LAPORAN
REGIO}IAI
}4ENGIKUTT.
SEMT}TAR TENTANG RURAL DEVELOPMENT
D
i.. ) DT
!
15 -
M.ANTI"A
23 oKTOBER
1984.
C rl
Oleh
:
T. A. Salim Putra
Duarsa
Soedj ino
llard josoetowo
D OK UM ENTASIB APP;NAS
a
Jl
Jakarta,
Nopemher
1984.
DAT'TAR
I. II. III. IV.
: J
I.ST
UMUM LATAR BELAKAI{G TUJUAI{ SEMINAR PELAKSANAAI{ SEMINAR
V.
POKOK-POKOK IIASII
VI.
SARAN - SARAN
VII: VIII.
PEMBTCARAAI{
PENUTUP LAMPIRAN * LAMPIRAN : Lampiranl
:
Daftarpeserta pelaksanaan
Lampiran
II
:
Acara
Lampiran
IIf
:
Ilasil-hasil
Seminar
pembahasan
LAPORAN REGIONAL
MENGIKUTI
SEMINAR
MANTLA,
DEVELOPMENT Dr
ON .RURAJ OKTOBER
15-23
1984..
I.
UMUM 1.
Regional- Seminar on Rural Development
Asian
oleh
di
Bank bertempat
dan berlangsung
Manila,
diselenggarakan
Development
15 sampai dengan
tanggal
dari
Hotel
Hyatt
23 Oktober 1984.
2-
Para peserta 35 anggota
delegasi
(ghutan,
gota
Indonesia, Nepal,
:
dari
Seminar terdiri
yang berasal
d.ari
18 negara
ang-
Fiji'
Ind.ia,
Bangladesh,
Burma, Taiwan,
Korea Selatan,
Laos, Malaysia,
Pakistan,
Maladewa,
Solomon, Muangthai
PNG, Filipina,
san Srilangka). 7 orang
tenaga
ahli
(resources
ber
University
persons)
lian of
(rndial, National
Pubfic
yaitu
Unive.rsity
Administration
6 orang peninjau
dari
Alternatives
University
dari
sebagai
nara
of
sum-
Seoul National
CIPDAP (Iiaison
(Korea Selatan),
Dhaka) , Development Delhi
yang bertindak
Office
(AS) , Universi,ty
California
(_Australia)
of
(AS), Austradan fnstitute
(AS) . organisasi
international
yai.tu
2-
ESCAP (_Bangkok) , rRRI (Romal
dan IFAD
(Kementrian
Norwegia di
Colombo' USAfD (Nepal dan Filipina),
Staf
ADB Manila. of Participants
: List
Lampiran I
lihat
[ivtanila) dan lain-lain"
Affairs
dari
Sejumlah peninjau
Ke-
CERDAT (Paris) '
di Manila'
Cultural
of
Selanjutnya
Besar
CrDA (Kanada), Kedutaan Besar
dutaan Besar Australia Institute
DANIDA
Denemarken) r Kedutaan
Luar Negeri
di Manila,
Finlandia
yaitu
badan-bad.an bilateral
13 orang: dari
3.
FAOIINUCENTRE (Rorna)
[Manila),
and Observers.
II.
LATAR BEI,AKANG.
yang tegas
mengenai pengertian
1am pengertian development" kali hal
Rural
(-a.I. herupa irigasi
kegiatan
bid.ang pertanian
ngunan jalan industri
desa,
listrit
rumah tangga,
saja,
aspek
RD mencakup seluruh
pedesaan,
pembangunan di
pertani-
sederhana[-
yang luas,
kegiatan
area
d.alam banyak.
kepada bidang
penekanan lebitr- banyak diarahkan
Da-
nalnun sering-
karena
yang sempit
pengertian
Dalam pengertian
"'integrated
multi-dimensional'
yang bersifat
konsepsi (RD).
Development
sebagai
umum, RD diartikan
menimbulkan
an saja
suatu
tampaknya befum diketemukan
ini
Sejauh
jauh
melipuLi
peaesaan,
peningkatan
lebih
luas
antara
d.ari hanya
lain
penyed.iaan air
kesehatan
pembaminum,
dan pendid'ikan,
-3-
pembinaan keluarga pokok yang perlu
berencana, ditangani
pemukiman, kesadaran
secara
garis
kehidupan
nyangkut tah
a.
pelaksanaan
rencana
c.
baru
man -
kelambatan
dari
kordinasi
un-
Dirasa-
sebagaimana diharap-
befum berjalan
pelaksanaan
dalam hal
masyarakat,
ADB menangani
ini,
proposal)
proyek
Pemerin*
proyek
dari
cukup besar"
ini
para
calon
penerima
tampaknya juga belum banyak.
Pada waktu loan
pokok yang me -
Departemen"
dan menyebabkan dana tersisa
Peran serta manfaat,
termasuk
d.ari berbagai
terjadi
dalam RD
:
proyek
Kemampuan pelaksanaan
sehingga
kualitas/ting-
(penerima
Beneficiaries
Bantuan),
kan bahwa kordinasi
yang
RD, yaitu
pemeran dalam pefaksanaan
ketiga
kese-
dan lain-Iain,
permasalahan
dan Bank (ADB), yaitu
kan,
pendidikan,
yang termasuk
proyek-proyek
ADB menemukan tiga
sur-unsur
b.
lingkungan
peningkata.n
pedes..rr.-
masyarakat
(negara penerima
faat),
lain
merupakan usaha peningkatan
Dalam pelaksanaan selama ini,
antara
meliputi
hatan,
kat
Permasalahan
lapangan pekerjaan,
pend.apatan, penyediaan
besar
dan lain-.lain.
disamping
yang sedang berjalan guh supaya dapat
perlu
87 proyek-
Walaupun proyek-proyek
namun pelaksanaan
penting,
proyet< (project
meng*administrasikan
yang s.:edang berjaf.t,
tersebut
12 usulan
diberi
d.iselesaikan
perhatian
sesuai
memberikan manfaat
kepada masyarakat.
ADB berkepentingan
tidak
saja
atas
proyek-proyek sungguh-sung-
dengan rencana Oleh karena
dan itu,
'nloan administration",
-4
jog.
tetapi
Diharapkan lam seminar,
t'project
atas
administration'!,
permasalahan
ketiga
dan disimpulkan
diatas
dapat
dalam bentuk
dibahas
dakepada
saran-saran
Bank (ADB).
ITI.
