be) quite so late as this. 33 Mrs Brown (live) next door for quite a long time now but she never (say) more than 'Good morning' to me. 34 I just (remember) that I (not pay) the rent yet. I am surprised that the landlord (not ring) me up to remind me. ~ It is the first time you (be) late with the rent in 25 years. He probably thinks that you (pay) and he (lose) the cheque. 35 Shop assistant: Could you give me some proof of your identity, madam? Customer: But I (shop) here for fifteen years! Shop assistant: I know, madam, but apparently the company (lose) a lot of money lately through dud cheques and they (make) new regulations which we (be told) to apply to all customers no matter how long we (know) them. 36 What you (do)? I (look) for you for ages. ~ I (build) a barbecue in the garden. 126 The simple past and the past perfect, simple and continuous PEG 175-7,194-7 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. 1 He (give) me back the book, (thank) me for lending it to him and (say) that he (enjoy) it very much; but I (know) that he (not read) it because most of the pages (be) still uncut. 2 When he (see) his wife off at the station, he (return) home as he (no have) to be at the airport till 9.30. 3 He (not have) to pack, for his wife already (do) that for him and his case (be) ready in the hall. 4 He (not have) to check the doors and windows either, for his wife always (do) that before she (leave) the house. 5 All he (have) to do (be) to decide whether or not to take his overcoat with him. In the end he (decide) not to. 6 At 8.30 he (pick) up his case, (go) out of the house and (slam) the door behind him. 7 Then he (feel) in his pockets for the key, for his wife (remind) him to double-lock the front door. 8 When he (search) all his pockets and (find) no key he (remember) where it (be). 9 He (leave) it in his overcoat pocket. 10 Then he (remember) something else; his


passport and tickets (be) in his overcoat pocket as well. 11 I (arrive) in England in the middle of July. I (be told) that England (be) shrouded in fog all year round, so I (be) quite surprised to find that it was merely raining. 12 I (ask) another passenger, an Englishman, about the fog and he (say) that there (not be) any since the previous February. 13 If I (want) fog, he said, I (come) at quite the wrong time. 14 However, he (tell) me that I could buy tinned fog at a shop in Shaftesbury Avenue. 15 He (admit) that he never (buy) fog there himself but (assure) me that they (sell) good quality fog and that it (not be) expensive. I suppose he was joking. 16 When the old lady (return) to her flat she (see) at once that burglars (break) in during her absence, because the front door (be) open and everything in the flat (be) upside down. 17 The burglars themselves (be) no longer there, but they probably only just (leave) because a cigarette was still burning on an ornamental table. 18 Probably they (hear) the lift coming up and (run) down the fire escape. 19 They (help) themselves to her whisky too but there (be) a little left, so she (pour) herself out a drink. 20 She (wonder) if they (find) her jewellery and rather (hope) that they had. 21 The jewellery (be given) her by her husband, who (die) some years before. 22 Since his death she (not have) the heart to wear it, yet she (not like) to sell it. 23 Now it (seem) that fate (take) the matter out of her hands; and certainly the insurance money would come in handy. 24 I (put) the £5 note into one of my books; but next day it (take) me ages to find it because I (forget) which book I (put) it into. 25 A woman (come) in with a baby, who she (say) just (swallow) a safety pin. 26 I (think) my train (leave) at 14.33, and (be) very disappointed when I (arrive) at 14.30 and (learn) that it just (leave). 27 I (find) later that I (use) an out-of-date timetable. 28 He (park) his car under a No Parking sign and (rush) into the shop. When he (come) out of the shop ten minutes later the car (be) no longer there. 29 He (wonder) if someone (steal) it or if the police (drive) it away. 30 It (be) now 6 p.m.; and Jack (be) tired because he (work) hard all day. 31 He (be) also hungry because he (have) nothing to eat since breakfast. 32 His wife usually (bring) him sandwiches at lunch time, but today for some reason she (not come). 33 He (keep) looking at her, wondering where he (see) her before. 34 I (look) out before I (go) to bed and (see) a man standing on the opposite pavement watching the house. 35 When I (get up) the following morning he (be) still there, and I (wonder) whether he (stay) there all night or if he (go) away and (come) back. 36 When I (open) the door I (see) a man on his knees. 37 He clearly (listen) to our conversation and I (wonder) how much he (hear). 38 When I (ask) him what he (do), he (say) that he (drop) a 50p piece outside the door and (look) for it. 39 I (not see) any sign of the money, but I (find) a small notebook and pencil which he probably (drop) when the door (open) suddenly. 40 So he (take) notes of our conversation! 41 The notes (be) written in a foreign language, so I (turn) to the stranger and (ask) him to translate. 42 But he (pull) m hat over my eyes and (run) off down the corridor. 43 By the time I (recover) from the shock he (disappear) round the corner. 44 Curiously enough, when I (move) my foot I (find) that I (stand) on a 50p piece. 45 Perhaps he (tell) the truth after all!

127 Questions


PEG 54-60,104 Make questions for which the following would be reasonable answers. Ask about the words in bold type. I saw Tom. Possible question: Who did you see? When a noun in brackets is placed after a pronoun, use this noun in the question: I saw him (Tom) today. Question: When did you see Tom? 1 They went to New York. 2 It takes four hours to get there. 3 I didn't think much of it. 4 He earns a hundred pounds a week. 5 He (Tom) was fined ten pounds. 6 It (my room) is twice as big as yours. 7 They left the country ten years ago. 8 They came by bus. 9 I've been here for two months. 10 They (the students) went to the museum yesterday. 11 It (the car) does fifty to the gallon. 12 He met her in a coffee bar. 13 They (the neighbours) complained about the smell. 14 He (the clerk) made him fill up a form. 15 The pigs ate them (the apples). 16 He got in by climbing over the wall. 17 John bought them (the tickets). 18 They (the roads) were very crowded. 19 I smoke forty (cigarettes) a day. 20 It (the hotel) was awful. 21 It (the market) is a stone's throw from here. 22 I've had it (this cough) since the beginning of October. 23 He (Guy Fawkes) tried to blow up Parliament. 24 I'd like to speak to Mr Jones please. 25 This is Tom's. 26 He stopped it (the train) by pulling the communication cord. 27 I've been waiting for half an hour. 28 She (Mary) put it in the dustbin. 29 I threw it away because I was tired of it. 30 There are four (hotels in the town). 31 They left it (the lawnmower) outside. 32 I found her address by calling at every house in the village. 33 She (Ann) gave me duck and green peas for lunch. 34 It (the lake) is very deep indeed. 35 I borrowed my brother's car. 36 He buried it in the garden.

128 Questions


PEG 54-60,104 See previous exercise for instructions. 1 He told me exactly what happened. 2 It (the bridge) is built of reinforced concrete. 3 We're all going to watch the cricket match. 4 He broke it (his leg) in a skiing accident. 5 He (Tom) lost his job because he kept coming in late for work. 6 I bought the big one. 7 It (the new theatre) looks rather like a factory. 8 I'd like about a dozen. 9 It (the concert) began at eight p.m. 10 She went (to the dance) with George. 11 He bought one (a car) because the local railway station closed down. 12 He's coming at the end of the week. 13 That one is longer. 14 Jack taught me (to play poker). 15 She's broken another of your best plates. 16 I'm looking for a telephone box. 17 He's borrowed your typewriter. 18 She was asking him for a rise. 19 He's ringing up the police. 20 It (the word 'boss') means employer. 21 He escaped by climbing over the prison wall. 22 We were talking about Margaret. 23 They liked Ann's idea best. 24 He complained to the manager. 25 It was about the size of an orange. 26 They (the students) intend to demonstrate against the new regulations. 27 I come from Scotland. 28 The best kind costs about twenty pounds. 29 He gave it away because he didn't like the colour. 30 She (his sister) is very pretty. 31 It (this knife) is for opening oysters. 32 In the mornings I have to get the breakfast, make the beds and take Mrs White's children to school. 33 I like the black one best. 34 He comes (to London) about once a month. 35 Your father told me (about it). 36 He's quick-tempered and impulsive.

129 Mixed tenses: letters Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. (A variety of tenses will be needed, as well as some conditionals and imperative for be able use can/could where possible.)


Part 1 Dear Hilda 1 I just (hear) that my mother isn't very well, and I (like) to go am see her. The trouble is I can't take my dog Tim with me. 2 You (think) you (be able) possibly look after him for a week? 3 You (have) him for a week last year, you (remember), and you (say) he (be) no trouble, and (get) on well with your dog. 4 If you (be able) have him, I (be able) bring him along any time that (suit) you. 5 He (have) his own bed and bowl, and I (bring) enough tinned dog food to last him a week. 6 But if it (not be) convenient, (not hesitate) to say so. 7 There (be) quite good kennels near here, and they (take) him if I (ask). 8 He (be) there once before and (seem) to get on all right. Love Sarah Part 2 Dear Sarah 9 I (be) very sorry to hear about your mother's illness, and (be) glad that you (go) to Scotland to see how she is. 10 It (be) nice for her see you. 11 Of course I (look) after Tim. 12 We thoroughly (enjoy) having him last year and my dog (miss) him when he (leave) and (look) for him everywhere. 13 I'm sure he (be) delighted to see him again. 14 You (bring) him on Tuesday afternoon? Or, if that (not suit), an time on Wednesday. 15 (not bother) to bring dog food; I (have) plenty. 16 I hope you (have) time to have tea with me when you (bring) Tim, and that by then you (have) better news of your mother. Love Hilda Part 3 Dear Peter 17 You by any chance (know) where Bob is? 18 I (like) to find out because I just (hear) of a job that exactly (suit) him, but if he (not apply) fairly soon of course he (not get) it. 19 I last (see) him about a month ago, when he just (leave) his job with the film company. 20 He (say) he (go) to France {had decided to go to France) for a holiday and (promise) to send me a postcard with his French address as soon as he (find) a place to stay. 21 But I (hear) nothing since then and (not know) even whether he (go) to France or not. 22 If you (know) his address I (be) very grateful if you (phone) me. 23 I (try) »:o phone you several times but your phone (not seem) to be working. Yours Jack Part 4


Dear Sir 24 I (be) interested in the furnished cottage near Dedham which you (advertise) in yesterday's Telegraph, for my husband and I (come) to England in June and (require) accommodation for three months. 25 You please (tell) me exactly where it (be) and give me details of bus and train services in the area. 26 I also (like) to know about the local shops. 27 I (be able) to shop without a car? 28 My husband (hope) to hire a car, but I (not drive) and he (not be) free very often to take me shopping, so we (need) a cottage on a bus route. 29 The local shops still (deliver)? I (know) they (do) ten years ago. 30 I (be) grateful also if you (tell) me whether you supply sheets etc. and whether a laundry (call) at the house. 31 The rent you (ask) (sound) reasonable for the size of the cottage. How you (like) it paid? Weekly, monthly or in advance? 32 My husband and I (be) abroad for ten years, but before that we (live) near Dedham, which is why we (want) to spend our holidays there. 33 My husband also (write) a book about Constable and (like) to finish it in the area where he, Constable, (paint) most of his pictures. 34 Mr Jones, the bank manager, (know) us since we (live) in the area and I (be) sure he (recommend) us as suitable tenants. 35 I of course (be willing) to send a deposit. 36 I (be) grateful for an early reply and (enclose) a stamped addressed envelope. Yours faithfully Pamela Smith

130 Mixed tenses: letters Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense (some present participles will be required). Part 1 Dear Sir 1 I (write) to you three weeks ago, (ask) about conditions of entry into your college. 2 You (reply), (enclose) an enrolment form, which I (fill up) and (return) without delay. 3 Since then, however, I (hear) nothing and I (begin) to wonder if my application (go) astray. 4 You please (check) that you (receive) it and if you haven't, please send me another enrolment form. 5 If, on the other hand, you (receive) my application but (not decide) whether to accept me as a student or not, I (be) very grateful if you (tell) me when I may expect to hear your decision. 6 Finally, if my application already (be) refused, I (like) to be informed as soon as possible because if I do not get into your college I (have) to apply to another and the sooner I (do) this, the better chance I (have) of being accepted. Yours faithfully P. Smith Part 2 Dear Mr Jones 7 My family and I (suffer) a good deal lately from the noise made by your guests when


they (leave) your house on Saturday nights. 8 They (stand) in the street, (laugh) loudly and (call) goodbye to you and to each other. 9 Then they (get) into their cars, (bang) the doors loudly, and finally they (reverse) their cars on to the road. 10 This (sound) a fairly simple manoeuvre, but there is always at least one of your guests who (find) it almost beyond him—whether because he (have) too much to drink or still (learn) to drive I (not know)—but I (know) that it (take) him ages to get out, and all the time we hear his engine (roar) and his friends (shout) advice. 11 By the time all your guests (go) and the road is quiet again, my family all (be) wakened up, and the children often (find) it very hard to get to sleep again. 12 I (be) very grateful if you (ask) your guests to leave more quietly, and perhaps you (be able) persuade any learner drivers to come by taxi. Yours sincerely Andrew Brown Part 3 Dear Ann 13 You (be) free to come to dinner here on Saturday next at 8.00? 14 My brother Paul (come) and (bring) a friend of his called Tom Edwards. 15 You (not meet) Tom but I (think) you (like) him. 16 He is an assistant stage manager at the Gate Theatre and (be able) to tell you about the actors. 17 Paul says Tom (receive) hardly any salary and often (not get) enough to eat, so he (ask) me to have roast beef and Yorkshire pudding for dinner, with apple dumpling to follow. 18 He probably (ring) up between now and Saturday, to say that it (be) a good idea to start with a substantial soup, such as ox-tail! 19 I (know) you not usually (eat) heavy three-course meals of this type, but I (hope) the conversation (not be) so heavy. Anyway, come if you (be able). Love Mary 20 PS. The 14 bus (pass) the door as you probably (remember), and Paul (give) you a lift home.

131 Mixed tenses: telephone conversations 3 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense and fill the spaces with suitable forms. Part 1 1 Caller: this is Mrs Jones at 22 High Street. ...I have an appointment for a shampoo and set, please? 2 Receptionist: Yes, Mrs Jones. Who usually (do) your hair? 3 Caller: Peter usually (do) it, but the last time I (come) he (be) on holiday and Ann (do) it. So if Peter (be) not available, Ann (do) very well. 4 Receptionist: When you (want) to come, Mrs Jones? 5 Caller: I (like) to come tomorrow afternoon if possible. 6 Receptionist: I'm afraid that that afternoon is full. Thursday afternoon at 4.00 (suit) you?


7 Caller: I'm afraid it .... My mother-in-law (come) to tea. 8 Receptionist: Then what about Friday afternoon? Peter (be able) (do) you at 4.00. 9 Caller: That (be) splendid. Thank you very much. 10 Receptionist: Thank you, Mrs Jones. We (expect) you at 4.00 on Friday then. Goodbye. Part 2 11 Tom: . . . I speak to Ann, please? 12 Ann: Ann (speak). 13 Tom: Tom here. Where you (be), Ann? I (try) to get on to you for the last half hour. You (not leave) your office at 5.00? 14 Ann: Yes, I ..., but today I (go) shopping and only just (get) in. It (be) nice to hear your voice, Tom. I (not know) you (be) in London. 15 Tom: I only (arrive) this morning. I (ring) you before but I (be) terribly busy all day covering a conference. It only just (end). You (do) anything tonight, Ann? 16 Ann: Yes, I (go) to the theatre. 17 Tom: But that (be) terrible! I (be) only here for one night! 18 Ann: I (be) sorry, Tom. If you (tell) me you were coming up, I (keep) the evening free. But you didn't tell me. 19 Tom: I (not know) myself till this morning when the boss suddenly (dash) into the office and (tell) me to rush up here to cover the conference. 20 Ann: I thought Peter usually (do) the conferences. 21 Tom: Yes, he (do) but when he (drive) up here last night he (have) accident and (take) (passive) to hospital. So I (do) it instead. Ann, you really (go) out tonight? . . . (negative interrogative) you get out of it? 22 Ann: No, I . . . (negative). I'm free tomorrow but I (suppose) that (be) too late. 23 Tom (suddenly changing his plans): No, I (stay) another day. I daresay the boss (get) over it. You (like) to meet me for dinner tomorrow? 24 Ann: I (love) to. But Tom, you (be) sure it (be) all right? I (hate) you to lose your job. 25 Tom: It (be) all right. I (ring) the boss and tell him I (stay) another night. I (stay) an extra night in York last month and he (not seem) too put out about it. 26 Ann: Why you (stay) an extra night in York? Tom: I (tell) you tomorrow. Goodnight, Ann.

Future forms 132 The present continuous and the future simple PEG 202,207 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. 1 Tom: Where you (go) for your next holiday? ( Where have you arranged to go?) Ann: I don't know yet but we probably (go) to Spain. 2 We (have) a drink with Peter tonight. (He has invited us.) It's his last night; he (leave) tomorrow.


3 Ann: Do you think we (see) Bill tomorrow? Mary: I hope so. He probably (look) in on his way to the airport. 4 I (see) my bank manager tomorrow. (7 have arranged this.) I'm going to ask him for a loan but I expect he (refuse). 5 I (know) the result tomorrow. As soon as I hear, I (tell) you. 6 Jack's mother: Jack (be) ready in a moment. He is just finishing breakfast. Jack's father: If I wait for him any longer I (miss) my train. I think I (walk) on; he probably (catch) me up. 7 I probably (come) to London some time next month. I (give) you a ring nearer the time and tell you when I (come), {when I have decided/arranged to come) 8 Hotel Porter: You (get) a parking ticket if you leave your car there, sir. If you (stay) the night (have arranged to stay) you (have to) put it in the hotel garage. Tourist: All right. I (move) it as soon as I've arranged about a room. 9 Ann: I've scorched Bill's shirt. Whatever he (say)? Mary: Oh, he (not mind). He just (buy) another shirt. He has plenty of money. 10 Peter: We'd better leave a message for Jack. Otherwise he (not know) where we've gone. George: All right. I (leave) a note on his table. 11 Jack: I don't want to get married. I never (get) married. Mother: You think that now. But one day you (meet) a girl and you (fall) in love. 12 Tom: I (go) to York tomorrow. (/ have arranged to go.) Ann: You (come) back the same day? (Have you arranged to come back?) Tom: No. I probably (have) to spend the night there. 13 Peter: You (walk) home? (Have you decided to walk?) Andrew: Yes. It's too late for a bus. Peter: But it's pouring. You (get) soaked! Here, take this umbrella. Andrew: Thanks very much. I (bring) it back tomorrow. 14 Jack: I (have) another window put in. (I have arranged this.) They (start) work on it tomorrow. Ann: That (make) the room much brighter. 15 You (take) any exams this term? (Have you decided to take an exam?) ~ Yes, I (take) an English exam at the end of the month. ~ Do you think you (pass)? ~ I don't know. If I don't, I (take) it again at the end of next term. 16 Where you (meet) Tom? (Where have you arranged to meet him?) ~ We (meet) at Covent Garden. He (take) me to see The Magic Flute. 17 What you (do) next weekend? ( What plans have you made?) ~ It depends on the weather. If it's fine we (go) somewhere in the car; if it's wet we probably (stay) at home. 18 When Jack (arrive)? ( When did he say he 'd arrive?) ~ Some time this evening. ~ And how he (get) here? (How has he arranged to travel?) ~ I don't know yet. I suppose he (come) by car. 19 What they (do) for their holidays? (Have they decided to do?) ~ They (go) camping. ~


And what (happen) to their dog? (What plans have they made for the dog?) ~ They (take) the dog with them. I think he (enjoy) it more than they will. 20 Don't make a sound or you (wake) the baby; and then he (not get) to sleep again. 21 Mary: Don't forget that Tom's four boys (spend) the weekend here. I don't know how we (manage) with four boys under our feet in this small house. Jack: I have an idea. We (turn) the attic into a playroom. Then they (be able) to play trains without tripping anyone up. 22 Tom: Peter's just phoned to say that he (catch) (has arranged to catch) the 8.10 train and (be) here by 9.00. 23 When George (come) out of hospital? (What date has been fixed?) ~ I don't know. They (move) him (have arranged to move) to the County Hospital next week so I (have) to ask them about coming out dates. 24 I (ring) Peter tonight. (We have arranged this.) I (ask) him to ring you?~ No, don't bother. I (be) away most of the week. I (write) to him. (not a previous decision) 25 Don't worry about meals tomorrow. Everything's been arranged. (have) breakfast on the train, we (lunch) with the manager—he (stand) us lunch—and the Smiths (give) us dinner after the show. 26 Tom (who has just dropped his key on the path): Never mind; Mary's at home. She (let) us in and we (find) the key tomorrow when it's light. 27 George and Lucy (get) married next week. You (go) to the wedding? ~ No, I wasn't invited. They (have) a big wedding? 28 I (wait) for you? ~ No, don't bother. This (take) a long time. I'm sure, and I don't want you to miss your train. 29 Tom, the host: What you (have), Paul? Paul: I (have) the grilled steak, please. Tom: And I (have) roast duck. (He gives his orders to the waiter and then studies the wine list.) Hm. You (have) steak and I (have) duck. We (have) some red wine. 30 Jack: I (give) you a lift to work tomorrow if you like. Tom: Have you borrowed a car? Jack. No, I've just bought one. I (collect) it this afternoon. 31 Ann: Peter has set his alarm clock for 5 a.m. He (get) up very early, isn't he? Mother: Early! Do you know what (happen)? The alarm bell (ring). Peter (sleep) through it and he (come) down to breakfast at the usual time or a little later. 32 Peter: I (be) promoted next week. Mr Jones (leave) and I (take) over the department. (These arrangements have already been made.) Ann: At this rate you soon (be) a director, and then you (spend) two hours a day on business lunches and (lose) your figure. 33 Tom: I (fly) to New York next week. (This has been arranged.) Jack: You (take) your wife with you? Tom: No. I know that if I take her she (spend) all her time and most of my money in the


New York shops. 34 Mary: Jack and I (go) out tonight. We (have) dinner at the Festival Hall and (go) to a concert afterwards. Ann: And what about the children? I (come) and babysit if you like. Mary: Oh, my neighbour (come) in to sit with them. But thank you for offering, Ann. I (ask) you next time. 35 Nadia: I see that Amadeus (come) to our local cinema next week. George: Oh, good. We (go) and see it together on Monday night? Nadia. Yes, let's. I (get) the book out of the library and then I (be able) to compare the book and the film. George: If you do that out loud during the film I (not pay) for your supper afterwards. 36 Ann (reading newspaper): It says here that Smith's (open) their new department next week, and that they (have) a sale to give it a good start. I think I (look) in on Monday at lunchtime. Mary: Good idea! I (come) too. Peter (entering room): Where you girls (have) lunch today? Mary: We (miss) lunch. We (go) to a sale instead. 133 The present continuous and be going to PEG 202-6 Put the verbs in brackets into one of the above forms, using the present continuous wherever possible. 1 Where you (go) for your holidays? ~ I (go) to Norway. ~ What you (do) there? ~ I (fish). 2 Where you (go) this evening? ~ I (not go) anywhere. I (stay) at home. I (write) some letters. 3 Take an umbrella; it (rain). 4 How long you (stay) in this country? (Have you decided to stay?) ~ Another month. I (go) home at the end of the month. ~ What you (do) then? ~ I (try) to get a job. 5 I (dye) these curtains. ~ You (do) it yourself, or (have) it done? ~ I (have) it done. Who should I take them to? 6 I've seen the film, now I (read) the book. I've just got a copy from the library. (I haven't started the book yet.) 7 You (do) anything next weekend? ~ Yes, my nephews (come) and I (show) them round London. ~ You (take) them to the theatre? {Have you booked seats?) ~ No, they're too young for that. I (take) them to the zoo. 8 We (start) early tomorrow. We (go) to Ben Nevis. ~ You (climb) Ben Nevis? ~ Not me. Tom (climb) it. I (sit) at the bottom and (do) some sketching.


9 Uncle: I hear you (go) to the regatta tomorrow. You (sail) in it? Niece: No, but we (take) our cameras. We (try) to photograph the winning yachts. 10 You (not ask) your boss to give you a fire in your office? ~ It isn't worth while. I (leave) at the end of the week. ~ Really? And what you (do) then? You (have) a holiday? No, I (start) another job the following Monday. 11 I hear you've bought a caravan. You (use) it for your holidays? ~ No, I (live) in it. I (start) moving my things next week. ~ What you (do) with your house? ~ I (sell) it to the man who sold me the caravan. He (get) married next month. 12 Mrs Jones (go) to hospital. She (have) her appendix out. ~ Who (look) after the children? ~ Her sister (come) down from Scotland. 13 He isn't happy at his boarding school. I (send) him to a day school. ~ Have you decided on the other school? ~ No, but I (see) (have an appointment with) the headmaster of the Park School this afternoon. I'll probably send him there. 14 Tom (arrive) tomorrow. ~ He (spend) the weekend here or (catch) the night train back as usual? ~ He (spend) the weekend. He (give) a lecture on Friday and (attend) a big reception on Saturday. 15 He (bring) his wife with him? (Has he arranged to bring his wife?) ~ Yes. She (do) some shopping while he (give) his lecture. 16 I've just arranged to do a part-time job. I (start) on Monday. ~ What you (do) the rest of the time?~ I (study). 17 You (go) abroad for your holiday?Well, I (get) a holiday job. I (go) to an agent's on Saturday to find out about it. I (ask) for a job abroad; but of course they may all be taken. ~ You might get a job picking grapes. Jack (join) a camp in the South of France—his university arranged it—and they all (pick) grapes. 18 I (buy) a new coat. The weather report says that it (be) very cold. 19 Ann has won a car in a competition but she can't drive. Tom: What you (do) with the car? You (sell) it? Ann: No, I (learn) to drive. I (have) my first lesson next Monday. 20 I hear you've bought a new house. ~ Yes. I (move) in next week. ~ You (have) a house warming party? ~ Not just yet. I (paint) the house first. The paintwork's terrible. 21 You (have) it done? (Have you arranged to have it done?) ~ No, I (do) it myself. I (use) that non-drip paint so it shouldn't be too difficult. And the family (help), of course. ~ What about ladders? ~ Oh, I've fixed that. I (hire) from the local do-it-yourself shop. 22 I (do) a lot of work in the garden, too. I (plant) 20 apple trees and (make) a lawn in


front of the house. ~ All that digging will take years. You (give) up your job? 23 I (get) some help with the garden. (7 have arranged this.) Two men (start) work on the hedge on Friday and a lawn expert (come) on Monday to advise me about the lawn. 24 The employers (meet) the strikers again tomorrow. (This has been arranged.) ~ They just (repeat) what they said today? Or they (climb) down? ~ I believe that they (offer) a 10 per cent rise plus a productivity bonus. 134 be going to and will + infinitive PEG 205 Put the verbs in brackets into one of the above forms. 1 Where are you off to with that ladder? ~ I (have) a look at the roof; it's leaking and I think a tile has slipped 2 We bought our new garage in sections and we (assemble) it ourselves. ~ That sounds rather interesting. I (come) and help you if you like. 3 Why do you want all the furniture out of the room? ~ Because I (shampoo) the carpet. It's impossible to do it unless you take everything off it first. 4 Here are the matches: but what do you want them for? ~ I (make) a bonfire at the end of the garden; I want to burn that big heap of rubbish. ~ Well, be careful. If the fire gets too big it (burn) the apple trees. 5 Have you decided on your colour scheme? ~ Oh yes, and I've bought the paint. I (paint) this room blue and the sitting room green. 6 Why are you asking everyone to give you bits of material? ~ Because I (make) a patchwork quilt. 7 I wonder if Ann knows that the time of the meeting has been changed. ~ Probably not. I (look) in on my way home and tell her. I'm glad you thought of it. 8 Leave a note for them on the table and they (see) it when they come in. 9 I'm afraid I'm not quite ready. ~ Never mind. I (wait). 10 Do you have to carry so much stuff on your backs? ~ Yes, we do. We (camp) out and (cook) our own meals, so we have carry a lot. 11 I've been measuring the windows. I (put) in double glazing. 12 You (wear) that nice dress in a dinghy? ~ Of course not! I (sit) on the pier and (watch) you all sailing. I (not get) all wet and muddy and pretend that I'm enjoying it! 13 If you leave your keys with the hall porter he (take) the car round the garage. 14 Shop assistant: We have some very nice strawberries. Customer: All right. I (have) a pound. 15 Husband: This bread is absolutely tasteless! I wish we could have home-made bread. Wife: All right. I (start) making it. I (get) a book about home baking today, and from now on I (bake) all our bread! 16 Mary: Ann's busy baking. Apparently she (bake) all their bread from now on. Jean: She soon (get) tired of that.


17 Why have you brought your camera? You (try) to take photographs? It's not allowed, you know. ~ No, I (try) to sell the camera. ~ That's not allowed either. If a policemen sees you, he (confiscate) the camera. 18 Tom to Jack, who has just helped him to change a wheel: I (have) to leave this at the garage; I don't know how to mend a puncture in a tubeless tyre. Jack: But it's quite easy. I (come) round this evening and show you if you like. 19 Later: Tom to wife: I (not take) the tyre to the garage. I (mend) it myself. Jack (help) me. 20 Why are you rolling up the carpets? You (paint) the ceiling? ~ No, I (take) the carpet to the cleaner's. 21 Ann: Here's the letter to the landlord. If there's anything I should add, say so and I (add) it. Peter: It's fine, but it's illegible. He (not be able) to read it. Ann: Oh, I (type) it! {She had always intended to type it.) Peter: Good, then we (have) a copy. 22 Employer: But there are a lot of mistakes in this. Miss Jones. Miss Jones: Yes, I suppose there are. All right, I (type) it again. 23 Mrs Smith: Your cold's worse, Ann. Go back to bed and I (ring) the school and tell them you can't come. 24 Mrs Smith was just picking up the receiver when her husband came downstairs. 'Ann's not well,' she said. 1 (ring) the school and say that she can't come.' 25 Ann: Why are you taking fishing rods? You (not climb) the mountain after all? Tom: We (climb) and fish. There's a lake on top and we (try) to get some fish out of it. Ann: Well, if you catch any I (cook) them; but I think I (buy) some all the same. 26 Mary, meeting Jack carrying two buckets of water: Hello, Jack! Where's the fire? Jack: I (wash) the car, if you want to know. Would you like to help me? Mary: I'm not dressed for it but I (come) and watch. 27 Where are all those children off to with baskets? ~ They (pick) blackberries. They probably (come) back at 6.00 with their baskets crammed and then their mothers (start) making jam. 28 Ann: You (have) to go now, Tom, or you (be) late. Mary: But it's pouring. He (get) soaked if he goes out in that. Tom: You're right. You (let) me stay a little longer? 29 George and Paul find an injured man lying by the roadside. Paul: I (stay) with him, George, if you go back and get help. George: All right. I (try) to get a lift back. 30 No, I'm not going away for the weekend. I'm staying at home. I (start) building my garage. The bricks have come at last. ~ You (do) it all by yourself? ~ No, my nephew (help) me. I suggested it to him yesterday and he was quite enthusiastic. 31 He says he's tired of writing books about horrible people who get more and more horrible on every page, and now he (write) about perfectly charming people who are


happily married. ~ I wonder if anyone (buy) it. ~ Oh yes, people (buy) it. He's a famous writer. 32 I hear the farmer down the road has hired a bulldozer. ~ Yes, he (dig) up all his hedges and put in fences instead. 33 The new owner (make) any changes? ~ He's made some already. You should see his new menus. He (concentrate) more on the restaurant than the shop. 34 What do you want all those corks for? ~ I've bought a cask of wine and I (bottle) it myself. 35 There's someone at the door. ~ I (go). But I expect it's someone for you. 36 Where are you all going? ~ There's nothing to eat or drink here except one chop and a bottle of champagne, so we (buy) some fish and chips and eat them in the car. Come with us. ~ No, thanks. I think I (stay) and use up the chop and champagne. 135 The future continuous and will + infinitive PEG 214-15 Put the verbs in brackets into one of the above forms. 1 Jack usually gives me a lift home, but we both (come) home by train tomorrow as his car is being repaired. 2 He says he (meet) us at the bus stop, but I'm sure he (forget) to turn up. 3 Don't ring now; she (watch) her favourite TV programme. ~ All right. I (ring) at 8.30. 4 I wonder what I (do) this time next year. ~ I expect you still (work) at the same office. 5 I'd like to double-glaze the bedroom windows. ~ All right. I (get) the materials at once and we (do) it this weekend. 6 Wait a bit. Don't drink your tea without milk. The milkman (come) in a minute. 7 What are you doing next weekend? ~ Oh, I (work) as usual. I'm always on duty at weekends. 8 Air hostess: We (take) off in a few minutes. Please fasten your seat belts. 9 He (come) if you ask him. 10 I arranged to play tennis with Tom at nine tonight. ~ But you (play) in semi-darkness. You won't be able to see the ball. 11 I (get) you some aspirins if you like. The chemist's still (be) open. ~ No, don't bother. The office boy (go) out in a minute to post the letters; I (ask) him to buy me some. 12 It (be) very late when she gets home and her parents (wonder) what's happened. 13 I never (be) able to manage on my own. ~


But you won't be on your own. Tom (help) you. Look—his name is bracketed with yours on the list. ~ Oh, that's all right. But Tom (not help) me: I (help) Tom. He always takes charge when we're on duty together. 14 I (write) postcards every week, I promise, and I (try) to make them legible. If necessary I (type) them. 15 Typist: Are you in a hurry for this letter, Mr Jones? Because I (type) Mr White's letters at four o'clock and if yours could wait till— Mr Jones: I'd like it a little earlier than four if possible. Typist: All right. I (type) it for you now. 16 What happened at last night's meeting? I hear there was quite a disturbance. ~ Come and see me and I (tell) you. I don't want to talk about it on the phone. 17 I'm going to Switzerland next week. ~ You're lucky. The wild flowers just (come) out. 18 This time next month the snow (melt) and skiing will be over. 19 The first day of the term will be horrible, for everybody (talk) about their holidays and (show) photographs of marvellous foreign beaches, and as I haven't been anywhere I (feel) terribly out of it. 20 I (tell) her what you say but she (not believe) it. 21 It's 7 a.m. and here we are on top of a mountain. At home people just (get) up now. 22 But you can't go to a fancy dress party in a dinner jacket! ~ Why not? ~ Because everyone (wear) fancy dress. ~ All right. I (wrap) the hearthrug round me and (go) as a caveman. 23 The coming election (be) the main topic of conversation for the next fortnight. The party leaders (speak) on TV and the local candidates (address) meetings in the constituencies. 24 This time tomorrow everyone (read) of your success, and all sorts of people (ring) up to congratulate you. 25 That oak tree still (stand) there fifty years from now. 26 You please (forward) my mail to the Grand Hotel? I (stay) there as usual for the first fortnight in August. 27 Heavens! Look at the time. Your father (come) home in a minute and I haven't even started getting dinner ready! 28 James (leave) for Australia quite soon. He has got a job there. 29 The car (not start). ~ If you get in, Tom and I (give) it a push. 30 It's nearly Christmas already. Carol singers (come) round soon. 31 On the news tonight they mentioned the possibility of a power strike. Everybody (look) for candles tomorrow. . 32 Hotel receptionist on phone to client: What time you (arrive), Mr Jones? Mr Jones: I (travel) on the 4.30 from Victoria. There (be) taxis at the station? Receptionist: Don't bother about taxis, Mr Jones. We (send) the hotel car down for you. 33 You (use) your dictionary this afternoon? ~


No. You can borrow it if you like. ~ Thanks very much. I (put) it back on your desk this evening. 34 Ann: This time next week I (have) my first skating lesson. Tom: And this time next month you (hobble) about, covered in bruises! 35 It's a beautiful drive. I'm sure you (enjoy) the scenery. ~ I (not have) a chance to look at it. I (map-read), and Tom gets so furious if I make a mistake that I (be) afraid to take my eyes off the map. 36 I (write) in code if you insist, but I don't think it's at all necessary. 136 The future continuous and will (mostly negative) PEG 214-15 Put the verbs in brackets into one of the above forms. 1 You ask him. It's no good my asking him. He (not do) anything I say. 2 Ann says she (not come) if Tom is driving. She says she doesn't want to die yet. ~ Well, tell her Tom (not drive). He's had his licence suspended. 3 Pupil to teacher: I (not come) back next term. My parents want me to get a job. 4 Headmaster: I (not have) girls here in slacks. If you come here tomorrow in slacks, I'll send you home. Girl: All right, I (not come) tomorrow. I'll get a job. 5 Mother: I'm so grateful for the help you've given Jack; I hope you'll be able to go on helping him. Teacher: I'm afraid I (not teach) him next term because I only teach the fifth form and he'll be in the sixth, 6 Schoolboy (in school dining hall): The last week of our last term! I wonder what we (do) this time next year. Friend: Well, we (not eat) school dinners anyway. That's one comfort. 7 They give very good dinners at the school but my daughter (not eat) them. She prefers to go out and buy fish and chips. 8 Yes, you can stroke the dog; he (not bite) you. 9 Shall we meet him at the station? ~ Oh, he (not come) by train. He never comes by train. 10 I've fished that river every year for the last fifteen years. ~ Well, nobody (fish) it next year. The water's been polluted. All the fish are dead. 11 I'll cook any fish you catch, but I (not clean) them. You'll have to do that yourself. 12 I (not show) any films this time. The projector's broken down. 13 Housewife: This time next week I (not wash) up the breakfast things. I (have) breakfast in bed in a luxury hotel. 14 I (not wear) glasses when you see me next. I'll be wearing contact lenses. You probably (not recognize) me. 15 I'll tell him the truth of course. But it (not be) any good. He (not believe) me. 16 Customer: When you deliver my next order – Shop assistant: We (not deliver) any more orders. I'm afraid. This branch is closing down. 17 It'll be easy to pick her out in that bright red coat of hers. ~


But she (not wear) the red coat! She's given it away. 18 No, I (not tell) you the end! Go on reading and find out for yourself! 19 You (not use) your car when you're on holiday, will you? ~ No, but don't ask me to lend it to you because I (not do) it. Not after what happened last time. 20 I (have) to be a bit careful about money when I retire because I'll only be getting half my present salary. But of course I (not pay) so much tax. 21 You can either pay the fine or go to prison for a month. ~ I (not pay) the fine. ~ Then you (have) to go to prison. 22 He's a clever boy but he's lazy. He (not work). 23 I wonder how Jack (get on) with the new secretary. ~ Oh, Jack (not work) here after this week. He's being transferred. 24 According to the brochures this hotel prides itself on its service, but the staff not even (show) a guest to his room unless he insists. I (not come) here again. 137 The future perfect PEG 216 Put the verbs in brackets into the future perfect tense. will is replaceable by shall in 3, 6, 7, II, 13, 14 and 17. 1 I hope they (repair) this road by the time we come back next summer. 2 By the end of next week my wife (do) her spring cleaning and we'll all be able to relax again. 3 Yes, I make jam every week. I (make) about 200 kilos by the end of the summer. 4 In two months' time he (finish) his preliminary training and will be starting work. 5 He spends all his spare time planting trees. He says that by the end of next year he (plant) 2,000. 6 I'll be back again at the end of next month. ~ I hope I (pass) my driving test by then. If I have, I'll meet your train. 7 Come back in an hour. I (do) my packing by then and we'll be able to have a talk. 8 When he reaches Land's End he (walk) 1,500 miles. 9 He's only 35 but he's started losing his hair already. He (lose) it all by the time he's 50. 10 His father left him £400,000, but he lives so extravagantly that he (spend) it all before he's 30. 11 By the end of next year I (work) for him for 45 years. 12 Everywhere you go in central London you see blocks of flats being pulled down and huge hotels being erected. In ten years' time all the private residents (be driven) out and there 11 be nothing but one vast hotel after another. 13 Our committee is trying to raise money to buy a new lifeboat. By the end of the year we (send) out 5,000 letters asking for contributions. 14 By the end of my tour I (give) exactly the same lecture 53 times. 15 A hundred people have died of starvation already. By the end of the week two hundred (die). When are you going to send help? 16 Since he began driving, Tom has driven an average of 5,000 miles a year, and had an


average of 21/2 accidents a year. So by the time he is 60 he (drive) 200,000 miles and had 50 accidents. Let's try to persuade him to go back to cycling. 17 Did you say you wanted help picking apples? I could come on 1 October. ~ We (pick) them all by then. But come all the same. 18 Apparently Venice is slowly sinking into the sea. Scientists are trying to save it but by the time they've found the answer the city probably (sink).

138 The present simple and continuous, the future simple and conditional PEG 164-7, 172-4, 207-9, 219 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. Note that in nos. If 13, 17 and 18 the dramatic present tense is used (see PEG 174 C). Part 1 1 Ann (look) for a bed-sitter. She (see) an advertisement in the local paper and (ring) up Mrs Smith, the owner of the house. Mrs Smith (answer) the phone. 2 Ann: Good afternoon. I (ring) about the room you advertised. Mrs Smith: Oh yes. 3 Ann: The advertisement (say) 'Share bathroom and kitchen'. How many other people (use) the bathroom and kitchen? 4 Mrs Smith: Only one other—an Italian girl. And she (use) the kitchen very little. She (eat) out most of the time. I (not think) she (like) cooking. 5 Ann: That (suit) me all right. I (like) cooking. But how we (arrange) about paying for the gas we (use) in the kitchen? 6 Mrs Smith: The rent (include) gas for cooking, also hot water and light. But it (not include) heating. Each room has its own fire and meter. 7 Ann: I (see). And the room (face) the front or the back? 8 Mrs Smith: It (face) the front. It (looks) out on the garden square; and it (get) a lot of sun. 9 Ann: That (sound) very nice. Could I come and see it this evening? Mrs Smith: Yes, the earlier the better. 10 Ann: 7 p.m. (suit) you? I (not be able to) come before that as I usually (not get) away from the office till 6 p.m. 11 Mrs Smith: 7 p.m. (be) all right. I (not think) you (have) any difficulty in finding us. The 14 bus (pass) the house and (stop) a few doors further along, outside the Post Office. 12 Ann: I'm sure I (find) it all right. I (see) you at 7.00 then, Mrs Smith. Goodbye. 13 At 6.30 Mr Smith (come) home from work. He (ask) his wife about the room. 14 Mrs Smith: I haven't let it yet but a girl (come) to see it at 7.00. 15 Mr Smith: She probably (come) at 7.30 just as we (sit) down to supper. People coming here for the first time always (get) lost. I (not think) you (give) proper directions.


16 Mrs Smith: Oh yes, I (do). But nobody (listen) to directions these days. Anyway I'm sure this girl (be) in time. 17 Just then the doorbell (ring). Mrs Smith (look) at her husband and (smile). 18 'You see,' she (say), and (go) to open the door. Part 2 Weekend plans. 19 Bill (on phone): Hello, Peter. Bill here. I (speak) from Southwold. I (spend) my holidays here this year in a caravan. You (like) to come for the weekend? 20 Peter: I (love) to. But how I (get) to you? 21 Bill: Get the 8 o'clock train to Halesworth and I (meet) you at the station. 22 Peter: OK. I (do) that. Are you near the sea. Bill? 23 Bill: Yes. When the tide (come) in. I'm almost afloat! 24 Peter: It (sound) marvellous! 25 Bill: It is. Wait till you (see) it! 26 (Friday) Peter's mother: What you (do) this weekend, Peter? (What plans have you made?) 27 Peter: I (spend) it with Bill in a caravan on the Suffolk coast. 28 Mother: The east coast in this wind! You (freeze) to death – if Bill's cooking (not kill) you first! How you (get) there? (What travel arrangements have you made?) 29 Peter: I (catch) the 8 o'clock train and Bill (meet) me at Halesworth. 30 Mother: Then I (lend) you my alarm clock, and we'd better have breakfast at seven. I (tell) Mary. 31 Peter: Poor Mary! She (like) a lie-in on Saturdays! 32 (Friday evening) Mother: I (give) you a call at 6.30, Peter, in case you (fall) asleep again after your alarm (go) off. By the way, Mary, we (have) breakfast at seven tomorrow as Peter (go) away for the weekend and (catch) an early train. 33 Mary (petulantly): Peter always (go) away. I never (go) anywhere! 34 Mother: When he (come) home on Sunday night and you (hear) how awful it was, you (be) very glad you stayed at home!

Conditionals 139 Conditional sentences: type I PEG 221 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form. 1 I'll look for your notebook and if I (find) it I (give) you a ring. 2 If you (smoke) in a non-smoking compartment the other passengers (object). 3 I'll wash the glasses in this nice hot water. ~ No, don't. If you (put) them into very hot water they (crack). 4 If you (see) Tom tell him I have a message for him. 5 If he (win) he (get) £1,000; if he (come) in second he (get) £500. 6 If you (feel) too hot during the night turn down the central heating. 7 Tom: Jack is a translator; he translates 1,000 words a day and gets £100 a week, which he says isn't enough to live on.