TUJUAI{ SEMINAR Seminar ini sebagai 1.
bertujuan
gota,
hal-hal
mencapai
proyek-proyek
baik
dan pengalaman d.alam pe-
menukar informasi
tukar
laksanaan
untuk
:
berikut
Saling
lain
antara
RD dari
masing-masing
yang mencakup hal-hal
yang bersifat
yang dihad.api,
sehingga
tuk
arah
menetapkan
dapat
alrg-
kebijaksa-
pemecahan pellnasalahan
maupun d.a1am cara
an dan strategi,
negara
dipakai
masukan un-
sebagai
pembangunan ped.esaan untuk
masa yang
akan datancr. 2.
Memberikan masukan/saran-sdrd.rr yang selama ini proyek
, 1.
hal-hal
menghambat pelaksanaan sebagai
proyek-
bahan pertimbangan (guideline)
kete.ntuan-ketentuan
1am batas-batas
PELAKSANAAN
dipakai
RD, untuk
menyesuaikan
IV.
dianggap
kepada ADB atas
dari
dalam ADB da-
yang dimungkinkan.
SE}'IINAR
Pelaksanaan
Seminar diatur
sebagai
berikut
:
Acara Pernbukaan : Sambutan Pembukaan oleh Pengarahan oleh
Director
presiden of
ADB i
l-rrigation
& Rural
Deve-
5-
lopment, 2.
ADB.
Keynote. Addresses
:
Ilethod.ological (Prof.
and conceptionar
Aspects
of
RD
Raj Krishna).
Planning
and Management of
RD projects
(Dr" Georg,e
Itonadle) . 3.
Pembahasan Country
Case Study mengenai prof.
Bangladesh oleh Malaysia
Pembahasan Paper Monitoring, of
Evaluation
RD Projects
Working
and Environmental
CDr. Shamsul llaque, in
Group Session,
RD projects
policies
Planning,
Management and Implementation
and Strategies
(monitori*g)
maupun evaluasi
evaluation) Presentasi
:
i i
dalam pelaksanaan
atas
dampaknya (post
.
berupa ceramah :
Technology
Transfer
Institution Project
evaluasi
of
(Dr"S"C. ,:ha) "
membahas tentang
baik
Aspects
CIRDAP).
Concepts,
Masalah Evaluasi,
6.
R. Shaud i
.
Bank's Experience 5.
T.Thomas i
prof . II. Ban
Korea oleh 4.
prof.
oleh
nO :
Development
Benefits
Resources
and Cost Effectiveness
and Beneficiaries
Requirements,
and Role of
rnstitutional
Donor Asencies.
Arrangements,
-6-
Bank(s 7.
Role and Di_re.ction for
Selanjutnya
lihat
Lampiran
RD.
: Acara
II.
Pelaksanaan
Semi-
IIQ!.
V.
POKOK-POKOK IIASIL
PEMBTCARAAN.
Pada umumnya n€gara-negara
di
bangunan pertanian
pokok pertama
sebaqai
Asia
menitik-beratkan
pem-
pembangunan pe-
desaan. b.
Di rndia, berat
pembangunan pedesaan secara
pada pertanian,
sus yang sasarannya golongan Hal
meningkatkan
hampir
Dirasakan
d.engan program
ke3ejarrteraan
khu-
pend.uduk
nimbulkan
sama dengan d.i Indonesia.
bahwa perencanaan
'blue
printt'
pembangunan pedesaan d.engan
pelaksanaannya
hambatan-hambatan.
sangat kaku sehingga me-
oleh
karena
agfar pembangunan pedesaan dilaksanakan xi-bre-
be'ti.Lik
miskin
ini
pola
namun ditunjang
umum juga
Bantuan
dari
itu
secara
Donor hendaknya juga
disarankan lebih
fte_
bersifat
cukup
fIexible. Tatacara ment,
pelaksanaan
dirasakan
tele-tele..
bantuan
sangat
oletr- karena
negara
Rurar
kaku dan prosedurnya itu
nyederhan4snrp€'yederhanaan ngan institusi
ADB tentang
Develop_
terralu
diharapkan
agar
seperlunya
disesuaikan
ber-
diadakan
de-
berkembang.
Da1am RD yang dikembangkan
tidak
hanya kegiatan
pe-
yang
-7
bersi fat sifat
(_tr-ard.ware)tetapi
f isik
non fisik
masyarakat'
juga
a.1.
[software]
dalam merencanakan
kegiatan
peningkatan
yang ber_ kemampuan
dan melaksanakan
pemba-
ngunan pedesaan. / harrya ' f .
Monitoring fat
monitoring
evalirasi tentang g-
tentang
pembangunan tid.akAersi-
dalam pelaksanaan,
setelah manfaat
proyek
selesai,
proyek
ia.1-
kan atas
dasar
digunakan
d.igunakan cross
ErRR-nya rendah
dikompensasikan
di
baik
be*
desa.
ErRR hendaknya bu-
sehingga
subsid.y.
masyarakat.
group,
miskin
kriteria
proyek,
evaluasi
terhadap
komponen*komponen proyek
mencakup keseluruhan yek dapat
meliputi
pada target
area maupun kelompok-kelompok
Dalam RD, apabila
juga mencakup
tetapi
dan impactnya
RD hendaknya menitikberatkan rupa
t-
dan evaluasi
tetapi
antar
seyogyanya
komponen pro-
Komponen proyek
yang
dengan komponen proyek
yang EIRR-nya tinggi. Pada tahap-tahap
pertama
da daerah-daerah
yang belum herkembang,
pembangunan prasarana
fisik
misarnya
pa-
pemba-
ngunan jalan,
mungkin belum akan memberikan ErRR yang
cukup tinggi,
namun dikemudian
but
sud.ah berkembang
nen.l.1a,in)-, diharapkan
hari
apabila
(-dengan peningkatan
daerah
terse-
komponen-kompo-
akan dapat memberikan manfaat
yangi
cukup tinggi. i.
Penentuan
daerah-d.aerah. yang akan dikembangkan,
nya bukan hanya berdasarkan
daerah yang potensiil,
hendaktetapi
-8
juga
atas
untuk j.
dasar
keseimbangan
yang ter.n
target
ruh tani,
petani
miskin,
pemerintah
daerah-daerah
ditentukan
group yang antara pengrajin
Dalam perencanaan RD perlu karena
lain,
pembangunan dan .masalah
Dalam daerah-daerah tifikasikan
k-
pertimbangan-pertimhangan
pedesaan.
menjamin keserasian
ini
perencanaan
meliputi
pemerintah
bu-
tahu
Daerah,
keadaan di
d.imaksudkan untuk serta
ngiunan dan kemudian pemeriharaan
diid.en-
dan sebagainya.
yang paring
Iral
keamanan.
perru
lain
dilibatkan
Daerahrah
d.1.
dari
rebih
pelaksanaan
pemba-
hasil-hasil
pemba-
ngunannya. 1.