Bill: Well, if he (want) more money he (have) to do more work. Advise him to translate 2,000 words a day. 8 If you (finish) with your dictionary I'd like to borrow it. 9 Jack (in canoe): Watch me! I'm going to stand up! Tom (on the bank): He's an idiot! If he (stand) up in the canoe it (capsize). 10 The lift wasn't working when I was here last. If it still (not work) we (have) to use the stairs. 11 I shan't wake if the alarm clock (not go) off. 12 I shan't wake unless I (hear) the alarm. 13 If you'd like some ice I (get) some from the fridge. 14 He's only sixteen but he wants to leave school at the end of the term. ~ If he (leave) now he (be) sorry afterwards. 15 I expect it will freeze tonight. ~ If it (freeze) tonight the roads (be) very slippery tomorrow. 16 That book is overdue. If you (not take) it back to the library tomorrow you (have) to pay a fine. 17 Unless Tom (take) his library book back tomorrow he (have) to pay a fine. 18 You'd better take the day off if you (not feel) well tomorrow. 19 If a driver (brake) suddenly on a wet road he (skid). 20 If you (like) I (get) you a job in this company. 21 If you (like) a job in this company, I'll get you one. 22 My dog never starts a fight. He never growls unless the other dog (growl) first. 23 You can use my phone if yours (not work). 24 If you (not know) the meaning of a word you may use a dictionary. 25 If Jack (refuse) to help we'll have to manage without him. 26 If Jack (not help) we'll have to manage without him. 27 (Tom is putting his coat on.) Ann: If you (go) out would you buy me some cigarettes? 28 Henry can't count. ~ Why you (employ) him as a cashier if he can't count? 29 The police will test the knife for fingerprints. If your fingerprints are on it you (be) charged with murder. 30 Tom: I hate my job Peter: If you (hate) it why you (not change) it? 31 You can ask for a continental breakfast if you (not want) a full breakfast. 32 If you (hear) from Tom could you please let me know? 33 Caller: Could I speak to Mr Jones, please? Secretary: If you'd wait a moment I (see) if he's in. 34 I'm not expecting any messages, but if someone (ring) while I am out could you say that I'll be back by 6.00? 35 (Notice in a box of chocolates): Every care has been taken with preparation and packing, but if these chocolates (reach) you in a damaged condition please return them to us and we will send you another box. 36 If you (care) to see some of his drawings I (send) them round to your office. 140 Conditional sentences: type I


PEG 221 Drill: reply to the following sentences as shown in the example: If Tom meets us at the station we'll be all right. But what'll we do if he doesn 't meet us? 1 If he pays me tonight, I'll have enough money for the tickets. 2 If I get a work permit, I'll stay for another six months. 3 If I pass this exam, I'll go to the university next October. 4 If he agrees to let me go on working after marriage, I'll marry him (Use refuse.) 5 I'm going to say to the boss, I can't work with Smith. Either I go or he goes. You'll have to choose between us. 6 If I can find a cheap room I'll stay a fortnight. 7 Your parachute should open after ten seconds. 8 Provided you remember the password you'll be in no danger. (Use forget.) 9 Tell the police the truth. I'm sure they'll believe you. 10 If the baby is a girl we're going to call her Ann. 11 If we get a lift we'll be in time. 12 If London airport is clear of fog we'll land there. 13 If Tom helps us the job will only take half an hour. 14 I haven't got a key but Jack will let us in if he is at home. 15 If the ice is thick enough we'll be able to walk across the river. 16 The sands are quite safe as long as you don't walk on them when the tide is coming in. 17 If it's fine tomorrow we'll go for a walk. 18 Driver (having just changed a wheel): We'll be all right provided we don't have another puncture. Part 2 Rewrite the following sentences replacing would like by like and making any necessary changes. If you'd like to wait you can wait here. If you like you can wait here or You can wait here if you like. 1 If you'd like a copy of the book, I can get you one. (If you like, I. . .) 2 If you'd like me to ask if there are any vacancies I will. (If you like, I'll...) 3 If you'd like to see the photographs, I'll bring them round tonight. 4 If you'd like me to give you a hand, I will. 5 If you'd like to watch the procession from my balcony, you can. 6 If you'd like to see London from the air, I'll arrange a helicopter trip for you. 7 You knitted a very nice sweater for Tom. ~ Yes, if you'd like me to knit you one I will. 8 If you'd like to borrow my car, you can. 9 I'll come back and finish it tomorrow if you'd like me to. 10 If you'd like Ann to type it again, I'll ask her to. 11 If you'd like an application form, I'll get you one. 12 If you'd like me to go with you, I will. 13 I'll paint the front door blue, if you'd like that. 14 If you'd like to leave the washing-up till tomorrow, you can. Part I


15 16 17 18

If you'd like to postpone the trip till next week, we'll do that. If you'd like me to ask him to our next party, I will. If you'd like to meet the President, I will arrange it. If you'd like to go sailing tomorrow, we will. 141 Conditional sentences: type 2 PEG 222

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form. 1 Of course I'm not going to give her a diamond ring. If I (give) her a diamond ring she (sell) it. 2 Tom: I woke up to find the room full of smoke; but I knew exactly what to do. Ann: If I (wake) up to find the room full of smoke I (have) no idea what to do. 3 Ann: I couldn't live without Tom. If he (go) off with another girl I (pine) away and die. But I have complete confidence in Tom. 4 Husband: But I'm not going on a diet. Why should I go on a diet? Wife: If you (go) on a diet you (lose) weight. 5 If someone (say), I'll give you £500 to go into court and swear that this statement is true, what you (do)? 6 If we (work) all night we (finish) in time; but we have no intention of working all night. 7 You must never blow out a gas light. Do you know what (happen) if you (blow) out a gas light? 8 If I (see) a tiger walking across Hyde Park I (climb) a tree. ~ That (not be) any use. The tiger (climb) after you. 9 If I (come) across two men fighting with knives I (call) the police. ~ But this is a very peaceful area. 10 Ann: All your clothes are years out of date. Why don't you throw them away? Mary: Don't be ridiculous! If I (throw) my clothes away I (have) to ask my husband for £1,000 to buy new ones. 11 Ann: If you (ask) him for £1,000 what he (say)? 12 Mary: He (be) too horrified to speak at first. But when he'd recovered from the shock, he probably (start) talking about a divorce. 13 If someone (ring) my doorbell at 3 a.m. I (be) very unwilling to open the door. 14 If I (see) a python in Piccadilly I (assume) it had escaped from a circus. 15 Tom: The plane was on fire so we baled out. Ann: I don't think I (have) the nerve to do that even if the plane (be) on fire. 16 We train the children to file out of the classroom quietly, because if a whole class (rush) at the door someone (get) hurt. 17 Why don't you buy a season ticket?Because I lose everything. If I (buy) a season ticket I (lose) it. 18 Why don't you bring your car to work? If I (have) a car I (bring) it to work. 19 Jack: They get £150 a week. Tom: They can't get £150 a week. If they (do) they (not be) striking for £120. 20 Ann: George is fourteen. Tom: He must be older than that. He's in a full-time job. If he (be) only fourteen he


still

(be) at school. 21 He is staying at the Savoy in London. ~ Is he very rich? ~ I suppose he is. If he (be) a poor man he (not stay) at the Savoy. 22 If I (have) heaps of money I (drink) champagne with every meal. 23 If you (drink) champagne with every meal you soon (get) tired of it. 24 Prime Minister on golf course: I'm not at all worried about the situation. If I (be) worried I not (play) golf at this moment. 25 But I don't want to buy an elephant! ~ I know that. But where you (go) if you (do) want to buy one? 26 Why don't you get a cat? If you (keep) a cat the mice (not run) about everywhere. 27 What time of year do you think it is in this picture? Summer? ~ No, it must be winter. If it (be) summer the people (not sit) round that big fire. 28 Tom: Oh yes, I heard the phone ringing. Peter: Well, if you (hear) the phone ringing why you (not answer) it? (Be careful; this is not a true conditional sentence.) 29 Your notes are almost illegible. Why don't you type them? If you (type) them they (be) a lot easier to read. 30 If only we (have) a light! It's depressing waiting in darkness! 31 A university degree is a useful thing. If I (have) a university degree I now (sit) in a comfortable office instead of standing at a street corner selling newspapers. 32 I (be) very grateful if you kindly (sign) this document and let me have it back as soon as possible. 33 If the earth suddenly (stop) spinning we all (fly) off it. 34 Why are you so late? ~ We got stuck in a snowdrift! Luckily a lorry-driver saw us and towed us out. But for him we still (be) there! 35 We didn't exactly break down. We had a puncture. ~ But if it (be) only a puncture why you (not change) the wheel and come on? (See 28 above.) 36 I have no particular desire to win the Football Pools. If I (win) an enormous sum everybody (write) to me asking for money. 142 Conditional sentences: type 2 PEG 222 Rewrite these sentences, using an if construction. He smokes too much; perhaps that's why he can't get rid of his cough. If he didn 't smoke so much he might get rid of his cough or If he smoked less he might (be able to) get rid of his cough. 1 She is very shy; that's why she doesn't enjoy parties. 2 He doesn't take any exercise; that's why he is so unhealthy. 3 I haven't the right change so we can't get tickets from the machine. 4 They speak French to her, not English, so her English doesn't improve. 5 He doesn't work overtime, so he doesn't earn as much as I do.


6 My number isn't in the directory so people don't ring me up. 7 The police are not armed so we don't have gun battles in the streets. 8 The shops don't deliver now, which makes life difficult. 9 He's very thin; perhaps that's why he feels the cold so much. 10 We haven't any matches so we can't light a fire. 11 It's a pity we haven't a steak to cook over our camp fire. 12 I'm fat; that's why I can't get through the bathroom window. 13 He doesn't help me, possibly because I never ask him for help. 14 I can't drive so we can't take the car. 15 We have no ladder so we can't get over the wall. 16 My friend advised me to sell it. (My friend said. If 1. . . you 1. . . ) 17 I haven't much time so I read very little. 18 They don't clean the windows so the rooms look rather dark. 19 He never polishes his shoes, so he never looks smart. 20 He doesn't pay his staff properly; perhaps that's why they don't work well. 21 We haven't got central heating, so the house is rather cold. 22 I have no dog, so I don't like being alone in the house at night. 23 He spends hours watching television; that's why he never has time to do odd jobs in the house. 24 I haven't got a vacuum cleaner; that's why I'm so slow. 25 I don't know his address, so I can't write to him. 26 He never shaves; that's the only reason he looks unattractive. 27 You work too fast; that's why you make so many mistakes. 28 I can't park near my office; that's why I don't come by car. 29 I live a long way from the centre; that's why I am always late for work. 30 I haven't a map so I can't direct you. 31 People drive very fast. That's why there are so many accidents. 32 English people speak very quickly. Perhaps that's why I can't understand them. 33 My house is guarded by two Alsatian dogs. That's the only reason it isn't broken into every night. 34 The flats are not clearly numbered, so it is very difficult to find anyone. 35 You don't wipe your feet, so you make muddy marks all over the floor. 36 I live near my office, so I don't spend much time travelling to work. 143 Conditional sentences: type 3 PEG 223 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses. 1 If he (not take) his gloves off he (not get) frost bitten. 2 She was sent to prison only because she refused to pay the fine; if she (pay) the fine she (not be) sent to prison. 3 He didn't tell me that he was a vegetarian till halfway through the meal. If he (tell) me earlier I (cook) him something more suitable. 4 I had no map; that's why I got lost. If I (had) a map I (be) all right. 5 Why didn't you say that you were short of money? If I (know) I (lend) you some.


6 It's lucky he had his torch with him. If he (not have) it he (fall) down the cellar steps. 7 The job is much worse than I expected. If I (realise) how awful it was going to be I (not accept) it. 8 It was the drug, not the disease, that killed him. He would still be alive today if He (not take) that drug. 9 This room's freezing because the fire has only just been lit. ~ If it (be lit) this morning, as I suggested, the room would be warm enough to sit in now. 10 I overslept; that's why I'm half an hour late; and if my phone (not ring) at nine o'clock I might still be in bed. 11 It was rather a dull game so I left before the end; if I (wait) another five minutes I (see) Chelsea scoring a really exciting goal. 12 The paraffin heater was perfectly safe. There (not be) a fire if the children (not knock) it over. 13 It's a pity he never patented his invention. If he (patent) it he (make) a lot of money. 14 The fog came down suddenly and I suppose they didn't know which way to turn; if only they (have) a map and compass with them they (not be) drowned. 15 He asked his parents for a loan but he didn't say what he wanted the money for, so they refused. I think if he (tell) them that he wanted to open a restaurant they (agree). 16 The accident was mainly Tom's fault. He was driving much too close to the car in front. If he (be) further away he (be able) to stop in time. 17 The launching of the rocket was delayed half an hour by bad weather. If the weather (be) good they (launch) it at 8.30 instead of at 9.00. 18 Why did you throw away those newspapers? I hadn't finished with them. ~ I'm sorry. If I (know) you were still reading them I (not throw) them away. 19 I'm sorry you didn't tell me that dogs were allowed in the hotel; if I (know) I (bring) my dog. He (enjoy) the walk. 20 Most people (attend) the union meeting if they had had longer notice of it. 21 He says he refused the job, but that this was nothing to do with the salary. He (refuse) even if they (offer) him twice as much. 22 The club secretary is useless. He never tells anybody anything. We (not know) about this meeting if the chairman (not tell) us. 23 When the director asked her to play the lead she agreed though she didn't know anything about the play. I think that if she (read) the play first she (refuse) the part. 24 The burglar made quite a lot of noise getting into the house; but fortunately for him the family were watching a noisy TV play. If they (play) cards they certainly (hear) him. 25 If you had been there what you (do)? 26 It rained, which spoiled our picnic; but if it (not rain) it (be) a great success. 27 Why are you in such a bad temper? ~ Because I've been waiting for 40 minutes in an icy wind. If you (wait) 40 minutes in an icy wind you'd be bad-tempered, too. 28 You used wet sticks; that's why the fire took so long to light. If you (use) dry sticks it (light) long ago. 29 I didn't recognize him at first because he was wearing dark glasses; if he (not wear) them I (recognize) him immediately.


30 You knew that horse was going to win! ~ Don't be ridiculous! If I (knew) I (back) him myself. 31 Why didn't you phone from the village?Because there was no phone in the village. If there (be) of course we (phone) from there. 32 When the weather got bad the climbing party turned back, all except Tom and his brothers, who decided to go on. If only they (turn) back with the others they would be alive today. 33 He was not very happy at school because" he was a bookish boy, not at all interested in games. If he (play) games like the other boys he (have) a much better time. 34 We had to stand almost all the way. It was all Tom's fault. If he (book) seats, as I told him to, we (have) quite a comfortable journey. 35 We were travelling with false passports. That was the trouble. If our passports (be) all right we (not be) arrested. 36 They voted by a show of hands and decided in favour of a strike. But it was by a narrow margin and I think that if they (hold) a secret ballot there (not be) a strike. 144 Conditional sentences: type 3 PEG 223 Rewrite these sentences using an if construction. You didn't tell me we had run out of bread, so I didn't buy any. If you had told me we had run out of bread I'd have bought some. 1 I didn't see the signal, so I didn't stop. 2 I didn't know your number, so I didn't ring. 3 She didn't know you were in hospital, so she didn't visit you. 4 We only came by bus because there were no taxis. 5 She didn't speak to him, possibly because she was so shy. 6 Landlord: She threatened to set fire to her flat; that's the only reason I asked her to leave. 7 We didn't visit the museum because we hadn't time. 8 I only came up the stairs because the lift wasn't working. 9 We didn't listen carefully; perhaps that's why we made this mistake. 10 We got a lift, so we reached the station in time. 11 You washed it in boiling water; that's why it shrank. 12 We missed the train because we were using an out-of-date timetable. 13 His own men deserted him; that's the only reason why he failed. 14 They were driving very quickly. That's why the accident was so terrible. 15 It was raining. That's the only reason I didn't take the children to the beach. 16 When I bought this house I didn't realize that in summer planes skimmed the roof every five minutes. {If I (knew) . . . Knot buy) etc.) 17 Tom's father was on the Board. That's the only reason he got the job. 18 He wasn't looking where he was going. That's why he was run over.


19 I don't like country life, perhaps because I wasn't brought up in the country. 20 I didn't know he was so quarrelsome. I'm sorry now that I invited him. 21 It rained all the time. Perhaps that's why he didn't enjoy his visit. 22 I didn't work hard at school so I didn't get a good job when I left. 23 They used closed-circuit television. That's how they spotted the shop-lifter. 24 They asked him to leave the dining-room because he wasn't wearing a shirt. 25 It took us a long time to find his house because the streets were not clearly marked. 26 We didn't go by air only because we hadn't enough money. 27 The bus didn't stop because you didn't put your hand up. 28 He turned up at the interview looking so disreputable and unshaven that they didn't give him the job. 29 I didn't know how thin the ice was, so I was walking on it quite confidently. 30 The champion didn't take the fight seriously at first; perhaps that's why he didn't win it. 31 They got the children back alive only because they paid the ransom at once. 32 The examiner read the passage very quickly, so the candidates didn't understand it. 33 They weren't wearing life-jackets; perhaps that's why they were drowned. 34 He didn't get to the top of his profession, perhaps because his wife didn't encourage him. 35 The exit doors were blocked so people couldn't escape from the burning hall. 36 The astronauts didn't walk very far on the moon because they were hampered by the thick dust. 145 Conditional sentences: mixed types PEG 221-8 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct forms. 1 I've hung out the clothes. It's lovely and sunny; if it (stay) like this they (be) dry in two hours. 2 French is essential in this job. All the telephonists speak it. If they (not know) French they (not understand) half the callers. 3 How did you do in the car rally? ~ We came in last actually; but only because we got lost. If we (not got) lost we (come) in somewhere in the middle. We certainly (not be) last. 4 I wasn't really surprised that we got lost because I knew that the navigator couldn't mapread. ~ But if you (know) that why you (take) him as navigator? 5 This flat would be all right if the people above us (not be) so noisy. 6 A group of spectators, including myself, left the stand just before the end of the game. When we were half way down the stairs a goal was scored and there was a great cheer from the spectators. If there (not be) a goal the crowd (not cheer). 7 If the crowd (not cheer) we (not run) back up the stairs to see what had happened. 8 If we (not run) back we (not crash) into the rest of the spectators on their way down, and there (not be) this frightful accident. 9 If the pain (return) you'd better take another pill. 10 If you aren't going to live in the house why you (not sell) it? If I (have) a house I


couldn't use I (sell) it at once. 11 No, I didn't know any Russian at that time. ~ But if you (not know) Russian why you (offer) to give him Russian lessons? ~ Because I knew that he (refuse). He always rejected my offers. 12 Tell him to bring his bicycle inside. If he (leave) it outside someone (steal) it. 13 Why do people always wear dark clothes at night? If pedestrians (wear) light coloured clothes drivers (see) them much more easily. 14 She must have loved him very much because she waited for him for fifteen years. If she (not love) him she (not wait) so long. 15 He looked so small and weak that nobody asked him to do anything. If he (look) strong he (be) expected to dig all day like everyone else. 16 The government are talking of pulling the village down to make room for an airport. ~ If they (start) doing it the village people (resist)? 17 If you are catching an early train tomorrow you (like) to have breakfast at 7.00? 18 We'll have to break the ice on the pond; otherwise the ducks (not be able) to swim. And if they (not be able) to swim they (not be able) to get food. (Use can/could forms where possible.) 19 When he left school he became a fisherman. His family didn't like it at all. They (be) much happier if he (become) a greengrocer like his father. 20 They still say that if he (go) into the greengrocery business when he left school he (be) comfortably off now instead of being poor. 21 But he says that if he (have) his life again he (make) the same choice. 22 So many parcels and no baskets! If I (know) that we were going to buy so much I (bring) a basket. 23 No one bathes here. The water is heavily polluted. If you (bathe) in it you (be) ill for a fortnight. 24 I can hear the speaker all right but I wish I could see him too. ~ If he (stand) on a barrel we all (see) him and that (be) much better. 25 Look at poor Tom trying to start his car by hand again! If I (be) Tom I (get) a new battery. 26 I expect you'll see Jack at the lecture tonight. If you (do) you please (remind) him about tomorrow's meeting? 27 The headmaster decided that Peter was the culprit and expelled him from the school. A more intelligent man (realize) that Peter couldn't have been guilty. (If the headmaster had been more intelligent he . . . .) 28 But I blame the real culprit even more. If he (admit) his guilt Peter (not be) expelled. 29 The only thing I haven't got is a balcony. If I (have) a balcony I (grow) plants in pots. Then my flat (be) perfect! 30 Jack rang while you were out. ~ Oh dear! If I (know) he was going to ring I (stay) at home. 31 My unmarried friends are always telling me how to bring up my children. I sometimes think that if they (have) children they (make) just as many mistakes as I do. 32 (At a cinema) Ann: Don't worry. They get married in the end. Mary: Then you've seen it before' If you (tell) me that we (go) to something else! 33 Be careful about the time. If you (spend) too long on the first question you (not have)


enough time to do the others properly. 34 We had a lot of trouble putting the tent up. If it (not be) so windy perhaps it (not be) quite so difficult. 35 Ann (sitting beside her open fire): I love open fires; if I (have) nothing but a radiator to sit beside I (get) quite depressed. 36 Lucy, a student at a residential college: Couldn't I leave the hostel and get a flat, mother? Mother: No, you couldn't. I know very well what (happen) if you (have) a flat. You (play) the guitar all night and (miss) your classes in the morning; then you (fail) your exams and (have) to repeat the year. And you (not feed) yourself properly and (get) run down. And then you (catch) some infection and (die) of it, and we (have) to leave this district as the neighbours (keep) saying that we had caused you death by letting you have your own way! 146 Conditional sentences: mixed types PEG 221-8 Finish the following sentences. 1 If you had a carpet on the stairs .... 2 If you should see a snake . . . . 3 If I lived in the country .... 4 If you want to get to the station in time to catch the 8.10 train .... 5 He was sleepwalking. When I saw him going towards the window I stopped him. If I hadn't stopped him .... 6 She is simply terrified of rats. If she hears the rats running round your attics she . . . . 7 The milk wouldn't have turned sour if . . . . 8 They were completely lost and didn't know which way to turn; but for the dog . . . . 9 If you took a course in computer programming .... 10 Jack (trying to phone Peter): I can hear the phone ringing. Peter must be out. If he were in he .... 11 If we have another puncture .... . 12 I could have walked more quickly if my suitcase .... 13 My room would be all right if it .... 14 If you aren't going to use the car tomorrow, . . . ? 15 If you don't like films why . . . ? 16 There were plenty of fish in the bay; if we'd had fishing lines ... . 17 The hijackers threatened to kill the pilot unless he .... 18 We'll test your voice and if it is good enough .... 19 If buses and trains were free .... 20 If children were allowed to do exactly as they liked in school ... . 21 I'd have taken a photograph if .... 22 Your job sounds awful. If I were you .... 23 If you thought he was unreliable why . . . ? 24 If I'd known that there was going to be an electricity strike I . . . 25 If the price of petrol goes up ....


26 You can camp in this field provided .... 27 Unless you isolate people with infectious diseases .... 28 Everyone was going much too fast. The pile-up wouldn't have be nearly so terrible if the drivers . ... 29 They would have paid you more if . ... 30 If you don't boil the water before you drink it .... 31 He expected absolute punctuality. He was furious if .... 32 If you lived on the 40th floor and there was a power strike .... 33 We could have got seats .... 34 Mother to little boy: If you don't eat up your nice rice pudding .... 35 Tom (looking at his watch): We'll have to go without Peter if .... 36 If you breathe a word of this to anybody ....

147 will and shall PEG 201, 207-8, 223, 282 Insert either will or shall in the spaces; in some examples, shall would be correct in formal English but will is used in conversation. In these cases, the answer shall/will will be given in the key. 1 I . . . know tomorrow. It . . . be in the papers. 2 These pigeons are quite tame; they . . . take crumbs from your fingers. 3 ...I call for you? ~ No, I . . . get a taxi and meet you at the station. 4 Hold the door open for me, . . . you? 5 Loudspeaker announcement at an air terminal: '. . . Mr Jones, passenger to New York, please come to Gate 3.' 6 The Head of the Department has just told me that I . . . (not) have any nine o'clock classes next term. So I . . . (not) have to get up early, which . . . be a comfort. And I . . . have time to read the paper at breakfast. 7 Zoo keeper: In spite of all the notices, people . . . feed these animals. 8 Committee regulations: Ten persons . . . constitute a quorum. 9 You can trust me; nobody . . . know that you are here. (I promise to keep it secret.) I . . . (not) even tell my wife. 10 Shop assistant: The small ones are £1 each and the large ones are £2. Customer: I . . . have six small ones, please. 11 . . . we stop here for a drink? ~ If we do we... miss the overture, and they probably . . . (not) let us in till the end of the act. 12 . . . you have another piece of pie?~ Yes, please. 13 Jones: Stand away from that door! You can't keep me here against my will!


Smith: You . . . (not) go till you have given me an explanation! (I won't let you go.) 14 Police Officer (in a loud-speaker van beside a motorway in thick fog): They are going much too fast. I keep warning them to reduce speed but they . . . (not) do it. 15 Extract from a club's regulations: Club officers . . . be elected yearly and . . . (not) be eligible for re-election at the end of that year. 16 The train . . . be very crowded. I'm afraid. I expect we . . . have to stand most of the way. 17 Ann (on phone): You left your gloves here last night. . . . I post them to you? Mary: No, don't bother. I . . . pick them up some time this evening. You ...be in,... (not) you? 18 Tom (at the races): Who won? Jack: I don't know; it was a photo-finish. But we . . . see in a moment. They . . . put the winner's number up. 19 Ann: She says she'd rather go to prison than pay the fine. Tom: She . . . (not) go to prison. (/ won't let this happen. ) I . . . pay her fine for her! 20 Where . . . we go to get shoes? ~ What about Oxford Street? ~ Oxford Street? Are you mad? It's Saturday morning! The shops . . . be packed. 21 I . . . (not) see her. I'm sorry to say. She . . . have left by the time I arrive. 22 Secretary: There's a Mr Peterson in the outer office, sir. He says he has an appointment. . . . you see him now? Mr Smith: I . . . (not) see him now or at any other time. I told him so when we last met. And he hasn't an appointment! 23 Angry villagers, who have just heard that the government intends to pull down their houses and build an airport: They . . . (not) build an airport here! We . . . fight for our village! 24 I am determined that my son . . . have the best possible education. 148 would and should PEG 160, 222-4, 232, 235-7 Insert would or should in the spaces in the following sentences. 1 Let's go shopping. The shops . . . not be crowded. Monday morning's usually quiet. 2 Why . . . everyone be promoted except me? It's not fair. 3 He used to have a day off once a week, and on that day he . . . get up early, have a hasty breakfast and set out for the river. 4 ... n't it be better to roll up the carpet before painting the ceiling? 5 I know that it will be difficult to pick him out in such a crowd, but if you . . . happen to see him give him this packet. 6 The car . . . n't start so we had to ring for a taxi. 7 If you . . . wait a moment, I'll ring our stockroom and see if we have another bale of this material. 8 I . . . tell him the truth if I were you. 9 I wish he . . . get up earlier. He's late for work every day. 10 It is astonishing that a person of your intelligence . . . be taken in so easily.


11 The people in the flat above us were members of a band. We liked them very much but they . . . practise the drums at night. Nothing we said made any difference. 12 . . . you like to come with us? There is plenty of room in the car. 13 Do you know where Tom is? ~ He. ..be in the canteen. He's usually there between twelve and one. 14 She asked what she . . . do if any letters came for me while I was away. I told her that my brother . . . come every day to pick up my mail. 15 . . . you like some cake?— Yes, please, though 1... n't eat it really as I'm on a diet. 16 He always carried food for himself and his horse in case they . . . have to spend a night away from camp. 17 Have I spelt it right? Or . . . there be another 's'? 18 If Tom were here he . . . know what to do. 19 Bill proposed that women . . . be allowed to join the club. 20 It . . . take too long to handsew it; we'll have to hire a machine. 21 It is only fair that you . . . know what people are saying about you behind your back. 22 It is essential that everyone . . . be able to see the stage. 23 They . . . n't allow parking in this street at all. It's much too narrow. 24 I hoped they . . . be pleased when they saw the photographs. 25 . . . you mind opening the windows? It's very stuffy in here. 26 Have you a screwdriver? ~ Yes, there . . . be one in that drawer. 27 I suggested that they . . . have a hot breakfast and a cold supper. 28 You . . . love your father. (It is natural and right.) ~ Why . . . I love him? I've never seen him. 29 The headmaster suggested that the school . . . buy its own minibus. 30 I wish you . . . tell me what he said in his letter. 31 He . . . n't use the electric blanket. He said it was faulty. 32 They used to work in pairs. One . . . pretend that he wanted to buy something while the other helped himself from the shelves. 33 Small children . . . n't be left alone in a house. They might set themselves on fire. 34 'You . . . n't leave a small child alone. (You: are far too conscientious.) 35 Father to child: You . . . be in bed. What are you doing running about at this hour? 36 There , . . be a switch somewhere. Ah yes, here it is.

Gerund, infinitive and present participle 149 Gerund, infinitive and present participle PEG 266-71 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct forms. Note that sometimes a bare infinitive will be required. 1 I was lonely at first,' the old man admitted, 'but after a time I got used to (live) alone and even got (like) it.' 2 Before trains were invented people used (travel) on horseback or in stage coaches. It


used (take) a stage coach three days (go) from London to Bath. 3 I meant (buy) an evening paper but I .didn't see anyone (sell) them. 4 Tom: I want (catch) the 7 a.m. train tomorrow. Ann: But that means (get) up at 6.00; and you're not very good at (get) up early, are you? 5 He accepted the cut in salary without complaint because he was afraid (complain). He was afraid of (lose) his job. 6 She remembers part of her childhood quite clearly. She remembers (go) to school for the first time and (be) frightened and (put) her finger in her mouth. And she remembers her teacher (tell) her (take) it out. 7 Did you remember (lock) the car? ~ No, I didn't. I'd better (go) back and (do) it now. 8 No, I didn't move the bomb. I was afraid (touch) it; I was afraid of (be) blown to pieces! 9 Next time we go (house-hunt), remember (ask) the agent for clear directions. I wasted hours (look) for the last house. 10 Tom: Let's (go) for a swim. Ann: I'm not particularly keen on (swim). What about (go) for a drive instead? 11 The hunters expected (be paid) by the foot for the snakes they caught. This meant (take) the snakes out of the sack and (measure them. They seemed (expect) me (do) it; but I wasn't particularly anxious (be) the first (die) of snakebite. 12 After (spend) two days (argue) about where to go for their holiday they decided (not go) anywhere. 13 He is talking about (give) up his job and (go) (live) in the country. 14 I was just about (leave) the office when the phone rang. It was my wife; she wanted me (call) at the butcher's on my way home. 15 He said, 'I'm terribly sorry to (keep) you (wait).' I said, It doesn't matter at all,' but he went on (apologize) for nearly five minutes! 16 The lecturer began by (tell) us where the island was, and went on (talk) about its history. 17 My father thinks I am not capable of (earn) my own living, but I mean (show) him that he is wrong. 18 Tom: I can't get my car (start) on cold mornings. Jack: Have you tried (fill) the radiator with hot water? That sometimes helps. 19 Did he manage (carry) the trunk upstairs? ~ No, he didn't. He isn't strong enough (move) it, let alone (carry) it upstairs. 20 Jack: Don't forget (take) a hacksaw with you. Ann: What's a hacksaw? And why should I (take) one with me? Jack: It's a tool for (cut) metal. You see, Tom is bound (get) into trouble for (take) photographs of the wrong things, and you'll be arrested with him. With a hacksaw you'll be able (saw) through the bars of your cell and (escape). 21 Peter: Wouldn't it be better (ask) Tom (leave) his camera at home? Jack: It would be no good (ask) Tom (do) that. It would be like (ask) a woman (travel) without a handbag. 22 I've got the loaf; now I'm looking for a breadknife (cut) it with. ~ I saw Paul (sharpen) a pencil with the breadknife a minute ago.


23 We stopped once (buy) petrol and then we stopped again (ask) someone the way. 24 When I caught them (cheat) me, I stopped (buy) petrol there and started (deal) with your garage instead. 25 Do you feel like (dine) out or would you rather (have) dinner at home? ~ I'd like (go) out. I always enjoy (have) dinner in a restaurant. 26 Your hair needs (cut). You'd better (have) it done tomorrow—unless you'd like me (have) a go at it for you. 27 I tried (convince) him that I was perfectly capable of (manage) on my own, but he insisted on (help) me. 28 Jack: I don't mind (travel) by bus, but I hate (stand) in queues. Tom: I don't care for (queue) either; and you waste so much time (wait) for buses. I think it's better (go) by tube, or taxi. 29 He took to (follow) me about and (criticize) my work till I threatened (hit) him. 30 I have (stay) here; I'm on duty. But you needn't (wait); you're free (go) whenever you like. 31 In Animal Farm the old pig urged the animals (rebel) against man but he warned them (not adopt) man's habits. 32 There is no point in (arrive) half an hour early. We'd only have (wait). ~ I don't mind (wait). It's better (be) too early than too late. 33 I always try (come) in quietly but they always hear me (go) upstairs. It's impossible (climb) an old wooden staircase at night without (make) a noise. 34 If you agree (work) for me I'll see about (get) you a work permit. 35 We'd better (start) early. We don't want (risk) (get) caught in a traffic jam. 36 He suggested (call) a meeting and (let) the workers (decide) the matter themselves. 150 Gerund, infinitive and present participle PEG 266-71 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct forms. Remember that sometimes a bare infinitive is required. 1 We suggested (sleep) in hotels but the children were anxious (cam) out. 2 Paul: Would you like (come) to a lecture on Wagner tonight? Ann: No, thanks. I like (listen) to music but I don't like (listen) to people (talk) about it. 3 If you want the milkman (leave) you milk in the morning, remember (put) a milk bottle outside your door. 4 They let us park motorcycles here but they won't allow us (park) cars. 5 They don't allow (smoke) in the auditorium; they don't want (risk) (set) it on fire, but you can (smoke) in the foyer during the interval. 6 Mr Shaw is very busy (write) his memoirs. He is far too busy (receive) callers (he is so busy that he can't receive callers), so you'd better just (go) away. 7 What about (buy) double quantities of everything today? That will save (shop) again later in the week. 8 The inspector asked (see) my ticket and when I wasn't able (find) it he made me (buy) another. ~ He probably suspected you of (try) (travel) without one.


9 Would you like me (turn) down the radio a bit? ~ No, it's all right. I'm used to (work) with the radio on. 10 One of the gang suggested (take) the body out to sea, (drop) it overboard and (pretend) that it had been an accident. 11 I want the boy (grow) up hating violence but his father keeps (buy) him guns and swords. ~ It's almost impossible (prevent) boys (play) soldiers. 12 Would you children mind (keep) quiet for a moment? I'm trying (fill) in a form. ~ It's no use (ask) children (keep) quiet. They can't help (make) a noise. 13 l'm thinking of (go) to Oxford tomorrow on my motorbike. Would you like (come)? ~ No, thanks. I want (go) Oxford, but I'd rather (go) by train. I loathe (travel) by road. 14 Let's (go) (fish) today. There's a nice wind. What about (come) with us, Ann? No, thanks. I'm very willing (cut) sandwiches for you but I've no intention of (waste) the afternoon (sit) in a boat (watch) you two (fish). 15 He resented (be) asked (wait). He expected the minister (see) him at once. 16 The police have put up a railing here (prevent) people (rush) out of the station and (dash) straight across the road. 17 All day long we saw the trees (toss) in the wind and heard the waves (crash) against the rocks. 18 I didn't mean (eat) anything but the cakes looked so good that I couldn't resist (try) one. 19 Do you feel like (walk) there or shall we (take) a bus? ~ I'd rather (go) by bus. Besides, it'll take ages (get) there on foot. 20 All right. When would you like (start)? In a few minutes? ~ Oh, let's wait till it stops (rain); otherwise we'll get soaked (walk) to the bus station. 21 The old miser spent all his time (count) his money and (think) up new hiding-places. He kept (move) it about because he was terrified of (be robbed). He used (get) up at night sometimes (make) sure it was still there. 22 Jack suggested (let) one flat and (keep) the other for myself. But Tom advised me (sell) the whole house. 23 The child used (lean) on the gate (watch) the people (go) to work in the mornings and (come) home in the evenings. And he used to hear them (shout) greetings to each other and (talk) loudly. 24 He soon got (know) most of them and even managed (learn) the greetings. Then they began (greet) him too on their way to work and sometimes would stop (talk) to him on their way home. 25 He succeeded in (untie) himself, (climb) out of the window and (crawl) along a narrow ledge to the window of the next room. 26 Did you have any trouble (find) the house? ~ No, but I had a lot of difficulty (get) in. Nobody seemed (know) where the key was. 27 Bill couldn't bear (see) anyone (sit) round idly. Whenever he found me (relax) or (read) he would (produce) a job which, he said, had (be) done at once. I wasted a morning (perform) his ridiculous tasks and spent the rest of the weekend (keep) out of his way. 28 After (spend) a week in the cottage, he decided that he didn't really enjoy (live) in the


country and began (think) of an excuse for (sell) the cottage and (return) to London. 29 It's no use (argue) with him. You might as well (argue) with a stone wall. He is incapable of (see) anyone else's point of view. 30 I'm delighted (hear) that you can come on Saturday. We are all looking forward to (see) you. Remember (bring) your rubber boots. 31 He has been charged with (receive) and (sell) stolen goods. He has admitted (receive) but denies (sell) them. The fact is that he hasn't had time (sell) them yet. 32 He noticed the helicopter (hover) over the field. Then, to his astonishment, he saw a rope ladder (be) thrown out and three men (climb) down it. He watched them (run) across the field and out through a gate. Later he saw a car with four men in it (come) out of the lane (lead) to the field, 33 He admitted that it was possible that the car happened (be passing) and that the three men persuaded the driver (give) them a lift; but throught it much more likely that they had arranged for the car (pick) them up and that the driver had been waiting in the lane for I the helicopter (drop) them. 34 What about (have) a picnic in Piccadilly Circus? ~ What an extraordinary place (have) a picnic! Fancy (sit) there with the traffic (swirl) round you and the pigeons (take) bites out of your sandwiches! 35 Would you mind (write) your address on the back of the cheque and (show) us some proof of your identity? 36 Let's (swim) across. ~ I'm not really dressed for (swim). What's wrong with (go) round by the bridge?

Unreal pasts and subjunctives 151 Unreal pasts and subjunctives PEG 228, 292, 297-8, 300 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct forms. 1 2 3 4 5 6

It's just struck midnight. It's high time we (leave)! If only we (have) a phone! I'm tired of queuing outside the public phone box. You (have) better take off your wet shoes. He walks as if he (have) a wooden leg. He talks as if he (do) all the work himself, but in fact Tom and I did most of it. Father: I've supported you all through university. Now I think it's time you (begin) to support yourself. 7 I wish I (know) what is wrong with my car. 8 It looks like rain; you (have) better take a coat. 9 I wish I (ask) the fishmonger to clean these fish. (I'm sorry I didn't ask him.) 10 It's time we (do) something to stop road accidents. 11 The cheese looks as if rats (nibble) it. 12 It's high time they (mend) this road. 13 He always talks as though he (address) a public meeting. 14 He treats us as if we (be) all idiots. 15 Wife: I'd like to get a job.


Husband: I'd much rather you (stay) at home and (look) after the house. 16 If you (tie) the boat up it wouldn't have drifted away. 17 I wish you (not give) him my phone number. (7 'm sorry you gave it to him. ) 18 If only he (know) then that the disease was curable! 19 Suppose you (not know) where your next meal was coming from? 20 You talk as though it (be) a small thing to leave your country for ever. 21 I hate driving. I'd much rather you (drive). 22 If only I (be) insured! <But I wasn 't insured.) 23 If you (not take) those photographs we wouldn't have been arrested. 24 I wish transistor radios never (be) invented. 25 If only I (keep) my mouth shut! (/ said something which made matters much worse. ) 26 I'll pay you by cheque monthly. ~ I'd rather you (pay) me cash weekly. 27 When someone says something to me, I translate it into French, and then I think of a reply in French, and then translate it into English and say it. ~ It's high time you (stop) doing all this translation and (start) thinking in English. 28 I said 'Sunday'. ~ I wish you (not say) Sunday. We'll never be ready by then. 29 But I told you what to do. ~ I know you did. If only I (take) your advice! 30 A flower pot fell off the balcony on to the head of a man who was standing below. It was most unfortunate that he happened to be standing just there. If he (stand) a foot to the right or left he'd have been unharmed. 31 That man has brought us nothing but trouble. I wish I never (set) eyes on him. 32 Can I take your best umbrella? ~ I'd rather you (take) the other one. 33 If you (have) a peep hole in your door you would have seen who standing outside and kept the door shut. 34 I wish I (not try) to repair it. I only made it worse. 35 If I (not have) rubber gloves on I would have been electrocuted. 36 He looks as though he never (get) a square meal, but in fact his wife feeds him very well. 152 would rather + subject + past tense PEG 297-8 Answer the following questions by expressing a preference for different action. Question: Can I write my essay on the back of an envelope? Possible answer: I'd rather you wrote it on a sheet of foolscap. Similarly: Can we bring our pet snake to your party? I'd rather you didn 't or I'd rather you left it at home. It would also of course be possible to answer with prefer + object infinitive: I'd prefer you to write it on foolscap, I'd prefer you to leave it at home.


Use you in all answers. 1 Can I go by bus? 2 Can I go alone? 3 Can we start tomorrow? 4 Can I ring New York on your phone? 5 Can we sleep in the garden tonight? 6 Can we cook our steak by holding it in front of your electric fire? 7 Can we use your scissors to cut this wire? 8 Can I leave school at sixteen? 9 Can we come in late tomorrow? 10 Shall I wake you up when I come in and tell you what happened? 11 Can I clean my motorcycle in the kitchen? 12 Can I tell Tom what you've just told me? 13 Can I go barefoot? 14 Can I have a snake tattooed round my ankle? 15 Shall we paint your door pink with yellow stars? 16 Shall I ring you at 3 a.m.? 17 Shall I threaten to burn down his house? 18 Can we bathe after dark? 19 Can I park my helicopter on the roof of your house? 20 Can I put the goldfish in the bath? 21 Can we hitch-hike to Rome? 22 Can I borrow your best umbrella? 23 Will it be all right if I write it in longhand? 24 Can I leave the washing up till the day after tomorrow? 153 wish + subject + past, past perfect or conditional PEG 300-1 Rewrite the following using a wish construction (phrases in brackets should be omitted). 1 I'm sorry I haven't got a washing machine. 2 I'm sorry I don't live near my work. 3 I'm sorry our garden doesn't get any sun. 4 I'm sorry I called him a liar. 5 I'm sorry I don't know Finnish. 6 I'm sorry I didn't book a seat. 7 I'm sorry I haven't got a car. 8 I'm sorry I can't drive. 9 I'd like Tom to drive more slowly (but I haven't any great hopes of this). 10 I'd like you to keep quiet. ( You 're making so much noise that I can't think.) 11 I'm sorry we accepted the invitation. 12 I'm sorry that theatre tickets cost so much. 13 It's a pity that shops here shut on Saturday afternoon. 14 It's a pity he didn't work harder during the term.


15 I'm sorry you didn't see it. 16 It's a pity you are going tonight. 17 It's a pity I haven't got a work permit. 18 I would like it to stop raining (but I'm not very hopeful). 19 I'd like you to wait for me (even though you are ready to start now). 20 I'm sorry I didn't bring a map. 21 I'm sorry I ever came to this country. 22 I'm sorry I left my last job. 23 I'm sorry I didn't stay in my last job. 24 I'd like him to cut his hair (but I don't suppose he will). 25 I'd like him to stop smoking in bed (but I haven't any great hopes). 26 I'm sorry he goes to bed so late. 27 Motorist in fog: It's a pity we don't know where we are. 28 It's a pity we haven't a torch. 29 I'm sorry I didn't know you were coming. 30 I'm sorry you told Jack. 31 I'm sorry I didn't ask the fishmonger to open these oysters. 32 I'm sorry I can't swim. 33 I'm sorry you aren't coming with us. 34 I'm sorry you aren't going to a job where you could use your English. 35 It's a pity you didn't ask him how to get there. 36 I would like every country to stop killing whales (but haw no real hope of this).

The passive 154 Active to passive PEG 302-6 Put the transitive verbs into the passive voice. Do not mention the agent unless it seems necessary. 1 The milkman brings the milk to my door but the postman leaves the letters in the hall. 2 In future, perhaps, they won't bring letters to the houses, and we shall have to collect them from the Post Office. 3 People steal things from supermarkets every day; someone stole twenty bottles of whisky from this one last week. 4 Normally men sweep this street every day, but nobody swept it last week. 5 The postman clears this box three time a day. He last cleared it at 2.30. 6 Someone turned on a light in the hall and opened the door. 7 Women clean this office in the evening after the staff have left; they clean the upstairs offices between seven and eight in the morning. 8 We never saw him in the dining-room. A maid took all his meals up to him. 9 Someone left this purse in a classroom yesterday; the cleaner found it. 10 We build well over 1,000 new houses a year. Last year we built 1,500. 11 We serve hot meals till 10.30, and guests can order coffee and sandwiches up to 11.30. 12 Passengers leave all sorts of things in buses. The conductors collect them and send


them to the Lost Property Office. 13 An ambulance took the sick man to hospital. (Mention ambulance.) 14 We kill and injure people on the roads every day. Can't we do something about this? 15 Dogs guard the warehouse. The other day a thief tried to get in and a dog saw him and chased him. (A thief who . . .) 16 The watchman called the police. The police arrested the man. 17 Tom had only a slight injury and they helped him off the field; but Jack was seriously injured and they carried him off on a stretcher. (Tom, who had. . ., but Jack, who was. . .) 18 You can't wash this dress; you must dry-clean it. 19 They are demolishing the entire block. 20 He recommends fitting new tyres. (Use should; see Exercise 157.) 21 He suggested allowing council tenants to buy their houses. 22 Men with slide rules used to do these calculations; now a computer does them. 23 The court tried the man, found him guilty and sent him to prison. 24 The hall porter polishes the knockers of all the flats every day. ~ Well, he hasn't polished mine for a week. 25 They are repairing my piano at the moment. 26 Passengers shouldn't throw away their tickets as inspectors may check these during the journey. 27 They invited Jack but they didn't invite Tom. 28 The guests ate all the sandwiches and drank all the beer. They left nothing. 29 Has someone posted my parcel? 30 Why did no one inform me of the change of plan? 31 Tom Smith wrote the book and Brown and Co. published it. 32 We shall have to tow the car to the garage. 33 I'm afraid we have sold all our copies but we have ordered more. 34 We will prosecute trespassers. 35 Someone stole my car and abandoned it fifteen miles away. He had removed the radio but done no other damage. 36 You must keep dogs on leads in the gardens. 155 Active to passive PEG 302-6 Put the transitive verbs into the passive voice. Do not mention the agent unless it seems necessary. 1 They haven't stamped the letter. 2 They didn't pay me for the work; they expected me to do it for nothing. 3 He escaped when they were moving him from one prison to another. 4 She didn't introduce me to her mother. 5 A frightful crash wakened me at 4 a.m. 6 When they have widened this street the roar of the traffic will keep residents awake all night. 7 They threw away the rubbish.


8 A Japanese firm makes these television sets. 9 An earthquake destroyed the town. 10 A machine could do this much more easily. 11 Visitors must leave umbrellas and sticks in the cloakroom. 12 We ask tenants not to play their radios loudly after midnight. 13 We can't repair your clock. 14 We cannot exchange articles which customers have bought during the sale. (Articles...) 15 We have to pick the fruit very early in the morning; otherwise we can't get it to the market in time. 16 The police shouldn't allow people to park there. 17 They are watching my house. 18 The examiner will read the passage three times. 19 Candidates may not use dictionaries. 20 You need not type this letter 21 This used to be number 13, but now I see that someone has crossed out 13' and written 12A' underneath. 22 You mustn't move this man; he is too ill. You'll have to leave him here. 23 They searched his house and found a number of stolen articles. 24 Nobody has used this room for ages. 25 They took him for a Frenchman, his French was so good. 26 You should have taken those books back to the library. 27 They brought the children up in Italy. 28 They have taken down the For Sale notice, so I suppose they have sold the house. 29 Someone broke into his house and stole a lot of his things. 30 We have warned you. 31 A lorry knocked him down. 32 They returned my keys to me; someone had picked them up in the street. 33 We had to give the books back; they did not allow us to take them home. 34 You shouldn't leave these documents on the desk. You should lock them up. 35 They handed round coffee and biscuits. 36 They have tried other people's schemes. Why have they never tried my scheme? 156 Active to passive with phrasal verbs PEG 302-6 In this exercise most of the sentences contain a verb + preposition/adverb combination. The preposition or adverb must be retained when the combination is put into the passive. In most of the sentences it is not necessary to mention the agent. 1 The government has called out troops. 2 Fog held up the trains, {agent required) 3 You are to leave this here. Someone will call for it later on. 4 We called in the police. 5 They didn't look after the children properly. 6 They are flying in reinforcements. 7 Then they called up men of 28.


8 Everyone looked up to him. (agent required) 9 All the ministers will see him off at the airport, (agent required) 10 He hasn't slept in his bed. 11 We can build on more rooms. 12 They threw him out. 13 They will have to adopt a different attitude. 14 He's a dangerous maniac. They ought to lock him up. 15 Her story didn't take them in. (agent required) 16 Burglars broke into the house. 17 The manufacturers are giving away small plastic toys with each packet of cereal. 18 They took down the notice. 19 They frown on smoking here. 20 After the government had spent a million pounds on the scheme they decided that it was impracticable and gave it up. (Make only the first and last verbs passive.) 21 When I returned I found that they had towed my car away. I asked why they had done this and they told me that it was because I had parked it under a No Parking sign. (four passives) 22 People must hand in their weapons. 23 The crowd shouted him down. 24 People often take him for his brother. 25 No one has taken out the cork. 26 The film company were to have used the pool for aquatic displays, but now they have changed their minds about it and are filling it in. (Make the first and last verbs passive.) 27 This college is already full. We are turning away students the whole time. 28 You will have to pull down this skyscraper as you have not complied with the town planning regulations. 157 Active to passive with changes of construction PEG 119, 235, 302-6 Some of the following sentences when put into the passive require or can have a change of construction. 1 believe, claim, consider, find, know, say, suppose and think when used in the passive can be followed by an infinitive: They say he is a spy = He is said to be a spy. They say he was a spy = He is said to have been a spy. It is said that he is/was . . . is also possible. 2 Subject + be supposed + infinitive often conveys an idea of duty, particularly when the subject is you: It is your duty to obey him = You are supposed to obey him. 3 Infinitives after passive verbs are normally full infinitives. 4 Note the use of have + object + past participle: Get someone to mend it = Have it mended.


(See PEG 119.) 5 Note the use of should in the passive. (See PEG 235.) Put the following sentences into the passive, using an infinitive construction where possible. 1 We added up the money and found that it was correct. 2 I'm employing a man to tile the bathroom. 3 Someone seems to have made a terrible mistake. 4 It is your duty to make tea at eleven o'clock. (Use suppose.) 5 People know that he is armed. 6 Someone saw him pick up the gun. 7 We know that you were in town on the night of the crime. 8 We believe that he has special knowledge which may be useful to the police, (one passive) 9 You needn't have done this. 10 It's a little too loose; you had better ask your tailor to take it in. (one passive) 11 He likes people to call him 'sir'. 12 Don't touch this switch. 13 You will have to get someone to see to it. 14 It is impossible to do this. (Use can't.) 15 Someone is following us. 16 They used to make little boys climb the chimneys to clean them. (one passive) 17 You have to see it to believe it. (two passives) 18 You order me about and I am tired of it. (lam tired of. . .) 19 He doesn't like people laughing at him. 20 You don't need to wind this watch. 21 They shouldn't have told him. 22 They decided to divide the money between the widows of the lifeboatmen. (They decided that the money ...) 23 People believe that he was killed by terrorists. 24 They are to send letters to the leaders of charitable organizations. 25 We consider that she was the best singer that Australia has ever produced. (one passive) 26 We don't allow smoking. 27 We know that the expedition reached the South Pole in May. 28 Before they invented printing people had to write everything by hand. 29 They urged the government to create more jobs. (two ways) 30 They suggested banning the sale of alcohol at football matches.

Indirect speech 158 Indirect speech: statements PEG 307-8, 313-14 Note applying to all indirect speech exercises


When the speaker says you, and the person spoken to is not identified, it is good practice for the student to assume that the remark was made to himself, you will then become I/me or we/us. (Answers in the key will be given in first person forms.) 'You can phone from the office,' he said. He said I could phone from his office. This must not, of course, be done when the person spoken to is identified: 'You can phone from my office, Ann,' he said. He told Ann that she could phone from his office. Note that when you stands for one, it is reported unchanged: 'You can't bathe in the rivers,' he said, 'they're full of piranhas.' He said that you couldn't bathe in the rivers as they were full piranhas. Put the following statements into indirect speech, 1 I'm going out now, but I'll be in by nine, 'he said. {Omit now.) 2 I'm working in a restaurant, and don't much care for it,' she said 3 I can't live on my basic salary,' said Peter. I'll have to offer to do overtime.' 4 'My young brother wants to be a tax inspector,' said Mary. I can't think why. None of my family has ever been a tax inspector.' 5 'We're waiting for the school bus,' said the children. It's late again.' 6 I've made a terrible mistake!' said Peter. 'You're always making terrible mistakes,' I said. 'You should be used to it by now.' 7 'We make £450 a week,' said one of the men, 'and send most of it I home to our wives.' 8 'It's lonely being away from our families,' said another, 'but we earn three times as much in this factory as we would in our own country.' 9 'We've been here for two and a half years,' said the man who have spoken first, 'and we're going to stay another six months.' 10 'I've got a job on an oil-rig,' said Paul. 'That'll be very hard work,' I said. 'I know it'll be hard,' he replied, 'but I don't mind hard work, and I it'll be a good experience.' 11 'The ice will soon be hard enough to skate on,' said Tom. I'll look for my skates when I get home,' Ann said. 12 I'm living with my parents at present,' she said, 'but I hope to have a flat of my own soon.' 13 I'm leaving tomorrow,' she said, 'by the 4.30 from Victoria.' 'We'll come and see you off,' we said. 14 I've just bought a car,' said Peter, 'but it's not insured yet so I can't take you for a drive.' 15 I'd like to speak to Susan,' said Mary, 'but I'm bathing the babies and they will drown if I leave them alone in the bath while I go to the phone.' 16 Mary has just received a postcard from Ann, beginning, I'm coming up to London next week. I hope you and Jack will meet me for lunch one day.' (Imagine that Mary is reading this card to Jack. Begin: Ann says...) 17 'Nothing ever happens in the village,' she said. It's like a dead village. All the young people have drifted away to the towns.'


18 I've missed my train,' said Bill. 'Now I'll be late for work and my boss will be furious.' 19 'We'll wait for you if you're late,' they said. 20 'They are supposed to be landing at London airport,' I said. 'But if the fog gets any thicker the plane may be diverted.' 21 If you lend me the chainsaw,' said Mary, I'll bring it back the day after tomorrow.' 22 I hate getting up on dark mornings,' grumbled Peter. It is horrible,' agreed his wife, 'but the mornings will be lighter soon and then it won't be quite so bad.' 23 'The sales are starting tomorrow,' said the typist. 'As soon as we finish work the whole typing pool is going to make a dash for the shops.' I hope you'll all get what you want,' I said. 24 I wish I had something to eat,' said Peter. 'You've only just had lunch,' said his sister. 1 don't know how you can be hungry again so soon.' 25 If you're short of money I can lend you £50,' said my aunt, 'and you can take your time about paying it back.' 26 I usually take my dog out for a walk when I come home from work,' he said. 27 I have a message for your brother,' I said. 'He isn't at home,' said Ann. 'He left two days ago.' 28 I bought this bag in Milan,' I said. 'You shouldn't have bought that colour,' said Peter. It doesn't go with your coat.' 29 I must hurry. My father is always furious if any of us are late for meals,' she said. 30 If you want to smoke you'll have to go upstairs,' said the bus conductor. 31 'I'm building myself a house,' said Charles. I won't show it to you just yet but when the roof is on you can come and see it.' 32 'The lake will probably freeze tonight,' said Peter. It's much colder than last night.' I'll go out and look early in the morning,' said Mary, 'and if it's frozen I'll make some holes in the ice so that the ducks can feed.' 33 'Even if the strikers go back to work tomorrow it will be some time before things return to normal,' said the official. 34 'Someone is trying to murder me!' said Mrs Jones. I keep getting threatening letters.' 35 I'm taking my children to the zoo tomorrow,' she said, 'to see the baby polar bear.' 36 'All I can hear,' says Ann, 'is a high-pitched buzz. I wonder if it's some sort of signal.' 159 Indirect speech: statements PEG 120, 287, 307-14 See note to Exercise 158. had better 'You'd better' can also be reported unchanged (though the pronoun may change) but can also be reported by advise: He said, 'You'd better tell Tom.' He said I'd better tell Tom or He advised me to tell Tom. 'I/we had better' will normally be reported unchanged (though the pronoun may change):


He said, I'd better wait.' He said he 'd better wait. 'I should . . . (if I were you)' is best reported by advise: I said, 'Shall I write to Ann?' 1 should phone her (if I were you),' said Peter. I asked if I should write to Ann and Peter advised me to phone her. Put the following into indirect speech. 1 'There's been an accident, and the road is blocked, 'said the policeman. It won't be clear for some time. You'd better go round the other way.' 2 'Let's light a fire and cook our sausages over it,' said the children. 3 'I was thinking of going by bus,' said Paul. 'I shouldn't go by bus (if I were you),' said his aunt. It's an awfully bad service.' 4 'You'd better take sleeping bags; you may have to sleep out, 'he warned us. 5 'I've left some books on your table,' said Peter. I think you'll find them useful. You can keep them as long as you need them but I'd like them back when you've finished with them.' 'Thank you very much,' I said. I'll take great care of them.' 6 'If children can learn a complicated language like Japanese by the time they are five,' said the Japanese professor, 'they should be able to learn the language of music. At the moment I'm teaching a class of forty three-year-olds to play the violin,' he added. 7 'The puppy can sleep on our bed,' said Tom. 'I'd rather he slept in a basket,' said his wife. 'That puppy will soon be a very big dog and then there won't be room for all three of us.' 8 'I'll try by myself first,' said Ann, 'and if I find that I can't manage I'll ask Tom to help me.' 9 'Let's camp by this stream,' said Mary. If we go on, it may be dark before we find another good place.' 10 'I wish we'd brought our guitars,' said the students. 'Then we could have offered to play in the restaurant and perhaps they'd have given us a free meal.' 11 'I booked a double room on the first floor,' said Mr Jones. 'I'm afraid we didn't get your letter,' said the receptionist, 'and all the first and second floor rooms have been taken. But we could give you two single rooms on the third floor.' 'That wouldn't do me at all,' said Mr Jones. 12 'I've had gypsies on my land for two years,' said the farmer, 'and they've given nobody any trouble; but now the Council have asked me to tell them to move on. I don't see why they should be asked to move and I'm writing to my MP about it.' 13 'This letter is full of mistakes!' snorted Mr Jones. 'I did it in rather a hurry,' admitted the typist. I suppose I'd better type it again.' 14 'If you'd like to go on any of these tours,' said the receptionist, 'the hotel will arrange it.' 'We'd like to go on them all,' said the American couple. 15 'We'll try to find your passport,' said the policeman, 'but it'll be very difficult because a lot of suspicious characters sleep on the beach in summer and any one of them might have robbed you.'


16 'Let's go to the races!' said Ann. 'We might make our fortunes. I've been given a very good tip for the 2.30.' 'I've had "good tips" from you before,' said Paul. 'And they were disastrous.' 17 'I don't know why you waste so much time polishing the car,' said Mr Jones. 'The neighbours all polish their cars,' said Mrs Jones, 'and I don't want our Mini to look like a poor relation. If you were any good you'd help me instead of standing there criticizing,' she added. 18 'I'm sorry for not having a tie on,' said Peter. 1 didn't know it was going to be a formal party.' 19 I'd have enjoyed the journey more if the man next to me hadn't snored all the time,' said Paul. 20 'I was thinking of going alone,' I said. 'You'd better take someone with you,' said the old man. It's safer with two. One can keep watch while the other sleeps.' 21 (Paul is speaking to Mary on the phone, and Mary is repeating his words to Ann, who is standing beside her.) Paul: The plans have been changed. We're going tomorrow now, not on the next day. I want you to meet me at Victoria tonight. Mary: Paul says . . . 22 'If I want a hot bath I have to put ten pence in the meter,' said Tom, 'and even then it's not very hot.' 'That's ridiculous,' I said; It's high time you left that place.' 23 'I know the umbrella belongs to you, but I thought it would be all right if I borrowed it,' said my nephew, 'because you aren't going out tomorrow and I am.' 24 'Let's put your tape-recorder under the table,' said Tom, 'and make a recording of their conversation. It would be very useful to know what they are planning.' 'But my recorder makes a distinct hum,' I said. 'They'd be sure to hear it and look under the table; and then they'd find the recorder and ask all sorts of embarrassing questions.' 25 'Whenever my father was unhappy,' said the girl, 'he would go out and buy something, usually something large and useless. That's why our rooms are full of things we can't use.' 'I'm sorry for your father,' said Tom, looking round. 'He must have been a very unhappy man.' 26 'You can leave your motorcycle in my garage if you like,' he said. 'I'll keep an eye on it while you're away.' 27 'If you want a job you should read advertisements and write letters and ring people up,' he said to Ann. It's no use sitting at home, expecting employers to form a queue outside your door. ' 28 'This used to be a lovely quiet street,' he said, 'but now it is impossible. When summer comes you'll have to keep the windows shut all the time because of the noise.' 29 'You must leave a note for your mother,' said Peter, 'otherwise she'll be terribly worried when you're not in at your usual time.' 30 'A letter marked "Urgent" has just arrived for Albert,' said Mary, 'and he's on holiday. I wonder if I should ring him up and tell him about it or wait till he comes back.'


160 Indirect speech: questions PEG 317 See note to Exercise 158. Put the following questions into indirect speech. 1 'Who has been using my typewriter?' said my mother. 2 'Do you want to see the cathedral?' said the guide. 3 'Do you mind working on the night shifts?' he asked. 4 'Would you like to come with us?' they said. 5 'Who did you give the money to?' asked Ann. 6 'How long does it take to get to Edinburgh by coach?' asked the tourist. 7 'How much do you think it will cost?' he said. 8 'What did you miss most when you were in prison?' Mary asked the ex-convict. 9 Another passenger came in and said, Is this seat taken?' 10 'How do you get on with your mother-in-law?' said Paul. 11 'How did you get into the house?' they asked him. 12 'What were you doing with these skeleton keys?' said Mr Jones. 'Were you trying to get at the secret files?' 13 'Did you sleep well?' asked my hostess. 14 'Have you been here long?' the other students asked him. 15 'Can you tell me why Paul left the university without taking his degree?' Paul's sister asked. 16 'How many people know the combination of the safe?' said the detective. 17 'Are there any letters for me?' said Mary. 18 'How long have you been learning English?' the examiner said. 19 'Why aren't you taking the exams?' said Paul. 20 'Are these free-range eggs?' said the customer. 21 'Where are you going for your summer holidays?' I asked them. 22 'Will it be all right if I come in a little later tonight?' asked the au pair girl. 23 'Have you ever seen a flying saucer?' said the man. 24 'Where can I park my caravan?' she asked the policeman. 25 'Would you like a lift?' said Ann. 'Which way are you going?' I said. 26 'Who do you want to speak to?' said the telephonist. 27 'Does anyone want tickets for the boxing match?' said Charles. 28 'What are you going to do with your old car?' I asked him. 29 'Do you grow your own vegetables?' I asked. 30 'What train are you going to get?' my friend inquired. 31 'Could you change a five-pound note? I'm afraid I haven't got anything smaller,' said the passenger to the conductor. 32 'How many sleeping pills have you taken?' said the night sister. 'I have no idea,' said Mr Jones sleepily. 33 'Could we speak to the manager, please?' said the two men. 'Have you an appointment?' said the secretary. 34 'Do you think you could live entirely on your own for six months,' said Tom, 'or would


you get bored?' 35 'Did any of you actually see the accident happen?' said the policeman. 36 'Could I see Commander Smith?' the lady asked. 'I'm afraid he's in orbit,' I said. 'Would you like to leave a message?' 161 Indirect speech: questions, advice, requests, invitations, suggestions PEG 283, 286-7, 289, 317-18, 322 'What about' often introduces a suggestion and is then reported by suggest: 'What about flying?' he said. He suggested flying. 'I can't come at 1.00,' said Ann. Then what about 2.00?' said Tom. Ann said she couldn 't come at 1.00, so Tom suggested 2.00. 'Why don't you' often introduces suggestions or advice and is then reported by suggest or advise: 'I wonder if Tom is coming,' said Ann. 'Why don't you ask him?' I said. Ann wondered if Tom was coming. I advised her to ask him or f I suggested (her) asking him. 'Could I have' is normally reported by ask for: 'Could I have a cup of coffee?' she said. She asked (me) for a cup of coffee. 'Could you' used for requests is reported by ask + object + infinitive: 'Could you sign the book, please?' he said. He asked me to sign the book. But when 'Could you' introduces an ordinary question the verb is reported unchanged: 'Could you live entirely on you own?' he said. He asked if I could live entirely on my own. 'Would you mind waiting/signing' etc. can be reported: He asked me to wait/sign etc. or He asked if I would mind waiting/signing etc. offer can be used in two constructions: 'Would you like a drink?' He offered me a drink, 'Shall I wait for you? I'll wait for you if you like.' He offered to wait for me. When the infinitive is used it must be placed directly after offer. The person addressed is not mentioned in this construction. Put the following into indirect speech. 1 'Shall we have dinner somewhere after the theatre?' said Peter. 'Yes, let's,' said Ann. 'What about going to that place Jack is always talking about?' (For Yes, let's put Ann agreed.) 2 'Jack's parents have asked me to supper tomorrow night,' said Ann. 'What shall I wear?'


'I should wear something warm, dear,' said her mother. It's a terribly cold house.' 3 'I'm broke,' said Jack. 'Shall I lend you some money?' said Peter. 4 It will take a little time to look up your file.' said the clerk, Is it worth waiting,' said Ann, 'or shall I go away and come back later?' 5 'Shall I have to do the whole exam again if I fail in one paper?' said the student. 'Yes,' said the teacher. 6 Where will you be tomorrow,' I said, 'in case I have to ring you?' 'I shall be in my office till six,' said the old man, 'and after that at my flat. I shan't be going to the club.' 7 'What shall I do with this cracked cup?' Mary asked. 'You'd better throw it away,' said her mother. 8 'Shall I ever see him again?' she wondered. 9 'Would you mind getting out of the car?' said the driver. I have to change a wheel.' 'Shall I help you?' I said. 10 I've run out of petrol,' said the man. 'Could you possibly give me a lift to the next village?' 11 'Shall we go for a walk?' said Peter. 'I like walking,' said Ann, 'but at the moment my only comfortable walking shoes are being mended. What about going for a drive instead?' 12 'You've got a lot of parcels,' he said. 'Shall I carry some of them for you?' 13 'Shall we be in time?' muttered Tom, looking at his watch. (Use wonder.) 14 'What shall I do with all this foreign money?' said Peter. 'Why don't you take it to the bank and get it changed?' said Mary. 15 'Would you like a cigarette?' said Peter. 'No, thanks,' said Jack. 1 don't smoke.' 16 'Would you like to come with us?' they said. There's plenty of room in the car.' I'd love to,' said Ann. 17 Ann (on phone): Could you do without me today, Mr Jones? I've got an awful cold and I think it might be better if I stayed at home. Mr Jones: I should certainly stay at home, Ann. And you'd better take tomorrow off too if you aren't better. 18 Mary (on phone): Paul, I've just come back to my flat to find a complete stranger asleep in my chair. He's still here, and still asleep! What shall I do? Paul: Why don't you wake him up and ask him who he is? There's probably some quite simple explanation. 19 'I'm not quite ready,' said Peter. 'Could you wait a few minutes?' 'I can't wait long,' said Jack. 'The train goes at ten.' 20 'Would you mind taking off your hat?' I said to the woman in front of me. 'But the theatre's almost empty!' she said. 'Why don't you move along a bit?' 21 I often see lights in the empty house across the road,' said Albert. 'Do you think I should report it?' 22 If this house was yours what changes would you make?' I said. I'd pull it down and build a modern one on the same site,' said the window-cleaner. The site's all right.'


23 'Could I have your name and address, please?' said the travel agent. 24 'Shall I send it round to your hotel, sir?' the shop assistant asked the tourist. 'I'm not staying in the town,' said the tourist. I'll take it with me.' 25 'How long will you go on looking for them?' I asked one of the search party. 'We don't search at night. We'll stop when it gets dark and start again at first light tomorrow.' 26 'We can't discuss this over the phone. Shall we meet here in my flat tomorrow?' I said. 'I'd rather you came to my office,' he said. 'Could you get here in half an hour?' 27 'Could I have 40p, please?' said the boy. I want to buy an ice-cream.' 28 'Would you like to sleep on the floor of my flat?' he asked us. 'Or would you rather go to a hotel?' 29 'Could you help me with my luggage, please?' she said. If you take the two big ones, I'll take the small one.' It's ridiculous to take three suitcases for a weekend,' I said. 'Couldn't you manage with two?' 'No,' she said. 30 'I couldn't come on Monday,' said Ann. 'Then what about Tuesday?' said Peter. 'All right,' said Ann.

162 Indirect speech: commands, requests, invitations, advice PEG 283-4, 286, 320 Put the following sentences into indirect speech, using tell/order/urge/ask/beg/invite/ advise/warn/remind + object +infinitive, or ask (+ object) + for, or, in some cases, ask + infinitive. 1 'Don't put sticky things in your pockets,' said his mother. 2 'Please, please don't do anything dangerous,' said his wife. 3 'Go on—apply for the job,' said my friend. It would just suit you.' 4 'I should say nothing about it if I were you,' said my brother. 5 'Would you please wait in the lounge till your flight number is called?' she said. 6 'Don't lend Harry any money,' I said to Ann. 'He never pays his debts.' 7 'Could you please ring back in half an hour?' said the secretary. 8 'Would you mind moving your case?' said the other passenger. It's blocking the door.' 9 'Remember to book a table,' said Ann. 10 'Get into the right lane,' said the driving instructor. 11 'Avoid Marble Arch,' said the policeman. There's going to be a big demonstration there.' 12 'Hold the ladder,' he said. It's rather unsteady.' 'Why don't you tie it at the top?' I said. It's much safer than way.' 13 'Read the questions twice,' said the teacher, 'and don't write in the margin.' 14 'You'd better not leave your money lying about,' said one of the students.


15 'Why don't you open a bank account?' said another. (Use advise.) 16 'Would you like to have lunch with me today?' said Tom. 'I'm afraid I couldn't; I can't leave the office,' said the girl. 17 'Don't take more than two of these at once,' said the doctor, handing me a bottle of pills. 18 'Could I speak to Albert, please?' I said. 'He's still asleep,' said his mother. 'Then please wake him,' I said. 1 have news for him.' 19 'I'd buy the big tin if I were you,' said the grocer. 20 'You're being exploited,' said the other au pair girls. 'You ought to leave your job.' 21 'Fasten your seat belts; there may be a little turbulence,' said the air hostess. 22 'Don't drive through fog with only a fog light on,' he said, 'or oncoming drivers may take you for a motorcycle.' 23 'Could I see your driving licence?' said the policeman. 24 'You'd better sweep up that broken glass,' I said. 25 'The bathroom's empty now,' she said. 'Will you put the light out when you've finished?' 26 'Remember to insure your luggage,' my father said. 27 'Please don't drink any more,' said his wife. 'Don't forget that we have to drive home.' 28 'Do go to a dentist, Tom, before your toothache gets any worse,' I said. 29 'Why don't you cut your hair?' he said. 'You'd find it much easier to get a job if you looked tidy.' 30 'Could I have some more pudding, please?' said the boy.


163 Indirect speech: commands, requests, advice, suggestions PEG 289,320-2 Read notes to previous exercises, Put the following into indirect speech, using either constructions, recommended in Exercise 162, or (for commands): say (that) + subject + be/should + infinitive or (for suggestions): suggest + gerund or that + subject + should. 1 'Would you please fill in this form and then join the queue by the door?' said the clerk, 2 'Could you read the last sentence again, please?' said the examiner. 3 'Could I have a new cheque book, please?' said the girl. 'Could you show me your old cheque book?' said the bank clerk. 4 Postcard: Be ready to move off at very short notice. Tom. Ann (reading it to Mary): Tom says that we . . . 5 'Please, please don't tell my mother,' begged the boy. 6 'Don't fire except in self-defence,' said the police sergeant. 7 'Why don't you take the rest of the day off?' said my assistant. 8 'Will you help me to move the piano, please?' said my aunt. 9 'Don't drive too close to the car in front,' said the driving instructor. 10 'Don't smoke near the petrol pump,' said the mechanic. 11 'When you've chosen a book, bring it to me and I'll stamp it,' said the librarian. 12 'Show the boarding card to the man at the foot of the gangway,' said the clerk. 13 'Reduce speed now,' said a huge notice. (Omit now.) 14 'Could I see your ticket, please?' said the inspector. 15 'Keep an eye on your luggage,' he said. 'This place is full of thieves.' 16 'When you have read this, pass it on to the next person on the list,' he said. 17 'Why not light a fire on the bank and cook the fish at once?' suggested the fisherman. 18 'Whenever you see the number "7" on the screen, press this button,' he said. 19 'Sit down and tell me what is worrying you,' he said to her. 20 'Walk along the line of men,' said the police sergeant 'and if you recognize your attacker, just nod. Don't say anything.' 21 'Even if you feel hungry don't eat anything between meals,' said the dietician. 22 'Could you ring up the taxi rank and order a taxi for me?' said Tom. 'Why don't you go by tube?' said Ann. It's much quicker.' 23 'Let's buy some yeast and make our own bread,' said Mary. 'The bread we're getting now is absolutely tasteless.' 24 If you have to use the river water,' said the guide, 'boil it first. Don't drink it unboiled.' 25 'Let's not tell anyone,' said Tom, 'till we are quite certain that the report is true.' 26 Tom (on phone to Ann): I've got the tickets. Meet me at the air terminal at 6.30. (Imagine that you are Ann. Report this message to Mary, who is standing beside you. Begin: Tom says ...) 27 'Let's show that we are united,' urged the shop steward, 'by voting unanimously to continue the strike.' 28 'Will customers please count their change,' said a notice above the cashier's desk, 'as mistakes cannot be rectified afterwards.'


29 'Don't clap yet,' warned my friend. 'She hasn't finished. Singers loathe people who clap too soon,' he added. 30 'Don't forget to put your name at the top of the page,' he said. 164 Indirect speech: mixed types PEG 307-24 Read the notes to previous indirect speech exercises. Note that want or would like is often useful when the speaker reports a request made to himself or made through him to someone else: Tom (on the phone to Ann): Could you book me a room in a hotel for tonight? Ann (telling Mary about this): Tom wants me to book him a room for tonight. (Tom said that I am to book would also be possible but more authoritative.) Similarly: Mrs Jones (on the phone to Mary): Could you ask Mrs Smith to ring me back? Mary (telling Mrs Smith about it): Mrs Jones rang. She wants/would like you to ring her back. (She says that you are to ring would be possible but very authoritative.) 1 Letter (from Paul to Ann): Please get me a small tent and camping equipment for two people. Ann (telling Mary about this): Paul wants . . . 2 Mr White (on phone to Mr Black's secretary): Ask Mr Black to meet me at six in the bar on the ground floor. Secretary (reporting this to Mr Black): Mr White would like . . . 3 'Shall I go and get a candle?' said Ann when the light went out suddenly. 'I'd rather you got another bulb,' said Mr Jones. 'But there aren't any,' said Ann, 'and the shops are shut.' 4 'Don't worry about a few mistakes,' said Peter. I make mistakes all the time.' 'Do you learn from your mistakes?' I asked. 'Or do you keep making the same ones?' 5 I'm looking for a man called Albert, who drinks in this bar,' I said. I should keep away from Albert if I were you,' said the barman. 'He doesn't like strangers and might turn nasty.' 6 'Could I have a look at your paper for a moment?' said the man. 'I just want to see the football results.' 'I haven't quite finished with it,' I said. 'Could you wait a moment?' 'I can't wait long,' he said. I'm getting off at the next stop.' 7 'You woke everyone up last night,' said my mother. 'You must try to be quieter tonight.' 'We will,' I promised. 8 'The soup's cold again,' complained Mr Jones. 'Why do I never have hot soup?' 'Because the kitchen's so far from the dining room,' explained his wife. If you insist on living in a castle you must put up with its disadvantages.' 'What about getting an ex-Olympic runner as an au pair girl?' said Mr Jones. 'She wouldn't stay,' sighed his wife. 9 'Your licence is out of date,' said the policeman. 'It is,' I admitted, 'but I've applied for a new one.'


'Next time,' he said severely, 'apply for a new one before your current one has expired.' 10 'I'll have the money for you next week. Shall I post it to you?' I said. 'Could you keep it in your safe till I can come and collect it?' said Tom. 'A lot of my mail has been going astray lately and I'd hate to lose one of your large cheques.' 11 'Could I borrow your map again?' said Peter. 'You're always borrowing it. Why don't you get one of your own?' I said. 12 'When you hear the fire bell,' he said, 'shut the windows and go downstairs.' 'And what shall we do if the stairs are blazing?' I asked. 13 'Can you hear that noise?' Ann said. 'What do you think it is?' 'I think it's only rats running up and down inside the wall,' I said. 'I think it's someone trying to get in,' she said. 'You'd better go and see.' 14 'It's your turn to baby-sit tonight,' they told Ann. 'It can't be!' said Ann indignantly. I baby-sat last night! And the night before! And I'm only supposed to do two nights a week!' 'Could you possibly do it just this once?' they said. 'And we promise not to ask you to do any next week.' 15 'This is the best restaurant in town,' said the taxi driver. 'The only problem is that they expect guests to wear ties.' 'Then why have you brought us here?' said the tourists indignantly. 'Don't get excited,' said the taxi-driver, opening a box. I keep ties specially for gentlemen in your predicament. What colour would you like? They're all the same price.' 16 'Shall I start tomorrow?' I said. 'I'd rather you started today,' said Tom. 17 'Why don't you go and see the film? It may help you to understand the book,' I said. 'But the film's quite different from the book,' Ann pointed out. 18 'I saw the two climbers,' said the helicopter pilot. 'And one of them sat up and waved to me.' 'Which one of them waved?' I said. 'I don't know,' he answered. 'I wasn't near enough to see them clearly.' 19 'What caused the ship to sink?' I said. 'She must have struck the submerged wreck,' said the coxswain of the lifeboat. 'But I can't understand it, because the wreck is very clearly marked with buoys.' 20 'My car won't start!' exclaimed Mary. 'The battery's flat again! Could you possibly give me a push just to start me down the hill?' 'Why don't you sell that car?' said Bill. 'Nobody would buy it,' said Peter. 'What about just putting a match to it?' 21 'I've been given so many bottles of wine lately that I'll have to buy another wine rack,' said Mr Jones. 'Why don't you throw a party and save yourself the expense of a wine rack?' I suggested. 22 'Press button A to start the engine,' he said. 'But last time you told me to press button B!' I said. 'That was on a slightly different type of machine,' he explained. 23 'Don't brake if you find yourself skidding,' said Tom. 'That only makes it worse. Try


to steer into the skid.' 'I know what I should do,' I said. 'But when I start skidding I get so excited that I do the exact opposite.' 'Then stop and let me take over,' said Tom. 'We're just coming to an icy bit and I don't want to die just yet.' 24 'I've run out of stamps,' said my father. 'Have you got any?' 'No, but I'll go out and get you some if you like,' I said. 'Don't bother,' he said. I've missed the post anyway.' 25 'Repairs to cars rented from us must be arranged through our office,' he said. 'So if anything goes wrong with the one you've hired, please ring the number printed on your card. The office is open from nine to six, Monday to Friday.' 'But what shall I do if something goes wrong with it outside office hours?' I said. 26 'Why didn't you signal to the tanker that she was coming too close?' I said. 'We did signal,' said the pilot, 'but she came on in and ran aground.' 'What's going to happen to her?' I said. 'We're going to try to tow her off at the next high tide,' he said. 'But if we don't get her off tonight she'll be here till she breaks up, and there'll be an oil slick all along the coast.' 27 'Why are you spending so long on those accounts?' I asked. 'Because I can't make them balance,' he said. 'I seem to be £13 short; and that means that I'll have to put in £13 of my own money to make it up.' 'Would you like me to go through them and see if I can find a mistake?' I said. 'No,' he said, 'but I'd like you to lend me £13.' 28 'Why are you looking so depressed, Jack?' I said. 'Because I've just asked Ann to marry me and she's refused,' he said sadly. 'I think she prefers clean-shaven men,' I said. 'Why don't you cut your hair and shave off your beard and try again?' 29 'How did you get up that tree?' Mary asked. 'I used a ladder, of course,' he snapped. 'But someone went off with it when I was sawing. Go and get another one and don't just stand there asking silly questions.' 30 'Are you ill?' he said coldly. 'No.' I said. 'Did you sleep well last night?' 'Yes,' I said. 'Then why are you sitting about when all the others are working? Go out at once and give them a hand.' 31 'Will passengers with nothing to declare please go through the green door?' said a customs official. 'You'd better go through the green door, Mary,' said Peter, 'but I'll have to go through the other one. I'll take a bit longer than you will, I so wait for me at the other end.' 32 (Imagine that you have received the following postcard from your brother Tom. Report it at once to the other members of the family. Begin: Tom says... ) Don't worry about me. I wasn't badly injured and I'm being very well looked after. I'm coming back next Wednesday on the nine o'clock flight from Zurich. Could you please meet the plane?


33 'What shall I do with my wet shoes?' said the boy. 'You'd better stuff them with newspaper and put them near the fire,' said his mother. 'But don't put them too near or they'll go hard.' 34 'Let's drive on to the next village and try the hotel there,' he said. 'But what'll we do if that's full too?' I asked. 'We'll just have to sleep in the car,' he said. It will be too late to try anywhere else.' 35 'They have a rather fierce dog,' said Ann; 'but he's a heavy sleeper, and with any luck he won't hear you breaking in.' 'What'll I do if he wakes up?' I said. 'If he starts growling, give him some of these biscuits,' said Ann. 'How do you know that he likes these particular biscuits?' 'All dogs like them,' Ann assured me. It says so on the packet.' 36 If you even touch one of the pictures,' warned the attendant, 'alarm bells will ring all over the gallery and you will be arrested instantly.' 'Are you serious?' I said. 'Try it and see,' he answered with a glint in his eye. 165 Indirect speech: sentences with let PEG 322 1 He said, 'Let's go' usually becomes: (a) He suggested going though possible in certain cases are: (b) He suggested that they should go (c) He urged/advised them to go. He said, 'Let's not go' can be expressed by any of these constructions in the negative; but suggest + negative gerund is slightly less usual than the others and is often replaced by the (b) type of construction or by: He was against going/against the idea/against it. He was opposed to the idea/He opposed the idea etc. 2 He said, 'Let them go,' can become: (a) He suggested that they should go/suggested their going but usually it expresses an obligation and becomes: (b) He said that they should go/ought to go. Very occasionally it expresses a command and becomes: (c) He said that they were to go. 'Let him/them' can also express the speaker's indifference: 'Everyone will laugh at you, ' I said. 'Let them!' he retorted. He expressed indifference/said he didn't mind. 3 let is also an ordinary verb meaning allow: 'Let me go!' the boy said to the policeman. The boy asked the policeman to let him go. Put the following into indirect speech. 1 'Let's go to the cinema,' said Ann. 'Yes, let's,' I said. 2 The Prime Minister said, 'Let us show the nation that we are worthy


of their confidence.' (Use urged.) 3 'Let me stay up a little longer tonight, mother,' begged the child. 4 'Let's eat out tonight,' said Ann. 'Too expensive,' objected Tom. 'Why don't we go back to your flat and have scrambled eggs?' 5 The police officer said, 'Let's leave the wrecked car here for a bit if may remind other drivers to be more careful.' 6 'The neighbours will object!' said Ann. 'Let them,' said Tom. 7 'Let's go on a diet,' said Ann. 'All right,' said Mary reluctantly. 8 'Tom made this mess. Let him clear it up,' said his father. 9 'It's Mothering Sunday tomorrow,' said the boy. 'Let's buy Mum some flowers.' 10 'Let's take a tent and camp out, 'said Bill. 'Let's go to a nice hotel and be comfortable,' said Mary. 11 'Let's give a party,' said Ann. 'Let's not,' said her husband, 12 I said, 'Let's not jump to conclusions. Let's wait till we hear confirmation of this rumour. ' 13 'The newspapers will say it's your fault, 'warned his colleagues. 'Let them say what they like,' he said. 14 'Let the nations forget their differences and work together for peace,' said the preacher. 15 'Let me explain,' she said. 'Don't be in such a hurry.' 16 'Let the children play in the garden if they want to,' she told the gardener. I'm sure they won't do any harm.' 17 'Let's stay here till the storm has passed,' I said. 18 It's the government's fault. Let them do something about it,' grumbled my father. 166 Indirect speech: sentences with must, needn't and have to PEG 325 must (first person) 'I must' can remain unchanged but usually becomes had to though would have to is better for an obligation which has only just arisen or is likely to arise in the future. Reading the letter he said, 'Good heavens! I must go at once!' He said, If she gets worse I must stay with her.' These would become respectively: He said that he 'd have to go and He said that he 'd have to stay. 'must I?' usually becomes had to. 'I must not' usually remains unchanged. must (second and third persons) 'you/he must' usually remains unchanged, 'must you/he?' usually becomes had to. 'you/he must not' remains unchanged or becomes weren't to/wasn't to. must used for permanent commands or prohibitions or to express advice always remains


unchanged. must used to express deduction never changes. needn't 'I needn't' can change to didn't have to/wouldn't have to in the same way that 'I must' changes to 'had to/would have to, but it very often remains unchanged. 'you/he needn't' usually remains unchanged. 'need I/you/he?' remains unchanged or becomes had to. have to Forms with have to follow the usual rules. Remember that 'had to' in direct speech will become had had to in indirect: He said, 'After the lecture I had to rush home.' He said that after the lecture he had had to rush home. Put the following into indirect speech. 1 He said, 'If what you say is true I must go to the police.' 2 He said, 'I must be at the docks at six a.m. tomorrow.' 3 'Must you make such a noise?' he asked. 4 'You mustn't come in without knocking,' he told us. 5 'Your ticket will cost £5, 'I said. In that case,' said my nephew, 'I must go to the bank tomorrow.' 6 Park notice: Dogs must be kept on a lead. 7 His father said, 'Tom must work harder next term.' 8 'You needn't come in tomorrow,' said my employer. 'Take the day off.' 9 'I must go to the dentist tomorrow,' he said. 1 have an appointment.' 10 Notice: Passengers must not lean out of the window. 11 He said, 'There must be someone in the house; there's smoke coming from the chimney.' 12 She said, 'When you are a big boy you'll have to tie your own shoes.' 13 'Port wine must never be shaken,' my wine-merchant said. 14 'He hasn't had anything to eat since breakfast; he must be starving,' she said. 15 The official said, 'This passport photo isn't like you at all. You must have another one taken.' 16 'You mustn't play with knives, children,' said their mother. 17 'I needn't get up till nine tomorrow,' I said. 18 Railway regulations: Passengers must be in possession of a valid ticket before travelling. 19 'How did you get your bulldog up the escalator?' I said. 'I carried him,' said Tom. 'You must be very strong,' I said admiringly. 20 'You mustn't tell anyone what I've just told you,' she said to me. 21 'Need I eat it all, mummy?' said the child. 'Yes, dear, you must,' she said. 22 'I had to drive your pigs out of my garden,' she said. 23 'Sticks and umbrellas must be left at the desk,' said the notice in the museum. 24 'Must you do it all tonight? Couldn't you leave some for tomorrow?' I asked her.


25 'When you go through Bayeux you must see the tapestry,' he told 26 He said, 'You must walk faster; you are far too slow.' 27 'You mustn't forget to put the stamp on or your friend will have to pay double postage,' he told me. 28 'I needn't tell you how grateful I am,' he said. 167 Indirect speech to direct speech PEG 307-25 Put the following into direct speech with the appropriate punctuation. 1 She asked if he'd like to go to the concert and I said that I was sure she would. 2 She told me to look where I was going as the road was full of holes and was very badly lit. 3 They said that while they were bathing they saw someone examining their clothes, 4 I asked if she had looked everywhere and she said that she had. 5 He suggested giving her a bottle of wine. 6 He said that the new carpet had arrived and asked where he was to put it. 7 He said that two days previously an enormous load of firewood had been dumped at his front gate and that since then he hadn't been able to get his car out. 8 They offered me some more wine and I accepted. 9 He said that if I found the front door locked I was to go round to the back. 10 She asked the burglars who they were and who had let them in. They told her to sit down and keep quiet unless she wanted to get hurt. 11 He asked what the weather had been like during my holiday and I said that it had been awful. 12 He suggested going down to the harbour and seeing if they could hire a boat. 13 He said that if I didn't like escalators I could go up the emergency staircase. I thanked him and said that I would do that. 14 He suggested that Tom and I should go ahead and get the tickets. 15 He said that he thought my electric iron was unsafe and advised me to have it seen to. 16 He said that if war broke out he would have to leave the country at once. 17 I asked him if he had enjoyed house-hunting and he said that he hadn't. 18 She said that she was surprised to see that the grandfather clock had stopped and asked if anyone had been fiddling with it. 19 She said that she had tried to ring up her mother several times on the previous day but had not succeeded in getting through. 20 I asked her if she'd like to borrow the book but she thanked me and said that she had already read it and hadn't liked it very much. 21 He wanted to know if I was going to the dance and suggested that we should make up a party and go together. 22 I told her to stop making a fuss about nothing and said that she was lucky to have got a seat at all. 23 The clerk in the booking office inquired if I wanted a single or return ticket. I asked if a return was any cheaper. He said it made no difference.


24 My employer hoped I would not be offended if he told me that, in his opinion, I would do better in some other kind of job. 25 The AA man told the woman that if her wheels had gone a couple of inches nearer the edge, the car would have plunged into the ravine. 26 He said I mustn't mind if the first one wasn't any good. 27 He asked the crowd if they thought that he was a liar and the crowd shouted that they did. 28 I stopped a man in the street and asked him to help me with my car. The man asked if it would take long, explaining that he was on his way to catch a train.

Time clauses 168 Time clauses PEG 342 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. 1 Heat the oil till it (begin) to smoke. 2 I'll stay here till Tom (get) back. 3 We'll go out as soon as the shops (open). 4 You drive first, and when you (be) tired, I'll take over. 5 The sooner we (start), the sooner we'll get there. 6 We will send you the goods as soon as we (receive) your cheque. 7 I'll wait as long as you (like). 8 Whip the whites of the eggs till they (be) quite stiff. 9 Shall I jump out when the bus (slow) down at the next corner? ~ 10 No, you'd better wait till it (stop) at the traffic lights. 11 You are too young to understand. I (explain) it to you when you (be) older. 12 Tom: Brown is the best poet in the university. Ann: Now read Smith's poems. When you (read) them you'll say that he is better. 13 Tom: I can't get used to driving on the left. Jack: When you (be) here for another week you'll find it quite easy. 14 The room doesn't look particularly attractive now but when I (clean) and (paint) it, it will look quite different. 15 Pour boiling water on the coffee grounds, wait till the grounds (settle), then strain the coffee into a jug. 16 As soon as they (see) the river the children will want to bathe. 17 When we (see) the cathedral we'll go to the museum. 18 What will you do when you (finish) painting the bridge? ~ 19 Oh, this bridge is so long that by the time we (reach) the other end it will be time to start again at this end. 20 Serve the meal and wash up. When you (do) the washing up you can go home. 21 The plane won't take off till the fog (lift), 22 Tom will start as soon as his visa (arrive). 23 I'm glad you're learning French. When you (know) French I (give you a job.


24 Shall I boil the baby's milk? ~ Yes, but don't give it to him till it (cool). 25 Don't start smoking till the others (finish) their meal. 26 By the time you (give) the children their meal you won't have any appetite left. 27 I don't want anyone to overhear us, but I (tell) you what happened when we (be) alone. 28 How do you like your new job? ~ I've only just started so I really can't say. When I (be) in it for a fortnight I (let) you know. 29 My instructor says that when I (fly) another ten hours, he'll let me fly solo. 30 They say that when the 100 k.p.h. speed limit (be) in operation for a year, they will be able to judge whether it is effective or not. 31 Sculptor's friend: I suppose that when I (come) back next year you will still be working on this horse. 32 Sculptor: Oh no, I (finish) it long before I (see) you again, but as soon as I (finish) one thing I (start) on another, so there'll be something else for you to look at. 33 All the flats are exactly alike so when you (see) one you've seen them all. 34 Advertisement: When you (drive) a Jaguar once, you won't want to drive another car. 35 He's asleep now but I (give) him the letter as soon as he (wake) up. 36 She bought beer and made sandwiches because she knew that when they (arrive) they would be hungry and thirsty. 169 Time clauses PEG 342 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. 1 When it (get) dark we'll have to stop. We can't work in the dark. 2 Go on till you (come) to a square with a statue in the middle; then turn left and you'll find the theatre on your right. 3 Immediately the train (stop) we'll jump out. 4 I'll help you with your homework as soon as I (do) my own. 5 He was determined to keep the two dogs apart because he knew that the moment they (see) one another they'd start barking. 6 I know the coat's unfashionable but I'm not going to throw it away. I'll keep it till that style (come) into fashion again. 7 Tourist: Can we get to the top of the tower? Guide: Yes, but be careful when you (go) up because the steps are very uneven. 8 Tourist (puffing up the steps): I'll be glad when I (get) to the top! Guide: When you (see) the view you'll be glad you made the effort. 9 Mother (to child setting out for school): When you (come) to the main road remember to stop and look both ways before you (cross). 10 'Give this letter to your teacher as soon as you (arrive) at school,' said his mother. 'All right,' said the boy, running out. 'I bet it will still be in his pocket when he (get) home tonight,' said his father. 11 Tom: I'm going to New York by sea. I'm leaving tomorrow.


Jack: I'm going by air. When I (sit) in my comfortable plane I'll think of you tossing about on a stormy sea. Tom: When I (walk) about the deck enjoying the fresh air and blue sea I'll think of you shut up in a flying box and seeing nothing. 12 But there's someone in the phone box! You can't rush in and grab the receiver. You'll have to wait till he (finish). 13 The ladder looks a bit unsteady. ~ Yes, but before he (start) working he will tie the top end to the tree. 14 The house won't be entirely mine until I (pay) off the mortgage. 15 You'll find that the staff will clock in very punctually but that they won't do any work till the boss (arrive). 16 When I (work) here for fifteen years I'll be entitled to a pension. 17 When you (do) the bedrooms, remember to sweep under the beds. 18 When you (do) all the upstairs rooms, come down and give me a hand with the lunch. 19 Mother to child: I won't let you watch TV until you (finish) your supper. 20 We'll talk business when we (have) dinner, but not during dinner. I never talk business at meals. 21 Young man: Weren't you astonished when she said that? Old man: When you (be) married as long as I have, you won't be so easily astonished. 22 When you (read) the book, leave it in the hospital for someone else to read. 23 He said he would give me a ring as soon as he (reach) Paris. 24 Some people say that a man shouldn't think of marrying till he (save) up enough money to buy a house. 25 You're an idiot to go into teaching. I'm going into business. In ten years' time when you (queue) at the bus stop I'll be driving by in my Bentley. 26 When you are picking fruit in the holidays to eke out your salary I (cruise) round the Greek islands in my private yacht. 27 I visit a new country every year. By the time I (be) sixty I shall have visited all the most interesting countries in the world. 28 When I (see) all there is to see I'll buy a small island and settle down there. 29 He saves £500 a year. By the time he (retire) he'll have saved £20,000. 30 By the time he (save) £20,000, the value of the money will have gone down so much that he'll have to go on working. 31 Ann hoped that it would go on raining. She knew that the moment if (stop) Tom would want to go out. 32 I expected that Jack would be there when the train (arrive), but there was no sign of him. 33 The boys worked slowly for they knew that as soon as they (finish) one exercise the teacher would tell them to do the next. 34 I'll take the paper with me. I'll read it while I (wait) for the bus. 35 The window-cleaner was in fact one of a gang of safe crackers. He hoped that while he (clean), or (pretend) to clean, windows he would be able to have a look at the safe. 36 He said that he would lend me money whenever I (need) it.