Dalam RD, peranan kan,
karena
di
beberapa
dan dimanfaatkan m-
Besarnya
wanita
sebagai
dana counterpart
hendaknya disesuaikan sangkutan,
karena
hendaknya betul-betul negararwanita
dimanfaat-
belum dilibatkan
sumber pembangunan. dari
negara
penerima
bantuan
d.engan kemampuan negara yang ber-
banyak negara
sangat
langka
sumber
pembiayaannya. n.
o.
p-
Untuk kelancaran
komunikasi,
bahan perwakilan
ADB di
beberapa
Peranan local
resources,
tor
hendaknya dapat
setempat,
Kegiatan tingkatkan.
pendidikan,
diusulkan
seperti
training
negara
agar
diadakan
tam-
anggota.
konsurtan
dan kontrak*
lehitr- ditingkatkan. dan riset
perlu
lebih
di
9-
Selanjutnya
lih.at
A : Concepts
VI.
Lampiran
flf
:
and Policies
B : Project
Planning
C : Project
Design and Linkages
D : Project
fmplementation
E : Project
Benefits
SARA}T -
pengalaman mengikuti
ada tiga
1.
and Beneficiaries
SARAN.
Dari
lanjut
and. Managernent Issues
penting
hal
yang kiranya
dalam pelaksanaan
Pengertian Seperti
Namun, pengertian
hardware
kesadaran ini
kanan hanya diberikan dan secara
OIeh karena nasional
itu,
RD secara
:
software
pada
kualitas/ti,ng-
Kegiatan
(da1am bentuk
luas
pembang'unan
meningkatkan
ped.esaan.
maupun yang bersifat
rupa peningkatan
saja
lebih
yang akan datang
aspek kegiatan
untuk
masyarakat
yang bersifat
fisik)
setid.ak-tidakr:ya
dipikirkan
d.imuka, pengertian
mencakup seluruh
kehidupan
baik
patut
RD d.iwaktu*waktu
ped.esaan, dengan tujuan kat
ini,
RD.
diuraikan
hakekatnya
Seminar
ini
meliputi
proyek-proyek
(non fisik)
a"l"
be-
dan kemampuan masyarakat"
sering
menjadi
pada salah- satu
sempit,
karena
pene-
komponen kegiatan
terpisah-pisah. kiranya
perlu
mengenai pengertian
d.itetapkan RD di
kebijaksanaan
fndonesia.
lQ-
2.
Koordinasi, Dari
pengertian
R'D ini
RD secara
luas, 'lintas
merupakan kegiatan
nya memerlukan koordinasi sebagai
3.
pelaksana
terrihat sektoral,
yang baik
kegiatan
balr.wa.kegia!.an yang tentu-
antar
sektor-sektor
masing:masing.
Focal Point. Dari
uraian
pada butir
tetapkan
satu
kegiatan
RD ini.
sebagai
Badan/rnstansi
referensi,
Badan/rnstansi Focal di
point,
1 dan 2 diatas,
misalnya
Bangradesh
d.i N e p a 1
Pakistan
Focal
r dapat
perlu
point
adanya sebagai
:
: Rural
Development
and cooperatives
Ministry
of
Local
: Ministry
of
panchayat
: National
Government. and Local
Deve-
( pIpLD ). centre
for
Rural
Development
( N c R D ). di
Filipina
: National
council
on rntegrated.
Development. di
Srilangka
di-
dari
dilihat
nGgara yalrg bertindak
lopment di
sehagai
d.ari Lampiran
dibeberapa
kiranya
: Ministry
of
Rural
Development.
Area
?
f
-L1
VII.
-
P E I\i U T U P. Kami hertiga Regionar
seminar
mengucapkan
Harapan untuk donesia
mefasa
on Rural
terima
kani,
pembinaan diwaktu
me.ndapat kehormatan Deveropment
ini,
untuk untuk
mengikuti mana kami
kasih.'
kiranya lebih
raporan
lanjut
singkat
dari
Rurar
ini
dapat
Deveropment
berguna di
yalrg akan datang.
Jakarta,
November 1994
Pembuat laporan
T.A.
Salim t
Putra
Duarsa
Soedj ino
llardjosoetowo.
:
r.-
e
t
L2
YIII"
LAMPIRAN -
LAMPf,RAN
L A I Y I P I R A NI .
Rev. 17 0ctober
lgElr
REGIONAL SE}IINAR ON RI}RAL DEVSLOPUENT 15 - 23 oCTOBER1984 LIST OF PARTICIPANTSAND OBSERVER.S
uane/oes:.enarion A.
PARTICIP;_
;:l*r:::'ili1,
Halrlng Address
DMCS
BAI{GIjDESH
T.
ASDUSSA},fAD Executlve Director SIR.DP
RURDEV 233-061 (0) 317-086 (R) Dhaka
Serajgonj IRDP Bangladesh Rural Development Board 24-25 Dllkusha Connnerclal Area
2.
LZTZIIL IIAQUE Charge Joint Secretary-in Local Government Division
Local Goyt. 404-113 tO) 400-823 (R)
Mlnistry of Local Goverrc.ent Rura1 Dlvelopnent and Cooperattves Dhaka Bangladesh Secretarl-at,
3.
I,IIR MAFUZULiIAQUE Deputy Chief Planning Coudsslon M/M Planning
PARIKAIPANA 317-550 (o)
Planning Co"rmisslon B l o c k N o . 1 8 , R o o mN o " 1 1 Sher-e-Baagla Nagar, Dhaka
2131I ACRICO BM Rangoon
Agriculture Corporatloa Rangoon, Bur:ma
BI]RMA 4.
U TIN IILAING General Manager Corp. Agriculture
5.
U KYAWIiLA Deputy Director Settlements and Land Records Dept.
Corporatlon Agriculture Rangoon, Burma
CHIM, REP. OF 6.
YU-KANGMAO Director Department of Economics and Planning
5515 TAIPEI 023-317
JIOJI GUIVAIU' Connnissloner Central Div. llinlstrv of Rural Dev.
2121 I.{INFIN FJ 417-000 (O) 4L7-024 (R)
Council for Agricultural Planning and Development 37 Nanhal Road Taiwan Talpei' 107 Republlc of China
FIJI ,
7.
Dlstrict Nausori'
Aduinlstration Ftji
-2-
Narne/Des icnatlon
Telephone No(s)
MaIllng
A
INDIA 8.
J.C. JETLI Addltional Secretary l{inlstry of Rural Devt.
GRA}fVIKAS New Delhi India 382-408 (O) 38r-266 (R)
Krishi India
45623/ 46233
BAPPENAS Jalan Tauan Suropati
Bhavan,
New Delhl
INDONESIA 9.
T.A. SAIIM Eead Bureau of Devt. Ald to the Reglon
JJ I -{+b)
331-392 33t-494
1 0 . SOEDJNOHARDJOSOETOWO Professional Staff for l{lnlster of Traosmlgration
47265 DJAIR
Asst. Dlrector General Mlnlstry of l.Iater Resources Devt-
SON CHANJOON Dlrector Rural Income Pronotlon
LZJ
332-201
1 1 . PITTRADUARSA
1'
q)
Jalan E. A. Sa11n No" 58 Jakarta Pusat, Tronol-' POS3173
Jalaa PatLuura No" 20 Jakarta Selatan
736-616 (o) 778-616 (R)
MINAG R24759 Seou1, Korea
M1-nistry of Agrlculture Fisherles Gwachon, Seoul
449L TE vTE LS
c/o Hon. Kamphet Phengmr.rong First Viee Presldent State Plannlng Comlttee, Govt. of the Lao People's Democratlc Republic Vlentlanne, Laos
Dlv.
13.
SILA VIENGKEO
L4.
TT1OUANESAVATH KONGVONGSA
-do-
MALAYSIA 15.
16.
ZAIN BIN IlJ YAI{YA Director-General RISDA
MA31211 462-552
P.O. Box 1067 Bangunan Jalaa Aqang
DATO SERI MOI{D.KHALIL BIN IIUSSEIN Deputy Secretary-General
T&\I KUAIj,LI]MPUR 986-823
MLnistry of Agriculture Jalan Mahameru Kuala Lumpur
-3-
Nane/Des1
Cable Address/ Telephone No(s
Mailins
Address
MAI,DIVES 17.
HOIIA.I{EDSHIIIAB Undersecretary of the lflnistry of Planning and DeveloDnent No. 3
66032 F]NANCE UF
Ma1e, 20-05 Republlc of Maldlves
NEPAL 18.
MI]KTI PRASIIDIGFLE Secretary M1.nlstry of Panchayat and Local Development (MPLD)
19.
PREM RA.J GAUTAH Coordinator Saga:matha IRDP (UPLD)
20.
Shree Mahal, Pulchok Lalltpur, Kathnandu Nepal
-do-
K.3. MATEEHA Special CLass Officer
-do:
JrcI,o) PAKISTAN 2L.
SAIEE{ MAQSUD Dlrector Natlonal Centre for Rural Development (NCRD)
Park Road" Chak Shahzad Islama.bad
PAPUA NEW GUINEA 22.
TIM KEPUI Asst. Secretary Agrlculture Branch
NE222L8 214-699 Ext.315
Department of Pr{mary P.0. Box 417 Konedobu" PNG
978-52t
FBI B1dg., 60 Tiuog Ave" Quezon Clty Metro Manila
Industry
PHILIPPINES 23.
24"
25.
ANDRESA. LIMCAUCO Deputy ExecutLve Dlrector National Council on Integrated Area Dev. BENJAMINV. GAON Executlve Dlrector Palawan IADP CARMELO A. VILLACORTA Prograu Director Blcol River Basin Dev. Progran
:do_
BRDPManlla Liaison Office 2nd Floor, MPilH Bldg. No. I 2nd St., Bonifaclo Drive Port Area, Manlla
-' :"'.'. '.. :. . ..,'.: -:
-'
.'
,.:
't'.i
.
Cable Address/ Telephone No(s)
Nane/Designatlon 26.
-4-
SALVAD0RP. S0CRATES Deputy Ml.nlster Mlnlstry of Local Govt.
Mal-line Address Offlce of the Deputy Mlnlsrer Mlnistry of Local Govr. Quezon Clty, Metro Manila
SOLOMON ISLANDS 27.
GEORGE LE?PING Permanent Secretary Mlnlstry of Eoae Affairs Natlonal Developoent
H,onlara,
Solomoo Islands
and
SRI I.A'ffKA-28.
A.8. TALACUNE Secretary Ml.nistry of Rural Devt.
29.
TEIIAK RATTIAKARA Advlsor MlnJ.stry of Rural Devt.
't'
2L232 FORAID CE
Iadependence Square Coloubo 7
L32IL, old Road Nawala, Rajagirlya Srl Lanka
TI{AIIAI{D 30.
31.
32.
.
BAI.ITHADSINGHABUTM Chlef Office of the Governor NIIKOOLTHONGTAVEE Dlrector Operation and Maintenance Dlvlsion SUI'IETTANTIVEJKIIL Asst. Secretary- General NESDB
B.
PERSONS RESOURCE
I.
Prof . SIING IIWANBAN
2.
Mr. A.T.M. SHAMSUL HAQUE Director CIRDAP
043-236-882
24I-3348
28L-6632
Mlnlstry of Inrerlor Ktron Kaen Provlnce Thalland
Natlonal Economlc and Soelal Development Board 962 Krungkasen Road Bangkok 10100 Thailand
Seoul Natlonal CIRDAPDhaka
Universi_cyu
CIRDAP Lialson Offlce Ilouse No. 22lA (New) Road No. ll (Ners) Dhannondi Residentlal
3.
Dr. GEORGE IIONADLE
Devt. Alternatlves
4.
Prof.
University
RA*l KRISHNA
(AfOl
Roya1 Irrlgatlon Departmeut Samsen Road, Bangkok
.a
of Delhl,
Area,
Inc.,
Korea
Dhaka
USA
Indla
-5-
. Name/Deslgnatlon
Cable Address/ Telephone No(s)
l,faltlne
Address
5.
Prof.
H. L0VELL CATHERINE
Universlty
of California,
6.
Prof.
R. SHAND
Australian Australla
Natlonal
7.
Hr. T. IEOMAS
C.
OBSERVERS
(1)
Internatlonal
Instltute USA
USA
Universftyo
of Pub1lc Administration.
0rganizatlons
I.
G.R. A}IRITMAEAL Sr. IRD Expert
Z.
Dr. LEONARDO GONZALES Agrlcultural Econonlst
IRRI, ilanl1a
3.