170 when, whenever and as ( = while, because) PEG 332-3 Use when, whenever or as to fill the gaps in the following. 1 . . . (Because) there were no buses we had to take a taxi. 2 . . . he grew older his temper improved. (His temper got better every year. ) 3 . . . he grew older (he reached the age of, say, 40) his temper improved. 4 . . . the doors opened the crowd began pouring in. (They didn't wait for the doors to open fully.) 5 . . . it became dark (after dark), he left his hiding place. 6 . . . the sun went down, great bars of red covered the western sky. 7 . . . he left the house (while he was still in the doorway) he suddenly remembered where he'd seen her before. 8 . . . he left the house (after leaving it) he turned right. 9 . . .we have a puncture (every time we have one) she just sits in the car while I change the wheel. 10 Don't exhaust yourself. Sit down . . . you're tired, (as soon as you're tired) 11 . . . (Because) we were tired we sat down beside the stream. 12 . . .we approached the town (came gradually nearer to it) we wondered whether there'd be room in the hotel. 13 . . . we reached the town (after arriving) we sent Tom to find out about hotels. 14 I'll have to buy a map . . . (because) I don't know the area. 15 . . . you don't know a district it is always a good thing to have a map. 16 . . . the manager is out (every time he is out) his assistant signs the letters. 17 . . . (Because) the manager is out today I'll sign the letters. 18 The phone rang just . . . I got into my bath. (/ was in the act of getting in.) 19 I've given your old jacket away . . . (because) it was too tight for you. 20 A revolver appeared round the edge of the door . . . it swung open. (The revolver appeared before the door was fully open.) 21 . . . the evening wore on there were fewer and fewer people in the streets, 22 . . . he is determined to get something he usually succeeds. (Every time he is determined etc.) 23 He happened to look in at the window . . . he walked past. (in the act of walking past) 24 . . . she finished her training she got a job. (after she had finished) 25 I'll write in Spanish . . . (because) he doesn't understand English. 26 The atmosphere became stuffier . . . more and more people crowd into the carriage. (The more people came in, the stuffier the atmosphere became.) 27 He sang . . . he worked, (while) 28 . . . the sun rose the fog dispersed, (the more sun, the less fog) 29 . . . a kettle boils steam comes out of the spout, (every time) 30 . . . you're ready I'll bring in the tea. (as soon as) 31 . . . he walked along people began to stare and point, (while)


32 . . . I didn't see him I can't very well describe him. (because) 33 . . . I've learnt English I'll go to France and learn French. (as soon as) 34 . . . the meat was cooked I took it out of the oven. (as soon as) 35 . . . the meat was cooked I took it out of the oven. (because) 36 . . . I reached the box office all the tickets had been sold.

Phrasal verbs 171 Combinations with get and be PEG chapter 38 Put in the correct prepositions or adverbs. 1 Is Mary in? ~ No, she's . . . and won't be . . . till nine o'clock. 2 What shall we do now? ~ I'm . . . keeping quiet and saying nothing. 3 If you got ... ... your work instead of talking you'd be finished in half the time. 4 He promised to act as chairman, so I'm afraid he can't get . . . . . . it now. There's no one else to do it. 5 She wants to do all the work herself but I don't think she is . . . ... it. 6 He leaves his car at a parking meter for over two hours and always gets ... ...it. (is never caught) When I do that, I am fined. 7 I don't think they'll be . . . yet. It's only five o'clock in the morning. 8 They didn't want the news of their engagement to get . . . till it was officially announced. 9 The office closes early on Fridays and we get . . . at five o'clock instead of six. 10 If you don't give the children something to do, they'll be ... ... some mischief. 11 The car stopped in front of the bank messenger and two men with guns got.... 12 She is a friendly girl who gets ... ... everyone she meets. 13 As soon as the examinations are . . . we are going away on holiday. 14 It took her a long time to get . . . the death of her husband. 15 We usually get . . . a play among ourselves at the end of the term. 16 I'm going to Berlin on business and I shall be . . . for a week. 17 Tom hasn't been working; he won't get . . . his examinations. 18 The police knew he had committed the crime but he got . . . as there was not enough evidence against him. 19 Shall I marry him? ~ Well, it is... ... you. I can't very well decide for you. 20 I tried to ring him up but I couldn't get . . . ; I think some of the lines are down after last night's storm. 21 She talks so much that it is difficult to get . . . from her. 22 Why not have your operation at once and get it . . .? 23 He got . . . his bicycle to pick up his pump. 24 Mary wants to study medicine but she is not very clever. I don't think she is... ...it. 25 The train was delayed and only got . . . at midnight.


26 When winter is . . . I am going to have the house painted. 27 If you don't get . . . (leave) I'll send for the police. 28 I am . . , doing the washing up first and watching TV afterwards. 29 Get . . . the bus at Victoria Station. 30 How are you getting . . . with your work? 31 I don't think she is ... ... the level of the rest of the class. 32 I left my umbrella in the bus but I got it . . . from the Lost Property Office. 33 I am not getting , . . very fast because I can only type with two fingers. 34 The dog got . . . . . . a string of sausages from the butcher's. 35 We got . . . late because we missed the last bus. 36 Don't worry about my snake. He can't get . . . . . . his box. 172 Combinations with look and keep PEG chapter 38 Put in the correct prepositions or adverbs. 1 He wanted to talk to me but I kept . . . working and refused to listen. 2 She is a good secretary but she is kept - . . by her ignorance of languages. 3 The country was in a state of rebellion and was only kept . . . by repressive measures. 4 Look . . . the baby while I am out. 5 She kept the children . . . all day because it was so wet and cold. 6 You must look . . . and make plans for the future. 7 'Keep . . .!' he said. Don't come any nearer.' 8 If you look . . . it carefully you will see the mark. 9 I told the children to keep ... ... the room that was being painted. 10 Looking ... , I see now all the mistakes I made when I was younger. 11 I have started getting up at five a.m. to study but I don't know if I can keep this.... 12 He had an unhappy childhood and he never looks . . . on it with any pleasure. 13 The man walked so fast that the child couldn't keep ... ... him. 14 She looked . . . to see who was following her. 15 There were so many panes of glass broken that the windows couldn't keep . . . the rain. 16 I've been looking . . . a cup to match the one I broke. 17 Look ... ...me at the station. I'll be at the bookstall. 18 Look ...! You nearly knocked my cup out of my hand. 19 He was kept . . . in his research by lack of money. 20 Tom is looking . . . . . . his first trip abroad, (expecting with pleasure) 21 Look . . . on your way home and tell me what happened. 22 Before putting any money into the business, we must look very carefully . . . the accounts. 23 I look . . . her as one of the family. 24 My windows look ... ... the garden. 25 He asked me to look . . . the document and then sign it. 26 He looked . . . the book to see if he had read it before. 27 If you can afford a new car your business must be looking ,... 28 You can always look . . . her address in the directory if you have forgotten it.


29 He looked me . . . and . . . before he condescended to answer my question. 30 I am looking ... ... seeing your new house. 31 Children have a natural inclination to look ..... .their parents. 32 You will see I am right if you look . . . the matter from my point of view. 33 He looks . . . . . . me because I spend my holidays in Bournemouth instead of going abroad. 34 If he doesn't know the word he can look it . . . in a dictionary. 35 The crowd looked . . . while the police surrounded the house. 36 Since our quarrel she looks . . . me whenever we meet. 173 Combinations with go and come PEG chapter 38 Put in the correct prepositions or adverbs. 1 It was some time before he came . . . after being knocked out. 2 I had to wait for permission from the Town Council before I could go . . . with my plans. 3 He came . . . to my way of thinking after a good deal of argument. 4 The guard dog went . . . the intruder and knocked him down. 5 He had a sandwich and a cup of coffee, then went . . . working. 6 It's no use trying to keep it secret; it's sure to come . . . in the end. 7 I went . . . the proposal very carefully with my solicitor and finally decided not to accept their offer. 8 The gun went . . . by accident and wounded him in the leg. 9 The question of salary increases will come . . . at the next general meeting. 10 Wearing black for mourning went . . . many years ago. 11 She went . . . . . . a beauty contest and got a prize. 12 Those rust marks will come . . . if you rub them with lemon. 13 The price of tomatoes usually goes . . . in summer in England. 14 If there isn't enough soup to go . . . just put some hot water in it. 15 Seeing me from across the room, she came ... ... me, and said that she had a message for me. 16 The early colonists of Canada went . . . many hardships. 17 You can't go ... ... your promise now; we are depending on you. 18 I have changed my mind about marrying him; I simply can't go . 19 The aeroplane crashed and went . . . in flames. 20 He came . . . a fortune last year. (He inherited it.) 21 Wait till prices come . . . again before you buy. 22 I refuse to go . . . now. I'm going on. 23 They have gone . . . all the calculations again but they still can't find the mistake. 24 The party went . . . very well; we all enjoyed ourselves. 25 Come .... It's far too cold to wait here any longer. 26 Mary went . . . in such a hurry that she left her passport behind. 27 The handle of the tea-pot came . . . in my hand as I was washing it. 28 Why don't you go ... ... stamp collecting if you want a quiet hobby?


29 I came . . . a vase exactly like yours in an antique shop. 30 Her weight went . . . to 70 kilos when she stopped playing tennis. 31 Don't go . . . food if you want to economize. Just drink less. 32 The sea has gone . . . considerably since last night's gale. 33 I'm at home all day. Come . . . whenever you have time. 34 She went ... ... her work after the interruptions. 35 She goes . . . a lot. She hardly every spends an evening at home. 36 I suggested that we should all take a cut in salary. Naturally this didn't go . . . very well. (wasn't well received) 174 Combinations with take and run PEG chapter 38 Put in the correct prepositions or adverbs. 1 I couldn't take . . . the lecture at all. It was too difficult for me. 2 He is inclined to let his enthusiasm run ... ... him. 3 When he offered me only £3, I was too taken . . . to say a word. 4 He has already run . . . the money his father left him two years ago. 5 Now he is running . . . bills all over the town. 6 She took . . . riding because she wanted to lose weight. 7 I can't start the car; the battery has run .... 8 The policeman ran . . . the thief, 9 He takes . . . his mother; he has blue eyes and fair hair too. 10 I forgot to turn off the tap and the wash-basin ran .... 11 That blouse is easy to make. You could run it . . . in hour. 12 I am sorry I called you a liar. I take it . . . . 13 Reformers usually run ... ... opposition from all kinds of people. 14 He took . . . going for a' walk every night before he went to bed. 15 Don't run ... ... the idea that Scotsmen are mean. They just don't like wasting money. 16 I wish we could sell the grand piano; it takes . . . too much space here. 17 She is always running . . . her friends behind their backs. She soon won't have any friends left. 18 You'd better take . . . your coat if you're too hot. 19 Just run . . . the music of this song for me. 20 We took . . . each other the first time we met and have been friends ever since. 21 When his father died, Tom took . . . the business. 22 What I saw in the water was only an old tree. I took it . . . the Lock Ness Monster. 23 I ran . . . an old school friend in the tube today. 24 I can't go more than 50 k.p.h. as this is a new car and I am still running it.... 25 People often take me . . . my sister. We are very like each other. 26 My neighbour is always running ..... .bread and borrowing some from me. 27 He always takes . . . his false teeth before he goes to bed. 28 I took . . . Tom at chess and beat him. 29 If a bull chased me I'd run .... 30 Even a child wouldn't be taken . . . by such an obvious lie. 31 You're looking rather run . . . ; I think you need a holiday.


32 The policeman took . . . the number of the stolen car. 33 If she takes . . . the job of director she'll have to work harder. 34 My car skidded and ran . . . a wall. 35 She makes a little extra money by taking . . . paying guests in summer. 36 A hen ran in front of my car and I'm afraid I ran . . . it. 175 Combinations with turn, call and break PEG chapter 38 Put in the correct prepositions or adverbs. 1 He broke . . . completely on hearing of his daughter's death. 2 He wasn't rich by any means, but he never turned . . . anyone who needed help. 3 On his way to work he called . . . the florist's and ordered a dozen red roses. 4 Burglars broke . . . the house and stole some jewellery. 5 I turned . . . (refused) the job because it was badly paid. 6 We called . . . a specialist when he grew worse. 7 When the police questioned him he broke . . . and confessed. 8 Turn . . . the radio if you're not listening. 9 War broke . . . in 1939. 10 The secretary was then called . . . to read the minutes. 11 He carried on the business alone for years before his health broke.... 12 The lion turned . . . the lion-tamer and knocked him senseless. 13 Can you be ready at six? He is calling . . . us then to take us out. 14 Mary has broken . . . her engagement to Charles. 15 I haven't much time for housework but I try to turn . . . one room in the house every week. 16 She called . . . for a few minutes to return a book. 17 The lift broke . . . and we had to use the stairs. 18 The representative of the computer company called . . . all the factories in the district. 19 The situation is difficult and calls . . . great tact. 20 They broke . . . their conversation when I came in. 21 The school broke . . . for the holidays at the end of July. 22 In this book the mysterious stranger turns . . . to be the long-lost son of the duke. 23 The fireman had to break . . . the door to rescue the children. 24 The garden party was called . . . because of the rain. 25 A good horse can be ruined if it is not carefully broken .... 26 He was called . . . at the age of eighteen and spent a year in the army. 27 She was plain as a child but she turned . . . remarkably pretty. 28 Negotiations between the two countries were broken . . . following the murder of the ambassador. 29 Mrs Jones rang. She wants you to call her . . . . 30 The family was broken . . . after the death of the parents. 31 The new factory turns . . . surgical instruments as well as cutlery. 32 He broke . . . the conversation to remind us it was getting late. 33 The boat turned . . . and threw us all into the water.


34 We arranged to meet at the theatre but she didn't turn .... 35 The three men who broke ... ... prison yesterday were later recaptured. 36 A huge crowd turned . . . to see the international football match. 176 Combinations with give, put and make PEG chapter 38 Put in the correct prepositions or adverbs. 1 He won £100 and gave it all . . . . 2 Put . . . the clock, it is twenty minutes fast. 3 Riding is getting too expensive; I'll have to give it... . 4 I'll put . . . my visit to the Royal Mint till you can come with me. 5 The roads were crowded with people making . . . the coast. 6 He gave . . . all the books he had borrowed. 7 She had invited me to dinner but had to put me . . . as she was taken ill. 8 I can't make . . . the postmark on the letter; it looks like Basingstoke. 9 Put . . . the light it's getting quite light again. 10 After four days of freedom, the escaped prisoner gave himself . . . to the police. 11 That vase is very valuable. Put it . . . before you drop it. 12 She makes . . . very skilfully. She looks much younger than she is. 13 Your secret is safe with me. I won't give you .... (betray you) 14 He was very much put . . . when she rang off angrily in the middle of their conversation. 15 It's time they made . . . that silly quarrel. 16 I wish you would put . . . the dishes instead of leaving them on the table. 17 He's not really angry. He's only putting it .... 18 He didn't want to go to the cinema but they begged so hard that he gave . . . and went with them. 19 I don't believe that story. I am sure you made it .... 20 The house itself is quite attractive but the fact that it's near a busy airport put me.... 21 The boy is hyperactive. I put it ... ... wrong diet. 22 They put . . . a statue of Florence Nightingale after her death. 23 The diver's supply of oxygen gave . . . and he had to be brought to the surface as quickly as possible. 24 I asked him to put . . . the lights if he was the last to leave. 25 I don't know how you put ... ... the noise; it would drive me mad. 26 After his fourth attempt he gave . . . trying to pass the driving test. 27 Here's a crash helmet. Put it .... 28 He should try to make . . . . . . his loss of sleep by going to bed early. 29 If you can't find a room in a hotel, I could always put you .... 30 The names of the winners were given . . . on the radio. 31 The shortage of eggs has put . . . their price considerably. 32 The government put . . . the rebellion with great severity. 33 If you want to save money, give . . . eating in expensive restaurants. 34 This clock is always slow; I put it . . . ten minutes every morning.


35 There was a man giving . . . leaflets outside the church. 36 He put . . . his name for the excursion.


177 Combinations with clear, cut, fall, hold, let and hand PEG chapter 38 Put in the correct prepositions or adverbs. 1 Clear . . . your books. I want to set the table for lunch. 2 The army fell . . . when the enemy attacked. 3 You should cut . . . this tree. It is too near the house. 4 The examination was so easy that all the candidates handed . . . their answer papers after the first hour. 5 My plans for starting a restaurant fell . . . for lack of capital. 6 Our water supply was cut . . . because the pipe burst. 7 At the end of term attendance at these classes usually falls . . . . 8 The wall was covered with pictures of pop stars which Mary had cut ... ... magazines. 9 I hope the rain holds . . . until my washing is dry. 10 They won't let you . . . if you aren't a member of the club. 11 The mounted police cleared... the crowds. 12 A heavy snowfall held . . . the trains from the north. 13 If you really want to slim you must cut . . . on sweets. 14 The two brothers fell . . . over their father's will. (quarrelled) 15 You would recover your sense of taste if you cut . . . smoking altogether. 16 If you will hold . . . I'll put you through to Enquiries. 17 If he refuses to fall . . . . . . my plans I can probably find someone more co-operative. 18 These folk songs have been handed . . . from generation to generation. 19 She has grown so much that her mother will have to let . . . all her dresses. 20 Children, you must clear . . . this mess before going to bed. 21 I was cut . . . in the middle of my call because I ran out of money. 22 How did you get this expensive tool-kit? ~ It fell . . . the back of a lorry23 The retiring minister handed . . . to his successor. 24 I should feel very cut . . . if I lived more than twenty kilometres from the town. 25 The soldiers fell . . . and marched off. 26 In the film the train was held . . . and robbed by four armed men. 27 The mystery of his sudden disappearance was never cleared . . . . 28 He didn't dismiss the man; he let him . . . with a warning. 29 I hope the weather will clear . . . soon. I want to go out. 30 He let the rest of the team . . . by not turning up for the match. 31 Deaf people often feel very cut . . . from others by their disability. 32 When she got fatter her clothes were too tight and she had to let them all.... 33 If the word-processor breaks down, we'll have to fall... ...our old typewriter. 34 The survivors of the plane crash were able to hold . . . till help came. 35 Could you hand . . . the photographs so that everyone can see them? 36 You'll need somewhere to keep your books. I'll clear . . . this cupboard for you.


178 Mixed combinations PEG chapter 38 Put in the correct prepositions or adverbs. 1 I don't care . . . the expense; I want the party to be a real success. 2 I can't account . . . the disappearance of the pictures; they were all there yesterday. 3 If passports were done ... ... (abolished), travel would be much simpler. 4 You will have to allow . . . some extra expenses on the train. 5 They set . . . on their camping trip with great enthusiasm. 6 When you have thought . . . what I have said, you will understand. 7 He doesn't care . . . continental cookery. He thinks it's too rich. 8 The car pulled . . . beside me and the driver asked me the way to Piccadilly. 9 You can throw . . . the packet; it's empty. 10 They set . . . at six and reached their destination before dark. 11 The doctor thinks he'll pull . . . now. His temperature has gone down. 12 I don't know how she manages to care . . . ten children without help. 13 My children are picking . . . English very quickly but I find it more difficult. 14 She fainted but they brought her . . . by throwing cold water on her face. 15 The teacher pointed . . . several mistakes that the student had not corrected. 16 You need capital before you can set . . . on your own in any kind of business. 17 He suddenly threw . . . his job and went to Australia. 18 Don't make up your mind at once; talk it . . . with your lawyer first. 19 The room needs doing ... ; it's very shabby. 20 The factory will have to close down if production is not stepped 21 His final argument brought me . . . to his point of view. 22 We must get the roof mended before the wet weather sets . . . . 23 I don't like the look of these men hanging . . . outside my gate. 24 He picked . . . all the biggest ones for himself. 25 You must carry . . . the instructions on the packet exactly. 26 After the music had died . . . there was a storm of applause. 27 The mob burnt . . . several important buildings in the riots. 28 The wearing of national costume has largely died . . . in Europe. 29 These children are very polite; they have obviously been well brought.... 30 She carried . . . with her work in spite of all interruptions. 31 You can stay . . . till your father comes home and then you must go to bed. 32 When the rebellion had died . . . things quickly returned to normal. 33 I'll pick you . . . at your office and take you straight to the station. 34 Several new records were set . . . at the last Olympic Games. 35 He advises me to hang ... ,.. (keep) those pictures as they will be valuable one day. 36 At the committee meeting the question of repairs to the roof was brought....


179 Mixed combinations PEG chapter 38 Put in the correct prepositions or adverbs. 1 Blow . . . the candles on the cake before you cut it. 2 He used to be very shy but he has grown . . . . . . it now. 3 A number of oil tankers have been laid . . . recently. Too many of them had been built. 4 Don't let him order you . . . like that; he's not your employer. 5 I can pay . . . the money you lent me after I've been to the bank. 6 Applications for the job must be sent . . . before next Wednesday. 7 The fireworks factory was practically wiped . . . by the explosion. 8 We must keep on working; it's too soon to sit .... (relax) 9 The terrorists blew . . . the railway line. 10 He wanted to ask her to marry him but he was too shy to do it at once. He led... ...it by saying he often felt lonely. 11 I had to send . . . an electrician to mend the switch. 12 After nursing the whole family when they had 'flu she was completely worn.... 13 My nephew wants to be an explorer when he grows .... 14 The house stood . . . in the dull street because of its red door. 15 After the owner's death the business was wound . . . and the shop sold. 16 The little girl couldn't blow . . . the balloon. 17 Children's clothes have to be strong to stand ... ... hard wear. 18 As soon as the decorators have finished work in my new house, I'm move . . . . 19 He was laid . . . for six weeks with two broken legs. g 20 The idea has gradually grown . . . that the State should look after every citizen from the cradle to the grave. 21 They always lay . . . a large supply of tinned food in winter in case they are snowed up. 22 You can't move into this flat till I move . ... 23 He thinks I broke his window and threatens to pay me . . . for it. 24 I asked the hotel to send . . . any letters which came after I had gone. 25 BBC stands . . . British Broadcasting Corporation. 26 The inscription on the tombstone had been worn . . . by the weather and could scarcely be read. 27 He's going to turn this old building . . . a block of flats. 28 My shoes wear . . . very quickly since I started walking to the office. 29 I'll start laying . . . my new garden next spring. 30 On a touring holiday you can move . . . to a new place every day if you want to. 31 The lifeboat is standing . . . in case it is necessary to take off the crew of the damaged ship. 32 Don't sit . . . for me. I shall probably be back very late. 33 Contact lenses may feel uncomfortable at first but this feeling soon wears.... 34 She was the only one to stand ... ... me. No one else said anything in my Defence. 35 He was sent . . . from the university for drug-pushing. 36 The strike was called . . . when the management agreed to the strikers' demands.


180 Mixed combinations PEG chapter 38 Put in the correct prepositions or adverbs. 1 I left the milk heating for too long and it all boiled .... 2 When we had worked . . . the cost of a holiday abroad, we decided to stay at home. 3 Ring this number and ask . . . (to speak to) Bill. 4 The shop is closing down and selling . . . all the stock at reduced prices. 5 I always mix . . . the painters Monet and Manet. (confuse) 6 His description of the accident was borne . . . by other witnesses. 7 I'll do the shopping if you see . . . the lunch. 8 He read the novel, missing . . . the dull descriptive passages. 9 I have fixed . . . my holiday and I can't change the date now. 10 I asked him . . . for a cup of coffee. 11 She left the potatoes cooking for so long that the water boiled . . . and the potatoes were burnt. 12 I can see . . . her sudden friendliness; she wants me to look after her parrot while she is away. 13 You mustn't answer . . . like that when your mother scolds you. 14 Workmen don't always clean . . . very thoroughly after they have made a mess. 15 The news of his marriage to another girl was a shock to her but she bore . . . bravely and went on as if nothing had happened. 16 Ring up the station and find . . . what time the train goes. 17 He stopped to pick . . . a hitch-hiker. 18 He would like to ask her . . . but he is too poor to pay for meals in restaurants. 19 The committee left him ... ... the team as he had refused to practise. 20 I couldn't get any bread. All the bakers' shops were sold .... 21 I thought he was mad and backed . . . nervously. 22 James was asking . . . you today. He says he hasn't seen you for weeks. 23 He wasn't walking very fast. You'll catch ... ... him if you start at once. 24 It would be safer to get your solicitor to draw . . . the contract. 25 She'll be busy seeing . . . the children's clothes before they go back to school. 26 He has got mixed . . . . . . a very odd set of people. I hope they won't have a bad influence on him. 27 All passengers must fill . . . this disembarkation form before they leave the ship. 28 He supported the idea at first but backed . . . when he found he'd have to contribute towards the cost. 29 I've been invited . . . to Brighton this week-end. 30 This stove must be cleaned . . . once a week or it gets choked with ashes. 31 He got out as soon as the train drew .... 32 Everyone drew . . . in alarm when smoke began to pour out of the parcel. 33 He doesn't like being seen . . . . He prefers to go to the station alone. 34 The music faded . . . in the distance as the street players moved on. 35 Nobody backed me . . . when I complained about the food in the canteen, so nothing was done about it.


36 I'll see you . . . when you leave. It's easy to get lost in this enormous building. 181 Mixed combinations PEG chapter 38 Put in the correct prepositions or adverbs. 1 If the business continues to lose money, I'm afraid we'll have to close.... 2 He joined . . . only because several of his friends had joined the army, too. 3 If the weather doesn't clear up we'll have to knock . . . early; we can't work in the rain. 4 I think Tom is living in York now. I must look him . . . next time I'm there. 5 You'd better ring her . . . and tell her you'll be late. 6 It isn't fair to shout the speaker . . . without giving him a chance to explain. 7 Most au pair girls have to live .... 8 The guide rounded . . . the party of tourists and led them to the cathedral. 9 I've made a mistake; I must rub it . . .' said the child. 10 The car-park attendant said, 'You are too far from the next car; could you close . . . a little?' 11 Drop . . . any time you're passing, and have a cup of tea. 12 She was offered a flat in a modern block and jumped . . . the chance. 13 The last person to go to bed usually locks . . . at night. 14 I'll pay for both of us and you can settle . . . afterwards. 15 The hero in the book was tied . . . by his enemies and left in a gas-filled room, but he managed to escape. 16 They offered to pay half the expenses and he closed . . . the offer at once. 17 He won't buy the car without trying it . . . on the road first. 18 Mother's having a day's holiday; we are waiting . . . her for a change. 19 She rang . . . angrily before I could explain why I hadn't turned up. 20 That's poison; you should lock it . . . where the children can't touch it. 21 Since she got married she seems to have dropped . . . of all social activities. 22 The boxer was knocked . . . in the second round and lost his title. 23 Whales live mainly . . . plankton. 24 An English husband usually helps his wife to wash . . . after a meal. 25 It takes some time to settle . . . to work again after a holiday. 26 My horse was entered . . . the Derby, but he came in last. 27 The porter was told to watch . . . . . . the people who tried to gate-crash. 28 He had to rub . . . his French to help his son when he started to learn it at school. 29 She took . . . her glove so that she could show . . . her diamond ring. 30 I tried . . . several coats but none of them suited me. 31 If you can't afford it, you'll have to do . . . it. 32 Watch ...! That man tried to take your purse out of your shopping-bag. 33 Several gambling clubs have been shut . . . recently for breaking the regulations. 34 This is a clockwork toy. You have to wind it .... 35 I pointed . . . all her mistakes but she didn't seem very grateful. 36 I don't think I'd like to share a flat with her. I'd find it difficult to live ... ... her standards of tidiness.


182 Mixed combinations with compound prepositions/ adverbs PEG chapter 38 Put in the correct prepositions or adverbs. Note that two words are required. 1 Once he has signed the agreement, he won't be able to back ... ... the scheme. 2 Watch ... ... the signpost. I don't want to miss the turning. 3 That chair is not very strong. Do you think it is... ... your weight? 4 After drinking half a bottle of whisky he felt able to stand ... ... his employer. 5 The Italian course started in September and it's now March. I'm afraid you won't be able to catch . . . . . . the class now. 6 Whenever he runs . . . . . . a difficulty he always comes to me for help. 7 A mother will usually stand . . . . . . her children, no matter what they have done. 8 There's no point in doing ...... the old regulations if you are going to introduce equally stupid new ones. 9 I'm afraid there's no milk left; we'll have to fall... ... dried milk for our tea. 10 It's your turn to make some suggestions; I've run ... ... ideas. 11 He may be sorry but that won't make . . . . . . the damage he has done. 12 Some people can break the law and get . . . . . . it. Others get punished. 13 He pretended to fall ... ... my plan but secretly he was working against it. 14 Don't tell me any of your secrets. I don't want to be mixed ... ... your affairs. 15 He would get... ...his work better if you left him alone. 16 Why do you hang ... ... those old magazines? Give them away if you don't need them. 17 Don't run... ...the idea that I disapprove completely. I'm only trying to point out the disadvantages. 18 He wanted to borrow money and led... ...it by saying that times were very hard. 19 He has gone . . . . . . his promises so often that no one trusts him now. 20 Look ... ...me at the station; I'll be carrying the Financial Times. 21 He will come ... ... your way of thinking in time. 22 The Minister was very glad to hand . . . . . . his successor before the crisis got any worse. 23 Children used to look ... ... their parents; now they are inclined to regard them as equals. 24 The astronaut got...... his rocket and found himself in the middle of a vast plain. 25 He only puts . . . . . . his secretary's bad spelling because he can't find a better one. 26 My legs are too short; I can't keep ... ... you if you walk so fast. 27 Once a man gets a reputation for being amusing he has to try and live . . . . . . it. 28 I suppose you'll look . . . . . . me when I tell you I prefer kippers to caviare. 29 I've had a busy day and I'm looking ... ... going to bed early. 30 Shall I make the cheque ... ... you or to your firm? 31 The government won't go ... ... this new legislation if public feeling is against it. 32 It took him a long time to grow . . . . . . the habit of biting his nails. 33 My room is rather dark because it looks . . . . . . a blank wall. 34 We'll settle ... ... you when you produce all the bills. 35 He looked his son . . . and . . . and said, 'Aren't you a bit too old now to wear those odd clothes?'


36 She goes ... ... yoga and spends ten minutes every day standing on her head. 183 Substituting phrasal verbs for other expressions PEG chapter 38 Replace the words or phrases in bold type by phrasal verbs. Some of the sentences may sound awkward as they stand. 1 Can he give a good explanation for his extraordinary behaviour? 2 He mended the tyre of his bicycle and then filled it with air. 3 They were having a violent quarrel but stopped suddenly when I came in. 4 The meeting was cancelled because of the 'flu epidemic. 5 If you refuse to perform my orders you'll be dismissed. 6 I don't think you can overtake them; they left two hours ago. 7 Sherlock Holmes was often able to solve a mystery without leaving his rooms in Baker Street. 8 I found a twenty-pound note by chance in the street. What should I do with it? 9 If my scheme had succeeded, I should have made a profit of a thousand pounds. 10 He recovered consciousness when the doctor had applied artificial respiration. 11 The road safety campaign had succeeded in reducing road deaths by 10 per cent. 12 Three thousand students are candidates for the examination every : year but very few pass. 13 He tried to alight from the bus while it was still moving and was badly hurt. 14 My sister promised to sing at the concert and though she doesn't want to now, she can't free herself from the obligation. 15 They announced the names of the winning horses on the radio. 16 If cigarettes get any dearer, I shall have to abandon the habit of smoking. 17 Prices always increase; they never become less. 18 The police investigated the case very thoroughly but finally said there was no suspicion of foul play. 19 He started his journey in a great hurry. 20 He needs more exercise; he should start playing tennis. 21 It is difficult to train children well. 22 The train was delayed by fog and arrived late. 23 I waited for her for ages but she didn't come. 24 She is good at languages. She learnt Spanish without effort, in a fern months. 25 It is your responsibility to make a success of your own life. (It is . .. . .. you etc.) 26 Anyone who was offered a chance like that would accept it with enthusiasm. 27 Don't walk on the grass. 28 He dictated so quickly that his poor secretary couldn't go as fast as he did. (couldn't ... ... ... him) 29 I hit him so hard that he fell unconscious. 30 If I don't punish you this time, will you promise never to do it again 31 She was very upset over her failure but now she is recovering from it. 32 You mustn't omit the difficult sentences; do them all. 33 She kept asking me all the difficult words instead of searching for them in


a dictionary. 34 I took the children to the zoo today to compensate for the party they missed yesterday. 35 Students of English often confuse the words lie' and lay'. 36 He swore to revenge himself on me for the wrong I had done him. 184 Substituting phrasal verbs for other expressions PEG chapter 38 Replace the words or phrases in bold type by phrasal verbs. Some of the sentences may sound awkward as they stand. 1 If you don't allow me to enter I'll break down the door. 2 He regarded her for a moment and then said, 'She is too tall.' 3 The line was so bad when I telephoned him that I couldn't understand what he said. 4 Will you take care of the garden while I am in hospital? 5 I don't believe a word of his excuse; I'm sure he invented it. 6 He's had the best doctors available but he won't recover unless he has the will to live. 7 Be careful! The tree's going to fall! 8 Never postpone till tomorrow what you can do today. 9 I regard him as the greatest living novelist. 10 He dressed himself in uniform for the occasion. 11 He keeps hearing strange footsteps in the house, so he has hired a private detective to investigate the matter. 12 She was sitting opposite me in the bus but she pretended not to see me. 13 Whenever you are in Paris, do go and visit my sister. 14 Why was she looking so annoyed? 15 The Albert Hall was erected in memory of Queen Victoria's husband. 16 I can't offer hospitality to you all because my flat is too small. 17 Suppose you telephone the station and ask them. 18 He disparages his own garden but he likes other people to praise it. 19 She is in poor health after working for three years without a break. 20 The village is so small that we are always meeting our friends accidentally. 21 It is the first time that he has encountered any opposition. 22 Peter's leaving. Why don't you apply for his job? 23 There is something wrong with the television set; we'd better summon an electrician. 24 A man who has always led an open-air life would find it difficult to be contented in an office job. 25 I am feeling rather tired today because I stayed out of bed later than usual last night. 26 You are not allowed to offer yourself for election to Parliament if you are under eighteen, a lunatic, or a bankrupt. 27 He lost his reputation and all his money but he had good friends and they continued to support and help him. 28 The father was thoroughly dishonest and the son resembles him. He has already been in the courts for stealing. 29 He started playing golf as he thought it would help him socially.


30 I used to believe his tall stories; now he rarely succeeds in deceiving me. 31 It is silly to abandon a good job like yours, just because you don't like the coffee in the canteen. 32 They rejected her application because they preferred a man for the job. 33 The factory normally makes clocks and watches but during the last war it produced precision instruments for aeroplanes. 34 The chairman brought his speech to an end by thanking the staff for their hard work. 35 Take a pencil and paper and calculate how long it will take us to reach London from here. 36 He undertook evening work to make some extra money but at the end of the year he was completely exhausted, and had to abandon it. 185 Combinations with off and on PEG chapter 38 Put in the appropriate verb. 1 The fireworks . . . off with such a noise that we were nearly deafened. 2 The trade talks which had begun between the two countries were . . . off when the fishery dispute began. 3 He... off on his journey. 4 I can't hear you. Do . . . off that vacuum cleaner. 5 The astronaut found the experience of weightlessness strange at first but the feeling . . . off after a time. 6 The candidate . . . on everyone in his constituency and asked them to vote for him in the impending by-election. 7 Well-off people used to have servants to . . . on them. 8 If we can't decide on a play we all want to see we'd better . . . off the theatre party tomorrow. 9 Don't be . . . off by her odd appearance; she is really very nice. 10 I said to the shop assistant, 1 like this coat; could I . . . it on?' 11 You won't . . . on very fast with your work if you try to watch television at the same time. 12 Those chalk marks will easily . . . off your jacket if you brush it. 13 Almost all workers like to . . . off (leave work) at six. It's hard to get anyone to stay on after that. 14 I was practising the bagpipes but I had to . . . off because my mother complained about the noise. 15 I think you have enough to do as it is. Don't . . . on any more work. 16 They won't be able to have their letters . . . on when they are away as they will be on safari. 17 Many of our men are off sick just now. We have been . . . on with a skeleton staff. 18 It's really your turn to wash up, Mary, but we'll . . . you off this time. You look very tired. 19 When I played in his team he kept shouting advice at me, and this . . . me off.


20 I heard two men planning to break into a house. What should I do? You should . . . on the information to the police. 21 I don't see why we should do all the work while he just . . . on (watches) and does nothing. 22 Someone is following us! Never mind; . . . on walking and pay no attention. 23 Now that we have lost all the money, it's no use... on me and saying that it's all my fault. 24 The policeman told the crowd standing round the scene of the accident to . . . on because they were blocking the road. 25 I don't want to . . . on the light in case I waken her. 26 My house was damaged by floods so I had to . . . off the guests I had invited for the following week-end. 27 She doesn't usually wear a hat; she only . . . one on when she goes to a wedding. 28 . . . on. It could do you good to come out for a change. 29 The wedding was planned for the 16th but the bride fell ill so it had to be . . . off. 30 My train leaves at eight tomorrow morning. Will you come and . . . me off? 31 The Scout . . . on his bicycle and hurried away to get help. 32 He doesn't . . . on with his family. That's why he doesn't live at home. 33 That new factory is doing very well; the manager has just . . . on fifty new workers. 34 The plane . . . off at seven and climbed rapidly into the stormy sky. 35 He... off his jacket and hung it up. 36 He flew his plane under the bridges of the Thames. Why did he do that? I suppose he was just . . . off. {attracting attention to/displaying his skill) 186 Combinations with up PEG chapter 38 Fill up the spaces in each of the following sentences by inserting a verb + up, or a verb + up + preposition combination. 1 It is... ... factory owners to provide fire-fighting equipment in their factories. (No verb is required here.) 2 Unfortunately he was . .. . ..by his parents to believe that money was the only thing that mattered. 3 The party didn't ... ... till 3 a.m. and the guests left very noisily. 4 I ran after him and soon ... ... ... him. Then we went on together. 5 Mother to child: 'Your clothes are covered with mud; what have you ... ?' 6 If you buy the paint I'll... ... this room for you. 7 He... ...a list of conditions and we all agreed to them. 8 If you want a new passport you must ... ... this form. 9 He... ...at 8 a.m. and went to bed at 11 p.m. 10 I tried three times to start the car and then . . . it . . . and went by bus. 11 If 1... ... alcohol I'd be much healthier, but life wouldn't be so much fun. 12 I saw a policeman so I ... ... ... him and asked him the way.


13 Most girls expect to get married when they ... ... . 14 Cashiers carrying money to the bank are sometimes . . . . . . by gunmen. 15 He couldn't ... ... ...me as I ran much faster than he did and soon left him behind. 16 I... ...a 20p piece that I saw lying on the ground. 17 He wasted two weeks and tried to... ... ...it by working madly the last day. 18 She said that she was going to educate her children herself, for if they went to school they'd only ... ... bad habits. 19 Before you go on holiday you should ... ... the house and ask the police to keep an eye on it. 20 The car ... ... suddenly with screaming brakes. 21 English people have to......... English weather. 22 The thieves ... ... (bound) the housekeeper and ransacked the house. 23 I've stupidly ... ... your books and mine and now I don't know I which is which. 24 He is a dangerous criminal. He ought to be...... 25 I want to . . . him .... Would you please . . . . . . his telephone number? 26 I...... at the meeting-place but the others didn't come. 27 He wanted something to do in his spare time so he...... carpentry. 28 The police . . . . . . a notice saying, 'No Parking'. 29 'Tell me at the end of the week how many hours you have worked and I'll ... ... with you then', his employer said. 30 It's probably true. No one would ... ... such a stupid story. 31 She sat down in front of the mirror and began to ... ... her face. 32 If only we had a dish-washer, we wouldn't need to ... ... after every meal. 33 My father said it was all my fault but my mother ... ... ... {defended) me and said that it wasn't. 34 He... ...his speech by calling for a vote of thanks for last year's president. 35 Children hate going to bed. They always want to... ...a little longer. 36 He was lying on his bed but when he saw me he... ... and said, I'm not asleep.' 187 Combinations with out PEG chapter 38 Fill the spaces in the following sentences by inserting a verb + out combination. 1 There were three of us in the original partnership, but Charles . . . . . . so there are only two of us now. 2 You are not paid to criticize. All you need do is to... ...my orders. 3 When war ... ... prices usually go up. 4 There's an advertisement in today's paper that might interest Robert. I'll... it... and send it to him. 5 The fog is so thick that I don't know where we are. I'll have to try and . . . . . . by asking someone. 6 In a bus: 'Have my seat. I'm... ...at the next stop.' 7 The arrangement of marriages by parents is a custom that has ... ... nearly everywhere. 8 The article is too long. Could you . . . . . . the last two paragraphs? 9 I can't ... ... who it is. He is too far away.


10 He volunteered to march in the demonstration but when the day came he ... ... and said that he was not well enough to go. 11 Don't ... ... (get rid of/discard) that old chair. We could repair it. 12 Which picture do you think is the best? ~ It is hard to... ...the best. They are all so good. 13 Why do you think they have such a high fence round this nuclear power station? ~ I think they want to . . . people .... 14 He was ... ...of the windows and didn't see me coming into the room. 15 . . . . . .! Here's the boss! 16 There was a threat of a gas and electricity strike and in no time the shops selling candles were ... ... . 17 We... ...of milk on Sunday and I had to get some from the milk machine. 18 Write in pencil. Then if you make a mistake you can easily . . . it. 19 As we passed Marble Arch he ...... the place where the gallows used to stand. 20 I'll . . . you . . .,' said my host, and he accompanied me to the front door. 21 We thought that he was an expert on Proust but it... ... that he had never even heard of him. 22 They . . . . . . at nine and arrived at twelve. 23 He was quite ... ... when he got no marks at all for his essay and he hasn't forgiven the lecturer yet. 24 I'm leaving this flat. lam... ... tomorrow and the new tenants are moving in the next day. 25 Nothing can ever . . . . . . the memory of that terrible experience. 26 I'll give you the general plan and you can . . . . . . the details,' the director said to his assistant. 27 We haven't invited them to the party. If they ... ... about it they will be furious. 28 ... ... the light when you leave the room. 29 Children usually grow out of their clothes before they . . . them . . . 30 The wind . . . . . . the first match and he had to strike another. 31 Can I speak to Mr Pitt? ~ I'm afraid he has just ... .... 32 My clothes are all getting too tight. I'll have to . . . them .... 33 There are only two of us on this desert island. We mustn't ... ... (quarrel) 34 This bottle has been very tightly corked. The cork won't ... ... . 35 ... ...for pickpockets! 36 He... ...in any crowd because he is so much taller than the average man. 188 Combinations with down, away and over PEG chapter 38 Fill the spaces in the following sentences by inserting a verb + down, away or over combinations. 1 I offered him part-time work but he... it..., saying that he'd rather wait for a full-time job. 2 He doesn't think much of contemporary authors; he is always ... ... their work.


3 He dictated it and 1... it... in shorthand. 4 The child picked up the knife and his mother shouted, '...it... !' 5 Some English boys go to boarding school at the age of seven. They usually ... ... quickly and are very happy. 6 I am in charge while Smith is away; I ... ... from him on June 1. 7 I can't decide now. I'll . . . it . . . with my colleagues and let you know later. 8 He insisted on riding a young excitable horse which ... ... with him and threw him into a ditch. 9 He agreed to take my classes while I was away; but he . ..me.... He never turned up for any of them. 10 I... ... the accounts several times but couldn't find the mistake. 11 Suddenly there was a rustling in the straw. Everyone ... ... and stood watching from a safe distance. 12 This shop is....... It will be reopening shortly under new management. 13 He had stage fright at first but he... ...it very quickly. 14 The townsman has always been inclined to... ...on the countryman. 15 The filing system worked splendidly till the secretary went on holiday; then it ... ... and no one knew where anything was. 16 Here is my letter; would you just ...it... to see if there are any mistakes? 17 Two men started to fight with knives. The crowd ... ...so as to be out of danger, and stood watching. 18 After the blizzard, it took a long time to ... ... the snow from the main streets. 19 He hated boarding school and ... ... from it, turning up two days later at his own home. 20 Jones tried to make a suggestion but the crowd was too excited to listen and he was ... ... . 21 When the first act... ...we had a drink in the theatre bar. 22 They should ... ... with licensing laws and let us drink when we like. 23 There was tremendous excitement in the streets and the shouting didn't ... ... till after midnight. 24 The embassy was . . . . . . in the recent riots. The ruins are still smoking. 25 When she heard the news of the crash she ... ... and cried. 26 The theatre filled up very early and people who came later and who hadn't reserved seats were ... ... . 27 I wonder why there's such a smell of gas. ~ Perhaps something on the gas stove has ... ... and put out the flame. 28 That old chair would be useful to somebody. If you don't want it, sell it or... it... . 29 This ring I wear isn't very valuable but it's been . . . . . . in my family for over 200 years. 30 He... ...a little money every week so as to have something for a rainy day. 31 The police caught one thief but the other ... ... . 32 The new idea is that young delinquents should gather together in groups and ... ... their problems with social workers. 33 We are spending too much; we'll have to... ...our expenses. 34 I'm waiting till prices ... ... before buying my new carpet. 35 When the floods . . . . . . we were able to use the road again.