Dr. ALBERTPOLAK Economic Aathropologlst
IRRI,
4.
ROGR. IIARRIS Economist
FAO/INVCBIIRE,
5.
ING&{AR PERSSON Controller, Asia Dlvlsion
IFAD, Rome
ESCAP TE 82392
ESCAP, S,aagkok t
(ii)
5.
Bllateral
ilanlla
Rone
Agencies
KRIS LI]ND-JNSEN "llead of the Asian Div.
DANIDA Minlstry Denmark
7.
SEPPOPAIKOLA Commercial Counsellor
Finnlsh Embassy Metro Manl1a, Phllippl-nes
8.
DAVID DRAKE Project Officer Indonesi.en Desk CIDA
Canadlan Internatlonal Development Ageney BSP, 200 rue Principal Quebec, Canada KIA OGA
REIDARDALE
Enbassy of- Nonray" Colombo
RICI{ARDNISHIHARA
USAID, Nepal
9. 10.
of Foreign
Affalrs
Hall
-5-
Nane /Desisnation
li.
Cable Address/ Telephone Uo(s)
D . J . C L A R K / C . nm . oRES1
Mailine
Address
USA1D, Phllippines
R.C. CI]MMINGS/C.8. TIMALI/ DSNNIS WI{ITTLE* T2.
PIILCRANIETES Director, Program Plaoning Dept. Natlonal Council on lategrated Area Devt.
0bserver,
DIAI{A C. DACAI.IAYDeputy Directoi Policy Research and Devt. Depc. Natl-onal Council on Iutegrated Area Devt.
Alternate Observer, Phlllpplnes
13.
HFT.ENR. 6ARCIA Director, Pollcy Research and Devt. Depc. National Council on Iutegrated Area Devt.
Obsenrer,
Phlllppines
L4.
DA}IILO AICANTARA Deputy Director Prog. lfngt. Dept. National Council on 'fncegrated Area Devt.
Observer"
Phillpplnes
15.
M. ROGNON
16.
ROY K. STA}ISBTTRY Development Director Asia-Pacific
Institute Manila
L7.
RON STAPLES
Australian
18.
WAYNEHASI.AX
INFRANCA PARIS 704-3215
* OnIy one person rvould be attending RNF:mw
Philipplnes
GERDAT 42 Rue Scheffer 75016 Paris of Cultural
Embassy" Man'ila
-do_
at any o n e t i m e .
Mfairs
Intrl_
LAMPIRAN
II.
ACARA PELAKSANAAN SEMTNAR ON RURAL DEVETOPME.NT ADB ' MANII,A
1l f/a ?3 ortg,bep]e84.
WAKTU
'
15 Oktober 08. 30
'7i f\
i.r-.
n A
.lL
ll
1984
11. 00
p e n d . a ft a r a n
peserta
pembukaan Uraian 13.00 -
17.00
peranan
Dr.
d,iminta
dibahas,
S. C. Jha
Uraian Asia, 1984
pelaksanaan tentang prof. Raj Krishna.
1. Monitoring Pengaruh
dan Evaluasi RD terhadap
2. Kasus RD di
RD d.i
serta
Lingkungan
Bangladesh, Dr. Malaysia, prof.
3. Kasus RD di
4. Kasus RD d.i Korea Selatan, 17 Oktober
1984
Deve-
lopment perkenalan Pokok yalg
16 Oktober
ADB dalam Rural
1. peranan
ADB d.a1am RD
2. Diskusi
Kelompok,
kelompok
Hidup
T.Thomas R.Shand Dr.S"H"ean
dibagi
3. group
i A. Pakistan, Buthan,
Bangladesh,, India, ITepal dan Srilangka
B. Indonesia,
Ma1aysia,
Burma, Laos
dan Tharl..land C. Filipina,
Korea Se1atan, Taiwan, pNG dan So1omon. Maladewa, Fiji,
l_l
18 Oktober
pembahasan intensive
1984
tentang
:
*-.
1. Konsep :Strategy d.an policy i 2. planning, Management dan Implementation. 19 Oktober
1984
pembahasan tentang : projeit 1. Design and Linkages
20 Oktober
1984
Rencana peninjauan karena T.A.
ada badai
Sa1i:n peFgi
tersendiri) 22 oktober
1984
Diskusi
narnun
dibatalkan
(free
ke Tagaytay
time). (laporan
.
intensive
1. Transfer
ke Bicol,
of
tentang
:
technology
2.. Institution Buildir,rg 3. project Benefits and Benefiaries 23 Oktober
L984
1. Diskusi .
tentang
peranan
P.D (Dr. Azar dan Dr. 2. penutupan.
Bank dalam
Takasa).
.,
Revised, Drafe ,R. Krishna 19 Oct- 1984
III
Lampiran A
\
' : ,.=s*. ;; . '.4 ,:71=-J,-'. --;/ +
ADB SEI,IINAR ON RURAT DEVELOPMENT 1984 DRAFT CONSENSUS ON CONCEPTS AI\ID POLICIEq
a
growth
of
(c)
growth,
the
of
regarcless
(b)
may hard
and the by the
be reflected
may not
overall
poverty
rural
d'eprivations
the
of
ingred'ient
substantial
people
rural
of
cond.itions
indicators
(a)
growth,
high
of
inspite
.a
essential
achieved. because
rates
persist tiving
They are
:
rural
special
countries
a necessary
must remain
programs
policy--
national
1
Asian. and Pacific
all
In d,evelopment
DeveloPment
and Rural
Growth
A.
.:'
and inter-regional
rural-urban
'.
inequa1itiesneedtobered'uced.,and'(d)itisessentia1to attain in
or maintain
.