36 The expression 'To . . . . . . a new leaf means to make a fresh start with the intention of doing better. 189 Mixed combinations used in a connected passage PEG chapter 38 Fill the spaces in the following passage by inserting suitable combinations. During Bill's last term at school, Mr White offered him a job in a hardware shop. It would be in the tool section,' he said, 'helping old Mr Hammer, and if you (1) ... ... (made good progress) you could (2) ..... (become responsible/or) the section when Mr Hammer retires.' Mr White expected Bill to (3) .. ...at the offer (accept it eagerly) and was rather (4)... ..... (surprised and disappointed) when the boy looked doubtful. 'You needn't (5) ..... your mind (decide) at once,' he said. 'Mr Hammer can (6) ..... (continue/manage) without an assistant for another fortnight. But (7). . . it . . . (consider it) and let me know. Your school (8).... ..... (closes/or the holidays) this Friday, doesn't it?' Bill nodded. 'Well, if you decide to accept the job, (9). ..... (call at the shop) next weekend. I'll show you round and we'll (10). . . you ... '.(arrange this matter) with an insurance card.' Bill's father urged him to accept. If you (11). . . it . . . (refuse it) you'll just be on the dole,' he said. It's no use (12). ..... (loitering) at home waiting for something better to (13) ..... (appear). Very few employers are (14). ..... (engaging) more men at present and a lot of places are (15). ..... (shutting permanently).' So Bill took the job and soon (16)... ...in his new environment (became used to it). He (17) ... ... (learnt) to work quickly and when Mr Hammer retired and (18)... . .... transferred) the tool section to him, he felt very proud of himself. Unfortunately, after two years Mr White was transferred to a bigger branch and a new manager, Mr Black, was appointed. He and Bill didn't (19). . . . . . one another at all (neither liked the other). He began, tactlessly enough, by (20). . . Bill . . . and . . . (examining) and , saying, 'I don't (21)... ..... (like) the way you dress. If you want to (22) ... ..... (continue) working here you must smarten up. (23)... ... (get dressed in) a tie and (24) . . . ..... (remove) those rings. I don't approve of young men wearing rings.' 'Some of our customers wear them,' Bill (25). ..... (remarked). 'Don't (26) . . . me . . . (reply impudently)'.' snapped Mr Black. Soon afterwards. Bill and the manager (27). ..... (quarrelled) again. 'You spend too much time talking to customers,' Mr Black complained. 'But they like a chat,' said another assistant, trying to... ... ... (defend) Bill. 'People who want silent service go to supermarkets.' 'You (29). . . . . . of this (remain outside)'.' snarled Mr Black. If business doesn't (30) . .. ..... (improve) you may both be ... ... (seeking) other jobs.' 'He (32). . . customers . . . (repels them) by his bad manner,' muttered Bill to his friends. 'But if profits (33). ..... (decrease) he'll ... ... (state falsely) that it's all our fault. Anyway I'm sick of being (35) . ..... (given too many orders) and I'm not going to (36). ........ it (endure it).' Fortunately, before rebellion (37). ..... (started) in the tool department, Mr Black, who


had (38)... ...for (applied for) a more important post, was told that he had got it. He became overnight a much happier man and tried to (39). ........ (compensate for) his previous harshness by being very polite to everyone, even Bill. The staff weren't (40) . .. ..... (deceived) by his sudden affability, but it made a nice change. 190 Mixed combinations used in a connected passage PEG chapter 38 Complete the passage, using suitable combinations. We (1) ... ... early and had breakfast at 7.30. After breakfast my sister Alice (2) ..... (washed the dishes) while I got out the car. We (3) ..... (began our journey) at 8.30 and drove first to Mr Pitt's house to (4) ..... (collect) his son Tom who was coming with us. Tom had never met my niece Ann and I wasn't sure how the two children would (5) .. ... . But I needn't have worried, for it (6) ... ... (was revealed) that they had a lot of interests in common and seemed quite pleased with each other. Even my sister, who doesn't usually (7) ..... (like) small boys, (8) ..... (was attracted by/liked at first meeting) him from the first. She whispered to me that he had very good manners and had obviously been well (9) .. ... . Tom also pleased her very much by (10) ..... (indicating) various interesting buildings as we drove through the town. Ann, however, was not much impressed by this and clearly thought that Tom was just (11) ..... (displaying his knowledge). Suddenly Alice said, 'Good heavens! I forgot to (12)... ...the iron. We'll have to go back or it will start a fire and (13) ..... (destroy by fire) the house.' I said, 'Let's try to (14)... ... (telephone) our neighbour, Mr Smith, first and see if he can get into the house and (15). . . . . . the iron.' 'But he won't be able to ^. . .. .. (enter), said Alice. The house is (17) .... .... . 'Then he'll have to (18) ..... (enter by force),' I said. 'Better to have a window broken than let the house (19) . . . . . in flames.' So I (20)... ... (telephoned) Mr Smith, who said that he'd (21) ..... the matter. I (22) ..... (waited, holding the receiver) while he went to do this, and very soon I heard his voice saying, 'It's all right. I (23) ..... (entered) through a window you'd left open and (24) ..... the iron. No damage was done.' I thanked him warmly and we (25) ..... (continued) with our journey, much relieved. We stopped at 1.00, (26) . . . . . . of (left) the car and picnicked by the side of the road. Alice was just (27) ..... (offering to each of us) the sandwiches when a police car (28) ..... (stopped) beside us. 'You mustn't park here,' said the policeman. It's a clearway.' I explained that I was a foreigner, so he said, 'Well, I'll (29) . . . you . . . (overlook the offence) this time, but don't do it again. You mightn't (30) ... ... ... (escape unpunished) it another time.' My sister was rather (31) ..... (annoyed) by this incident but I explained that these regulations were necessary and we must (32) ... ... ... (endure/bear patiently) them. Tom was very impressed by the police car. He (33) ... ... ... (respects) all policemen and hopes to be one when he (34) ... ... (becomes an adult). He is already (35)... ... ... (anticipating with pleasure) driving round in a fast car (36)... ..... (seeking) lawbreakers. Poor Tom likes fast cars and was rather (37) ..... (bored/disgusted) because so many cars (38) .. ... ... (drew level with) us and passed us. As we listened to the sound of their


engines (39) ..... (diminishing) in the distance he said, 'Next time I go out with you I'll come on my bicycle. I'm sure I'll be able to (40). .. ... ... (remain abreast of) you, you go so slowly.' However we did (41) ... ... (arrive at) Stratford in the end and went to the house of a friend, who had promised to (42) .. . .. us... (give us accommodation) for the night. We tried to get seats for the Memorial Theatre but they were (43) ..... (all sold) so we spent the evening sitting by the fire and (44) ... ..... (discussing) our day.


Keys to Practical Exercises 1 Articles Exercise I (note that '-' indicates that no article is required.) la,- 2-,-,-;a 3 a, a 4 a,-; a; a,- 5A,-,- 6-,a,an 7 A, -, a, a,-, a 8-,-;a,- 9A,- 10 a, a; a, an II a, a;-: a, -,a 12-, an, an;- 13 a, a; a; a, a 14-, an 15 A, a; a; a, a 16 an, a;-, an,-, a, a 17 a,-; a,- 18-,a 19 a; a,- 20 a, a; a; - 21 A; a, an; a 22-,a, an, a 23-,a, an 24 a,-; a 25 a: a, a 26 a, a:- 27 an, a,-,- 28-;- 29 a, a,-,- 30 an; a, a, a: a;-I 31 a, a; an, a 32 a, a, a, a 33-,a, a 34 a, a 35 a, a 36-,a Exercise 2 (As before '-' indicates that no article is required, '(the)' indicates that the article is optional.) 1 The,-, the,- 2 the; the, the 3-,-,-, the 4-,- 5 the; the, the;- 6-,-,-; the, the,-; the 7 the, the;-,- 8-,-,the 9-; -,- 10 the, the; the II-,-; the, the; the 12 the, the, the, the, - 13-,-,- 14-, -,-,- 15-,-, the 16-,-,-, the 17-, the, the, - 18-,- 19-,-, -,-,20 the, the, the 21 the, -; -,the 22 The, -; the;-,-,- 23-; the, the, the 24-;-; the 25-, the,-, the 26-, -,-,the, the; The,-,the; the, the, the, the, -, the, the 27 -, the, the; - 28 the, the; The, the, the, the 29 -, -, the, the, -,- 30-,-,-;-,- 31-,-, the, - 32 The, -;-,-,the 33-, (the), the, the, the 34 (the), (the); -,-,-,-, the 35-. - 36 the, the, the, the, the, the Exercise 3 (Two words separated by an oblique, e.g. the/his, indicate that either is a possible answer. The first word is normally the preferred answer.) 1 a, the; a, a 2 an, the, the 3 a, the,-,- 4 the, a, the,-.-.(the) 5 a,-,the, a 6 a, a/the, an, the 7 a,-, an, the, the, the, the 8 a, the, the 9 a, a 10 the, the, the, the, an 11-.-.(the), a 12 a, the, 13 the, a, the, the, the 14-;-,-,- 15 The, the, the; the, the 16 the, the, a,-: (the), the, the,- 17 a 18 a; the; a: a 19 a, the: a, -; The, the 20-,the; the; a, an 21 The, a, a,-,- 22 the, a, - , the, a, the, the, the, the 23 a, a, a, the, -, the; The, -, -; The, the, -; -, the,-, an 24 the, the, a 25 a, the, the 26-,the; the;-,the;-,a, - 27 a, the, the,- 28 a,-, an 29-,-, -,- 30 a, an, an, a:-, -, -, -, the 31 a; the, the, the: a, - 32 the, an, the; -, the, -: the, the, a 33-,-; the 34-; a, the, -,a 35-, the; a 36 a, a, a, the; the, the, Exercise 4 1 his 2 your, your 3 -, their 4 the 5 his, his 6 his, - 7 an, the 8 a 9 a, my 10 the II a,-, a, his,- 12 his 13-, her 14 his 15 the 16 our 17 the, her 18 his 19


your 20 his, the 21 the 22 your 23-, his 24-.our/the 25 his 26 the/his 27 your, the, the 28 a 29 a 30 a, a 31 your, (a) 32 her, the 33 a, his 34 your 35 your 36 my Exercise 5 1 One, a, a 2 A, a: one; a; one, a; a: a 3 A, a 4 a, a, an 5 a, a/the, a/your 6 one; a; an 7 a, a 8 One, a 9 (a), a, a; a; One 10 a; One 11 a/the; a, a/the;- 12 a, a, one 13 one; one; a 14 a; a, a 15 a, one, a, a, a 16 a, a; one 17 One, a, a 18-, a; a; one, a; A, a 19 a; a 20 One; an, an 21 a, a/the, a; a, a, an 22 One, a. -, an 23 One, a,-, a, a 24 one; a; a; a; One, an; a 2 Auxiliary verbs Exercise 6 Negative answers in each case: the auxiliary verb + not. not is usually contracted and added to the verb, e.g. may not/mayn't cost. will + not is contracted to won't, can + not is contracted to can't. Interrogative answers, except for 1, 13 and 19, are in the following form: auxiliary verb + subject + infinitive, e.g. Should they eat less? 1 Is it likely to cost/Do you think it will cost? 13 Are they likely to come/Do you think they will come? 19 Is he likely to be at home/Do you think he'll be at home? Exercise 7 Negative: I don't have 2 doesn't need 3 didn't use 4 don't have 5 doesn't do 6 doesn't need 7 didn't have 8 didn't have 9 didn't need 10 doesn't do II doesn't have 12 didn't have 13 doesn't do 14 doesn't have 15 don't have 16 didn't dare 17 didn't do 18 doesn't have 19 doesn't dare 20 didn't have 21 didn't do 22 doesn't need 23 didn't have 24 didn't have 25 didn't use 26 don't do 27 didn't have 28 didn't dare Interrogative: I do they have 2 does he need 3 did he use 4 do they have 5 does she do 6 does he need 7 did he have 8 did she have 9 did her hair need 10 does he do 11 does she have 12 did she have 13 does he do 14 does he have 15 do the children have 16 did she dare 17 did you do 18 does he have 19 does he dare 20 did they


have 21 did the drink 22 does my watch need 23 did he have 24 did you have 25 did she use 26 do you do 27 did he have 28 did he dare Exercise8 I wasn't 2 didn't 3 couldn't 4 had to 5 wouldn't 6 could 7 wasn't 8 wasn't 9 didn't need to 10 hoped that Tom would 11 did 12 said that Ann might 13 was 14 did 15 did... could 16 could 17 had to 18 dared 19 didn't 20 had 21 were 22 Had you to/Did you have to 23 didn't need to 24 hoped, he'd 25 might 26 Did you understand . . . he was saying? I didn't 27 were 28 might 29 didn't 30 weren't, were 31 thought, might 32 wanted . . . if she could 33 couldn't 34 was, would 35 could, couldn't 36 didn't, would. Exercise 9 (Affirmative answers all begin with Yes + the first of the answers given. Negative answers all begin with No + the second of the answers given.) 1 Yes, it is. No, it isn't. 2 I do/don't 3 I can/can't 4 he does/doesn't 5 it is/isn't 6 I am/I'm not 7 I must/needn't 8 we are/aren't 9 he did/didn't 10 it would/wouldn't II you may/mayn't 12 it is/isn't 13 she will/won't 14 I do/don't 15 you should/shouldn't 16 I can/can't 17 I am/I'm not 18 they could/couldn't 19 it is/isn't 20 they were/weren't 21 she will/won't 22 you ought/oughtn't 23 you should/shouldn't 24 he was/wasn't 25 I have/haven't 26 we must/needn't 27 he did/didn't 28 I would/wouldn't 29 it is/isn't 30 I do/don't 31 you can/can't 32 I will/won't 33 I am/I'm not 34 you are/aren't 35 you must/needn't 36 it was/wasn't Exercise 10 Part I The answers in this section all begin with So. I So has John. 2 . . . is she. 3 . . . can his wife. 4 . . . ought you. 5 . . . should you. 6 . . .will Tom. 7 . . . was the second. 8 . . . did my brother. 9 . . . must your son. 10 . . . does that. 11 . . . is my friend. 12 . . . did I. Part 2 The answers in this section all begin with Neither/Nor. 13 Neither/Nor has Tom. 14 . . . should Tom. 15 . . . must I. 16 . . . can his sister. 17 . . . does Ann. 18 . . . could Andrew. 19 . . . are you. 20 . . .does that. 21 . . . will mine. 22 . . . had the taxi-driver. 23 . . . did anyone else. 24 . . . would my mother. Part 3 The answers in this section all begin with But. 25 But Mary wasn't. 26 . . . she was. 27 . . . your brother needn't. 28 . . . I can't. 29 . . . James did. 30 . . . Stanley must. 31 . . . a dog would. 32 . . . his


wife won't. 33 . . . my neighbour has. 34 . . . that beach isn't. 35 . . . you needn't. 36 . . . I do. Exercise 11 Part 1 1 Yes, we must. 2 Yes, you were. 3 Yes, she does. 4 Yes, she may. 5 Yes, he could. 6 (Oh), so there is! 7 Yes, he does. 8 (Oh), so it is! 9 Yes, it was. 10 Yes, it might. 11 Yes, they did. 12 Yes, it is. Part 2 All answers begin with No. 13 No, they don't. 14 . . . he didn't. 15 . . . it isn't. 16 . . . he can't. 17 . . . it wasn't. 18 . . . it wouldn't. 19 . . . it hasn't. 20 . . . they don't. 21 . . . they didn't. 22 . . . it hasn't. 23 . . . you don't. 24 . . . he mightn't. Part 3 25 No, I'm not. 26 Yes, you did. 27 (Oh) yes, they were! 28 (Oh) yes, you were! 29 No. she wouldn't. 30 No, I didn't. 31 No, you can't. 32 No, it doesn't. 33 (Oh) yes, he did! 34 (Oh) no, they don't. 35 No, they shouldn't. 36 No, she didn't. Exercise 12 1 are you 2 is she 3 do you 4 did he 5 is it 6 was she 7 has he 8 will you 9 did 1 10 does he II do you 12 does it 13 should they 14 are you 15 could they 16 do you 17 was there 18 need 1 19 was it 20 did you 21 will it 22 does she 23 did it 24 should he 25 could she 26 are you 27 would you 28 had he 29 were they 30 would you 31 does he 32 has he 33 could he 34 need 1 35 were there 36 was it Exercise 13 1can't they 2 isn't he 3 didn't he 4 haven't they 5 wasn't he 6 shouldn't he 7 couldn't it 8 isn't he 9 isn't it 10 can't he 11 won't it 12 doesn't she 13 hasn't she 14 didn't they 15 doesn't she 16 doesn't he 17 didn't he 18 don't they 19 haven't 1 20 hasn't he 21 isn't she 22 didn't they 23 mightn't he 24 mustn't we 25 hadn't you 26 wouldn't you 27 don't they 28 oughtn't she 29 wasn't it 30 don't they 31 won't you 32 didn't he 33 won't there 34 hadn't you 35 wouldn't you 36 couldn't you Exercise 14 1 don't you 2 do you 3 is it 4 does it 5 wasn't it 6 was there 7 didn't they 8 wasn't there 9 did they 10 does she 11 doesn't she 12 wouldn't she 13 didn't he 14 did he 15 wasn't she 16 oughtn't he 17 did they 18 do they 19 can't they 20 does he 21 is it 22 did it 23 aren't they 24 hadn't we 25 wouldn't it 26 would it 27 isn't it 28 wouldn't she


29 shouldn't they 30 weren't they 31 didn't she 32 does he '33 didn't there 34 is there 35 will he 36 does it Exercise 15 1- 2 to 3 to 4 to 5- 6 to 7 to 8- 9- 10 to 11 to 12 to 13 (to) 1415- 16-, to 17 to 18 to 19- 20- 21 to 22 to 23- 24 to 25- 26 to 27-.(to) 28- 29- 30 to 31 32 to 33 to 34 - 35 to 36Exercise 16 1 can/could 2 be able 3 had 4 had 5 must, needn't 6 didn't dare 7 ought/will have 8 used 9 is to be 10 could 11 shall 12 would, might 13 would 14 had 15 don't have/need 16 was to have 17 should/ought to 18 might/should 19 will have 20 used, would 21 should 22 will 23 must have 24 may 25 were 26 have 27 oughtn't 28 might Exercise 17 (As mentioned in the note, the do/did form could be used throughout except in no. 27, and of course for the future.) 1 hasn't even (got) 2 has (got), has/has always got 3 don't have, have (got) 4 has (got) 5 haven't you (got) 6 did you have/had you. 7 has the alphabet (got) 8 do the houses have/have the houses (got) 9 have you (got), haven't (got) 10 do you ever have II he'll have 12 don't usually have 13 have you (got) 14 don't always have 15 hasn't your door (got) 16 have you (got), have 17 haven't (got) 18 has (got) 19 have you 20 has this desk (got), don't ever have/never have 21 do you ever have 22 do babies have 23 has/has a pentagon got 24 has, does she have 25 have, won't/don't have 26 do you have 27 have you (got), have (got) 28 have you (got), I only have/have only (got), will have 29 have you (got) 30 have you (got), have, haven't (got) 31 hasn't he (got) 32 have, didn't have/hadn't 33 didn't you have 34 do red-haired people always have/have red-haired people always got 35 hasn't (got) 36 have you (got) Exercise 18 1 are having 2 did you have/had you 3 is having 4 are having 5 does he have, he usually has 6 do you have 7 do you have, have 8 do you have, have 9 don't you have 10 were having II did you have/had you 12 are having 13 will you have 14 are having 15 had 16 did you have 17 am having 18 are having 19 was having 20 do English people always have 21 don't have/haven't 22 are having 23 don't have 24 did you have/had you, had 25 did you have/had you 26 am having 27 does he have 28 did you have/had you 29 had


30 are having 31 didn't have/hadn't 32 are having 33 am having 34 is having 35 does he ever have 36 had, did you have/had you Exercise 19 lam having 2 will have 3 had 4 am having 5 have just had 6 am having 7 did you have 8 does he have 9 do you have 10 don't you have 11 do you have 12 am having 13 have it x-rayed 14 have it repaired 15 have them shortened 16 am having them typed 17 have it tuned 18 have the document photocopied 19 had them dyed 20 have it mended 21 have it set 22 have just had it re-charged 23 to have it enlarged 24 have just had them sharpened 25 have my car serviced 26 have it seen to 27 had my watch cleaned 28 is having her portrait painted 29 they had the man arrested 30 he had the car towed 31 are having a garage built 32 have my windows cleaned 33 had my eyes tested 34 is having his fortune told 35 had the oysters opened 36 had my ears pierced Exercise 20 1 is being/will be ruined 2 is to make/is making 3 were 4 being, being 5 were to be/should be extinguished 6 have you been 7 is being pulled down 8 was to put 9 isn't it 10 are to stay 11 should be asked 12 were 13 I am to go 14 is being carried 15 to be 16 were 17 were to have taken 18 is being taught 19 was, will be, were 20 to be 21 was to have been 22 should be sent 23 will there be 24 had been 25 is to open/is opening 26 were being taken 27 was to have been 28 would you be 29 is to be/is being/will be 30 was to have run 31 was still being painted 32 should be printed 33 are being/have been translated 34 were 35 was to do 36 is to be Exercise 21 (Affirmatives are not given in their contracted form but would normally be contracted in speech.) 1 It is, It is 2 is it, It is 3 It was, there were 4 It is, There will be 5 it was 6 It is, it is 7 There are, there is 8 There is; It will be, it is, it is, there will be 9 There is, it is 10 It was, it was 11 There was; There were 12 There was; There were 13 It is, it is 14 It is; There are 15 It is; It is 16 It will be; there will 17 There is; Is it 18 There are, it is 19 It is 20 it was 21 there are: there is; It is 22 It is, it is 23 There is, there are; It is or There was, there were; It was 24 Is there; it is; there is/there will be 25 there was; there was 26 There was; It was, there was 27 There are; There is, it is, isn't it 28 It is; there is; There is, there is/will be 29 There are: It is, there is 30 It is; It is; It is 31 there is; it was, wasn't it 32 it was/would be 33 It was; it was, there was 34 Is there; there is; is it 35


There is 36 It is; There is Exercise 22 1 can, could, can't/couldn't 2 will be able to 3 won't be able to 4 can't . . . can't or couldn't . . . couldn't 5 shall/will be able to 6 will never be able to 7 couldn't, can't 8 will you be able to 9 won't be able to 10 could, couldn't 11 can, can, can't 12 can't, can't/couldn't, can't/couldn't 13 could/was able to 14 was able to 15 could/was able to, couldn't/wasn't able to 16 were able to 17 were you able to/could you 18 couldn't/wasn't able to 19 was able to 20 were able to 21 could/was able to 22 was able to 23 was able to 24 was able to 25 could/can, could 26 could, couldn't 27 could, couldn't, can't 28 could 29 couldn't/wouldn't be able to 30 couldn't/wouldn't be able to 31 could/can, can't 32 could, could 33 could/can, couldn't/can't 34 couldn't/wouldn't be able to 35 couldn't/wasn't able to, couldn't/wasn't able to 36 could Exercise 23 1 may 2 might 3 may/might 4 may/might 5 might 6 may 7 may 8 might 9 may 10 was allowed to 11 might 12 may 13 may/might 14 may/might, may/might 15 might 16 may 17 may 18 may 19 may/might 20 might 21 might 22 may/might 23 may/might 24 may 25 might 26 may/might 27 might/may 28 may/might 29 may 30 might 31 might 32 may/might 33 may 34 might 35 may/might 36 hasn't been allowed to Exercise 24 1 has to 2 must 3 has to 4 have to 5 must 6 have to 7 had to 8 has to 9 had to 10 have to 11 must 12 will have to/have to 13 must 14 has to 15 must 16 have to 1.7 have to 18 must 19 must 20 have to 21 had to 22 must 23 have to 24 must 25 has to 26 must 27 will have to 28 must 29 had to 30 have to 31 will have to 32 had to 33 have to 34 must/will have to 35 must 36 have to Exercise 25 (Add not to each of the following verbs.) 1 need 2 must 3 must 4 need 5 must 6 must 7 need 8 must 9 need 10 need l1 need 12 must 13 need 14 must 15 must 16 need 17 must 18 must 19 need 20 need 21 must 22 must 23 need 24 must 25 must 26 must 27 need 28 need 29 need 30 need 31 need 32 must


33 need 34 must 35 must 36 need Exercise 26 (didn't have to is replaceable by didn't need to.) 1 he doesn't have/hasn't (got) to 2 did you have to 3 I don't have to 4 they will have to 5 we didn't have to 6 we didn't have to 7 you needn't come 8 I never have to 9 shan't/won't have to 10 you needn't II shall we have to 12 you don't have to 13 I didn't have to 14 we don't have to 15 have you got to/must you/need you 16 do people have to 17 shall I have to 18 don't have to 19 we didn't have to 20 you needn't 21 we didn't have to 22 do we have to/must we 23 did you have to 24 I didn't have to 25 you won't have to 26 they didn't have to 27 do you have to/have you got to 28 did you have to/had you to 29 didn't have to 30 shall I have to 31 do you have to/have you got to 32 I didn't have to 33 do French children have to 34 did you have to 35 I didn't have to 36 did you have to Exercise 27 1 must have been 2 can't/couldn't have been 3 needn't have helped 4 must have left 5 can't/couldn't have escaped 6 needn't have given 7 can't/couldn't have seen 8 must have started 9 can't have been 10 needn't have bought 11 must have been 12 must have borrowed 13 must have stolen 14 needn't have done 15 needn't have said 16 can't/couldn't have understood 17 can't/couldn't have done 18 must have been 19 can't/couldn't have walked 20 can't have been 21 must have been 22 can't/couldn't have had 23 needn't have watered 24 must have taken 25 can't/couldn't have been 26 can't/couldn't have watered 27 must have been 28 needn't have sent 29 needn't have made 30 must have been 31 must have been 32 can't/couldn't have seen 33 can't/couldn't have come 34 needn't have lent 35 needn't have spoken 36 must have fallen 3 Present and past tenses Exercise 28 1 wishes 2 passes 3 helps 4 changes 5 watches 6 worries 7 cashes 8 carries 9 washes 10 goes 11 lays 12 bounces 13 astonishes 14 does he like 15 costs 16 fishes m 17 forgets 18 catches 19 misses 20 mixes 21 freezes 22 flies 23 matches 24 realizes


25 uses 26 does he do, does, lies 27 hurries 28 pushes 29 kisses 30 boxes 31 dresses 32 relies 33 snatches 34 fries 35 rises 36 does Exercise 29 Negative: 1 don't know 2 doesn't have 3 doesn't love 4 don't wear 5 doesn't trust 6 doesn't try 7 doesn't close 8 doesn't miss 9 don't like 10 doesn't finish 11 doesn't live 12 doesn't bully 13 doesn't heat 14 doesn't have 15 doesn't carry 16 doesn't believe 17 doesn't dance 18 don't remember 19 doesn't play 20 doesn't worry 21 don't work 22 doesn't leave 23 doesn't arrange 24 doesn't agree 25 don't bark 26 don't complain 27 doesn't enjoy 28 doesn't engage 29 doesn't look 30 don't sell 31 doesn't charge 32 doesn't cut 33 don't pick 34 doesn't leave 35 doesn't relax 36 doesn't refuse Interrogative: I do you know 2 does he have 3 does he love 4 do they wear 5 does he trust 6 does he try 7 does the park close 8 does he miss 9 do the children like 10 does he finish 11 does he live 12 does he bully 13 does it heat 14 does she have 15 does she carry 16 does he believe 17 does she dance 18 do you remember 19 does she play 20 does he worry 21 do these thieves usually work 22 does he leave 23 does Ann arrange 24 does she agree 25 do their dogs bark 26 do their neighbours often complain 27 does Tom enjoy 28 does he engage 29 does Tom look 30 do they sell 31 does he charge 32 does she cut 33 do they pick 34 does the last train leave 35 does he relax 36 does she refuse Exercise 30 1 isn't working, is swimming 2 is teaching 3 isn't Ann wearing 4 is flying 5 is Tom doing, is cleaning 6 is going, is someone bringing 7 is it raining, is raining 8 are you mending 9 aren't telling, am not telling 10 is moving, is painting 11 is sweeping 12 are you reading, am reading 13 is shining, are singing 14 is knocking, am just coming, am just washing 15 is always ringing up and asking 16 are you making, is someone coming 17 is lying 18 are you using 19 are you doing, am going 20 are having, is catching 21 am doing 22 are you typing, you are making 23 is resting 24 are digging, are they doing, are looking 25 is making, are repairing 26 are doing, are cutting 27 are you waiting, am waiting, is just getting 28 are saying, is making 29 is always losing . . . and asking 30 are you looking . . . is something happening 31 am bathing 32 are rushing, are jumping out and


unrolling 33 is pouring, are stopping, is trying 34 is climbing, is helping, are sliding 35 is waving, is going 36 is coming, is carrying, is/are cheering Exercise 31 1 don't build, use 2 is having 3 drinks, is drinking 4 does she do, plays, watches 5 is raining, haven't 6 leaves 7 speaks, don't understand 8 is making, makes 9 wears 10 don't like 11 am wearing 12 is reading 13 am redecorating 14 is boiling 15 are you enjoying, am enjoying, want 16 do you get, go, am going 17 are you putting, am going, are you coming, do you mind 18 do you owe, I owe, do you intend 19 do you belong, do you read, do you change, I change 20 learns, doesn't seem 21 always buy/am always buying, win 22 do you like, am giving 23 promise, promise 24 do you always write 25 do you love, like, don't love 26 do you dream, dream, eat, have 27 smells, do you keep 28 are always complaining/always complain 29 are using 30 is always saying/always says, does 31 do you know, falls 32 are you writing, write, do you want 33 are having, wonder, are talking 34 do you believe, don't believe, do you read 35 is making, do you think, doesn't matter, makes 36 is smoking, expect, are building, does, doesn't seem, don't you put Exercise 32 1 does Tom think, thinks, agree 2 does this one cost, it costs 3 do you hear, is blowing 4 do you see, am looking, don't see 5 listens, is always thinking 6 deserts, goes 7 do you understand, don't understand 8 do you have, eat, drink 9 rises, see, are picketing 10 are you walking, walk, am hurrying, am meeting, doesn't like II wish, keeps, think, wants 12 do you recognize, think, don't remember 13 wonder, waiting for 14 is waiting, want 15 don't you see, see, am not wearing, does it say, says 16 is always borrowing/always borrows, remembers 17 do you need, do you feel 18 does it save, take, doesn't matter 19 am saving, am going 20 think, are getting 21 are looking, is just taking 22 does, is always working 23 is he doing, think, is polishing 24 is coming, do you want 25 is Peter getting on, seems 26 is Mrs Pitt looking/does Mrs Pitt look, is smoking, and (is) dropping 27 leave, arrive, spend, set, sounds, get 28 makes, finds, goes, does not forget, returns, looks 29 finds, recognizes, coils, kills 30 does the snake feel, don't know, ends 31 do you end, begins, put, prefers 32 does the word 'catastrophe' mean, means 33 are you waiting, am waiting, doesn't open, know, want, starts/is starting 34 are you smoking, don't smoke, am smoking, want, says, removes 35 owns, don't know, uses, knows, owns 36 do you mind, ask, depends, concerns, refuse


Exercise 33 1 went 2 met 3 wore 4 made 5 got 6 understood 7 shut 8 spoke 9 left 10 read 11 ate 12 saw 13 sang 14 cried, was 15 knew 16 thought I knew 17 rose 18 took 19 bought 20 dreamt 21 laid 22 felt 23 knew, wanted 24 paid 25 bit 26 smelt 27 cost 28 hurt 29 lay 30 drank 31 grew 32 rode 33 fell 34 fought, met 35 put 36 slept Exercise 34 Negative: the answer in each case is did not/didn't + infinitive, e.g. I did not/didn't see Interrogative: the answer in each case is did + subject + infinitive, e.g. 1 did she see The infinitives are as follows: I see 2 hear 3 sleep 4 look 5 drink 6 set 7 think 8 catch 9 hide 10 find 11 bleed 12 choose 13 lend 14 teach 15 hurt 16 break 17 come 18 lose 19 write 20 fly 21 draw 22 lay 23 fall 24 lose 25 forbid 26 send 27 keep 28 ride 29 spend 30 sell 31 ring 32 rise 33 run 34 shake 35 forgive 36 broadcast Exercise 35 I were doing, was playing, was listening 2 was getting 3 were rushing 4 was travelling 5 was wearing 6 was redecorating 7 were working 8 was running 9 were playing, were leaning 10 was working, was shopping 11 was sailing 12 were going 13 were talking 14 was studying 15 was cooking 16 was dieting, was trying 17 were you talking, was talking 18 was climbing 19 was working 20 were bathing, were looking, were playing 21 was he living 22 was standing, was waiting 23 was practising 24 were carrying 25 were fighting, was trying, were they fighting 26 was sitting, was reading 27 were doing, was weeding, was cutting 28 were mending 29 was/were clapping 30 was making, was saying 31 was learning 32 was repairing 33 was always trying 34 were fishing 35 were writing 36 was wandering Exercise 36 I was burning 2 was writing 3 was making 4 left 5 was just leaving 6 was watching, turned, went 7 stood 8 was playing, insisted 9 was walking 10 was having, lunched 11 wore, carried 12 did you think, liked 13 shared, was always complaining/always complained 14 realized, was travelling 15 was playing, threw 16 was just opening, blew 17 was opening, heard, put, crawled 18 was looking, found 19 saw, were you doing 20 were playing, heard, hid, took 21 was cleaning, went, killed 22 didn't allow, was blowing 23 was crossing/crossed, stepped, fell 24 was still lying, saw 25 saw, stopped 26 did you damage, ran, were driving, were


going 27 was getting/got, started, fell 28 called, was already getting up 29 was mending/mended, got 30 heard, went, opened, didn't recognize, wasn't wearing 31 were sitting, was doing, was knitting, were reading, smiled, said 32 were dancing, broke, stole 33 knew, were looking, hid, went 34 was always buying 35 told, was spending/spent, listened 36 began, banged Exercise 37 1 woke, was always getting/always got, went, bought 2 had to, usually grazed/was usually grazing 3 didn't normally chase, made, was crossing, went 4 annoyed, began 5 was carrying, was raining, threw, ran 6 stopped, began, was doing 7 awoke, was sitting, was looking, called, turned, smiled 8 did you interrupt, was having 9 was carrying, heard 10 was looking, noticed 11 were walking/walked, heard, turned, held, stopped 12 arrived, was waiting, was wearing, (was) looking/looked, saw, waved, shouted, was saying/said, was making 13 escaped, was working, was wearing 14 was travelling, began 15 didn't like, was trying 16 was making, felt, brought, was able 17 saw, was painting, did you like, was only just starting, saw 18 took, was being, were still listening, left/were leaving 19 was, had to, was enjoying 20 were coming, stopped, said, was looking, asked 21 saw, were you using, was using, were you riding 22 was knitting 23 was, said, hoped, was enjoying 24 was watering, began, put, went 25 was just writing, remembered, had 26 found, was digging, belonged 27 saw, was hurrying, asked, was going, said, was speaking, wasn't 28 called, was still working 29 came, was smoking, had, threw, hoped 30 noticed, was rising, were you smoking, came, asked 31 was swimming, stole, had to 32 said, were working, wanted 33 said, was building, thought 34 woke, said, thought, was trying 35 did you lend, was still reading, didn't know, were still reading 36 came, woke, started, woke, came, said, said, didn't hear, was barking, went, telephoned Exercise 38 1 Have you been, I've been 2 have you had, have 3 has the post come, has 4 have you seen, haven't 5 has someone wound, has 6 haven't finished 7 has just gone 8 has taken 9 has stopped 10 have you heard, haven't 11 have just washed 12 has stolen 13 have you explained, have 14 have gone 15 have you had,


have had 16 has Charles passed, has 17 has the milkman left, has left 18 have lived 19 have you known, have known 20 have just made 21 has Mary watered, has 22 haven't you made, haven't 23 haven't you mended, haven't had 24 have you dived, haven't 25 have you ever left, haven't 26 have asked 27 has always refused 28 have you ever ridden 29 have bought 30 has he posted 31 hasn't he finished, has had 32 have often seen, have never spoken 33 have you ever eaten, haven't 34 have just heard 35 have recaptured 36 haven't paid Exercise 39 1 have, wound 2 haven't, ate 3 has, fed 4 haven't, have only repaired 5 have done, did 6 haven't, haven't found 7 have, made 8 haven't, have been 9 haven't, haven't seen 10 have, went 11 have driven, drove 12 hasn't, has, went 13 have, was 14 has, spoke 15 have only spent, have 16 haven't saved, have saved 17 hasn't, went 18 haven't seen, saw, didn't see 19 have, paid 20 haven't, flew 21 bit, has bitten 22 planted, haven't 23 has, wrote 24 haven't, drank, haven't drunk Exercise 40 1 have you lived/have you been living, have lived/have been living 2 lived, went 3 did you wear, insisted 4 left, cut, have worn 5 wrote 6 has written, has just finished 7 flew, did you see 8 haven't seen 9 hasn't smoked 10 composed II did he arrive, arrived 12 did you lock 13 read, enjoyed 14 haven't finished 15 have never drunk 16 have written 17 has stopped 18 have just cleaned 19 left, got 20 did, was 21 has just gone 22 went 23 have you had, had 24 met 25 did you see 26 began, lasted, enjoyed 27 has just begun 28 has the newspaper come 29 arrived, started 30 has been 31 wrote 32 have missed 33 broke 34 has been 35 worked, retired, went 36 have you been, spent, did you have, stopped Exercise 41 1 haven't seen, told 2 bought, did you pay, paid 3 did you find, found, didn't you leave 4 have lost, have you seen, haven't, did you last wear, wore, left 5 has just left, has been, has never bought 6 left, did he go, didn't see, went 7 served, did that war begin, began, lasted 8 did you vote, voted, wasn't, was, lost 9 did you like, liked, quarrelled, dismissed, were, was 10 didn't know, knew, have you known, have known 11 hasn't had, have been 12 did you hear, did, did you think 13 didn't know, were, have you been, have been, have you been, went 14 have you tried,


tried, found, started 15 have you seen, has anything happened, have escaped 16 has Mary fed, fed, did she give, gave 17 have you known, have known, did he do, came, was 18 have you seen, hasn't been bought 19 has the plumber been, stayed, did he do, turned, emptied 20 have you been, have been, did you enjoy, took, did you win, came 21 has that been, has been, have written, has been 22 have just been, have you seen, haven't, haven't read, read, was, did Tolstoy write, wrote, did he write 23 brought, did he do, wanted 24 have you been, have been, did he take, did, did it hurt 25 said, hasn't phoned 26 have just received, haven't paid, didn't I give, did, spent/have spent 27 have you been, have just started, did you find, answered 28 have you finished, have done 29 have cut, did it happen, slipped 30 did you get, got 31 did you meet, did, had 32 lost, has been, did he lose, was 33 has been, did you see, happened, ran 34 phoned, got 35 did not wear, have worn 36 has been, have just taken, has bought Exercise 42 Affirmative: the answer in each case is have/has + been + present participle, e.g. I have been making Negative: have/has + not + been + present participle, e.g. 16 haven't been eating Interrogative: have/has + subject + been + present participle, e.g. 6 have you been doing Present participles are as follows: 1 making 2 ringing 3 overworking 4 cutting 5 looking 6 doing, working 7 studying 8 waiting 9 raining 10 arguing 11 bathing 12 driving 13 wearing 14 saying 15 trying 16 eating 17 speaking 18 flying 19 playing 20 shopping 21 living 22 eating 23 looking 24 leaking 25 digging, helping 26 asking 27 using 28 driving 29 going 30 snowing 31 crying, peeling 32 making 33 drinking 34 smoking 35 eating 36 trying Exercise 43 I have walked 2 have been walking/have walked 3 have been walking/have walked 4 have been making 5 have you made, have made 6 has eaten 7 hasn't stopped 8 has been drinking 9 have pulled 10 have been pulling 11 have you been doing, have been picking 12 have you picked, have picked 13 have slept 14 has been sleeping/has slept 15 has been riding 16 have ridden 17 has been making 18 have been


working/have worked 19 have heard 20 have been hearing/have heard 21 have been greasing 22 have been polishing 23 have been working/have worked, has never said 24 has been teaching/has taught 25 have taught, have never met 26 have you been, have been pumping/have pumped 27 have pumped 28 have been looking/have looked, haven't found 29 has been coughing/has coughed 30 have you heard, have known 31 have been trying, have said 32 has been sounding 33 has been raining/has rained, has been postponed 34 has been hoping, hasn't dared 35 have been whispering, have you been helping, has he been helping 36 have you been making, have lost, have been trying, have been throwing Exercise 44 1 for 2 for 3 since 4 for 5 for 6 since 7 since 8 since 9 for 10 since 11 for 12 for 13 for 14 for 15 since 16 since 17 for 18 since 19 for 20 since 21 since 22 since 23 for 24 since 25 since 26 since 27 for 28 since 29 since 30 for 31 for 32 since 33 for 34 for 35 for 36 since 4 Future forms Exercise 45 1 are starting 2 is making 3 am taking 4 is calling 5 is playing 6 am meeting 7 are not starting 8 are you getting, am going, is driving 9 is coming 10 are you giving, am giving Hare being 12 is coming 13 are having, are going 14 are you going, am going 15 is not giving 16 am having 17 am buying 18 are being 19 am having 20 is/are meeting 21 are celebrating 22 am lending 23 are returning 24 are opening 25 are moving 26 am not taking 27 are getting 28 are you doing, am going 29 is flying 30 is starting 31 is giving, are you going 32 is being, am meeting 33 am catching, are you leaving, am not taking 34 is sending 35 am going, is taking 36 am lending Exercise 46 Affirmative: the answer in each case is am/is/are + going to + infinitive, e.g. I are going to miss Negative answers: am/is/are + not + going to + infinitive, e.g. 22 am not going to do Interrogative answers: is/are + subject + going to + infinitive, e.g. 3 are you going to pay


Exercise 47 (be going to is possible in all these sentences, but where the present continuous tense is given in the key, that is the better one to use.) 1 am playing 2 is having 3 am going to light 4 are having 5 is being, are you putting, am putting 6 are you going, am going, am not buying/am not going to buy 7 am not going to do Sam having 9 is coming, are you putting, am putting 10 is starting II am spending 12 is going to build 13 are you going to tell, am going to tell 14 is starting 15 is opening 16 is speaking 17 is closing 18 are you having, am having 19 am collecting 20 are taking 21 am giving 22 is singing 23 is going, is he flying, is going 24 is seeing 25 is he going to wash 26 is ringing 27 is going to ask 28 are giving, are inviting 29 is playing, is playing 30 are launching, are you coming 31 are you going to do 32 am picking 33 are you going, am going, is calling 34 am competing 35 isn't coming 36 am going to read Exercise 48 Affirmative answers: 1st person will/shall + infinitive, 2nd and 3rd person will + infinitive, e.g. I will/shall know Negative answers: as above with not. e.g. 7 will not/won't catch Interrogative answers: as above with will/shall + subject + infinitive, e.g. 2 will you be Exercise 49 (shall can be replaced by will in these answers. Contractions may be used.) 1 shall recognize 2 will see/am seeing ('am seeing' implies a definite arrangement) 3 is playing 4 is coming 5 am going 6 shall know 7 shall owe 8 shall believe 9 am having 10 will have His being/will be 12 is coming 13 is catching 14 are you meeting, am meeting 15 are you riding/will you ride 16 will Mrs Pitt say, won't mind 17 will it matter 18 won't forget 19 is leaving 20 shall remember 21 will break 22 will never forgive 23 will like 24 are laying 25 will see 26 will grow 27 will understand 28 will scratch 29 shall be 30 won't pass 31 is going 32 am moving 33 will soon forget 34 will wait 35 won't write 36 will be Exercise 50 (shall can be replaced by will. Contractions may be used.) 1 will go 2 will telephone 3 will send 4 am going to learn 5 are you going to do 6 will call, will translate 7 are you going to buy, am not going to eat, am


going to eat 8 are you going to redecorate 9 am going to change, will help 10 are you going to put 11 am going to put 12 are you going to do, am going to be 13 am going to shorten 14 won't lend 15 will cut 16 am going to attend 17 will ask 18 am going to open 19 is going to take 20 will ask 21 am going to get 22 am going to develop 23 will make 24 are going to tow 25 am going to give up/am giving up 26 will say 27 will lend 28 are going to raffle 29 are going to clear 30 will mend 31 will give 32 am going to make 33 am going to shorten 34 am going to buy 35 are you going to do 36 am going to give Exercise 51 1 will you open 2 are you going to do 3 are you going to paint 4 will you read 5 are you going to eat 6 aren't you going to climb 7 will you listen 8 will you put 9 will you have 10 are you going to make 11 aren't you going to answer 12 will you come 13 are you really going to read 14 are you going to buy, will you buy 15 will you lend, are you going to fish 16 are you going to finish 17 will you give, are you going to make 18 are you going to leave 19 are you going to bath, will you help 20 will you drive 21 are you going to ride 22 are you going to eat 23 will you have 24 are you really going to call 25 are you going to paint 26 will you be ready 27 will you sit 28 will you do 29 will you be angry 30 are you going to work 31 will you call 32 are you going to walk 33 will you sign 34 are you going to give 35 are you going to explore 36 will you cook Exercise 52 Form of affirmative answer: shall or will (11) as appropriate + be + present participle, e.g. I shall/will be sitting. Negative answer: 19 won't be looking. Interrogative answers: 23 will the children be doing 26 will the tide be doing Exercise 53 (shall can be replaced by will in these answers. Contractions may be used.) 1 will be walking 2 will walk 3 shall be bathing 4 will wash 5 shall be doing 6 shall be working/am working 7 will have 8 will be looking 9 shall be thinking/shall think 10 will assemble 11 will meet, shall I recognize, will be wearing 12 will leave, shall be going/am going 13 will be debating/are debating 14 will go 15 will be working 16 will post, shall be going/am going 17 will be dancing/will dance 18 will be letting off . . . and making/will let off . . . and make 19 will remain 20 shall be sitting, won't be reading


21 will be going/will go 22 will be changing/will change 23 will come 24 will bring 25 shall all be living 26 will be going/will go 27 shall not be playing 28 will be opening/will open 29 will drive 30 shall be entering 31 will hand 32 will be arriving/will arrive 33 will be leaving 34 will be using . . . and leaving/will use. . . and leave 35 will bring, will catch 36 will put ' Exercise 54 (In these answers I/we won't can be replaced by I am not going to/we are not going to without any change in meaning. It is also grammatically possible to replace you/he/they won't by the going to form, but this would make the negative much less emphatic, shan't is replaceable by won't.) 1 won't help 2 won't be meeting 3 won't cut 4 won't be cutting 5 won't be coming/isn't coming 6 won't come 7 won't lend 8 won't be speaking/isn't speaking 9 won't work 10 shan't be working 11 won't have 12 shan't be teaching/am not teaching 13 won't speak 14 shan't be writing 15 won't feed 16 won't go 17 won't paint 18 shan't be taking 19 won't borrow 20 won't wash 21 shan't be using 22 won't send 23 won't play 24 won't be singing/isn't singing 25 won't play 26 won't be taking part/isn't taking part 27 won't eat 28 shan't be eating 29 won't ride 30 won't be riding/isn't riding 31 won't give 32 won't be drinking 33 won't open 34 won't tell 35 won't eat 36 won't be wearing Exercise 55 1 are you going to feed 2 are you letting/are you going to let/will you be letting 3 will you light 4 are you wearing/are you going to wear/will you be wearing 5 will you wear 6 will you come 7 will you have 8 are you having/are you going to have 9 are you going to study/will you be studying 10 will you be speaking 11 will you turn 12 Any one of the four forms is possible here: 'Will you take' implies that the matter has not yet been decided and that the speaker is offering a choice of dates. The other forms would imply that the matter has already been arranged and that the speaker is merely asking for information. 13 will you be listening/are you going to listen 14 will you help 15 will you be staying 16 will you lend 17 are you meeting/are you going to meet/will you be meeting 18 will you come 19 will you have 20 will you translate 21 will you be using/are you using/are you going to use 22 will you be going/are you going, will you get 23 will you come 24 will you be passing/are you going to pass/are you passing, shall be spending/am going to spend/am spending,


will you get 25 are you going to keep 26 are you travelling/are you going to travel 27 are you going to repair 28 will you hold 29 are you going/will you be going 30 will you kindly explain 31 will you recognize 32 are you sending/are you going to send 33 will you tell 34 are you going/will you be going 35 are you going to type/will you be typing 36 will you stop Exercise 56 (will and will not may be contracted.) 1 shall/will 2 will 3 shall 4 shall 5 shall 6 shall 7 shall 8 will 9 shall 10 shall 11 shall 12 will 13 shall 14 shall 15 will 16 will 17 will 18 shall/will 19 will, will 20 shall 21 will 22 shall 23 will 24 shall 25 will, shall/will 26 will 27 shall, will 28 will 29 shall/will 30 shall/will 31 shall 32 won't, won't 33 will 34 shall 35 will, will 36 shall/will Exercise 57 (will and shall may be contracted.) 1 returns 2 are 3 strikes 4 hears 5 shall/will have 6 comes 7 turn 8 gets 9 won't start 10 goes 11 will see 12 will be 13 shall/will lend 14 will wake 15 will he ring 16 goes 17 is 18 shall/will give, comes 19 see 20 get 21 shall/will go 22 have 23 will fall 24 goes 25 arrives 26 lifts 27 will go on 28 will become 29 won't move 30 will goon 31 learns 32 leap 33 shall/will have 34 get 35 begins 36 arrives Exercise 58 Answers will all be: have + past participle of the verb in brackets, shall can be used instead of will for the 1st person, e.g. I will/shall have taken, will can be contracted to 'll. Exercise 59 (Contractions may be used.) 1 have taken 2 have finished/finish 3 have had 4 have been 5 goes/has gone 6 gets/has got 7 has done 8 have done 9 will see 10 have had 11 shall/will take 12 go 13 have seen 14 goes/has gone 15 won't let 16 shall/will let 17 sees 18 won't hear 19 has passed/passes 20 has sold 21 have swept/sweep 22 will get 23 will give 24 says 25 have returned/return 26 has been 27 have signed 28 won't know 29 have subsided/subside 30 has left 31 shall/will have 32 have had 33 shall/will stay 34 have made 35 has eaten 36 will come/come