(iii)
Economic
The excessive
Poticy
rural
the
for
(a)
a policy major
to
of
of
these
guarantee
agricultural
statements'
implementation
of
some important
i:nprovement
The most critical
areas.
policy
and' (iv) the d'evelopment
policies of rural'
bias
urban-industrial in
d.evelop:ment
Development
and. Rural
needs to be red.uced., and policies made more favcrable
rural
effective
land. reform and' land' settlement of national framework -up of ..a. self-sustaining buil-d.ing ty' authori d'ecentralized' with d.nstitutions National
to
d.ocuments and' other
plan
allocations,
macro financial
commitment
national
(i)
in
areas
rural
in
growth '
overall
A high-priority
must be reflected (ii)
high
sustain
ord.er to
growth
of
rate
a satisfactory
income
policies
incentive
prod.ucts
national
plann*t-ng
d'imensions and' vielfare are:
prices
whose output
for
in
1'
-2-
growth
(b)
is. to be accelerated.
national
priorities;
a poricy
to naintain
of
far:ur inputs
prices rural
if
{c)
to
system
operation
for
can obtain
essential
price
a policy
share
the
of
small
total
to
input
and
non-farm
so that
produttion;
food
price/
low-income
supplies
consumers
in. situations
inflation; target
health
Iow-income
infrastructure
rural
a fair
(energiy and transport) .supply,
their
that
of .a concessional. system
food
supply
subsid,ize
a fair
irnprorze the
d'istribution
of
overarl
and ensure
get
to
flows;
marketing
(e)
and creCit,
producers
a policy
( d ) ' , the
adeguate
necessary,
and. cred,it
according
share
infrastructure
and sociaL
and sanitation,
housing)
of
education
development
(water
service
at
the
and rural
areas,(f )
a population
(g)
a policy
poJ.icyi
_
to develop,
adopt and. extend
technology.for (h)
a policy -d'epletion the
rural
Iivelihood
to
all
rural
control
in
the
poor in
of
sectors;
pollutioq*-and.
rural their
areas
and f_-esource
without
traditionar
cornmon land., water
new
aepiiving sources
and forest.
of
l*
-3-
:
*obiectives of
The concePt d.i:nensional the
which
numerous objectives The most
achieve.
prevention
the
2.
growth
3.
an equitable
4.
the
their
7.
rural
the
of
i:nprovement people
in
rural
environment,
the
poor the
existing
development.
of
quality of
to
assets
and
of
life
the
basic
infrastructure
share
the
use of
aecisions
strengthening
new institutions
transfer
neeCs,
atl
a progressive
the
and'/or
Poor,
the maki-ng of
play
wage-
round'-the-year
of
respect
service the
sense of
serf-employment
more productive
enabling
are:
expenditure
consumption
provisi.on
and. social 6.
the
in
at. minimum wages,
emplol.ment
:n" rural
to
intended
assets,
rural
of
poverty
of
of. private
the
to
is
i-niEniserization,
rural
distribution
elimination
skills
embracing
prod.uction,
of
deficiency.
of
concept
objectives
these
further
of
be a one-
d.evelopment
rural
i-mErcr.tant of
1.
through
a composite
, I.t. is
d.efinition.
cannot
d.evelopment
rural
development which
J.ocal resources,
support
institutions role,
and
Lives,
their
affecting
rural
of
control
which
and' build'ing
seLf-sustained'
can
and
t I
4
I t I
''-'"Activitv-!'1ix
D-
and Phasing
Thedesirabledegreeofcomprehensivenessofthe. activity.mixofrurald'evelopmentprojectscannotbethesamein phases
and a1l
regions
all
general
of
like
agriculture,
ind.ustry,
infrastructure
and' social
phases of
an RD project,
only.a
in
ttre early
on the
only
felt
mix
carr be grad'ually
allow
i I
rn
resburces rese:rred..
The
each area' assert
requirements
system
should
activity-mix-
the
d.ifferent
In
add.ition
lower-Ievel
of
their
some unal-l0cated'
shbuld' be
share
shouLd' be available
fund's
to be allocated'
financial
supplementary
for
projects
own choiceNational
financial
must provid.e
agencies
assets
public
trative
rural
an ad'equate
sectors
RD bodies
domestic
foreigJand'
of
arlocations'
all
for
to
of
resources'
the
Finance
.8.
of
d.ynamics of
such a flexible
of
d,esign and implementation
The project
thcmselves.
social
d'ata on)
existjJlg
expanded' as linkage
activities
can be id'entified'
possibilities
technical
needs and the
the
(or
of
a survey
of
basis
high
have
These
be und,ertaken-
cin
ratios
- benefit-cost
But
services'
few"entry"
or
.the most bind.i-ng constraints
relax
which
sectorss
all
should' cover
d.evelopment,
development,
rural
run'
long
the
In
d'evelopment'
{-:-
ad.equate fund's
and given
class
of
for
the
created. und.er RD programs
and'/or elective
every
and' international
authorities
assets
the necessary
bod'ies responsible in
every
authority
areas
maintenance
continuing
Adminis-
and' projects' for
the
maintenance
should' be clearly
and. fundi-ng
fot
d'onor
the
named
purpose'
f-
t
I I
Mobilization r^. be. encouraged through
of
local
the
resources
use of
the
in
cash
matching
and, kind, should.
contribution
syseem-
tsutmatchingconiributionmaynotberequired'fromareaSand' social
groups
particular of
below a specified
there
unpaid'
should
labor
banking
system
investnent F.
rural
Regional
criteria
backward.ness in
are (1)
may not. rential
rt
areasOften
in
the
areas
criterion
growth
of
and
by these
(5)
rural
by the
rich
selection
poten-tial (3)
the
the
of
criterion
for
concentration
areas
for
t2) .the
,
criterion
and, social
security
criteria
may be suggested,
of service
of
disadvantaged
overlap,-
that
apart
on poli-tical/security normally
stress
c6nsiderations-
the
should'be
but
from
growth
to be identified infrastructure
since
poor
at
the
they prefe-
sectoral criterion, and backward
can be constructed). but
by surveys r eE remain investments,
given
potent.ial
targeted
backwardness
Often
sometimes
areas
ground,s,
"backward," areas are resource-rich
absence of
researcir
be. offered,
The
the
of, infrastructure
RD allocations
these
use for
criteria,
(Composite ind.ices of
are still the
aroups,
would
specific
shourd
paid. enplolment.
.F
treatment
allocations the
respect,
(4) the
sp'cial/ethnic of
d.j-re need, of
the' surpluseJ-oe
income/poverty/unemployment
rankings
contribution
develogment.
j-nvestment:
d'evelopment,
in
the
rn
Priorities
Five priority
workers
financiar;.ssets
to mobil,ize
in
level-
be no sche.me requiring
by land,less
Attractive
minimum income
or
their
resources
unexploiteci
adaptive
in
technological
-6
c.
:
*
Target
Groups
In different
area-orientation
countries
or the target. $n2.