Exercise 60 (should is replaceable by would in nos. 6, 14, 26, 27, 30.) 1 would 2 would 3 should 4 would 5 would 6 should 7 should 8 would, would 9 should 10 would 11 should 12 would 13 would 14 should 15 should 16 would 17 should 18 would, would 19 should 20 would 21 should 22 should 23 should 24 should 25 should 26 should 27 should 28 would 29 should 30 should/would, would 31 should 32 should, should 33 would 34 should 35 should 36 should Exercise 61 1 should, should 2 would 3 should 4 should 5 would, would, would, would 6 should 7 should 8 would, would 9 should, should/would 10 should 11 would 12 would, should 13 should 14 should 15 should, would 16 should 17 should 18 would, should 19 should 20 would 21 should 22 would 23 should 24 should 25 would, would 26 would 27 should 28 would 29 should 30 should, should, would 31 should 32 should 33 should/would, would 34 would, would 35 should 36 would, would 5 Conditionals Exercise 62 1 will give 2 stand 3 eats 4 will telephone 5 will arrest 6 reads 7 will steal 8 doesn't open 9 washes 10 needs II don't go 12 makes 13 is 14 hears 15 will make 16 will bury 17 won't be 18 doesn't start 19 won't let or don't let (habit) 20 goes 21 sells 22 will you repay 23 rises 24 works 25 turns/will turn 26 burns 27 don't like 28 will have 29 see 30 will you promise 31 don't believe 32 likes 33 will make 34 shan't/won't be able 35 knows 36 ring Exercise 63 1 would type 2 knew 3 would look 4 played 5 wouldn't make 6 were 7 had 8 would you visit 9 gave 10 would buy 11 cleaned 12 would you be able 13 didn't belong 14 won 15 would you do 16 knew 17 gave 18 stopped 19 wouldn't come 20 saw 21 would/should be 22 would not be bitten 23 had 24 did 25 would grow 26 removed 27 would keep 28 lived 29 banned/were to ban 30 would offer 31 got 32 painted


33 changed 34 would you spend 35 had 36 wasn't Exercise 64 (should in the following answers may be replaced by would; contractions may be used in the affirmative and negative.) 1 should have visited 2 would have won 3 had arrived 4 had been 5 should have been 6 had not seen 7 would have fallen 8 would you have accepted 9 had had 10 had known 11 should have offered 12 would not have stung 13 had realized 14 should have stopped 15 should have reached 16 should not have lent 17 had not sneezed 18 had put 19 would not have got 20 would not have tried 21 had spoken 22 would not have been 23 had known 24 had tried 25 would not have got 26 would not have put 27 had been 28 would have come 29 would not have turned 30 had looked 31 would have been captured 32 had tried 33 should have taken 34 would have saved 35 had not called 36 would not have burnt Exercise 65 (In the affirmative and negative shall and should can be; replaced by will and would respectively; and contractions may be used. should in sentences 1, 7, 11 however does not change.) 1 find/should find 2 shall have 3 will happen 4 had had 5 will you stay 6 would you choose 7 gets/should get 8 comes 9 will sit 10 didn't talk II shall/should I do 12 had read 13 had 14 shall go 15 would you do 16 run 17 will not be 18 comes 19 would not have 20 had worn 21 leaves 22 will fall 23 don't change 24 should not have bought 25 hung 26 would be able to/could 27 should have brought 28 would have been 29 would not have printed 30 should not buy 31 want 32 won't be 33 would jump 34 would answer 35 had made 36 had known Exercise 66 Open-ended sentences. No answers given. Exercise 67 1 could I speak 2 speaking 3 could you come and do 4 couldn't 5 could come 6 could you come 7 could get, would 8 wouldn't, would, leave 9 thought you said 10 could get, couldn't make 11 having, doesn't like 12 is always trying, cleaning, thinks/says 13 does she want/would she like you to do 14 would like/wants me to work 15 says/thinks it would be 16 worked, would know 17 are you really thinking 18 like, like 19 would get 20 would Wednesday suit 21 would, to


come 22 will, let 23 will, won't 24 will, do

6 Infinitive Exercise 68 1 do 2 sing 3 to swim 4 to live 5 to go, rain 6 say, understand 7 to see 8 repeat 9 use 10 ask, use 11 to get, start 12 remember 13 to do 14 to go, wait 15 leave 16 open 17 (to) argue 18 to smoke 19 (to) move 20 play 21 to accept 22 to arrive 23 know 24 wait 25 tell 26 send 27 go, to meet 28 to have 29 leave, want, to take 30 to go, make, go 31 go, to visit 32 to know, to live 33 not to inform, (to) disobey 34 come, stay 35 take, make, drink 36 to disappoint, let, have Exercise 69 1 to be 2 wish to make 3 want, to know 4 remember, look 5 to learn, to know 6 to be 7 not to feed 8 see, to speak 9 to travel, to arrive 10 know, to use, show 11 to sign 12 open/opening, move/moving 13 to make, believe 14 to have missed, go 15 shake/shaking 16 to try, to come 17 go, promise, not to tell 18 like to come, walk 19 to ask, to tell, to get 20 to put, (to) keep 21 to read, answer 22 show, to open 23 say, to say 24 to be 25 want, to tell, to call, to discuss 26 to give, see/be seeing, not to forget 27 open/opening, throw/throwing 28 to carry, help 29 to pick, to handle 30 rash/crashing, burst/bursting 31 to do, wait, to let 32 crow/crowing 33 tell, be, to check 34 come, go, be/have been 35 to learn 36 be, look Exercise 70 No answers given. Exercise 71 1 too young to have 2 too cold to bathe 3 so kind as to answer/kind enough to answer 4 too old to wear 5 long enough to reach 6 enough money to live on 7 too furious to speak 8 hot enough to boil 9 foolish enough to tell/so foolish as to tell 10 thin enough to slip 11 too ill to eat 12 too wide to get through 13 strong enough


to dance on 14 too terrified to move 15 big enough to harm 16 strong enough to keep 17 too deep to wade 18 too lazy to get up 19 early enough to catch 20 so good as to forward/good enough to forward 21 thick enough to walk on 22 too drunk to answer 23 too cold to have 24 rash enough to set off/so rash as to set off 25 high enough to see 26 old enough to understand 27 too snobbish to talk 28 too thick to push through 29 too mean to give 30 too impatient to listen 31 too tired to walk 32 not dark enough to see 33 hot enough to fry 34 too bitter to eat 35 so kind as to turn down/kind enough to turn down 36 too selfish to put Exercise 72 1 to leave 2 only to find 3 You are to go 4 so kind as to lend/kind enough to lend 5 to mend/to be mended 6 to hear 7 for him to hear 8 It was stupid of me to be rude 9 to play with 10 for everyone to know 11 to sit 12 only to find 13 It was very brave of him to rush 14 to wear 15 He is expected to broadcast 16 to cook in 17 only to learn 18 to open it with 19 seems to have been committed 20 Is he likely to arrive 21 just about to leave 22 You are to be met 23 for them to have 24 He is said to have been 25 to continue the strike 26 kind enough to translate/so kind as to translate 27 for us to leave 28 It was stupid of you to sign 29 She is said to have 30 to swim 31 He is believed to be 32 He appears to have been killed 33 to realize 34 The earth is said to have been 35 only to discover 36 The murderer is said to be hiding Exercise 73 (should is replaceable by ought to.) 1 must have been 2 can't/couldn't have seen, must have dreamt 3 may/might have broken 4 needn't have carried 5 should have gone 6 were to have been 7 can't/couldn't have been, must have been 8 shouldn't have eaten 9 may/might not have understood 10 needn't have given 11 must have escaped 12 shouldn't have lied 13 may/might have been, can't/couldn't have been 14 must have cooked 15 needn't have brought 16 must have told 17 was to have unveiled 18 may/might have been 19 must have met 20 should have done 21 can't/couldn't have caught 22 needn't have opened 23 must have betrayed 24 shouldn't have driven 25 could have climbed 26 would have asked 27 should have been abolished 28 shouldn't/needn't have boiled 29 was to have played 30 may/might have been 31 should have taken 32 must have had 33 may/might/could have fallen 34 must have been


35 needn't have translated 36 shouldn't have looked Exercise 74 (I'd is replaceable by I should, should (obligation) is replaceable by ought to in nos. 5, 9, 13, 17. may/might in the affirmative is normally replaceable by could.) 1 was to have married 2 needn't have repeated 3 seems to have been 4 were to have set out 5 shouldn't have eaten, may/might have been (may indicates that the danger is still present; might that it is over). 6 must have worked 7 needn't have brought 8 I'd like to have bathed/I'd have liked to bathe/I'd have liked to have bathed 9 should have written 10 wouldn't have come 11 might/should have told, would have gone, wouldn't have liked 12 may/might have been, can't/couldn't have been 13 needn't/shouldn't have bought 14 can't/couldn't have been 15 seems to have enjoyed 16 must have been 17 should have stood 18 was to have gone 19 I'd like to have photographed/I'd have liked to photograph/I'd have liked to have photographed 20 must have been 21 may/might have been 22 can't/couldn't have been driving 23 must have taken 24 may/might not have 25 I'd like to have gone/I'd have liked to go/I'd have liked to have gone 26 can't/couldn't have seen 27 may have been 28 may/might have been started 29 must have had 30 may/might have read, can't/couldn't have read, must have told 31 may/might have been waiting 32 must have misheard 33 might have borrowed 34 I'd like to have asked/I'd have liked to ask/I'd have liked to have asked 35 must have been 36 is said to have been 7 Gerund, infinitive and participles Exercise 76 1 seeing 2 having 3 to meet 4 to work 5 to see 6 waiting 7 not to touch 8 to lock, going 9 not to speak 10 behaving II to explain, to listen 12 smoking 13 to know 14 to disguise, dressing 15 to wait 16 showing, to work 17 walking, catch up 18 to understand 19 exceeding 20 playing, doing 21 to inform 22 overhearing 23 smoking, to smoke 24 going, saying 25 writing, waiting 26 to avoid being 27 giving, to speak 28 to persuade, to agree 29 cleaning, to be cleaned, to do 30 shutting, sitting 31 sneezing, sitting 32 talking, to finish 33 to give up jogging 34 stopping, forgetting to wind 35 realizing, helping 36 to make, rubbing Exercise 77 1 answering, ring 2 letting, chase, being 3 driving, being


driven 4 to start looking 5 lending, to cash 6 Lying, sitting 7 to go 8 neglecting to take 9 to show, to use 10 going, to see/seeing 11 telephoning, asking, to look 12 hearing, not to enter 13 to have, writing 14 to answer, replying 15 to explain, to listen, grumbling 16 offering, to leave, (to) work 17 making, to do 18 having to get up 19 to forget, worrying 20 remaining, to help, to stay 21 to run, to have recovered 22 listening, hearing 23 to learn, reading, listening 24 to start, to wait 25 discussing, having reached 26 having, to ride 27 (to) leave, meeting, recognize 28 paying 29 to give 30 interrupting, repeating 31 cutting, to go 32 buying, selling 33 giving, to explain 34 asking, telling, to buy 35 to tell, looking 36 to be, to erupt/erupting Exercise 78 1 to ride, to do, coming, to come 2 spending, earning 3 being, to apologize 4 to eat 5 working, spending 6 looking, being 7 posting 8 to lock, go, do 9 to learn, saying 10 trying to interrupt, to wait, talking 11 doing, to move/moving 12 leaving, to go 13 to drink 14 being, to wait 15 trying to make, adding 16 going, stay 17 to look, (to) take, looking, to do 18 getting up, walking 19 listening, listening 20 to make/making, to see 21 doing 22 to put, to prevent, climbing 23 taking, to eat 24 ringing, asking, to do 25 waiting, to clear, to set 26 repeat, to make, to do 27 leaving, sending, to tow 28 borrowing, asking, to do 29 to offend, annoying 30 to be able to tell, gazing 31 getting, to walk 32 to ask, to leave 33 setting, having been 34 to go 35 to go, (to) try to save, cutting 36 earn, scrubbing, make, blackmailing Exercise 79 1 beginning to slip/begin to slip/begin slipping, to save, falling 2 falling, trying to keep 3 to lend, taking 4 to open 5 reading, to read 6 to book, to keep, to lose 7 to avoid being, being/to be, waiting 8 to get, to ask 9 making, speak/speaking 10 to win, cheating 11 firing/to fire, graze 12 strike/striking, to get 13 ringing/ring, to be coming to open 14 to go, to give 15 to put, (to) watch, change/changing 16 to see, to avoid hitting 17 to be, crackling 18 climbing, to explain, to say, to let, go 19 convincing, to get, leap 20 driving, doing, to do 21 to sit, (to) hear, howling 22 getting, climbing, to do 23 roar/roaring, to move/moving, waving 24 writing, to do, to go, see 25 walking, to


cross, thinking, to chase 26 to be having, thudding 27 getting, to pay 28 to come, standing 29 to like making and flying . . . doing 30 to arrive, rising 31 sawing, fall/falling 32 to see/seeing, crying/cry 33 jump/jumping, fall/falling 34 to wake, (to) hear, beating 35 beginning to roll/begin to roll/begin rolling, to do, to stop 36 laughing, slipping/slip Exercise 80 1 Knowing that he was poor, I offered 2 Having barricaded the windows, we assembled 3 Becoming tired of my complaints, she turned it off 4 Finding/having found no one at home, he left 5 Hoping to find the will, she searched 6 Having removed all traces of his crime, he left 7 Realizing that he had missed the train, he began 8 Exhausted by his work, he threw 9 Having spent all his money, he decided 10 Having escaped from prison, he looked 11 Having heard the story before, she didn't want 12 Having found the money, they began 13 Entering the room suddenly, she found 14 Turning on the light, I was 15 Having visited the museum, we decided 16 Thinking we were lost, he offered 17 Having found his revolver and loaded it, he sat 18 Realizing that she couldn't move it alone, she asked 19 Having fed the dog, he sat 20 Addressing the congregation, he said 21 Thinking he had made a mistake somewhere, he went 22 Looking/having looked through the fashion magazines, I realize 23 The tree, uprooted by the gale, had fallen 24 People sleeping in the next room were 25 Knowing that the murderer was still at large, I was 26 Having stolen the silver, he looked 27 Soaked to the skin, we reached 28 Sitting/Seated in the front row, and using . . . I saw 29 . . . sitting by the fire, you will take 30 Knowing that . . . , I didn't like 31 Believing that she could trust him, she gave 32 Slates, ripped off by the gale, fell 33 The lion, finding his cage door open and seeing no sign of his keeper, left 34 The government, trying to tax people according to the size of their houses, once put a tax 35 Having heard that the caves were dangerous, I didn't like 36 Wearing extremely fashionable clothes and surrounded by photographers and press men, she swept Exercise 81 I When leaving a car . . . you must leave the brakes 2 As/When I was wading etc. or Wading across . . . I was swept off my feet by 3 When a tank is being filled/When you are filling a tank 4 Running into the room,


she caught her foot on a rug and fell 5 When I read the letter 6 When carrying . . . you should never point it 7 When planting . . . you must take care 8 In his first race, the horse he was riding fell 9 When paying by cheque, you must show 10 Knowing me to be . . ., he was astonished to hear that II As he believed that 12 As I passed/ or As/When I was passing 13 When I am reading/When I read 14 As he left 15 I led the dog, barking furiously, out 16 After I had paid my taxes, the amount 17 As I was writing 18 The boat, tied to a post, was being tossed up and down by the sea 19 As the question had been misunderstood, the wrong answer 20 We saw the first star, shining in the sky 21 It is easy to have an accident when one is/you are driving 22 The man saw a notice pinned to the door 23 They read the words 'No Entry' written in 24 While he was cleaning his gun it went off 25 When/As I was wondering where to go, an advertisement 26 As I rushed out of the house, a lorry 27 As I sat by the fire, it all comes back 28 We thought he would never survive after falling from 29 When a fuse is being changed, the electricity . . . or When you are changing a fuse you should switch 30 I saw a trailer with a boat on it being towed behind 31 As he was sitting at the foot . . . a stone fell 32 The road was blocked by a huge tree (which had been) uprooted 33 When he drove to work the traffic jams infuriated him 34 As I sat in the dentist's chair an idea 35 I felt sure that . . . would kill him, weakened as he was by his last illness 36 A scorpion bit him as he got out of bed 8 Passive Exercise 82 I wine should be opened . . . before it is used 2 steps had been cut 3 my shoes had been cleaned and my suit brushed 4 room is used 5 nails must not be hammered 6 pigs are used 7 a light was switched on and the door opened 8 picture had been slashed 9 theatre is being pulled down 10 wasn't the roof mended 11 All the shop windows were broken 12 system was being started because books were not being returned 13 each of us was asked 14 refreshments will be served 15 bicycles must not be left 16 books may be kept . . . they must be returned 17 hole had been cut 18 it is being delivered 19 he has already been told 20 bells were rung 21 nothing can be done unless we are given more 22 far more is being spent on food now than was spent 23 paintings will be exhibited 24 nothing more will be said . . . if the . - . gun is returned 25 he was told 26


My dog was stolen and brought back only when a Ј20 reward was offered. 27 he was given two weeks 28 flowers are made Exercise 83 I seals are fed 2 who was it written by? 3 compare clothes washed by us with clothes washed by any other 4 he expected to be offered 5 she was shown 6 oak was struck by lightning 7 it couldn't have been painted by T. because that kind of dress wasn't worn 8 she was stung by a jellyfish 9 special edition for . . . has been written 10 herbs used to be carried by judges 11 what was it written with? It was written with 12 shot was succeeded by an uneasy silence 13 were you interested by the idea? 14 he was given details 15 dams are made by beavers 16 engines used to be started by hand, now they are started by electricity 17 this was opposed by most people 18 a lot of the work is being done by students 19 dock was to have been opened by the PM 20 They recommend that new factories should be opened 21 a lot of men will be made redundant by the closure 22 instructions could be understood by anyone 23 children . . . will not be admitted 24 ship is to be manned by boys 25 camp was flooded by a rainstorm 26 He was kept awake all night by the howling 27 They suggested that the tests should be made 28 All this damage couldn't have been done by children Exercise 84 I why don't you get an oculist to test your eyes? 2 the authorities are to introduce this . . . limit 3 they are lengthening the runways 4 nurses are wakening patients 5 people say that B. lived 6 British fishermen must offer any sturgeon that they catch to the Queen 7 someone has altered this notice 8 squatters have been using their houseboat 9 they were towing the . . . ship 10 get a builder to put in a lift 11 The firm made a profit . . . but a loss of . . . which they made . . . cancelled this 12 guests will wear evening dress 13 the authorities put the ship . . . and forbade passengers and crew 14 we shall have to find someone 15 They made him surrender his passport 16 our opponents must have started 17 the New Arts Gallery is to exhibit my paintings 18 experts have proved that this scientific theory is false 19 they are to salvage the car which the wind blew 20 police are guarding the house where they found the dead man to prevent anyone from entering it and interfering with the evidence 21 why didn't you either lock the car or put it


22 people are saying that the government is spending too little money 23 you could put your money to good use instead of leaving it idle 24 people believed that the earth was flat 25 no one has read this copy: no one has cut the pages 26 the police led away the student who threw the stones 27 people say that early Egyptian and Greek sailors used carrier pigeons 28 a strong police guard was escorting the referee 9 Indirect speech Exercise 85 (In many of these examples other pronouns would be equally correct.) 1 told her I had . . . to show her 2 said nothing grew in her garden . . . it never got 3 told his mother he was going away the next day 4 said he had been . . . he hadn't had 5 remarked that it wasn't so foggy that day as it had been the day before 6 said that the underpass was being opened two days later 7 said they had moved into their flat but they didn't like it . . . their last one 8 said they had . . . it didn't work 9 said that . . . windows of his flat he could see 10 said she'd no idea what the time was but she'd dial 11 his wife had just been made 12 said she'd come with me . . . she was 13 said he had . . . that afternoon ... he hadn't done his homework 14 warned her if she let . . . she would scorch her clothes 15 pointed out I hadn't given him . . . bill was . . . I'd paid him 16 Englishmen made . . . they were 17 she liked men . . . she didn't like them . . . She preferred . . . men looked silly 18 The report stated that the new Rolls Royce ran . . . all you could hear was . . . The Managing Director replied that they'd have 19 said she didn't know . . . her plums. She supposed (said she supposed) she'd have to . . . trouble was no one in her family ate 20 explained they liked working . . . they got 21 that he was . . . and he did all his own 22 told Joan she could keep that one if she liked as he had 23 said he was going fishing with his mother that afternoon and they were just going 24 told her she had got my umbrella and that hers was in her bedroom 25 explained to his client that he knew what they had said because he had bugged 26 said he'd sit up till she came in but he hoped she wouldn't 27 told me that if I gave him . . . he'd . . . for me 28 said she had . . . it didn't seem . . . to her weight 29 said it was . . . and that he used one of them himself 30


said her new house was supposed to be . . . but that so far she hadn't seen 31 said that if we answered all the questions . . . we might win 32 said that if he pressed his ear . . . he could hear . . . were saying Exercise 86 (See note above key to Exercise 80. Where there is no introductory verb, use '... said (that) . . .')) 1 he hadn't been able to get . . . he had lost his key, so he had had to break 2 the mirror was there . . . he could see himself when he was dancing 3 told him she had written to him two days before and wondered why he hadn't 4 if the ground was dry . . . his horse might win 5 advised me to slow down as there was 6 said that if Tom wanted . . . he'd better apply 7 they had walked . . . the previous night . . . protest about their rent. The Minister had been . . . had promised . . . what he could for them 8 said they should put traffic lights there, otherwise there'd be 9 told them it was time they began training for their . . . 10 said to me that if I left . . . I should be there 11 if it rained that afternoon it would be . . . the following day 12 told her guest she had meant . . . she had plugged . . . She was always doing 13 he had been intending . . . the next day . . . didn't think he'd be 14 told Mrs Smith that Bill should do . . . he had done very well at the school 15 told her husband she didn't think his father liked her 16 told her the steak was . . . and said/added that he was not complaining but was just pointing . . . she said she wished he'd stop 17 reported that the burglars hadn't been able . . . had carried it 18 told me that if I saw her father I'd recognize him . . . He was 19 he had found . . . the day before . . . was going . . . that afternoon 20 he had got out . . . while he was standing . . . the gears (had) engaged . . . and the boat had gone/went 21 says he has done 22 asked if he would like me to go with him. He said he'd rather go . . . or, I offered to go with him, but he said 23 told me I might take his car if I liked and said he wouldn't be needing it the next day or the day after that 24 that the previous day Tom and she had gone/been to look . . . he was thinking . . . It was rather . . . and had a lovely garden but Tom had decided . . . was opposite 25 his wife wanted to take . . . he'd rather she concentrated on their home 26 she didn't know what my father would say when he saw . . . my puppies had made of the Ј5 note 27 it was high time I passed my test; she was tired 28 said I wished she had seen it


Exercise 87 1 asked what had happened 2 asked which . . . (had) inherited 3 asked who was going 4 asked what would happen 5 asked which team had won 6 asked which team (had) won 7 asked who was playing the following week 8 asked who would be umpiring 9 asked who wanted 10 asked who had just dropped 11 asked where the . . . office was 12 asked what she should do with her . . . 13 asked what platform the train left 14 asked when it arrived 15 asked when the timetable had been changed 16 asked why the 2.30 had been . . . 17 asked how much a day return cost 18 asked why the price went up 19 asked how he could get 20 asked when they were coming 21 asked if a return . . . was 22 asked if puppies travelled 23 asked if she could bring her dog . . . with her 24 asked if the train stopped 25 asked if you could telephone 26 asked if the 2.40 had 27 asked if you could get 28 asked if they brought 29 asked if there were 30 asked if he had Exercise 88 I asked what country I came from 2 asked how long I'd been here 3 asked if I was working 4 asked if I had 5 asked what I was going to study 6 asked if I had enrolled 7 asked if I wanted to buy 8 asked if I had seen 9 asked if I played 10 asked if I would have 11 asked if I had played for my . . . 12 asked if I was interested 13 asked if I would like 14 asked what I thought Each of the following will begin: she asked/wanted to now/enquired 15 how long it had been 16 if I liked 17 if he was 18 how many . . . there were 19 how big the classes were 20 if the classes were 21 what the academic standard was like 22 if parents could visit 23 if there was 24 if they taught 25 what . . . could the children learn 26 if there was 27 if they acted 28 what . . . plays they had done 29 what games they played 30 if the fields were 31 if they were taught 32 if the children could get 33 if the food was good 34 if there was 35 how often it met 36 if our boys had been/were happy Exercise 89 (if is interchangeable with whether except in conditional sentences.) 1 asked why he was looking 2 asked who had put . . . in his coffee 3 asked which of them knew 4 asked why he had travelled 5 inquired how she could run in high-heeled shoes 6 asked them what their new house was like 7 asked where he was supposed to go 8 asked him whose car he had borrowed the previous night 9 asked me what she was/had been wearing when I saw


her last 10 asked who owned the revolver 11 asked Mr J. where he had been the previous night 12 asked the boy what else he had seen 13 asked whether he had done that sort 14 asked her if she could read 15 inquired whether they had understood what I had said to them 16 asked the customer if he was being attended to 17 asked him if he would go . . . the others did 18 asked Mary if she saw what he saw 19 inquired who had left 20 asked him if he had gone . . . and if he wanted 21 asked why his house was . . . and whether his father had been 22 asked if he was leaving that day or the following morning 23 asked how far it was and how long it would take 24 asked if he could speak to Mrs Pitt. The au pair girl answered that she was afraid she was out and asked if she could take 25 asked the little boy if he was sorry for what he had done 26 asked her if she was going to 27 asked the woman if she would mind if he looked inside her bag 28 asked the student if he would know what to do if someone fell at his feet 29 asked her why she thought it might be 30 asked him if he knew. . .shoes he was wearing weren't Exercise 90 (The following are possible answers. Other introductory verbs are often possible.) 1 He told her to switch off the TV 2 She told Tom to shut 3 I asked Mary to lend me her pen 4 I warned them not to watch 5 He warned me not to believe everything I heard 6 asked me to fill up the 7 I told them not to hurry 8 warned Mary not to touch the switch 9 ordered the bank clerk to open 10 begged me to do as he said II told Peter to help his mother 12 told the children not to make 13 told us to do whatever we liked 14 warned them not to miss their train 15 advised his client to read it before he signed it 16 begged her to sing it again 17 warned us not to put our hands 18 advised him to buy 19 begged him not to drive 20 told the boys not to lean their bicycles against his windows 21 asked her to come with him 22 advised her to cook it 23 warned the lady not to touch 24 told the boys not to argue with him 25 told him to pull as hard as he could 26 ordered the porter to send 27 advised us not to lend 28 told us to make a list of what we wanted 29 told her to look 30 warned the people on the platform to stand clear 31 asked the children to see if they could 32 warned her not to go 33 asked the customer to pay 34 the notice told us to leave the space clear 35 I reminded them to write to their 36 warned her to think well before she answered


Exercise 91 (See note above key to Exercise 90.) 1 told me to get out of his 2 ordered me to climb 3 asked the customer to pay 4 asked her to open her 5 told Mrs P. not to worry but (to) leave it all to him 6 warned him not to use 7 told the taxi-driver to follow the car 8 recommended me to wash 9 urged me to have confidence in him 10 told the lift-man to take him 11 advised the passengers to read 12 told her always to cook. . . and never to use 13 told him not to argue with his 14 reminded me to prune 15 told her to wait for him 16 advised her not to eat . . . and to avoid 17 advised me not to say 18 the notice told/asked people not to ask 19 told her not to forget 20 advised/told me to cross 21 asked him to write to her as often as he could 22 told him to put his 23 asked the porter to find him 24 told me not to forget my 25 told the children not to go 26 told his men to search 27 told her not to make 28 told/warned him to put the gun down as it was loaded Exercise 92 (See note above key to Exercise 90.) 1 advised us to make . . . our time as we wouldn't get 2 urged the public not to wait till the following day but to post . . . that day 3 warned them to be . . . and reminded me to drive 4 said he couldn't open it and told/asked Peter to have 5 told me to go and get him . . . and to come 6 said someone was coming and told/urged me to get 7 warned us to give way to . . . the/our right 8 begged us to send whatever we could spare 9 advised him to wear a wig if he didn't want to be recognized 10 warned/told them not to bathe when the red flag was flying 11 told him not to forget/reminded him to thank . . . when he was saying 12 told me to watch . . . and not to let it 13 told/advised/warned me not to shelter . . . as the tree might 14 told me to put the message . . . and throw 15 told me to read it for myself if I didn't believe what he said 16 reminded me to use my 17 told her husband not to drive . . . or the baby would 18 begged her to make . . . stronger and said that it had been . . . the previous night 19 warned us to beware 20 told me to smell it and asked if I thought it had gone bad 21 told him not to take his coat off as they were going 22 told her to stand by the window and tell him if anyone went 23 told his pupil not to move till . . . waved him on 24 told me not to touch it as I would only make 25 warned him to be careful as the steps were 26 told/asked the girl to ask her boss . . . and said that my number was . . . She asked me to repeat it 27 . . . told him to tell them not to work . . . as if they finished . . . they wouldn't get 28 The placard warned us to prepare to meet our doom as the end of the


world was at hand 29 The instructor reminded me to put 30 Keiko asked him to take off his Exercise 93 1 he invited me to have lunch with him 2 offered me/her/him a 3 asked if they'd mind not smoking/asked them not to smoke 4 told her to take the . . . and to shut the door as she went 5 asked me to help her as she couldn't 6 said it was a . . . and advised me to ask 7 advised me to try to/and get 8 offered to wait for me/said she'd wait if I liked 9 reminded me to switch off when I'd finished 10 asked/told me to check the figures for him 11 advised me to apologize 12 asked him to check 13 told me to sit/said he wished I'd sit . . . asked how I expected him to paint me when I kept jerking my head 14 advised him to go by train as it was 15 The notice asked guests not to play 16 asked me to wait 17 strongly advised me to see 18 advised them to plant 19 asked me to sign 20 asked me to forward . . . while he was 21 The police asked anyone who has seen the . . . to get in touch with their nearest 22 warned me not to leave my . . . as our host's dogs might mistake me 23 told me to answer the letter and reminded me to keep 24 asked me to move my car as it was blocking his 25 Mrs Jones asked them to let her know when their . . . came in 26 The coach told the first team to report 27 Tom asked Ann to sew on the button for him. Mary advised him to sew it on himself as buttons . . . usually came off 28 The girl asked me to sit down and said . . ./said that if I sat down the fortune teller would be with me Exercise 94 1 asked if he could get 2 said she couldn't open . . . Tom offered to do it for her 3 asked the official to translate it 4 wondered if they would ever meet 5 asked if I would be there the next day. I said that I would 6 asked if she could lose . . . the doctor said (that) she couldn't 7 offered me a drink 8 urged us to install 9 asked me to read it 10 asked (me) if she should tell him what had happened 11 asked if I wouldn't like to look 12 said she was going . . . Tom said he was too and offered her a lift/asked if she'd like a lift 13 asked for a sweet/asked if he could have a sweet 14 asked if they could stay 15 asked for the weekend/asked if he could have 16 asked if he could leave 17 asked (him) why he didn't like 18 advised him to take up 19 asked where he should hang his . . . and if it would look 20 asked what I should/was to


do if the car wouldn't start 21 asked if I had enough . . . and offered to lend me some 22 asked if he would be able to guide me or if I should bring 23 reminded him to shut 24 asked (her) if she would like to see 25 asked me to peel 26 said that he'd got two tickets and invited me to come/go with him 27 asked if I could use . . . I said (that) I couldn't 28 asked if I'd mind living by myself 29 asked me to pay/asked if I'd mind paying 30 asked why she didn't trust him. She said (that) she never trusted Exercise 95 (See note above key to Exercise 90.) 1 told me to remember to get . . . when I was or reminded me to get, etc. or said that when I was at . . . I was to get 2 told/advised me to sit down and put my head between my knees if I felt or said that if I felt faint I was to put/should put 3 asked what he was to do/should do with my purse if he found it. I told/asked him to keep it till he saw me 4 told me/asked me to give him a drink if he arrived before she got back or said that if he arrived before she got back I was to give 5 told me if anyone rang up to say or said that if anyone rang up I was to say she'd be 6 told me when I was driving always to look in my mirror or said that when I was driving I should always look 7 told me to leave the key under the mat if I went out or said that if I went out I was to leave 8 told me to shut the window if I thought the room was cold or said that if I thought the room was cold I was to hut/should shut 9 told me to ring him up if I felt lonely any time or said that if I felt lonely I was to ring 10 said that if she didn't eat meat I was to offer her an omelette {the tell construction would be very clumsy here) 11 told me to get the car off the road if I had a puncture and not to leave or said that if I had a puncture I was to get/should get . . . and not leave 12 told me to take the letter to the police if he wasn't back by that time the next day or said that if he wasn't back by . . . I was to take 13 told her husband not to forget/reminded him to thank Mrs Pitt when he saw her 14 told me to take the meat out of the oven when the bell rang or said that when the bell rang I was to take/should take 15 told them to give their . . . if they were taken . . . but to refuse to answer or said that if they were taken . . . they were to give . . . but (to) refuse 16 told them to shut . . . and go . . . when they heard or said that when they heard . . . they were to shut . . . and go 17 told me to press . . . if the lift should stop/stopped or said that if the lift should stop/stopped ...I was to press/should press 18 told me to ask a client if he had a weak heart before I allowed him or said that before I allowed anyone ...I was to ask/should ask 19 asked what she should/was to


say if the police stopped her 20 asked what she should do if he refused to let her in. I told her to write 21 asked/wondered what would happen if the strike continued 22 . . .how they would get food if it went on 23 . . . asked if they could go . . . the rain stopped 24 said that when they'd . . . they were to 25 advised her to switch . . . if she didn't like 26 asked whether/if the bank would repay . . . if I lost 27 told me I had/'d better complain . . . if the noise got 28 said I was to ring him and give him . . . as soon as I found Exercise 96 Part 1 (Alternative constructions are often possible.) 1-14 Ann suggested having a party on the following Saturday. Mary agreed and asked who they should invite. Ann was against making a list and suggested they should just invite everybody. Mary said they didn't want to do much cooking and proposed making it a wine and cheese party. Ann then suggested that they should ask everyone to bring a bottle. Mary reminded her that they hadn't many glasses left and suggested hiring glasses from their local wineshop. Ann suggested having the party in the garden if it was warm and then Mary put forward the idea of a barbecue. Ann thought this was a good idea and said they could ask Paul to do the cooking. Mary remembered that last time they had had a barbecue the neighbours had complained about the noise, and she wondered if they should ask everyone to speak in whispers. Ann suggested going round to the neighbours instead and apologizing in advance. Mary, however, proposed inviting the neighbours, adding that then the noise wouldn't matter. Ann thought that was a clever idea and suggested ringing everyone up that night, but Mary prudently suggested working out how much it would cost first. Part 2 15 Mrs Smith suggested . . . but her husband suggested renting ..., adding that it was all they could afford. 16 I suggested that Ann should complain, saying that the boss was more likely to listen to her 17 She reminded him that he used to be . . . and suggested that he should 18 He proposed walking . . . as it was not far and I agreed 19 Ann suggested (our) joining a weaving class, adding that there was one 20 The children suggested organizing . . . the teacher proposed 21 I asked Bill where we should meet and he suggested the hotel 22 I suggested to Ann that she should ring him and ask him what he thought 23 I pointed out I was doing . . . and suggested that he should give me/him giving me 24 He proposed leaving/that they should leave adding that he hated 25 Their father suggested that the children should


go 26 I suggested his/him asking them what they would like to do 27 He suggested that we should begin training . . . I said I had . . . and suggested that he should ask Paul 28 They suggested me/my putting an advertisement in the local paper. Exercise 97 (The following are possible answers only.) 1 warned us not to walk on the ice as it wasn't 2 introduced Miss White to Miss Brown 3 gave/handed her the keys, advising/and advised her to wait 4 begged me not to tell . . . I promised not to/promised (that) I wouldn't 5 offered him my torch but he refused as/explaining that he had one of his own 6 Tom offered to pay. Ann protested but he insisted. 7 invited us to come in and look round, assuring us that there was no 8 threatened to kill the boy if they didn't pay 9 refused to answer any questions 10 complained that he expected . . . agreed (with her) II wished it would 12 pointed out that I had pressed . . . He warned me not to do. ..I might have 13 exclaimed that her weight had gone up . . . she admitted/agreed that it had 14 hoped I'd have a good journey/wished me a good journey and reminded me to send a card when I arrived 15 exclaimed with delight that he had passed . . . I congratulated him and wished him luck 16 She agreed to wait 17 wished him many happy returns of his . . . and he thanked us 18 pointed out/remarked that my door was ...I agreed (with her)/l admitted it 19 He offered me a cigarette and I accepted 20 Their mother threatened to sell . . . if they kept . . . The children begged her not to do that, promising not to quarrel/assuring her that they wouldn't quarrel 21 offered me Ј500 to keep my 22 He promised to wait for me 23 I apologized for being late and explained that the bus had broken 24 accused him of leaking . . . He denied it. Tom called him a liar. 25 threatened to drop us from the team if we did not train 26 complained that if the boys did . . . he called them his sons, but that if they did . . . he called them hers. 27 Tom suggested having a rest and Ann agreed. 30 He exclaimed with disgust that there was a slug in his . . . and called Exercise 98 (Other alternatives are possible here.)


1 Tom: Would you like to come for a drive, tomorrow, Ann? 2 Ann: I'd love to. Where are you thinking of going, Tom? 3 Tom: Well, I'll leave it to you. 4 Ann: What about Stratford? 5 I haven't been there for ages. 6 Tom: Good idea!/AII right. We might go on the river if it's a fine day. 7 Ann: I wonder what's on at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre. 8 Tom: We'll find out when we get there. 9 It's usually possible to get seats on the day of the play. 10 Can you be ready by ten? 11 Ann: I'm afraid not, Tom/I'm very sorry, Tom, but I can't. I have to type a report first. 12 Tom: Working on Saturday! What a horrible idea! 13 I'd change my job if I were you. 14 Ann: Don't be ridiculous, Tom! 15 I volunteered to type the report in return for a free afternoon next week. 16 I didn't know you were going to ask me out, after all. 17 Tom: Oh well, I suppose it's all right. 18 But don't make a habit of volunteering for weekend work, will you? 19 Ann: No, I promise I won't. 20 Tom: (gloomily) I suppose you'll be busy all morning. 21 Ann: No, no! I'll be finished by 11.00. 22 Shall I meet you at the bus stop at Hyde Park Corner? 23 Tom: That isn't a very good meeting place. I'll call for you. 24 Ann: That's very good of you, Tom. I'll be waiting in the hall. 25 Tom: Let's climb to the top. The view from there is marvellous. 26 Ann: But we've been climbing for three hours already. I'm too tired to go any further. 27 Why don't you go on up? I'll go down and wait there. 28 Tom: All right. Here are the car keys. You'd better wait in the car./You could wait in the car, couldn't you? 29 I'll be as quick as I can. 30 Ann: There'11 be no lunch left if you're too long. I'll have eaten it all! 10 Purpose Exercise 99 (so as is interchangeable with in order.) 1 to paint 2 to remind 3 to feed 4 so as not to frighten 5 to put his savings in 6 to drink out of 7 to save 8 so as not to strain 9 in order to get 10 to tell 11


so as not to get 12 to frighten 13 so as not to make 14 to protect 15 to put on the fire 16 so as not to disturb 1.7 to study 18 in order to discuss 19 so as to be able 20 to elude 21 to prevent 22 to reduce 23 (in order) to read 24 to watch 25 in order to have 26 in order to keep 27 (in order) to learn 28 to buy 29 to warn 30 to avoid 31 to protect 32 so as to be able 33 to warn 34 to avoid 35 (in order) to look 36 so as not to alarm Exercise 100 (I/we would is replaceable by I/we should. would/wouldn't in negative purpose clauses is usually replaceable by should/shouldn't. Where an infinitive phrase is possible the infinitive given in the key is not necessarily the only one that could be used. To save space not more than two possible answers are given for any one example. Sometimes the in case construction would also be possible, in case can be followed by should + infinitive, though an ordinary present or past tense is more usual.) 1 so that nobody should/would know or to prevent anyone knowing 2 in case somebody knocks 3 so that repair work may/can continue or to allow repair work to continue 4 so that it wouldn't get broken or to prevent it getting broken 5 so that he wouldn't be recognized or to avoid being recognized 6 so that her fruit wouldn't be stolen or to prevent her fruit being stolen 7 so that I wouldn't overhear or to prevent my overhearing 8 in case you get bitten 9 so that the crew may/can escape or to enable the crew to escape 10 so that my children may/will have 11 so that the cows won't get or to prevent the cows getting 12 so that the call wouldn't be or to prevent the call being 13 so that the birds won't eat or to prevent the birds eating 14 in case there is 15 so that nobody will/can climb or to prevent anyone climbing 16 in case you have 17 so that the snow would/could slide 18 so that everyone may/will understand or to enable everyone to understand 19 so that anyone who finds him will/may know 20 so that the birds would know or to let the birds know 21 in case we are 22 so that the birds won't build or to prevent the birds building 23 in case he forgets 24 so that she wouldn't frighten or to prevent her frightening 25 in case the chimney catches 26 so that I couldn't/wouldn't be able to call or to prevent me calling 27 in case it is 28 so that young children won't be able to turn or to prevent young children turning 29 in case he breaks 30 so that the government may/can discuss or to let the government discuss 31 in case it is 32 so that pedestrians might/could cross or to let


pedestrians cross 33 so that his secretary could/would be able to 34 in case they set 35 so that the rest of the party would know or to let the rest of the party know 36 so that the meat won't burn or to prevent the meat burning or in case the meat burns 11 some, any etc. and relatives Exercise 101 I some 2 some, any 3 any, some 4 any 5 some, any 6 some, any 7 any, some 8 Some, some 9 any 10 any, any 11 Any 12 some/any 13 any, any 14 Some, some 15 any 16 some 17 any/some 18 any 19 any 20 Any 21 some 22 some, some 23 some 24 any 25 any, some/any 26 Any 27 any 28 some 29 some 30 some 31 any 32 some 33 any 34 some, some 35 any 36 some/any, some Exercise 102 (In some of the answers the relative pronoun is enclosed in brackets; this means that it can be omitted. The answers given are not necessarily the only possible answers to the questions. Notice carefully the presence or absence of commas.) I (a) The 8.10 is the train (which/that) Mr Black usually catches, (b) The 8.40 is the train (which/that) he caught today, (c) Mr White is a man who usually travels up with Mr Black, (d) Mr Brown is the man whose paper Mr White borrowed, (e) Mr Black usually catches the 8.10, which is a fast train, (f) Today he missed the 8.10, which annoyed him very much. (g) He caught the 8.40, which doesn't get in till 9.40. 2 (a) The brown umbrella was the one (which/that) Mr Penn left at home today or the one (which/that) he didn't take today, (b) The black umbrella was the one (which/that) he took or the one (which/that) he left on the bus. (c) The blue umbrella was the one (which/that) Mr Penn took by mistake, (d) Mr Count was the man whose umbrella Mr Penn took. 3 (a) Malta is the place Tom and Jack wanted to go to/went to or Malta is the place to which Tom and Jack wanted to go. (b) The Blue Skies Agency is the agency Tom went to or the agency to which Tom went. (c) The Blue Seas Agency is the agency Jack went to or the agency to which Jack went. (d) the MS Banana is the ship Jack travelled on/in or the ship on/in which Jack travelled, (e) Julia is the girl (who(m)/that) Jack met on board. (0 Tom liked flying, so he went to the Blue Skies Agency, who booked or Tom, who liked flying, went etc. (g) Jack, who hated flying, went to the Blue Seas Agency, who booked


4 (a) George and Paul were (the) two men who were working on Mr Jones's roof. (b) Bill was a/the burglar who saw them going away or who stole the jewellery etc. (c) Tom was a student who lodged with Mr Jones, (d) Mrs Jones was the lady whose jewellery was stolen, (e) Mr and Mrs Smith were the people the Joneses were playing cards with or the people with whom the Joneses were playing cards. (f) the ladder Bill climbed up or up which he climbed, (g) the window he climbed through or through which he climbed, (h) the screwdriver he used or the screwdriver he opened the drawer with or with which he opened etc. (i) George and Paul, who were working on the roof, left the ladder (j) Mr and Mrs Jones, who were out playing cards, knew nothing (k) Bill, whose fingerprints were on the screwdriver, was later caught 5 (a) The Greens are the people Ann works for or for whom Ann works. (b) The 12.10 was the train (which/that) Ann caught or the train (that/which) Ann came up on. (c) The 12.30 was the train (which/that) Tom met. (d) Peter was a boy (who(m)/that) Ann met on the train. (e) Paul was the boy (who(m)/that) Mary had come to meet or the boy (who(m)/that) Mary was waiting for. (f) The Intrepid Fox is the bar where Tom usually goes for lunch or the bar Tom usually goes to for lunch or the bar where Tom usually has his lunch, (g) Mrs Green, who thought Ann looked tired, gave her (h) Peter, who hated eating by himself, hoped (i) Tom, who had only an hour for lunch, couldn't wait (j) Mary, whose boyfriend didn't turn up, ended by (k) Tom and Ann wasted half an hour at the station, which meant (1) Tom and Ann very nearly missed one another, which shows Exercise 103 (Relatives in brackets may be omitted.) 1 for the present (which/that) you sent. 2 She was dancing with a student who had or The student with whom she was dancing 3 I'm looking after some children who are or The children I'm looking after are 4 The bed I sleep on has 5 Romeo and Juliet were two lovers whose parents 6 There wasn't any directory in the box (which/that) I was phoning from. 7 This is Mrs Jones, whose son 8 The chair (which/that) I was sitting on collapsed or The chair on which I was sitting collapsed. 9 Mr Smith, whom I had come especially to see, was too busy 10 The man (who(m)/that) I had come to see was II I missed the train (which/that) I usually catch and had to travel on the next, which was 12 His girlfriend, whom he trusted absolutely, turned out 13 The car (which/that) we were in had bad brakes and the man who was driving didn't know 14 This is the


story of a man whose wife suddenly loses 15 the frontier, which will be 16 a small girl whose hand had been cut 17 into a queue of people, four of whom 18 refugees, many of whom 19 The man who(m)/that) I was waiting for didn't or the man for whom I was 20 in patched jeans, which surprised the guests, most of whom were 21 The firm (which/that) I work for is sending 22 The Smiths, whose house had been destroyed, were given 23 I saw several houses, most of which were 24 at 2 a.m., which didn't suit me 25 a group of boys whose plane 26 The string (that/which) they tie the parcels up with 27 his students, most of whom were 28 for 12 eggs, four of which were 29 The people (who(m)/that) he was speaking to didn't know or The people to whom he was speaking 30 The boy (who(m)/that) Peter shared a flat with was or Peter shared a flat with a boy who 31 four very bad tyres, one of which burst 32 the wonderful view (which/that) she had been told about 33 by a man (who(m)/that) I met on a train. 34 The bar (which/that) I was telephoning from was or the bar from which I was telephoning was 35 The man who answered the phone said 36 The horse (which/that) I was on kept stopping to eat grass, which annoyed Exercise 104 1 Tom, who had been driving all day, was tired 2 Ann, who had been sleeping, felt 3 Paul, whose tyres were new, wanted 4 Jack, whose tyres were old, wanted 5 Mary, who didn't know about mountains, thought 6 to his manager, who passed 7 were thieves, which turned out 8 the Chief of Police, who ordered 9 dry bread, most of which was 10 a prisoner, whose handcuffs rattled II a fire, which soon dried 12 across the Atlantic, which had never 13 a bus-load of children, six of whom were 14 refuses to use machines, which makes 15 I met Mary, who asked 16 prayed aloud all night, which kept 17 and in deep water the next, which makes it unsafe 18 Mary, whose children couldn't swim, said 19 Ann, whose children could swim well, said 20 cleaning ten windows, most of which 21 Jack, whose injuries were very slight, is being allowed to play, which is a good thing 22 Tom, whose leg is still in bandages, will have to 23 didn't get a seat, which put him in a temper and caused him to be rude to his junior partner, who in turn 24 Tom, who had a hangover, felt 25 His boss, who didn't drink, saw 26 The report, which should have been on his desk by 2.00, still hadn't arrived. 27 Tom, whose headache was now much worse, put down the receiver without answering, which 28 Ann, who liked Tom, came 29 the report, which should have taken an hour and a half, took 30 to Munich, which 31 The


headwaiter, whose name was Tom, said . . . recognition, which disappointed Mr Jones, who liked 32 with Lucy, whom he was particularly anxious to Exercise 105 I what, which 2 which 3 what, what 4 which 5 which 6 what, which 7 which 8 what 9 which 10 which 11 which 12 which 13 what 14 what 15 which 16 which, what 17 which 18 what 19 what 20 which 21 which 22 what 23 which 24 which 25 which 26 which 27 what 28 which 29 what, which 30 which, which 31 which 32 which 33 what, which 34 which 35 what 36 what Exercise 106 I whatever 2 wherever 3 whatever 4 wherever 5 whichever 6 whoever 7 whenever 8 however 9 whoever 10 whichever 11 whoever 12 however 13 whatever 14 however 15 whenever 16 whoever 17 whoever 18 however 19 whatever 20 whenever 21 whoever 22 whichever, whoever 23 whatever, whichever 24 whoever Exercise 107 Part I 1 a river to swim in 2 someone to play with 3 a family to cook for 4 accounts for you to check 5 anything to open it with 6 letters to write 7 anyone to go with 8 a garden for him to play in 9 anything to sit on 10 a brush to sweep it with I la box to keep them in 12 anyone to send cards to Part 2 13 the first man to leave 14 the last person to see 15 the only one to realize 16 the only man to survive 17 the first to come and the last to go 18 the largest ship to be built 19 the last person to leave 20 the only person to see 21 the second man to be killed 22 the first man to walk on 23 the first woman to take 24 the fifth man to be interviewed 12 Prepositions Exercise 108 I to; at; in; to 2 to; at, in 3 to, at; at; at 4 to; at, in 5 in; to 6 at, in 7 in; at 8 in, at; at 9 to; at 10 to, at; to II at, to, to 12 to, to, in 13 At, in, to 14 at, at; to, in 15 In, at 16 At, to, in 17 At, at 18 to, at, at; at, in 19 at, to, in, at, at 20 in 21 at, to; in; to, to 22 in; at 23 in, at, in 24 in, at 25 at; to, in 26 in, at 27 to, in 28 to, at, to; to 29 in, at 30 in, at 31 in, at 32 at, to, in 33 in, to 34 To, in; to 35 at, to, to 36 in; in; at Exercise 109 I on, with; with; by; in 2 in, on/into 3 to; on; On, by, in, on 4


at, out, to, of 5 at; on, off 6 to, in; on 7 to, in, on 8 on; with, of 9 of, into, in/with 10 at, on II out of, on 12 in, at, on; in 13 with, to, of 14 to; to, of, at, to/on; to, on 15 at/from, off/out 16 with, in; out of 17 into/out of, of, off; in, on 18 on; on, into 19 with, of, in 20 in; in; into, on 21 at, with, in; on 22 By, of; with, on 23 on, to, in/on; to, of 24 with, under, of 25 on, to, of 26 of, to 27 in, of; in; in, at/by, of, at, in 28 into, in, by, of 29 in/at; of, at, on; with, in 30 by, on 31 off; on, in 32 into, into, with 33 by, by, on, of 34 of, at, of 35 of, in, to 36 off; on; to Exercise 110 I in, for 2 at, since 3 At, of, for 4 in, for; During, in 5 for, on, in; from; for/on 6 under, with: in, during/in 7 by, of, in, in 8 by, for, in, of 9 from, since; on; of, to 10 for, during II with; for; for; in 12 for; of, for 13 under, with, for 14 in, for, in, till/until, of 15 for, on/for 16 In, of, off 17 in, by, from 18 on, to, by 19 for/to, from; in 20 at, during, for 21 by; on, for 22 by, in, on, in, in, over 23 of; in, for 24 in, for, of 25 of, from, to or to, from; for, to, by, for 26 at/by; for 27 from, at, with, for 28 for, till; with, for 29 on/into, off/out of, at, at 30 from, with/at; in, in, in, of 31 of; in, with 32 for, in 33 with, into/to, with 34 from, with, for; under/of, till 35 of, on; from 36 on; for Exercise 111 Ion 2 in, from 3 in, in 4 of; In, of, in 5 on; on, in/at; at, at, at/on 6 to, with; on with; on 7 in; on with; of 8 in, by 9 of, at 10 to, for, of II At, to 12 about, to 13 in/by, in, up 14 for; for, for, over 15 for/about, on; about 16 of, for, from 17 for; in 18 in, with, for 19 on; for 20 with, into, with 21 for, in, on 22 In, to, to 23 by/with, out, in, of 24 of, after, in; with 25 at, away/off 26 to, of, to, away/off 27 to; on 28 In, with, of, from 29 to; under 30 on, to 31 of, to 32 about, off, at/by 33 to, of 34 for, with 35 of, of, of 36 under, for, for Exercise 112 I-, for 2-.for 3-,to 4-, for 5-, of 6 for; In, for, for 7 to,- 8 in/at, ; of, for 9 for/to, in 10-; for II to, for 12-, of/in 13 for, for; of,-, for 14 for;15 on;- 16 to/past,-, of 17-, at/in;-, on 18-;-,-; to, for 19 for, for, in/at; for,- 20 to, in 21 to,-,- 22-, in;-.with 23-, for, at/by/on 24 to, to, in 25-; to 26-,-; with, of 27-, in, in 28 to;-, of 29-, of 30 on,-, for, for/- 31 -, in, for 32 -, till, in/- 33 -, -, to: -, -, with 34 -; to, in/with 35 -, -, in 36 to, -, in


Exercise 113 Part 1 (till is always replaceable by until.) I to 2 till 3 to/till 4 till 5 till 6 till 7 to/till 8 to 9 to/till; till 10 to, till 11 to; till 12 to; till Part 2 I since; for 2 since 3 since 4 since 5 for 6 Since 7 for 8 since; for 9 since; for 10 for 11 for 12 Since Part 3 I then/afterwards; after 2 after 3 After; Afterwards 4 then/afterwards 5 then, then 6 then 7 after 8 then 9 after/afterwards 10 then II then 12 then; Then 13 afterwards 14 afterwards 15 then 16 then 13 Auxiliaries + perfect infinitives Exercise 114 (should used for obligation is replaceable by ought to. may/might in the affirmative is replaceable by could.) 1 must have worked/been working 2 needn't have translated 3 may/might have forgotten, should have telephoned 4 may/might have got lost, should have given, may/might have had, wouldn't/couldn't have delayed 5 may/might have stopped and got, may/might have run 6 shouldn't have fed 7 must have been 8 should have gone 9 couldn't have been attacked, must have seen . . . and thought 10 must have waited/been waiting (could/may/might could replace must.) 11 may/might have fallen . . . and been eaten . . . or been kidnapped . . . or caught . . . and died 12 were to have started 13 needn't have walked, could have come 14 must have been stolen, may/might have driven 15 couldn't have got, must have drunk 16 shouldn't have been riding 17 may/might have taken, may/might have been 18 might/should have told, could have got 19 would have won 20 needn't have written 21 were to have built 22 wouldn't/shouldn't have noticed, would/might have spread 23 should/might/could have waited 24 may/might have come, couldn't/can't have come, may/might have come 25 needn't have done 26 should have been 27 needn't have cooked 28 would/should have brought, wouldn't/shouldn't have come 29 shouldn't have thrown, might/could have killed 30 could have painted, could have painted 31 may/might have dropped, may/might have been 32 could have been started, could have been 33 must have carried, couldn't have done, would have been, must have waited 34 needn't have done 35 couldn't/can't have been, must have been walking 36 Couldn't it have been, must have been


Exercise 115 (See notes to Exercise 114 above.) 1 wouldn't/shouldn't have had 2 should have asked 3 should have been 4 may/might have gone; would have told 5 may/might have kept; wouldn't have kept 6 may/might have gone; may/might have been; would have rung; couldn't have rung 7 must have had; would have been 8 couldn't have bought 9 should have waited 10 couldn't have carried; must have helped II couldn't have been; must have been 12 must have crashed; would have reported 13 may/might have blown up; may/might have planted, may/might have had 14 may/might have tried; may/might have been 15 may/might have gone, may/might have been; couldn't have been 16 may/might have collapsed; would have taken over 17 shouldn't have done, should have said 18 must have been 19 needn't have done; should have told; shouldn't/wouldn't have wasted 20 could have passed; should/could have worked 21 couldn't possibly have opened; couldn't have got 22 must have let; must have followed . . . slipped 23 needn't have bought 24 must have drugged . . . dumped; might/would have been run; may/might have been 25 must have bribed; may/might have followed; couldn't have done; would/should have seen 26 needn't have stamped 27 couldn't have done; must have given 28 must have been 29 could have taken; may/might have been; may/might have hopped in . . . snatched 30 should have told; would/could have lent 31 needn't have taken; could have walked 32 must have been watching/must have watched 33 needn't have rung/shouldn't have rung; could have dialled/should have dialled 34 must have had 35 could have had/might have had; couldn't have had 36 could have married; must have loved; must have been Exercise 116 (may/might in the affirmative is replaceable by could. In 1, 7, 10, 20, 23 should is replaceable by ought to.) 1 should have been 2 may/might have written, couldn't have written 3 must have fallen 4 may/might have liked 5 must have been 6 needn't have sent 7 might/should have left 8 may/might have been 9 can't/couldn't have been, may/might have been 10 shouldn't have gone 11 may/might have been 12 were to have been 13 should/would have been 14 needn't have carried 15 may/might have been 16 can't/couldn't have been, must have been 17 must have been 18 was to have been 19 would have reached 20 could/should have crossed


21 should have brought 22 may/might have been 23 must have been 24 can't/couldn't have been, must have been 25 may/might not have heard 26 could have put you up 27 would have fallen 28 should have checked 29 needn't have apologized 30 may/might not have realized 31 might/should have thanked 32 was to have gone 33 should have warned 34 would have known 35 needn't have bought 36 must have been 14 Present, past and perfect tenses Exercise 117 (Negatives are given in their contracted form, affirmatives are not given in their contracted form, but in speech present continuous tenses are normally contracted in the affirmative.) 1 are you going; am going, do you want 2 do you smoke; I don't smoke, smokes, I do; spends 3 sees; are you waiting; am waiting 4 you usually go; belongs, wants; is using 5 go; takes, passes; is working, am queueing 6 Are you coming, are you waiting; think, wait, are, looks 7 are waiting; is dialling; Do you know; phones 8 does he come; comes; speaks 9 wonder, is speaking; comes, suppose, is speaking 10 are having; are opening; writes; get; have you (got) II says, is coming, wants 12 Do you have/Have you got; don't think; don't see; does a traffic warden do 13 walks, stays, parks, sticks 14 is putting; sees; hates 15 want; are just closing; we always close, doesn't want 16 is listening, is reading, is doing, is writing 17 reads; knits, isn't knitting 18 goes, doesn't go; likes; prefers 19 are watching; are enjoying, don't understand 20 happens; Does the teacher give; gives, shows, discusses 21 gets; sits, stands, walks, runs 22 is that man standing; is trying, is waiting; doesn't he use/isn't he using; don't bother; prefer 23 are wearing; Do you like; suits, doesn't fit 24 speak, come 25 is taking, is coming 26 talk; prefer; are talking; aren't talking 27 are having; am meeting; Do you go 28 go, am going; takes, costs 29 Are you doing; am packing, am catching; are you staying 30 Are you going; I am staying; are coming; Do you invite; invite 31 am just going; is pouring; don't you wait; stops 32 gets, washes, shaves, gets, don't hear; hear, makes 33 gets; makes, wakes; sings, bangs, drops, plays 34 don't you ask; mention, doesn't do; says, doesn't make, think, believes 35 Do you see; keeps; Do you think, is asking; expect, is making; do you make; stop, ask, write 36 starts, stays; moves; takes, does, wishes Exercise 118 1 writes, know, is doing: Does your son write; hear; seems 2 cost; Do you think; depends 3 am seeing; am changing; are always


changing; don't you leave 4 look/are looking, are you thinking, am thinking; are only just starting; know, am reading, says, starts 5 is always knocking on my door and asking; does she do; puts; don't mind, annoys, knows, needs, takes 6 does she do, runs out; borrows, takes, wants, finds 7 does she owe; don't know, don't keep; is leaving, is getting; am trying 8 don't you offer; sounds; doesn't realize, owes 9 says, owe, seem, owes, remember 10 don't think, is enjoying; keeps, is enjoying; enjoys; know, wants, is expecting/expects II are you staying; am leaving; am going 12 are you coming, are you going; depends; agrees; expect 13 is seeing; don't you come 14 Do you see; is watching; do you know, is watching; comes, goes, makes 15 are all these people doing, are they wearing; they are making; are working 16 sounds; Do you think; don't know, see, finish, are still taking on 17 Is Ann acting; doesn't act; imagine, knows 18 lives, come, see; doesn't bother, climbs, knocks 19 are moving; are you leaving; suits; know, does, is/are pulling down; are widening; say 20 ask, likes, says, don't know, thinks, suits, is merely being 21 want; tells, says, thinks 22 Does your sister's frankness annoy; does; doesn't want; wants 23 hear; am not living; are still working, is taking 24 think, take, expects; are they doing; are putting; seem, smoke, slows 25 are always hammering; keeps, begins, hear: shakes 26 is stirring, is standing: says, are boiling; don't think, matters, cook, don't know, isn't getting; thickens 27 is being painted, isn't looking; Do they stop; are having 28 does the word 'Establishment' mean; doesn't give; means, have 29 say, belongs, imply, accepts; isn't trying/doesn't try 30 Do all rich men belong; do, are always jeering/always jeer; is used 31 is being pulled; are using; go, get 32 smell; do; think, is coming; is probably ironing; irons, watches, gets, forgets, is pressing; is thinking 33 are you looking; am looking; am always looking, puts; put; don't you try 34 are travelling; is reading, is doing, is looking out; stops, falls 35 spends; amuses; is watching, sees 36 does; checks; doesn't need; happens, makes; makes Exercise 119 1 decided 2 chose 3 looked, were getting, was mixing, was washing 4 were, asked, was doing 5 replied, was going, went, knew, were looking 6 began, found, were 7 were waiting/waited, remembered, had 8 started, was telephoning, did, came 9 grumbled, was always telephoning 10 retorted, was always complaining 11 worked


12 started/were starting, rang 13 was, wanted, was playing 14 stayed, went 15 left 16 returned, came, wasted 17 said 18 thought 19 was just climbing, rang 20 said, was getting, went, opened 21 was, was coming, arriving Exercise 120 1 was walking, realized, was following 2 walked, turned, stopped 3 appeared, stopped 4 went 5 stopped, stopped, looked, was 6 looked, was wearing/wore, wondered 7 decided 8 was standing 9 came, rang, moved off/was moving off, jumped 10 missed, got, was following/followed 11 crawled 12 pulled, looked, was getting/got 13 changed, got 14 left, bought 15 was standing, came 16 was carrying, got, sat, read 17 looked, was getting/got 18 was becoming/became, went, sat, asked, was following 19 said, wasn't following, threatened, admitted 20 told, was, was trying 21 told, advised, didn't want, was being followed Exercise 121 1 was sitting, saw; seemed 2 was snowing, woke; remembered, was coming, decided, lost 3 reached, realized, did not know; was wondering, tapped 4 was running/ran, struck 5 looked; was going; was drawing 6 were listening, were whispering, was reading; hated, read 7 was reading, burst, rushed 8 went, didn't find; said, didn't know, was doing, thought, was probably playing 9 stopped/used to stop; closed, gave 10 promised, saw, was telling 11 picked, dialled; found; were planning 12 met; were; was studying, wasn't, spent 13 was just starting, opened, leapt 14 were you doing, said; was cleaning 15 looked, said, was leaving the district and (was) going; said, was, was going, told, was getting/got on 16 were building, was 17 were reading, were just turning over: was knitting, was playing; opened, said 18 was; were they doing; heard, were looking; Did they find; discovered 19 told, made; was just pulling 20 was just sticking, came; tried, refused 21 took; Was she actually working 22 said, was coming, wondered 23 was wondering, came, bought 24 was always borrowing, asked, said, hadn't, knew, wanted 25 went, had, was being; turned, saw 26 bumped, asked, said, was having 27 attacked, was putting; thrust, tore; contained; patched 28 did you break; fell, was putting, was, was, was going 29 didn't go; cancelled, spent 30 was just rising, shouted; looked 31 was raining,


played/were playing; was trying, didn't get/wasn't getting on, kept 32 were you doing, rang; was making; did you do, heard, went; opened, was 33 rang, found, said, was making 34 Was, rang; answered, was talking, saw; went 35 didn't get, were having/had; rang up, said, were making; pointed out, was, had; said, were always having 36 were you doing/did you do, got; was working/worked; did you stay, stayed; left, were always going; became/was becoming Exercise 122 Part 1 1 I haven't played for ten years. 2 I haven't sung since I came 3 I haven't milked one since 4 I haven't put one up since 5 I haven't made one for 6 I haven't read any since 7 I haven't bathed a baby for 8 I haven't repaired one since 9 I haven't skiied since 10 I haven't read one for II I haven't made one since 12 I haven't sewn any on since 13 I haven't driven (one) for 14 I haven't taken a temperature for 15 I haven't ridden one since 16 I haven't rowed since 171 haven't painted/done any painting for 18 I haven't typed for Part 2 19 I haven't had a puncture for 20 He hasn't earned any money for 21 He hasn't shaved since 22 I haven't drunk champagne since 23 I haven't been in Rome for 24 I haven't seen Tom since 25 I haven't eaten raw fish since 26 Mary hasn't spoken French for years 27 I haven't had a good night's sleep for 28 He hasn't paid taxes since 29 I haven't eaten meat for 30 The windows haven't been cleaned for 31 I haven't taken any photographs for years. 32 I haven't watched TV since 33 He hasn't written to me for 34 I haven't been paid for 35 I haven't been abroad since 36 That house hasn't been lived in for Exercise 123 1 have played/have been playing; Have you played, came; have played; joined, arrived 2 Have you played; have played; have had, have won, didn't really deserve 3 played, was, left, dropped, took 4 haven't seen; have you been; I've been; meant, hadn't/didn't have; Did you have/Had you, were; was; have only just got; enjoyed; skiied, danced 5 skiied, was, broke, haven't done 6 came, was; has been built, has become 7 hasn't started; has he been, has been, spent 8 have just heard; didn't you know; flew; Have you heard; got; told; didn't say, liked; has only been 9 didn't know, were; exploded, burnt 10 has been; used, rode, have had 11 made; has he been; we have only had;


resigned, was 12 has left; left; Has anybody been appointed; have applied/applied, has been decided 13 Did you have/Have you had; was, have ever had, took; thought, was, searched, announced, was; took off 14 did you spend; took, fed, walked, bought, didn't need; passed 15 Have you booked; wrote, haven't answered 16 didn't know you were; have been; arrived 17 met, said; made, found, needed, seemed 18 Did you know, arrived; didn't know 19 have you learnt/been learning; have been learning 20 began, did; dropped, forgot; spent, studied, have been studying/have studied 21 rang, said; spent, couldn't/wasn't able to, rang; haven't seen, said; went, haven't come; went 22 have just had; did it go; did you enjoy; didn't actually hit, made 23 sold, bought, left; arrived; wasn't, said; hasn't been taken 24 saw; thought, worked, said; worked, explained, went, told; gave: have worked 25 Have you been; went; were; Did you go; went; hired 26 have you been, came; have been 27 have seen; did you go; went; took 28 Did you see, were; saw; walked, asked, had, said, has just returned 29 Have you been; have been: haven't been 30 Have ; you seen; went, saw; Did you like; loved, didn't understand 31 has just died; knew; worked; didn't see, left, kept 32 thought, was, turned; shouted; said, didn't know, were 33 Hasn't Tom come; came; went; didn't hear 34 has just given; have just touched, didn't feel 35 came; went; looked; coughed, spun: exclaimed, didn't see 36 you have just agreed; didn't realize, wanted Exercise 124 1 bought, haven't sold 2 was, began; ran, made 3 caught, didn't get in, arrived 4 looked up, came: have been, growled 5 rang, said; said, haven't had; didn't you tell 6 met, said, didn't see; Did you miss: didn't miss, replied; haven't missed; gave 7 went; worked, went 8 has been; did she go; went 9 bought, asked; told, have waited/been waiting, hasn't come 10 met, offered; said; have just had 11 arrived, landed, climbed out; recognized; exclaimed; didn't know, knew; have only just learnt, said; went 12 tried, heard, called out; have you been; has been 13 Have you been; went; Did you like; didn't see; was 14 have just bought; Have you read: haven't read; haven't even seen 15 Have you been; was; did you get; took 16 Have you seen; rang, got; has been; flew, decided; Have you heard; got, arrived 17 have you been; have been; did you do/were you doing; worked/was working 18 did you work; worked; Did you like; didn't like; did you stay


19 was, stayed, played; did you play; played; lost 20 did you begin; began, was; went; stayed, went 21 was, started; did you get; haven't got; have only been 22 left; rang; answered; said; has just gone, said 23 Have you been; was; Did you go; hitch-hiked 24 haven't seen; has been ill; collapsed, was taken; sent, hasn't come 25 was; Did you see; took, was, said, needed; haven't been able, haven't watched 26 Have you ever been; spent; went, met, wanted, didn't get 27 said; said; hasn't come; rang, were; said; got; didn't come 28 dictated, told; rang; Have you finished, asked; said, have done, haven't started 29 Have you found out; rang, answered, didn't seem; said; has been 30 said, Has Jack moved; said, didn't see; wasn't 31 have you been; have been; bought/have bought; found, got 32 have played, came; has been, inherited; Did you ever play; played, died, arrived 33 Have you seen; left; put 34 Have you met; met; did you talk; talked 35 did, bought, has made; have always done, have always found 36 had; have had, got; told, were; has been, have changed Exercise 125 I have been telephoning; Haven't you nearly finished; haven't got; have been trying, has been 2 has failed; has been practising, has got 3 have often wondered; have just found out 4 has been playing; has only just stopped 5 haven't you brought; Haven't you typed 6 Have you been sunbathing; has been raining/ has rained 7 have been building; have been watching/have watched 8 haven't found, has been; has been helping 9 have pulled down, haven't touched 10 have searched/have been searching, haven't seen 11 have been waiting, have waited 12 has been; has been looking, hasn't found 13 have been doing, haven't finished; have done 14 have just picked; have grown/have been growing, have never had 15 have you been doing; have been using 16 has just sold; have been painting, haven't sold 17 has this happened; have had, have thrown 18 have you done: has just gone; has finished 19 has worked/has been working, has never once been; have/has just presented 20 have been mending/have mended, have only done, has broken down 21 has collected/has been collecting; has collected 22 have been looking, have completely forgotten; has happened 23 has been getting/has got, has been rising/has risen; has come 24 has eaten, has lost count, has attended; Has he put on 25 have been ringing up; has gone; has been working; has found out 26 has been using; haven't been 27 have been standing; hasn't moved; has just shut . . . and gone off 28 has/have been


considering; have just given, have decided 29 have been playing, haven't played 30 have been, haven't got 31 has been standing; has already gone 32 has happened; have been waiting/have waited; has often kept, has never been 33 has been living/has lived, has never said 34 have just remembered, haven't paid; hasn't rung; have been; have paid; has lost 35 have been shopping/have shopped; has been losing/has lost, have made, have been told, have known 36 have you been doing; have been looking; have been building Exercise 126 1 gave, thanked, said, had enjoyed, knew, hadn't read, were 2 had seen, returned, didn't have/hadn't 3 didn't have, had already done, was 4 didn't have, did, left 5 had, was; decided 6 picked, went, slammed 7 felt, had reminded 8 had searched and found, remembered, was 9 had left 10 remembered, were 11 arrived; had been told, was, was 12 asked, said, hadn't been 13 wanted, had come 14 told 15 admitted, never bought/had never bought, assured, sold, wasn't 16 returned, saw, had broken in, was, was 17 were, had only just left 18 Probably they (had) heard/They (had) probably heard, had run/ran 19 had helped, was, poured 20 wondered, had found, hoped 21 had been given, had died 22 hadn't had, hadn't liked 23 seemed, had taken 24 put, took, had forgotten/forgot, had put 25 came, said, had just swallowed 26 thought, left, was, arrived, learnt, had just left 27 found, had been using/had used 28 parked, rushed; came, was 29 wondered, had stolen, had driven 30 was, was, had been working/had worked 31 was, had had 32 brought, hadn't come 33 kept, had seen 34 looked, went, saw 35 got up, was, wondered, had stayed, had gone away and come back 36 opened, saw 37 had clearly been listening, wondered, had heard 38 asked, had been doing/was doing, said, had dropped, had been looking for/was looking for 39 didn't see, found, had probably dropped, opened 40 had been taking 41 were, turned, asked 42 pulled, ran off 43 (had) recovered, had disappeared 44 moved, found, had been standing 45 had been telling/was telling Exercise 127 1 Where did they go? 2 How long does it take to get there? 3 What did you think of it? 4 How much does he earn? 5 How I much was Tom fined? 6 How big is your room? or What size is your room? 7 When did they leave?/How long ago did they leave? 8 How did they come? 9 How long have you been here? 10 Where did the


students go? 11 How many miles to the gallon does the car do/What does it do to the gallon? 12 Where did he meet her? 13 What did the neighbours complain about? 14 What did the clerk make him do? 15 Who ate the apples? 16 How did he get in? 17 Who bought the tickets? 18 What were the roads like? 19 How many cigarettes do you smoke a day? 20 What was the hotel like? 21 How far away is the market? 22 How long have you had that cough? 23 What did Guy Fawkes try to do? 24 Who would you like to speak to? 25 Whose is this? 26 How did he stop the train? 27 How long have you been waiting? 28 Where did Mary put it? 29 Why did you throw it away? 30 How many hotels are there in the town? 31 Where did they leave the lawnmower? 32 How did you find her address? 33 What did Ann give you for lunch? 34 How deep is the lake? 35 Whose car did you borrow? 36 What did he do with it? Exercise 128 1 What did he tell you? 2 What is the bridge built of? 3 Where are you all going to? or What are you all going to do? 4 How did he break his leg? 5 How or Why did Tom lose his job? 6 Which did you buy? 7 What is the new theatre like? or What does it look like? 8 How many would you like? 9 When did the concert begin? 10 Who did she go to the dance with? 11 Why did he buy a car? 12 When is he coming? 13 Which (one) is longer? 14 Who taught you to play poker? 15 What has she broken? 16 What are you looking for? 17 Whose typewriter has he borrowed? 18 What was she asking him for? 19 Who is he ringing up? 20 What does the word 'boss' mean? 21 How did he escape? 22 Who were you talking about? 23 Whose idea did they like best? 24 Who did he complain to? 25 How big was it? 26 What do the students intend to do? 27 Where do you come from? 28 How much does the best kind cost? 29 Why did he give it away? 30 What is his sister like? 31 What's this knife for? 32 What do you have to do in the mornings? 33 Which one do you like best? 34 How often does he come to London? 35 Who told you about it? 36 What is he like? Exercise 129 Part 1 1 have just heard, would/should like 2 Do you think, could or would be able to 3 had, remember, said, was or had been, (had) got 4 can/could, can/could, suits/would suit 5 has, will/would bring 6 isn't, do not hesitate 7 are, will take him if I ask/would take him if I asked 8 has been/was, seemed


Part 2 9 am/was, am, are going 10 will be II will look 12 enjoyed, missed, left/had left, looked 13 will be 14 Will you/Would you/Could you bring, doesn't suit 15 Don't bother, have 16 you'll have, bring, you'll have/you'll have had Part 3 17 Do you by any chance know 18 should/would like, have just heard, would exactly suit, doesn't apply, won't get 19 saw, was just leaving/had just left 20 said, was going, promised, (had) found 21 have heard, don't even know, went 22 know, should/would be, would phone 23 have tried, doesn't seem Part 4 24 am, advertised, are coming/shall be coming, (shall) require 25 Would you please/Could you please tell me 26 should/would like 27 Would I be able/Could 1 28 hopes/is hoping, don't drive, won't be/wouldn't be, need/shall need/should need 29 Do the local shops still deliver; know, did 30 should/would be, would tell, calls 31 ask/are asking, sounds; would you like/do you like 32 have been, lived, want 33 is also writing, would like, painted 34 has known, lived, am, would/will recommend 35 should/would of course be or am of course willing 36 should/would be, enclose Exercise 130 Part 1 1 wrote, asking or to ask or and asked 2 replied, enclosing, filled up, returned 3 have heard, am beginning/begin, has gone 4 Would/Could you please check, have received 5 have received/did receive/received, haven't decided, should/would be, would tell 6 has already been, should/would like, don't get, shall/will have to, do, shall/will have or have Part 2 7 have suffered/have been suffering, leave/are leaving 8 stand, laughing, calling 9 get, bang/banging, reverse 10 sounds, finds, has had, is still learning, don't know, (do) know, takes, roaring, shouting 11 have gone, have all been, find 12 should/would be, would ask, could Part 3 13 Are you/Would you be 14 is coming, is bringing or is coming and bringing, or will be coming and bringing 15 haven't met, think, would/will like 16 will be able 17 receives, doesn't get, has asked 18 will probably ring, would be 19 know, don't usually eat, hope, won't be; can 20 passes, remember/will probably remember, will give


Exercise 131 Part 1 (Affirmative auxiliary verbs would usually be contracted in speech.) 1 Could 2 does 3 does, came, was, did, is, will/would do 4 do you want 5 should/would like 6 Would Thursday at 4.00 suit 7 wouldn't; is coming 8 would be able to/could do 9 would/will be 10 will/shall expect Part 2 II Could 12 Speaking 13 have you been; have been trying; Don't you leave 14 do, went, have only just got in; is; didn't know, were 15 arrived; would have rung, have been; has only just ended; Are you doing 16 am going 17 is; am 18 am; had told, would have kept 19 didn't know, dashed, told 20 did 21 does, was driving, had, was taken; am doing; are you really going; can't/couldn't you 22 can't/couldn't; suppose, will/would be 23 will stay; will get over; would you like 24 I'd love; are you, will be, should/would hate 25 will be: will ring, am staying: stayed, didn't seem 26 did you stay; will tell 15 Future forms Exercise 132 1 are you going; we'll probably go 2 are having; is leaving/leaves 3 shall/will see; will probably look 4 am seeing; will refuse 5 shall/will know; will tell 6 will be; shall/will miss; will walk, will probably catch 7 shall/will probably come; will give, am coming 8 will get; are staying, will have to; will move 9 will he say; won't mind; will just buy 10 won't know; will leave 11 will never get; will meet, will I fall 12 am going; Are you coming; shall/will probably have 13 Are you walking; will get; will bring 14 am having, are starting; will make 15 Are you taking; am taking; will pass; will/shall take 16 are you meeting; are meeting; is taking 17 are you doing; will go; will probably stay 18 is Jack arriving; is he getting; will come 19 are they doing; are going; is happening; are taking; will enjoy 20 will wake, won't get 21 are spending; shall/will manage; will turn: will be able 22 is catching, will be 23 is George coming; are moving, shall/will have to 24 am ringing; Shall I ask; shall/will be; will write 25 are having, are lunching, is standing; are giving 26 will let, shall/will find 27 are getting; Are you going; Are they having 28 Shall I wait, will take 29 will you have; will have; will have; are having, am having; will have 30 will give; am collecting 31 is getting; will happen; will ring, will sleep, will come 32 am being; is leaving, am taking; will soon be, will spend, will lose or


will spend . . . and lose 33 am flying; are you taking; will spend 34 are going; are having . . . and going; will come; is coming; will ask 35 is coming; Shall we go: will get, shall/will be able; won't pay 36 are opening, are having; will look; will come; are you having; are missing; are going Exercise 133 1 are you going; am going; are you going to do; am going to fish 2 are you going; am not going; am staying/going to stay; am going to write 3 is going to rain 4 are you staying; am going; are you going to do; am going to try Sam going to dye; Are you going to do, are you going to have it done; am going to have 6 am going to read 7 are you doing; are coming, am going to show/am showing; are you taking; am going to take/am taking 8 are starting; are going; Are you going to climb; is going to climb; am going to sit . . . and do 9 are going; Are you going to sail; are taking/are going to take; are going to try 10 Aren't you going to ask; am leaving; are you going to do; Are you going to have; am starting II Are you going to use; am going to live; am going to start; are you going to do/are you doing, am selling/am going to sell; is getting 12 is going, is having; is going to look; is coming 13 am going to send; am seeing 14 is arriving; Is he spending; is he catching; is spending; is giving . . . and attending 15 Is he bringing; is going to do, is giving 16 am starting; are you going to do; am going to study 17 Are you going; am going to get; am going; am going to ask; is joining/is going to join, they are all going to pick 18 am going to buy; is going to be 19 are you going to do; Are you going to sell; am going to learn; am having 20 am moving in; Are you going to have; am going to paint 21 Are you having; am going to do/am doing; am going to use; are going to help; am hiring/am going to hire 22 am going to do; am going to plant . . . and make; Are you going to give/are you giving 23 am getting; are starting, is coming 24 are meeting; Are they just going to repeat; are they going to climb; are going to offer Exercise 134 1 am going to have 2 are going to assemble; will come 3 am going to shampoo 4 am going to make; will burn 5 am going to paint 6 am going to make 7 will look 8 will see 9 will wait 10 are going to camp . . . and cook II am going to put 12 Are you going to wear; am going to sit . . . and watch: am not going to get 13 will take 14 will have 15 will start; will get, will bake 16 is going to bake; will soon get 17 Are you going to try; am going to try; will confiscate 18 shall/will have; will come 19 am not going to take; am going to mend: is going to help 20 Are you going to paint; am going to take 21 will add; won't be able to


read; am going to type; shall/will have 22 will type 23 will ring 24 am going to ring 25 Aren't you going to climb; are going to climb; are going to try; will cook, will buy 26 am going to wash; will come 27 are going to pick; will probably come, will start 28 will have to go, will be; will get; Will you let 29 will stay; will try 30 am going to start; Are you going to do; is going to help 31 is going to write; will buy; will buy 32 is going to dig 33 is the new owner going to make; is going to concentrate 34 are going to bottle 35 will go 36 are going to buy; will stay Exercise 135 1 will/shall both be coming 2 will meet, will forget 3 will be watching; will ring 4 will/shall be doing; will still be working 5 will get, will do 6 will be coming 7 will/shall be working 8 will/shall be taking off 9 will come 10 will be playing 11 will get; will still be; will be going, will ask 12 will be, will be wondering/will wonder 13 will/shall never be able; will be helping; won't be helping; will/shall be helping 14 will write, will try; will type 15 will/shall be typing; will type 16 will tell 17 will just be coming 18 will be melting 19 will be talking . . . and showing, will/shall feel 20 will tell, won't believe 21 will just be getting up 22 will be wearing; will wrap . . . and go 23 will be; will be speaking, will be addressing 24 will be reading, will be ringing 25 will still be standing 26 Will you please forward; will/shall be staying 27 will be coming 28 will be leaving 29 won't start; will give 30 will be coming 31 will be looking 32 will you be arriving; will/shall be travelling; Will there be; will send 33 Will you be using; will put 34 will/shall be having; will be hobbling 35 will enjoy; won't/shan't have; will/shall be map-reading, will/shall be 36 will write Exercise 136 1 won't do 2 won't come; won't be driving 3 won't/shan't be coming 4 won't have; won't come 5 won't/shan't be teaching 6 will/shall be doing; won't/shan't be eating 7 won't eat 8 won't bite 9 won't be coming 10 will be fishing II won't clean 12 won't/shan't be showing 13 won't/shan't be washing; will/shall be having 14 won't/shan't be wearing; won't recognize 15 won't be, won't believe 16 won't/shan't be delivering 17 won't be wearing 18 won't tell 19 won't be using; won't do 20 will/shall


have; won't/shan't be paying 21 won't pay; will have 22 won't work 23 will get on; won't be working 24 won't even show; won't come Exercise 137 1 will have repaired 2 will have done 3 will/shall have made 4 will have finished 5 will have planted 6 will/shall have passed 7 will/shall have done 8 will have walked 9 will have lost 10 will have spent 11 will/shall have worked 12 will have been driven 13 will/shall have sent 14 will/shall have given 15 will have died 16 will have driven 17 will/shall have picked 18 will have sunk Exercise 138 Part I 1 is looking; sees, rings; answers 2 am ringing 3 says; use 4 uses; eats; don't think, likes 5 would suit/suits; like; would we arrange/do we arrange, use 6 includes; doesn't include 7 see; does the room face 8 faces; looks, gets 9 sounds 10 Would 7 p.m. suit or Will 7 p.m. suit; can't/couldn't/wouldn't be able to, don't get 11 will/would be; don't think, will have; passes, stops 12 I'll find; I'll see 13 comes, asks 14 is coming 15 She'll probably come, are sitting; get; don't think, give 16 do; listens; will be 17 rings; looks, smiles 18 says, goes Part 2 19 am speaking; am spending; would you like 20 I'd love; do I get 21 I'll meet 22 I'll do 23 comes 24 sounds 25 see 26 are you doing 27 am spending 28 you'll freeze, doesn't kill; are you getting 29 am catching, is meeting 30 I'll lend; I'll tell 31 likes 32 I'll give, fall, goes; are having, is going, is catching 33 is always going; go 34 comes, hear, will be 16 Conditionals Exercise 139 1 find, will give 2 smoke, will/may object 3 put, will crack 4 see 5 wins, will get, comes, will get 6 feel 7 wants, will have 8 have finished 9 stands, will capsize 10 isn't working, will have 11 doesn't go 12 hear 13 will get 14 leaves, will be 15 freezes, will be 16 don't take, will have 17 takes, will have 18 don't feel/aren't feeling 19 brakes, will/may skid 20 like, will get 21 would like 22 growls 23 isn't working 24 don't know 25 refuses 26 won't/doesn't help 27 are going 28 do you employ 29 will be 30 hate, don't you change 31 don't want 32 hear 33 will see 34 rings/should ring 35


reach/should reach 36 would care, will send Exercise 140 Part I Drill ('What'll happen if . . .' is normally replaceable by 'What'll you do if and vice versa. These are possible answers only.) 1 What'll you do if he doesn't pay you tonight? 2 What'll you do if you don't get a permit? 3 What'll you do if you don't pass? 4 What'll you do if he refuses? 5 What'll happen if he chooses Smith? 6 What'll you do if you can't find a cheap room? 7 What'll happen if it doesn't open? 8 What'll happen if I forget it? 9 What'll happen if they don't believe me? 10 What'll you call it if it's a boy? 11 What'll happen if we don't get a lift? 12 What'll happen if it isn't clear of fog? 13 What'll happen/How long will it take if he doesn't help us? 14 What'll happen if he isn't at home?/What'll we do if...? 15 What'll we do if the ice isn't thick enough? 16 What'll happen/What happens if you walk on them when the tide is coming in? 17 What'll we do if it's wet? 18 What'll we do if we (do) have another puncture? Part 2 1 If you like I can get 2 If you like I'll ask 3 If you like I'll bring the photographs 4 If you like I'll give 5 If you like you can watch 6 If you like I'll arrange a helicopter trip 7 If you like I'll knit you one 8 If you like you can borrow 9 If you like I'll come 10 If you like I'll ask Ann 11 If you like I'll get you an application form 12 If you like I'll go with you 13 If you like I'll paint 14 If you like you can leave 15 If you like we'll postpone 16 If you like I'll ask him 17 If you like I'll arrange for you to meet the President 18 If you like we'll go sailing Exercise 141 (First person would is normally replaceable by should except in sentences 8, 9, 22.) 1 gave, would sell 2 woke, would have 3 went, would pine 4 went, would lose 5 said, would you do 6 worked, would finish 7 would happen, blew 8 saw, would climb; would not be, would climb 9 came, would call 10 threw, would have 11 asked, would he say 12 would be; would probably start 13 rang, would be 14 saw, would assume 15 would have, were/was 16 rushed, would get 17 bought, would lose 18 had, would bring 19 did, would not be 20 were/was, would still be 21 were/was, wouldn't be staying/wouldn't stay 22 had, would drink 23 drank, would soon get 24 were/was, would not be playing 25 would you go, did 26 kept, would not be running/would not run 27


was/were, would not be sitting 28 heard, didn't you answer 29 typed, would be 30 had 31 had, would now be sitting 32 would be, would kindly sign 33 stopped, would all fly 34 would still be 35 was, didn't you change 36 won, would be writing/would write Exercise 142 (The following are possible answers but not the only possible answers.) 1 If she wasn't/weren't so shy she would enjoy 2 If he took more exercise he would be healthier 3 If I had the right change we could 4 If they spoke English to her, her English would/might improve 5 If he worked overtime he would 6 If my number was/were in the directory people would ring 7 If the police were armed we would/might have gun battles 8 If the shops delivered, life would be easier/less difficult 9 If he wasn't/weren't so thin he mightn't feel/ If he was/were fatter, etc. 10 If we had matches we could light 11 If we had a steak we could cook it 12 If I wasn't/weren't so fat I could/would be able to 13 If I asked him he might help 14 If I could drive we could/would be able to take the car 15 If we had a ladder we could 16 If I were you I should/would sell it 17 If I had more time I'd read more 18 If they cleaned the windows the rooms would look brighter 19 If he polished his shoes he'd look smarter 20 If he paid his staff properly they might work better 21 If we had central heating the house would be warmer 22 If I had a dog I wouldn't mind being alone 23 If he didn't spend hours watching television he would have time 24 If I had a vacuum cleaner I'd be quicker 25 If I knew his address I could write 26 If he shaved he'd look more attractive 27 If you worked more slowly you wouldn't make 28 If I could park near my office I'd come by car 29 If I lived nearer the centre I wouldn't always be late 30 If I had a map I could direct 31 If people drove more slowly there wouldn't be 32 If English people spoke more slowly I might/might be able to understand 33 If my house wasn't/weren't guarded by two Alsatian dogs it would be broken into 34 If the flats were clearly numbered it would be easier to find people 35 If you wiped your feet you wouldn't make muddy marks 36 If I didn't live near my office I'd spend a lot of time Exercise 143 (Sometimes would below is replaceable by might or could.) 1 had not taken, wouldn't have got 2 had paid, wouldn't have been 3 had told, would have cooked 4 had had, would have been 5 had known, would have lent 6 hadn't had, would have fallen 7 had realized, wouldn't have


accepted 8 hadn't taken 9 had been lit 10 hadn't rung 11 had waited, would have seen 12 wouldn't have been, hadn't knocked 13 had patented, would have made 14 had had, would have been 15 had told, would have agreed 16 had been, would have been able 17 had been, would have been launched 18 had known, wouldn't have thrown 19 had known, would have brought; would have enjoyed 20 would have attended 21 would have refused, had offered 22 wouldn't have known, hadn't told 23 had read, would have refused 24 had been playing, would certainly have heard 25 would you have done 26 hadn't rained, would have been 27 had been waiting 28 had used, would have lit 29 hadn't been wearing, should/would have recognized 30 had known, would have backed 31 had been, would have phoned 32 had turned 33 had played, would have had 34 had booked, would have had 35 had been, would not have been 36 had held, would not have been Exercise 144 (These are possible answers but not the only possible answers.) 1 If I had seen the signal I would have stopped 2 If I'd known your number I would have rung 3 If she had known you were in hospital she would have visited 4 If there had been taxis we would have taken one 5 If she hadn't been so shy she might have spoken 6 If she hadn't threatened to set fire to her flat I wouldn't have asked 7 If we'd had time we'd have visited 8 If the lift had been working I wouldn't have come up the stairs 9 If we had listened carefully we mightn't have made 10 If we hadn't got a lift we shouldn't/wouldn't have reached 11 If you hadn't washed it in boiling water it wouldn't have shrunk 12 If we hadn't been using an out-of-date timetable we shouldn't/wouldn't have missed 13 If his own men hadn't deserted him he wouldn't have failed 14 If they hadn't been driving so quickly the accident wouldn't have been 15 If it hadn't been raining I would have taken 16 If I'd known that in summer etc. I wouldn't have bought 17 If Tom's father hadn't been on the Board he wouldn't have got 18 If he'd been looking where he was going he wouldn't have been run over 19 If I'd been brought up in the country I might like country life 20 If I'd known he was so quarrelsome I wouldn't/shouldn't have invited him 21 If it hadn't rained all the time he might have enjoyed his visit 22 If I'd worked hard at school I would/should/might have got a good job 23 If they hadn't used closed-


circuit television they wouldn't/mightn't have spotted 24 If he'd been wearing a shirt they wouldn't have asked him to leave 25 If the streets had been clearly marked it wouldn't have taken us so long 26 If we'd had enough money we would/should have gone by air 27 If you'd put your hand up the bus would have stopped 28 If he hadn't turned up looking so disreputable they would have given him 29 If I'd known how thin the ice was I wouldn't/shouldn't have been walking 30 If he had taken the fight seriously from the beginning he might have won 31 If they hadn't paid the ransom at once they wouldn't have got 32 If he had read the passage more slowly the candidates would have understood 33 If they'd been wearing life-jackets they mightn't have been drowned 34 If his wife had encouraged him he might have got 35 If the exit doors hadn't been blocked people would have been able to escape/could have escaped 36 They would have walked further if they hadn't been hampered by or But for the thick dust they would have walked further Exercise 145 (First person would is normally replaceable by should.) 1 stays, will be/should be 2 didn't know, wouldn't/couldn't understand 3 hadn't got, would/might have come; wouldn't have been 4 knew, did you take 5 were not 6 had not been, would not have cheered 7 had not cheered, would not have run 8 had not run, would not have crashed, would not have been 9 returns/should return 10 why don't you sell/why not sell; had, would sell 11 didn't know, did you offer; would refuse 12 leaves, will/may steal 13 wore, would see 14 hadn't loved, would not have waited 15 had looked, would have been 16 start, will the village people resist 17 would you like 18 won't be able; can't, can't 19 would have been, had become 20 had gone, would be 21 had, would make 22 had known, would have brought 23 bathed, would be 24 stood, would all see, would be 25 were, would get 26 do, please remind/would you please remind 27 would have realized 28 had admitted, would not have been 29 had, would grow; would be 30 had known, would have stayed 31 had, would make 32 had told, would/could have gone 33 spend, won't have 34 hadn't been, mightn't have been 35 had, would get 36 would happen, had; would play, (would) miss, would fail, (would) have; would not feed, would get; would catch, (would) die, would have, would keep. Exercise 146 Answers are not provided for these open-ended sentences, as the responses by individual students are likely to be varied.