. -
group
orientatibn
d,ominates
RD policy.
areas
are
whil.e
benefits
chosen,
infrastructure should
flow
unenployed,, (smaIl
development to the
farzrers,
and. petty
the
trade,
clearly
are
transport
people,
foresters, and
other
groups
land,lesb/assetJ.eSis
se:rrice
even after
some activities
of
diffused,
id,entified,
fishermen,
But
benefits
poverty:
in
priority such as can arid, the
mini-producers
livestcck iotkers
rearers,
artisans)
,
.,
Lampiran
III
a
B
\s"
-Eonadl"e Oet'" 198'i
+ jt. -1
t I
I I
; REGIONAI
SEMINAR ON RURAL DEVELOPMENT L984 October
REVTSED SUI"IIIARY OF PROJECT PI"ANNING AND I4ANAGEHENT ISSUES
development to become self-sustaining For rural and implemented. in ways projects and programs must be formulated While the record to date has initiative. that encourage local in need achieved numerous successes, there are many practices paPer ideniif ies key practices of improvement. -I_hls briei there is a potential where, in the view of Seminar participants, for improvement and a need for change. A-
Proiect
Formulation
Process
process needs revisron" formulation The present project process takes too long but the amount sf preparation The total target the needs of beneficiary time devoted to understanding area is groups and the institutionallandscape in the Project designs that d.o not in three things: too little. This results ad.equately address the real problems, inad.equate assemblj-ng of success and to ensure project stakeholders into coalitions groups. leakage of benefits to non-target is an-over One factor causing the present si*.uation The involvement experts at this stage. reliance on expatriate roles and in increased use of of locai agencies with project +hiq is one step toward allevia;ina loca1 technica'I, expertise situation. that nright help the situation would. Another practice i n each o r O f f i c e s " P r o j e c t s be to have "Project ld.entification presence that would. provide a. long-term country. This would priorities and country programs, or the one synthesize national d.ata to design teams, otl beneficiary hand., and provide better the other hand. '
of lower level with and. participation Interaction leaders should beneficiary and potential local administrators role in also be increased. fn fact, it should Play a central process. the formulation -
-These suggestions can help to make process more decentralizeC anC.reality-basedfinancial also have their own costs, including a more extensive examination of how to modify process should be present project formulation
the formulation--However' they ones. Thus, or changfe the undertaken.
.t
I I
-i
tI ; I I I
B.
Proiect.
Desi-qn Elsnents
'
. -'
design is the bud,get. A key element in a project during Although imple: release of funCs is a common difficulty mentation, the even when the funds have been mad,e available, tg use those fund,s budget approach often makes it impossible way- Minor changes in project scope may in the most effective with renegotiations' the donor. require lengthy Although there have been problems of this type in such as when the location infrastructure investments, of a road or dam must be moved, neve_rtheless, the blueprint approach has generally been appropriate for these kinds of projects. But development projects, in rural there is a need. for greater f lexibility in meeting new opportuniti.es. Recognizing that a portion oe project budgets will need. to be specified to meet both donor fund.ing agency in d,etail and 1ocal budgeting and execuling agency needs, nevertheless, experimentation for. One suggestion is called is to increase the unallocated portion budgets and intrcduce a of project special fund for unpredictables and gaps that remain unid,entified, until Another is to use sector Loans. implementation has begun. (It was also noted that attempts more often. are being mad.e to d.evelop "rolling,budgets" in Bank-financed smaIl farmer d.evelopment projects) . A related. issue is the fact that a combination of budgetary for counterpart inflexibility and donor requirements funds often over.tax both the resources and the management capacity of project executing agencies. Increased use of impressed accounts can help this situationr.but both budgetary innovation and lowered local funding requirements should be explored as ways to make project designs more implementabl-e. Moreover, the lack of budgeting agency cooperation with executing agenci-es can add. to the slow release of local funds. Mechanisms to facilitate in Project this cooperation should. be included designs. und,erlies another The issue of nanagement capacity weakness in many project Rather than building that designs. capacity, assistance is often brought in to technical substitute approach would. be to include An alternative for it. groups human resource development, ranging from beneficiary to senior managers, dS a major cofrpon-ent-bf all RD projects. Linked to this, should be given a local management institutes and role in helping to streng:then local organizations institutions. the need for any TA, This does not eliminate and focus on but it does reduce its role, change that role, centers of loca1 sources and on build.inq, up those local excellence.
t-L l':.ti -
F..
F. .. t'
I
I
project sustainabiliey" These are ccncerns that affect for this issue. For Other iiesign elements are also important staff capaci".-y in terins of parts, maintenance example, building for long run etc. may be crucial supplies, eoui.pment, fuel, projeci may be a maintenance-oriented viabitity. fn fact, or integrated, to an infrastructure necessary as a follow-on projects should project. components and follow-on l{aintenance funding donor in as legitimate be established 4ctivities strategies. C.
Implementation
o
Factors
in the d,esign set forth organization The project project temporary Although institutions. often bypasses local project of assets the transfer sometimes be useful; offices-may to permanent institut,ion office from temporary and. functions can cause but this lack of clarity i-s often ignored,
from information suffers and evaluation Monitoring users or d.o not their of systems that d.o not meet the needs Another common users. to those provid.e information d.irectly practic.es the result is and evaluation weakness in monitoring the Design teams often overd.esign of inad,equate funding. and it the cost of this activity content and und.erestimate under fund.ing Overdesign, then suffers during implementation. much makers thus characterLze and a poor match with decision experience. monitorinq and evaluation
piol"auiii-
ef f ective ;6;A;iA-to ""iip-rexi€y-iE-;notGr make rates of donor contributions Compllcated
implementation. record. keeping and reporting and lapses l-ead. to f inancial should receive attention.
procedures shor.tages.
to manage very d.ifficult this Ways to simplify
L^ i I
b & t
4-
-
o n e f a c t o r t h a t a P p e a r s t o c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e s e f a i l i n g to impleformuration !1orn is t].e lack of personnel "otriir,oity in the houses they t3 live - ptainers do not--h""" mentation is on. controlling focus build. and thuJ-th; """"ont.ability d'esign mistakes "' "i than rectiiying excesses rather implernentation need'ed for aesigns.ar? Flexible ittenti;;:This also ,"qoii;i of key continuity anc a"=igti failings. ;;-;;";;" implementers to need'ed' is io irnpternlntation trom-torrnuiation personnel an provid'e and strategy unoerstand.'ing of the pr6ject increase d'esigns ' quality for better itt E"ti.t" for imprementers"--.. of life is a simpte.fact But turnover and sometimes counterstop it are iutite to totalty Attenpts major training its rate miy Ue :foY:d-?nd prod.uctiv€r the effect .but cin help to minimize comPonents tn-no projects it should deal with actual should. UE aone traini-ng and abstract jogt theories t"11'"i-lft.tt problems. ""-=it", irnplementation settings' be used' in local tn.t'cannot techniques I m o l e m e n t a t i o n p e r f o r r r r a n c e i s o f t e n l o w b e c a u s e t hfor ere rncentives nigi-perfgrnranc?' i;t are not i.,""r.ii',";during attention priority shouid. ieceive nJfra.riot appropriate bLLh b.esign and irnplementation' hindered' by a lack of is further Imple"rnentation and. by the agency level at the ad.equare .rth:;tat "x"c',tting p r o l i f e r a t i o n o f d-eiio.t= . o n o r . g " ' ' " y f u n p l e r n e n u . n g s t a n diisues . a r d . s a nshould' d. be initiated" these to i".i'witi procedures. D.