Exercise 147 1 shall/will; will 2 will 3 Shall; will 4 will 5 Will 6 shan't/won't; shan't/won't; will; shall/will 7 will 8 shall 9 shall; won't 10 will 11 Shall; shall/will, won't 12 will 13 shan't 14 won't 15 shall, shall not 16 will; shall/will 17 Shall; will: will, won't 18 shall/will; will 19 shan't; will 20 shall; will 21 shan't/won't; will 22 Will; won't 23 shan't; will 24 shall Exercise 148 1 should 2 should 3 would 4 Would 5 should 6 would 7 would 8 should/would 9 would 10 should 11 would 12 Would 13 should 14 should; would 15 Would; should 16 should 17 should 18 would 19 should 20 would 21 should 22 should 23 should 24 would 25 Would 26 should 27 should 28 should, should 29 should 30 would 31 would 32 would 33 should 34 would 35 should 36 should 17 Gerund, infinitive and present participle Exercise 149 1living, to like 2 to travel; to take, to go 3 to buy; selling 4 to catch; getting, getting 5 to complain; losing 6 going, being, putting; telling, to take 7 to lock; go, do 8 to touch, being 9 house-hunting, to ask; looking 10 go; swimming; going 11 to be paid; taking, measuring; to expect, to do, to be, to die 12 spending, arguing, not to go 13 giving, going to live 14 to leave; to call 15 keep you waiting; apologizing 16 telling, to talk 17 earning, to show 18 to start; filling 19 to carry; to move, carry 20 to take; take; cutting; to get, taking; to saw, escape 21 to ask, to leave; asking Tom to do; asking, to travel 22 to cut; sharpening 23 to buy, to ask 24 cheating, buying, dealing/to deal 25 dining, have; to go; having 26 cutting/to be cut; have, to have 27 to convince, managing, helping 28 travelling, standing; queuing, waiting; to go 29 following, criticizing, to hit 30 to stay; wait; to go 31 to rebel, not to adopt 32 arriving; to wait, waiting: to be 33 to come, going; to climb, making 34 to work, getting 35 start; to risk getting 36 calling, letting, decide Exercise 150 1 sleeping, to camp 2 to come; listening, listening, talking 3 to leave, to put 4 to park 5 smoking, to risk setting, smoke 6 writing, to receive, go 7 buying;


shopping 8 to see, to find, buy; trying to travel 9 to turn; working 10 taking, dropping, pretending 11 to grow, buying; to prevent, playing 12 keeping; to fill; asking, to keep; making 13 going; to come; to go, go; travelling 14 go fishing: coming; to cut, wasting, sitting, watching, fishing 15 being, to wait; to see 16 to prevent, rushing, dashing 17 tossing, crashing 18 to eat, trying 19 walking, take; go; to get 20 to start; raining, walking 21 counting, thinking; moving, being robbed; to get, to make 22 letting, keeping, to sell 23 to lean, watching, going, coming; shouting, talking 24 to know, to learn; to greet/greeting, to talk 25 untying, climbing, crawling 26 finding; getting; to know 27 to see/seeing, sitting; relaxing, reading, produce, to be; performing, keeping 28 spending, living, to think, selling, returning 29 arguing; argue; seeing 30 to hear; seeing; to bring 31 receiving, selling; receiving, selling, to sell 32 hovering, being, climbing; run/running; coming/come, leading 33 to be passing, to give, to pick, to drop 34 having; to have; sitting, swirling, taking 35 writing, showing 36 swim; swimming; going 18 Unreal pasts and subjunctives Exercise 151 1 left 2 had 3 had 4 had 5 had done 6 began 7 knew Shad 9 had asked 10 did 11 had nibbled/had been nibbling 12 mended 13 were addressing 14 were 15 stayed, looked 16 had tied 17 hadn't given 18 had known 19 didn't know 20 were 21 drove 22 had been 23 had not taken 24 had never been 25 had kept 26 paid 27 stopped, started 28 had not said 29 had taken 30 had been standing 31 had never set 32 took 33 had/had had 34 had not tried 35 had not had 36 got Exercise 152 (The following are possible answers, but not the only possible answers. All the answers will begin: I'd rather you. We are therefore only giving the other half of each sentence.) 1 went by train 2 went with someone/took someone with you 3 started today 4 rang on your own phone/used your own phone 5 slept in the house 6 cooked it under the grill 7 cut it with a knife/with your own scissors 8 stayed on a bit longer 9 came in time


10 waited till morning 11 cleaned it in the garage 12 said nothing 13 wore shoes 14 didn't 15 painted it blue, and without any decorations 16 rang at 7 a.m. 17 didn't threaten him at all 18 bathed during the day/in daylight 19 parked it in the playing field 20 put them in the goldfish bowl 21 went by train 22 borrowed the other one 23 typed it 24 did it today Exercise 153 (All the answers begin I wish; the words I wish will therefore not be given.) 1 I had a washing machine 2 I lived nearer my work 3 our garden got some sun 4 I hadn't called him a liar 5 I knew Finnish 6 I had booked a seat 7 I had a car 81 could drive 9 Tom would drive more slowly/Tom drove 10 you would keep quiet 11 we hadn't accepted 12 theatre tickets didn't cost 13 shops here didn't shut 14 he had worked 15 you had seen it 16 you weren't going 17 I had a permit 18 it would stop 19 you would wait 20 I had brought a map 21 I had never come 22 I hadn't left 23 I had stayed 24 he would cut 25 he would stop 26 he went to bed earlier/didn't go so late 27 we knew where we were 28 we had 29 I had known 30 you hadn't told 31 I had asked 32 I could swim 33 you were coming 34 you were going to a job 35 you had asked him 36 every country would stop

19 The passive Exercise 154 1 The milk is brought, the letters are left 2 letters won't be brought, they'll have to be collected from 3 Things are stolen from, twenty bottles were stolen 4 this street is swept, it wasn't swept 5 This box is cleared, It was last cleared 6 A light was turned on and the door (was) opened 7 This office is cleaned, the upstairs offices are cleaned 8 He was never seen, all his meals were taken up 9 This purse was left . . . it was found by the cleaner 10 1,000 new houses are built, last year 1,500 were built 11 Hot meals are served, coffee and sandwiches can be ordered 12 All sorts of things are left in buses. They are collected by the conductors and (are) sent 13 He was taken to hospital by ambulance 14 Many people are killed and injured . . - can't something be done 15 The warehouse is guarded by dogs. A thief who tried to get in was seen by a dog and chased 16 The police were called and the man (was) arrested 17 Tom, who had only a slight injury, was helped off, but Jack,


who was seriously injured, was carried off 18 This dress can't be washed, it must be dry-cleaned 19 The entire block is being demolished 20 He recommends that new tyres should be fitted 21 He suggested that council tenants should be allowed 22 These calculations used to be done by men; now they are done by a computer 23 The man was tried, found guilty and sent to prison 24 The knockers of all the flats are polished . . . mine hasn't been polished 25 My piano is being repaired 26 Tickets shouldn't be thrown away . . . they may be checked 27 Jack was invited but Tom wasn't (invited) 28 All the sandwiches were eaten . . . and all the beer (was) drunk. Nothing was left 29 Has my parcel been posted 30 Why wasn't I informed of 31 The book was written by Tom Smith and published by Brown and Co. 32 The car will have to be towed 33 all our copies have been sold but more have been ordered 34 Trespassers will be prosecuted 35 My car was stolen and abandoned . . . The radio had been removed but no other damage had been done 36 Dogs must be kept on leads Exercise 155 1 The letter hasn't been stamped 2 I wasn't paid for the work; I was expected to do 3 he was being moved 4 I wasn't introduced 5 I was awakened by a frightful crash 6 When this street has been widened the residents will be kept awake all night by the roar 7 The rubbish was thrown away 8 These TV sets are made by a Japanese firm 9 The town was destroyed by an earthquake 10 This could be done much more easily by (a) machine 11 Umbrellas and sticks must be left 12 Tenants are asked not to play 13 Your clock can't be repaired 14 Articles (which have been) bought during the sale cannot be exchanged 15 Fruit has to be picked very early otherwise it can't be got to the market 16 People shouldn't be allowed to park 17 My house is being watched 18 The passage will be read three times 19 Dictionaries may not be used 20 This letter need not be typed 21 '13' has been crossed out and '12A' has been written 22 This man mustn't be moved; he is too ill/he is too ill to be moved. He will have to be left 23 His house was searched and stolen articles were found 24 This room hasn't been used 25 He was taken for 26 These books should have been taken back 27 The children were brought up 28 The For Sale notice has been taken down . . . the house has been sold 29 His house was broken into . ..a lot of his things (were) stolen 30 You have been warned 31 He was knocked down by a lorry 32 My keys were returned to me; they had been picked up 33 The books had to be given back; we were not allowed to take 34 These documents


shouldn't be left . . . They should be locked up 35 Coffee and biscuits were handed round 36 Other people's schemes have been tried. Why has my scheme never been tried? Exercise 156 1 troops have been called out 2 trains were held up by fog 3 this is to be left here. It will be called for 4 police were called in 5 children were not properly looked after 6 reinforcements are being flown in 7 men of 28 were called up 8 he was looked up to by everyone 9 he will be seen off at the airport by all the ministers 10 bed hasn't been slept in 11 more rooms can be built on 12 he was thrown out 13 different attitude will have to be adopted 14 he ought to be locked up 15 they weren't taken in by her story 16 house was broken into 17 small plastic toys are being given away 18 notice was taken down 19 smoking is frowned on 20 after a million pounds had been spent . . . the scheme was given up 21 my car had been towed away. I asked why this had been done and was told that . . . it had been parked 22 weapons must be handed in 23 he was shouted down 24 he is often taken for his brother 25 the cork hasn't been taken out 26 pool was to have been used . . . it is being filled in 27 students are being turned away 28 sky-scraper will have to be pulled down as the town planning regulations have not been complied with Exercise 157 1 money was added up and found to be correct 2 I am having the bathroom tiled 3 a terrible mistake seems to have been made 4 you are supposed to make tea 5 he is known to be armed 6 he was seen to pick up 7 you are known to have been 8 he is believed to have 9 this needn't have been done 10 you had better have it taken in 11 he likes to be called 'sir' 12 this switch isn't to be/mustn't be touched 13 you will have to have/get it seen to or it will have to be seen to 14 this can't be done 15 we are being followed 16 boys used to be made to climb 17 it has to be seen to be believed 18 I am tired of being ordered about 19 he doesn't like being laughed at 20 this watch needn't be wound/doesn't need to be wound 21 he shouldn't have been told 22 they decided that the money should be divided 23 he is believed to have been killed 24 letters are to be sent 25 she is considered to have been 26 smoking


is not allowed 27 the expedition is known to have reached 28 before printing was invented everything had to be written 29 the government was urged to create/they urged that more jobs should be created 30 they suggested that the sale of alcohol should be banned 20 Indirect speech Exercise 158 (In the exercises on reported speech we often use nouns as subjects: e.g. the policeman, the children, Paul etc. In the answers, to save space, we have often used pronouns.) 1 he said he was going out but he'd be in 2 she said she was working . . . and didn't much care 3 Peter said he couldn't live on his basic salary and he'd have to 4 Mary said her young brother wanted to be . . . she couldn't think why because none of her family had ever been 5 they said they were waiting . . . and it was late 6 he said he had made . . . I said he was always making . . . and should be used to it 7 he said they made . . . and sent . . . to their wives 8 he said it was lonely being away from their . . . but they earned . . . in that/the factory as they would in their own 9 he said they had been there . . . and were going to stay 10 he said he'd got . . . I said that would be . . . he replied he knew it would be hard but he didn't mind . . . and it would be 11 he said the ice would soon be . . . she said she would look for her skates when she got 12 she said she was living with her parents at the moment but she hoped to have a flat of her own soon 13 she said she was leaving the following day . . . we said we'd come and see her off 14 he said he'd just bought . . . but it wasn't insured yet so he couldn't take me 15 she said she would like to speak . . . but she was bathing . . . and they would drown if she left . . . she went 16 Ann says she is coming . . . next week. She hopes we will meet her 17 She said nothing ever happened . . . it was like . . . people had drifted 18 he said he had missed his train; he'd be late . . . and his boss would be 19 they said they would wait for me if I was late/for us if we were late 20 I said they were supposed . . . but if the fog got . . . the plane might be 21 she said if I lent her . . . she'd bring . . . in two days' time 22 he grumbled he hated getting up on dark mornings; his wife agreed it was horrible but said the mornings would be lighter soon and then it wouldn't be 23 she said the sales were starting the following day and as soon as they finished work the whole . . . pool was going . . . I (said I) hoped they would all get what they wanted 24 he (said he) wished he had something . . . said he had only just had lunch and she didn't know how he could be 25 my aunt said if I was


short . . . she could lend me . . . and I could take my time 26 he said he usually took his dog . . . when he came 27 I said I had . . . for her brother. Ann said he wasn't at home; he had left two days before 28 I said I had bought the bag . . . he said I shouldn't have bought . . . it didn't go with my coat 29 she said she must hurry as her father was always . . . if any of them were 30 he said if I wanted to smoke I would have to 31 he said he was building himself . .. I he wouldn't show it to me just yet but when the roof was on I could come 32 he said the lake would probably freeze that night; it was much colder than the previous night. Mary said she would go . . . and if it was frozen she would make . . . ducks could 33 He said - . . the strikers went back the following day it would be . . . things returned 34 She said someone was trying to murder her. She kept getting 35 she said she was taking her children . . . the following day 36 she said all she could hear was . . . she wondered if it was Exercise 159 (See the note to Exercise 158.) 1 he said there had been . . . road was blocked . . . it wouldn't be clear ... he advised us to go/he said we'd better go 2 they suggested lighting ... cooking their sausages 3 he said he was thinking . . . aunt advised him not to go... as it was a bad 4 he warned us to take . . . as we might have to 5 he said he had left some books on my table. He thought I'd find them useful and said I could keep them as long as I needed them but that he'd like . . . when I had finished with them. I thanked him and said I'd take/promised to take 6 he said that if the children could . . . were . . . should be able . . . he was teaching 7 he said the puppy could sleep on their bed . . . she said she'd rather he slept . . . would soon be . . . there wouldn't be . . . all three of them 8 she said she'd try by herself . . . and if she found that she couldn't . . . she'd ask Tom to help her 9 Mary suggested camping by the stream as, or pointing out that if they went on, it might be dark before they found 10 they wished they'd brought their . . . as then they could have offered . . . and perhaps they (the restaurant) would have given them 11 Jones said he'd booked . . . The receptionist said she (was afraid that they) hadn't got his letter . . . all rooms had been taken . . . but they could give him . . . Jones said that wouldn't do him 12 he said he'd had gypsies on his land and they'd given . . . Council had asked


him . . . . He didn't see why . . . and was writing to his MP 13 he grumbled that the letter was .... She admitted she had done it ... and said she supposed she'd better 14 he said if they'd like to go on any of the tours the hotel would arrange it. They said they'd like 15 he said they'd try to find my passport but it would be . . . slept . . . might have robbed me 16 she suggested going . . . and said they might make their .... She'd been given . . . . He said he had had . . . from her . . . they had been 17 he said he didn't know why she wasted . . . the neighbours all I polished . . . she didn't want their Mini . . . . If he were any good . . . he'd help her 18 he apologized for not having a tie on. He said he didn't know it was going 19 he said he would have enjoyed . . . if the man next to him hadn't snored 20 I said I was thinking . . . he advised me to take someone with me. It was safer as one could . . . slept 21 Paul says that the plans have been changed; we're going tomorrow now not the next day. He wants us to meet him at Victoria tonight 22 He said that if he wanted . . . he had to . . . it wasn't hot. I said that was ridiculous and that it was high time he left 23 he said he knew the umbrella belonged to me but he I thought it would be all right if he borrowed it because I wasn't going out the following day and he was 24 he suggested putting my . . . and making . . . It would be . . . what they were planning. I said/objected that my recorder made . . . and they'd be sure . . . and then they'd find . . . and ask 25 she said whenever her father was unhappy he would go out and buy . . . their rooms were full . . . they couldn't use. Tom said that he was sorry for her father; he must have been 26 he said I could leave my . . . in his garage if I liked . . . he would keep . . . while I was away 27 he told Ann that if she wanted a job she should read . . . it was no use . . . outside her door 28 he said it used to be . . . but that now it was impossible. When summer came I'd have to 29 he said I must leave a note for my . . . otherwise she'd be . . . when I wasn't in at my 30 she said . . . had just arrived . . . and he was . . . She wondered if she should ring . . . wait till he came Exercise 160 (See note to Exercise 158.) 1 she asked who had been using her 2 he asked if I wanted 3 he asked if I minded 4 they asked if I would like to come with them/they invited me to come with them 5 she asked who I had given 6 he asked how long it took 7 he asked how much I thought it would cost 8 she asked him what he had missed most when he was/had been 9 he asked if the seat was taken 10 He asked how I got on with my 11 they asked him how he had got 12 he asked what I was/had been doing with the skeleton . . . and if I was/had been


trying 13 she asked me if I had slept 14 they asked him if he had been there 15 she asked if I could tell her why Paul (had) left 16 he asked how many . . . knew 17 she asked if there were ...for her 18 he asked how long I had been 19 he asked why I wasn't 20 the customer asked if they were 21 I asked where they were going for their 22 she asked if it would be . . . if she came . . . that night 23 he asked if I had ever seen 24 she asked him where she could park her 25 she asked if I would like . . . I asked which way she was going 26 she asked who I wanted 27 he asked if anyone wanted 28 I asked what he was going to do with his 29 I asked if she grew her own 30 he asked what train I was going 31 she asked him if he could change . . . and said she was afraid she hadn't got/and apologized for not having 32 she asked how many . . . he had taken. He said he had no idea 33 they asked if they could see the manager/they asked to see the manager. The secretary asked if they had 34 he asked if I thought I could live . . . on my own . . . or if I would get 35 he asked if any of us had actually seen 36 she asked if she could see/she asked to see/she asked for Commander Smith. I said I was afraid he was in orbit and asked if she would like Exercise 161 1 he suggested having . . . Ann agreed and suggested going . . . Jack was always 2 she said Jack's parents had asked her . . . the following night and asked what she should wear. Her mother advised her to wear . . . as it was 3 he said he was broke. Peter offered to lend him 4 the clerk said it would take . . . to look up her file. Ann asked if it was worth waiting or if she should 5 he asked if he would have to do... if he failed - . . The teacher said that he would 6 I asked where he would be the next day in case I had to ring him. He said that he would be in his . . . at his flat. He wouldn't be going 7 Mary asked what she should do with the cracked cup and her mother advised her to throw 8 she wondered if she would ever see 9 he asked me to get out . . . and he had to change . . . I offered to help 10 he said he'd run . . . and asked me to give him/asked for a lift 11 he suggested going . . . She said she liked . . . but that her only . . . shoes were being . . . She suggested going 12 he said I had a lot . . . and offered to carry some of them for me 13 he wondered if they would be 14 he asked what he should do with all the money. Mary advised him to take . . . and get/Mary suggested taking . . . and getting 15 Peter offered jack a cigarette. Jack thanked him and said he didn't smoke 16 They asked if she'd like to go/invited her to go with them, saying that there was . . . Ann said


she'd love to/Ann accepted 17 she asked Mr Jones if he could do without her that day as she had . . . and thought it might . . . if she stayed. Mr Jones advised her to stay . . . and to take the next day off too if she wasn't better 18 Mary told Paul that she'd just come back to her flat . . . in her chair. He was still there . . . and she asked/wanted to know what she should do. Paul advised her to wake him and ask him who he was, adding that there was 19 he said he wasn't quite . . . and asked Jack to wait/if he could wait . . . Jack said he couldn't wait long because the train went 20 I asked her to take off her hat/if she would mind taking . . . She pointed out that the theatre was . . . and suggested my/me moving 21 he said he often saw . . . and asked if I thought he should 22 I asked what changes he would make if the house was his. He said he'd pull . . . The site was all right 23 he asked for my name 24 he offered to send it round to his hotel/asked if he should send . . . The tourist said he wasn't staying . . . and he'd take it with him 25 I asked (him) how long they would go on looking . . . He said they'd stop when it got . . . and start . . . the following day 26 I said we couldn't discuss it over the phone . . . and suggested meeting in my flat the following day. He said he'd rather I came to his . . . and asked if I could get there 27 he asked for 40p to buy an ice-cream/as he wanted to buy an ice-cream 28 he asked (us) if we would like . . . of his flat, or if we would rather 29 she asked me to help her with her luggage, and said that if I took . . . she'd take . . . I said it was ridiculous . . . and asked if she couldn't manage . . . but she said she couldn't 30 Ann said she couldn't come . . . (so) Peter suggested Tuesday . . . Ann agreed (to this)

Exercise 162 (The verb of command given below is not necessarily the only possible one. See also the note to Exercise 158.) 1 she told him not to put . . . in his 2 she begged him not to do 3 he urged me to apply . . . as it would just suit me 4 he advised me to say nothing 5 she asked them to wait in the lounge till their flight number was called 6 I advised her not to lend . . . as he never paid 7 she asked him to ring 8 he asked me to move my case/asked if I'd mind moving my case as it was blocking 9 she reminded him to book 10 he told/warned me to get 11 he warned me to avoid Marble Arch as there was going 12 he told me to hold the ladder as it was . . . I suggested tying/advised him to tie it ...as it was much safer 13 he told them to read . . . and not to write 14 he warned me not


to leave my money 15 he advised me to open 16 he invited her to lunch that day. She said she was afraid she couldn't as she couldn't leave/She refused, explaining that she couldn't leave 17 he warned me not to take more than two of them 18 I asked to speak to Albert/asked if I could speak . . . She said he was . . . I asked her to wake him as I had 19 he advised me to buy 20 they said I was being exploited and that I ought to leave my job/and advised me to leave 21 she told them to fasten their . . . as there might be 22 he warned me not to drive . . . or oncoming drivers might take me 23 he asked to see my licence 24 I advised him to sweep up 25 she said the bathroom was empty and asked me to put . . . when I had 26 he reminded me to insure my 27 she begged him not to , . . and reminded him that they had to 28 I urged Tom to go . . . before his toothache got 29 he advised me to cut my hair, saying that I would find . . . if I looked 30 he asked for some more Exercise 163 (See the note to Exercise 158.) 1 the clerk asked me to fill up the form 2 he asked me to read 3 she asked for a new cheque book. He asked her to show him her 4 Tom says that we are to be ready/should be ready 5 he begged me not to tell his mother 6 he ordered/warned us not to fire 7 he advised me to take 8 she asked me to help her 9 he warned me not to drive 10 he warned/told/advised me not to smoke II she said that when I'd chosen a book I was to bring it to her and she would 12 he told me to show 13 a notice warned/ordered us to reduce speed at once 14 he asked to see my ticket 15 he warned me to keep an eye on my luggage as the place was 16 he said that when I'd read it I was to pass it on or he told me to pass it on . . . when I'd read it 17 he suggested lighting . . . and cooking 18 he told me to press the button whenever I saw . . ./he said that whenever I saw . . . I was to press 19 he told her to sit down and tell him what was worrying her 20 he told me to walk . . . and just to nod if I recognized my attacker but not to say/and said that if I recognized my attacker I was just to nod but not to say 21 he said that even if I felt hungry I wasn't to eat/shouldn't eat . . ./he advised me not to eat... even if I felt 22 he asked Ann to ring and order a taxi for him. She suggested (his) going/advised him to go by tube as it was 23 she suggested buying some yeast and making their own bread as the bread they were getting was 24 he advised them to boil the water (first) if they had to use it, and warned them not to drink it unboiled 25 he suggested not telling anyone/that they shouldn't tell anyone till they


were . . . report was 26 Tom says he's got the tickets and (that) we're to meet him 27 he urged the strikers to show that they were . . . 28 A notice advised customer to count their . . . as mistakes could not 29 he warned me not to clap yet, as she hadn't finished. He added (that) singers loathed people who clapped 30 he reminded me to put my name Exercise 164 1 Paul wants me to get him 2 Mr White would like you to meet him 3 Ann offered to get . . . Mr Jones said he'd rather she got . . . Ann said there weren't any and (that) the shops were 4 he told me not to worry . . . as he made . . . I asked if he learnt from his ...or if he kept 5 I said I was looking for . . . who drank in that bar. The barman advised me to keep away from Albert as he didn't like strangers 6 He asked to have a look at my paper/asked if he could have . . . I said I hadn't . . . and asked him to wait . . . He said he couldn't wait long as he was getting 7 she said we had woken or woke . . . the previous night and that we must try . . . that night. I promised we would 8 he complained that the soup was cold . . . and asked why he never had . . . She explained it was because the kitchen was . . . If he insisted on . . . he must/would have to put up . . . He suggested getting . . . She said (that) she wouldn't 9 he said my licence was . . . I admitted that it was but said I had applied . . . He warned me next time to apply . . . before my current one had expired 10 I said I'd have the money for him the following . . . and asked if I should post it to him. Tom asked me to keep it in my safe till he could come ...a lot of his mail had been going astray lately and he would hate to lose one of my 11 he asked to borrow my map/asked if he could borrow my map. I said he was always borrowing it and advised him to get/suggested his getting/asked why he didn't get one of his own 12 he said that when we heard . . . we were to shut . . . and go or he told us to shut the windows and go downstairs when we heard . . . I asked what we were to do/should do if the stairs were blazing 13 she asked if I could hear the noise and what I thought it was. I (said 1) thought it was . . . but she (said she) thought it was . . . and advised me to go/said I'd better go 14 they told Ann it was her turn . . . that night. She protested that it couldn't be as she (had) babysat the previous night and the night before that, and she was only supposed . . . They begged her to do it just that once and promised not to ask her to do any the following week 15 he said it was the best . . . problem was that they expected . . . The tourists asked why he had brought them there. He told them not to get excited as he


kept ties . . . in their predicament, and he asked what colour they would like, adding that the ties were 16 I suggested starting/offered to start/asked if I should start the next day. Tom said he'd rather I started that day 17 I advised her to go and see the film as it might help her . . . Ann pointed out that the film was 18 he said he saw/had seen . . . and one of them (had) sat up and waved to him. I asked which of them (had) waved. He said he didn't know; he wasn't/hadn't been near enough 19 I asked what (had) caused . . . He said she must . . . but he couldn't understand . . . the wreck was 20 she said her car wouldn't start. The battery was flat. She asked them to give her a push just to start her . . . Bill advised her to sell the car. Peter said nobody would buy it and suggested putting 21 he said he'd been given . . . that he'd have to . . . I suggested (his) throwing . . . and saving himself . . . or I advised him to throw . . . and save himself 22 he told me to press . . . I said that last time he (had) told me to press . . . He said that that had been 23 Tom told me not to brake if I found myself skidding as that only made . . . He advised me to try ...I said I knew what I should do but that when I started . . . I got . . . that I did. Tom told me to stop and let him . . . as we; were just coming . . . and he didn't want 24 he said he'd run out . . . and asked if I'd got any. I said I hadn't but offered to go out and get some/but said I'd go out . . . if he liked. He told me not to bother as he'd missed 25 he said that repairs to cars rented from them must be arranged through their office. So if anything went wrong with the car I'd hired I was to ring . . . on my card. The office was open . . . I asked what I should do if something went 26 asked why he hadn't . . . He said that they had signalled but that she had come or came on in and had run or ran aground. I asked what was going . . . He said they were going . . . but that if they didn't get . . . that night . . . she would be there till she broke up, and there'd be 27 I asked why he was spending . . . on the accounts. He said he couldn't . . . he seemed to be . . . and that meant he'd have to . . . of his own money . . . I asked if he'd like me to go through them and see if I could . . . He said he wouldn't, but he'd like me to lend him 28 I asked (Jack) why he was looking so . . . He said he'd just asked Ann to marry him and she'd refused. I said I thought she preferred . . . and advised him to cut his hair and shave off his beard 29 she asked how he (had) got up the tree. He said he (had) used . . . but that someone went/had gone off . . . he was sawing. He told her to go . . . and not just stand 30 he asked if I was ill and I said that I wasn't. He asked if I'd slept well the previous night and I said that I had. Then he asked/wanted to know why I was sitting . . . were


working, and told me to go out . . . and give 31 he asked/told passengers ...to go... Peter advised Mary to go . . . but said that he'd have to . . . He said he'd take . . . than she would and asked her to wait for him 32 Tom says that we aren't to worry about him. He wasn't badly . . . and is being . . . He says he's coming back next Wednesday . . . and wants us to meet the plane 33 he asked what he was to do with his . . . She advised him to stuff . . . but warned him not to put . . . or they'd go hard 34 he suggested driving on . . . and trying . . . I asked what we would do if that was . . . He said we'd just . . . as it would be 35 she said they had . . . but that he was . . . wouldn't hear me . . . I asked what I was to do/should do if he woke up. Ann told me to give him some of the biscuits if he started growling. I asked how she knew he liked those . . . She assured me that all dogs liked them. It said so 36 he warned me that if I even touched . . . alarm bells would ring . . . and I would be . . . I asked if he was . . . He told me to try it and see Exercise 165 1 suggested going . . . and I agreed 2 urged his colleagues to show the nation that they were worthy of their 3 begged his mother to let him stay . . . that night 4 suggested eating . . . Tom objected that it was/would be . . . and suggested going to her flat . . . and having 5 suggested leaving/that they should leave the wrecked car there . . . and said it might remind 6 She said the neighbours would object and Tom said he didn't care 7 suggested going . . . Mary agreed reluctantly 8 said that Tom had made the mess and that he was to clear 9 said that the next day was . . . and suggested buying their mother 10 suggested taking . . . and camping out. Mary suggested going . . . and being 11 suggested giving a party but her husband was against the idea/opposed the idea 12 advised them not to jump . . . and suggested waiting until they heard . . . of the rumour or suggested that they shouldn't jump . . , but wait 13 warned him that . . . would say it was . . . he said they could say what they liked/he expressed complete indifference 14 urged/exhorted the nations to forget . . . and to work 15 begged him to let her explain and asked him not to be 16 told the gardener to let the children play - . . if they wanted to adding that she was sure they wouldn't do 17 suggested staying there/that we should stay there till the storm had passed 18 grumbled that it was . . . and said that they should do


Exercise 166 1 said that if what she said was true he would have to go/must go 2 said that he had to/would have to/must be . . . the following day 3 asked if he had to make 4 told us that we mustn't come 5 told my nephew that his ticket would cost . . . he said . . . he would have to go . . . the next day 6 The park notice said that dogs must be kept 7 said that Tom must/would have to work 8 said that I needn't come in the following day and told me to take 9 said he had to/must go . . . the following day as he had 10 The notice said that passengers must not lean 11 said that there must be . . . because there was smoke 12 told him that when he was . . . he would have to tie his 13 said that port wine must never be shaken 14 said he hadn't had . . . and that he must be 15 said that the passport photo wasn't like her and that she must have/would have to have 16 told the children that they must not 17 said that I needn't/wouldn't have to/didn't have to get up till nine the next day 18 The railway regulations said passengers must be 19 asked (Tom) how he had got his dog . . . He/Tom said that he had carried him. I said that he must be 20 said that I mustn't/wasn't to tell anyone what she had just told me 21 asked (his mother) if he had to/need eat it all and she said that he must/had to 22 said that she had had to drive his pigs out of her garden 23 The notice said that sticks . . . must be left 24 asked her if she had to do it all that night or if she couldn't leave some for the following day 25 told me that when I went through Bayeux I must see 26 said that I must walk faster, I was far too slow 27 told me that I mustn't forget . . . or my friend would have to pay 28 said that he needn't tell me how grateful he was Exercise 167 1 'Would he like to go to the concert?' she asked, I'm sure he would,' I said. 2 'Look where you are going,' she said to me; 'the road is full of holes and very badly lit.' 3 'While we were bathing,' they said, 'we saw someone examining our clothes.' 4 'Have you looked everywhere?' I asked. 'Yes,' she said. 5 'Let's give her/what about giving her a bottle of wine?' he said. 6 'The new carpet has arrived. Where am I to put/shall I put it?' he asked. 7 'An enormous load of firewood was dumped at my front gate two days ago. Since then I haven't been able to get my car out,' he said. 8 'Have some more wine?' they said. 'Yes, please,' I replied. 9 If you find the front door locked, go round the back,' he said to me.


10 'Who are you?' she asked the burglars, 'And who let you in?' 'Sit down and keep quiet,' they replied, 'unless you want to get hurt.' 11 'What was the weather like during your holiday?' he asked. It was awful,' I answered. 12 'Let's go down to the harbour and see/What about going down . . . and seeing if we can hire a boat?' he suggested. 13 If you don't like escalators, you can go up the emergency staircase,' he told me. 'Thank you, I'll do that,' I said. 14 'What about Tom and you going ahead and getting the tickets?' or 'Suppose you and Tom go ahead and get the tickets?' he said to me. 15 1 think your electric iron is unsafe. I advise you to have it seen to' or 1 should have it seen to' or 'Why don't you have it seen to?' he said to me. 16 If war breaks/broke out, I shall/should have to leave the country at once,' he said. 17 'Did you enjoy house hunting?' I asked him. 'No,' he said. 18 1 am surprised to see that the grandfather clock has stopped. Has anyone been fiddling with it?' she asked. 19 1 tried to ring up my mother several times yesterday, but I didn't succeed in getting through,' she said. 20 'Would you like to borrow this book?' I asked her. 1 have read it already, thank you, and didn't like it very much.' 21 'Are you going to the dance? Let's make up a party and go together' or 'What about making up a party and going together?' he said. 22 'Stop making a fuss about nothing! You are lucky to have got a seat at all,' I told her. 23 'Do you want a single or a return ticket?' asked the clerk in the booking office, 1s a return any cheaper?' I asked. It makes no difference,' he said. 24 1 hope you won't be offended,' my employer said, 'if I tell you that in my opinion you would do better in some other kind of job.' 25 If your wheels had gone a couple of inches nearer the edge, madam,' said the AA man, 'the car would have plunged into the ravine.' 26 'You mustn't mind if the first one isn't any good,' he said to me. 27 'Do you think I am a liar?' he asked the crowd. 'Yes!' they shouted. 28 Stopping a man in the street, I asked, 'Would/could you help me with my car?' 'Would/will it take long?' asked the man. I'm on my way to catch a train.' 21 Time clauses Exercise 168 1 begins 2 gets 3 open 4 are 5 start 6 receive/have received 7 like 8 are 9 slows 10 stops 11 will explain, are 12 read/have read 13 have been 14 have cleaned . . . and painted or clean . . . and paint 15 have settled/settle 16 see 17 have seen 18 have finished/finish 19 have reached/reach 20 have done 21 lifts/has lifted 22 arrives 23 know,


will give 24 has cooled/cools 25 have finished/finish 26 have given 27 will tell, are 28 have been, will let 29 have flown 30 has been 31 come 32 shall/will have finished, see, finish/have finished, start 33 have seen 34 have driven 35 will give, wakes 36 arrived Exercise 169 1 gets 2 come 3 stops 4 have done 5 saw 6 comes 7 go/are going 8 get; see 9 come, cross 10 arrive; gets 11 am sitting; am walking 12 has finished/finishes 13 starts 14 have paid/pay 15 arrives 16 have worked 17 do/are doing 18 have done 19 have finished 20 have had 21 have been 22 have read 23 reached 24 has saved 25 are queueing 26 shall/will be cruising 27 am 28 have seen 29 retires/has retired 30 has saved 31 stopped 32 arrived 33 had finished/finished 34 am waiting 35 was cleaning, or pretending 36 needed Exercise 170 1 As 2 As 3 When 4 As 5 When 6 As 7 As 8 When 9 When/Whenever 10 when 11 As 12 As 13 When 14 as 15 When 16 When/Whenever 17 As 18 as 19 as 20 as 21 As 22 When/Whenever 23 as 24 When 25 as 26 as 27 as 28 As 29 When 30 When 31 As 32 As 33 When 34 When 35 As 36 When 22 Phrasal verbs Exercise 171 l out, in/back 2 for 3 on with 4 out of 5 up to 6 away with 7 up 8 out/about 9 off/away 10 up to 11 out 12 on with 13 over 14 over 15 up 16 away 17 through 18 off 19 up to 20 through 21 away 22 over 23 off 24 up to 25 in 26 over 27 out 28 for 29 off/into/on 30 on 31 up to 32 back 33 on/along 34 away with 35 back/in 36 out of Exercise 172


1 on 2 back 3 down 4 after 5 in 6 ahead 7 off/away/back 8 at/for 9 out of/away from 10 back II up 12 back 13 up with 14 round/back 15 out 16 for 17 out for 18 out 19 back 20 forward to 21 in 22 into/at 23 on 24 out on/on to 25 through/over 26 through 27 up 28 up 29 up, down 30 forward to 31 up to 32 at 33 down on 34 up 35 on 36 through Exercise 173 1 to/round 2 ahead/on 3 round 4 for Son 6 out 7 into/over 8 off 9 up 10 out II in for 12 out 13 down 14 round 15 up to/over to 16 through 17 back on 18 through with 19 up 20 into 21 down 22 back 23 over/through 24 off 25 along/on 26 off/away 27 away/off 28 in for 29 across/upon 30 up 31 without 32 down 33 round 34 on with 35 out 36 down Exercise 174 1 in 2 away with 3 aback 4 through Sup 6 up 7 down 8 after 9 after 10 over 11 up 12 back 13 up against 14 to 15 away with 16 up 17 down 18 off 19 over/through 20 to 21 over 22 for 23 into 24 in 25 for 26 out of 27 out 28 on 29 away 30 in 31 down 32 down 33 on/over 34 into 35 in 36 over Exercise 175 1 down 2 away 3 at 4 into 5 down 6 in 7 down 8 off 9 out 10 on II down 12 on 13 for 14 off 15 out 16 in 17 down 18 at 19 for 20 off 21 up 22 out 23 down 24 off 25 in 26 up 27 out 28 off 29 back 30 up 31 out 32 into 33 over 34 up 35 out of 36 out/up Exercise 176 1 away 2 back 3 up 4 off 5 for 6 back 7 off 8 out 9 off/out 10 up II down 12 up 13 away 14 out 15 up 16 away 17 on 18 in 19 up 20 off 21 down to 22 up 23 out 24 out/off 25 up with 26 up 27 on 28 up for 29 up 30 out 31 up 32 down 33 up 34


forward/on 35 out 36 down Exercise 177 1 away 2 back 3 down 4 in 5 through 6 off 7 off 8 out of 9 off 10 in 11 away 12 up 13 down 14 out 15 out 16 on 17 in with 18 down/on 19 down 20 up/away 21 off 22 off 23 over 24 off 25 in 26 up 27 up 28 off 29 up 30 down 31 off 32 out 33 back on 34 out/on 35 round 36 out Exercise 178 1 about 2 for 3 away with 4 for 5 out/off 6 over/about 7 for 8 up 9 away 10 off/out 11 through 12 for 13 up 14 round/to 15 out 16 up 17 up 18 over 19 up 20 up 21 round 22 in 23 about/around 24 out 25 out 26 away 27 down 28 out 29 up 30 on 31 up 32 down 33 up 34 up 35 on to 36 up Exercise 179 l out 2 out of 3 up 4 about 5 back 6 in 7 out 8 back 9 up 10 up to 11 for 12 out 13 up 14 out 15 up 16 up 17 up to 18 in 19 up 20 up 21 in 22 out 23 back 24 on 25 for 26 away 27 into 28 out 29 out 30 on 31 by 32 up 33 off 34 up for 35 down 36 off Exercise 180 1 over 2 out 3 for 4 off 5 up 6 out 7 to/about 8 out 9 up 10 in/out/round 11 away 12 through 13 back 14 up 15 up 16 out 17 up 18 out 19 out of 20 out 21 away 22 after 23 up with 24 up 25 to/about 26 up with 27 in/up 28 out 29 down 30 out 31 up/in 32 back 33 off 34 away 35 up 36 out Exercise 181 1 down 2 up 3 off 4 up 5 up 6 down 7 in 8 up 9 out 10 up II in 12 at 13 up 14 up 15 up 16 with 17 out 18 on 19 off 20 up 21 out 22 out 23 on 24 up 25 down 26 for 27 out for 28 up 29 off, off 30 on 31 without 32 out 33 down 34 up 35 out 36 up to Exercise 182


1 out of 2 out for 3 up to 4 up to 5 up with 6 up against 7 up for 8 away with 9 back on 10 out of II up for 12 away with 13 in with 14 up with/in 15 on with 16 on to 17 away with 18 up to 19 back on 20 out for 21 round to 22 over to 23 up to 24 out of 25 up with 26 up with 27 up to 28 down on 29 forward to 30 out to 31 on with 32 out of 33 out on/on to 34 up with 35 up, down 36 in for Exercise 183 1 account for 2 blew it up 3 broke off 4 called off 5 carry out my orders/carry my orders out 6 catch up with them/catch them up 7 clear up a mystery/clear a mystery up 8 came across 9 come off 10 came round/to 11 cutting road deaths down/cutting down road deaths 12 enter for/go in for 13 get off/out of 14 get out of it 15 gave out the names/gave the names out 16 give up smoking 17 go up, come down 18 went into/looked into 19 set off/out 20 take up 21 bring up children/bring children up 22 held up 23 turn up 24 picked Spanish up/picked up Spanish 25 up to you 26 jump at it 27 keep off 28 keep up with him 29 knocked him out 30 let you off 31 getting over it 32 leave/miss out or leave/miss . . . out 33 looking them up 34 make up for 35 mix up 36 pay me back/out Exercise 184 1 Let me in 2 looked at her 3 rang him up 4 look after 5 made it up 6 pull through 7 look out 8 put off 9 look on him 10 put on uniform 11 look into 12 looked through me 13 look up my sister/look my sister up 14 put out 15 put up 16 put you all up 17 ring up 18 runs down his own garden 19 run down 20 running into 21 run up against 22 put in for 23 call in/send for 24 settle down 25 sat/stayed up 26 stand for 27 stood by him 28 takes after him 29 took up golf 30 taking me in 31 throw/give up a good job 32 turned down her application/turned her application down 33 turned out 34 wound up 35 work out 36 took on, worn out, give it up Exercise 185 1 went 2 broken 3 set 4 turn 5 wore 6 called 7 wait 8 call/put 9 put 10 try 11 get 12 come 13 knock 14 leave Intake 16 sent 17 carrying 18 let 19 put 20 hand/pass 21 looks 22 go/keep 23 turning 24 move 25 put/switch/turn 26 put 27 puts 28 Come 29 put 30 see 31 got/jumped 32 get 33 taken 34 took 35 took 36 showing Exercise 186


1 up to 2 brought up 3 break up 4 caught up with 5 been up to 6 do up 7 drew up 8 fill in 9 got up 10 gave it up 11 gave up 12 went up to 13 grow up 14 held up 15 keep up with 16 picked up 17 make up for 18 pick up 19 lock up 20 pulled up/drew up 21 put up with 22 tied up 23 mixed up 24 locked up 25 ring him up, look up 26 turned up 27 took up 28 put up 29 settle up 30 make up 31 make up 32 wash up 33 stood up for 34 wound up 35 stay up/sit up 36 sat up Exercise 187 1 dropped out 2 carry out 3 breaks out 4 cut it out 5 find out 6 getting out 7 died out 8 cut/leave out 9 make out 10 backed out 11 throw out 12 pick out 13 keep out 14 looking out 15 Look/Watch out 16 sold out 17 ran out 18 rub it out 19 pointed out 20 see/show you out 21 turned out 22 set out 23 put out 24 moving out 25 wipe out 26 work/find out 27 find out 28 put out 29 wear them out 30 blew out 31 gone out 32 let them out 33 fall out 34 come out 35 look out/watch out 36 stands out Exercise 188 1 turned it down 2 running down 3 took it down 4 Put it down 5 settle down 6 took over 7 talk it over 8 ran away 9 let me down 10 went over/through 11 backed away 12 closing down 13 got over 14 look down 15 broke down 16 look it over 17 backed away 18 clear away 19 ran away 20 shouted down 21 was over 22 do away 23 die down 24 burnt down 25 broke down 26 turned away 27 boiled over 28 give it away 29 handed down 30 puts away 31 got/ran away 32 talk over 33 cut down 34 come/go down 35 went down/were over 36 turn over Exercise 189 1 get on 2 take over 3 jump at 4 taken aback 5 make up 6 carry on 7 think it over 8 breaks up 9 look in 10 fix you up 11 turn it down 12 hanging about 13 turn up 14 taking on 15 closing down 16 settled down 17 picked up 18 handed over 19 take to 20 looking Bill up and down 21 care for 22 go on 23 put on 24 take off 25 pointed out 26 answer me back 27 fell out 28 stand up for 29 keep out 30 look up 31 looking for 32 puts customers off 33 fall off 34 make out 35 ordered about 36 put up with 37 broke out 38 put in 39 make up for 40 taken in Exercise 190 1 got up 2 washed up 3 set out/off 4 pick up 5 get on 6 turned out 7 care for


8 took to 9 brought up 10 pointing out 11 showing off 12 turn/switch off 13 burn down 14 ring up 15 switch/turn off 16 get in 17 locked up 18 break in 19 go up 20 rang up 21 see to 22 held on 23 got in 24 turned/switched off 25 went on 26 got out 27 handing/passing round 28 pulled/drew up 29 let you off 30 get away with 31 put out 32 put up with 33 looks up to 34 grows up 35 looking toward to 36 looking for 37 fed up 38 caught up with 39 dying away 40 keep up with 41 get to 42 put us up 43 sold out 44 talking over.

A PRACTICAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR EXERCISES CONTENTS

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