Sustainabilitv
Institutionbuild'ingatthe.logallevelisa.must. d'ecision^ operational reQuir!=-a!"entralized. A completed. project technicar of availability making and autnority, _conti;oing support' and materialf.''oi"Ufe iolicy dS well services, a way as such in *o=l be"i designea attb :mplemented' The proj""t conwentional But p"'r=ibre. to assure these items "= iilit-"d'o not aesig" method.ologies of project "1r9-imptementation ' issues buj'Id'ing ii'stitut'ion .a.qrr"t"fy "aai"='= institutl": o""l=-::;:--;^--: Some form of "lnheritor" l:==!-1"*:t"tud'ed to s and' benefits servace design for -good's' in the project +ha nhai,:a of ofOigCt
.,Yi?iieL,r. i:"H::;i:-:;=."i"*st,:,yiisis=rr--!l-"-':le::-:-.:f -r"tenrentilns ;hi-li ;':;i F*o?'Hu-#;=
H:i::' 3l;'= iiiti= * -: :: ::' :shourd *: : ?; maxi-mize ::i;;,: -*u.t"riars, =r"5'j;"il;:' l;:3H:::o" ;":il:'r""i".'iil.l^' ffi :":::"i r"
and technologies.
:;;ii=,
. 1 r . r :anizations nizatio personnel, ors -^--^--a'I
!
a.
I 5
When local institutions, level such as coopera€iveso project are given the role of inheriting functions, attenteon must be given to the incentives for them to perform" Thi.s is' also true if goverrunent organizations are expected eo carry on" E.
Sununarv
New initiatives are needed to improve the projeet processes formulation and implementation so that benefits become sustainable. Changes in "who d,oes it", how it is done", and "what it includes" are aLl necessary.. There are numerous success stories scattered around Asia and ttreir ressons should be broadcast. But what is needed is action on the part of both donors and recipients. Numerous suggestions have been mad.e in this workshop about beginning steps that can be taken
III
Lampiran
c PROJECT DESIGN AND LINKAGES
The following in
earLier
discussions
approved in A;-
recommendations,
general
of
most of which
the seminar,
originated
were considered
and
by the group members:
Design Process (i)
The project data
design
base which
resources,
in 'the (ii)
rural
the areas,
target
the
To reduce ners.and proj.ect pation the
constraints
and the
technical
for
may be required
information
of
process
groups
j.n the
potential
as welr
formulation to mobirizing
supporting
project
the
as the
project
the
Iocal
plan-
field,
1evel
partici-
surv-eys and i.n
itself
process
understanding
target
in
information
the
and analysis.
gap between project
formuration to
to
to buj.ld-up
research
should. incorporate
design
The project
for
progress
"possibiliti-es'n
base and/or
pre-project
the
project
attention
data
information
designs
The project
target
blocking
managers and beneficiaries
in
on a
surwey of
potential
the
binding
reguired
the
attention
ivl
be initiated.
area.
1oca1 capacity
(ivtr
needs of
rn many cases a "pre-projectt develop
(iii)
should
an intensive
includes felt
the
population,
process
must give needs
of
ilcrgssed
beneficiary
institutional
landscape
area process
should
stakeholders objectives.
give
into
adequate
coaritions
2-
(vi)
The project sent
process
formulation
involvement
experts
on expatriate
reliance of
reduce the pre-
and increase
and local
agencies
local
should
the
technical
expertise. The Bank should
tviil-
Bank presence
continuing
priorities
country and local
(viii)
data
(i x !
available
financial
In
process
team members.
lower
increased
level
local
representatives. but
not
limited
a more decentralized
and needs-
a more extensive
examination
processr
or change the present
project
formula-
be undertaken-
should
Mix and Phasinq to
order
could In
of
costs)
how to modify
and coordination
cope with
the
include
the early
"entry"
should
existing
limited
following
elements:
phases of an RD project,
activities
implementation
the component mix and project
capacities,
constraints
(ii)
of
(includ.ing
the
of beneficiary
include
unknown costs
Proiect
.
should
Because of
tion
(i)
process
beneficiary
of
phasing
design
external
and potential
based formulation
.
stock
enhance the
and participation
with
Bank with
synthesize
to
Identification
a long-term,
administrators
to
B"
to
and to
The project'formulation interaction
to provide
each country
in
"Project"
a Project
experiment'with
which
or have high
relax social
only
a few
the most bind'ing benefit/cost
ratios
be undertaken.
The activity-mix 'entry'activities
of RD projects, onLy'
initially
can be graduall-y
a few expanded. as
3-
linkage C.
Area and Beneficiary (i)
Selection
RD project
designs
apparently
resource-poor
potential
rowth
development D.
are discovered.
reguirements
poor,
shoul-d target areas
criterion
is
backward,
(given
that
used in
other
tne
nor*at
sectoral
programs) .
Fundi-nq Arranqements Bank (i)
(ii)
Utilize
the Bank'.s "sectoral
project
loans,
In general, procedures
tiii)
Utj-lize total
Froiect (iv)
rather
than
flexibility
in
the Bank's
loan
desirable. budgets
allocations
(unspecified.
more often with
annual
or
sub-project
budget plans) .
_Cost Allocations
Unallocated
Fund.s (funds
of
development
national
ject
designs)
rural
should
development
projects (v)
is
"rolling"
detailed
option,
more often.
greater
budget
loan"
of
Provide
beyond. the plans
bod,ies to be used-for own choice.
increased
unallocated
portions
to loca1
pro-
level
supplementary
of project
for
"unpredictables"
should. incorporate
mechanisms to
introduce
funds
allocations
and Bank/Government
be made available
their
budgets and/or
speific
-
Government (vi)
Project
designs
counteract agenciespnd
the
problems
of
coordinatj-on
among executing
between executinE agencies and other central
governrnnt agencies.
4-
Beneficiaries (vii)
Matchlng
contributions
requirei
in
below some specified
fell (viii)
In
some cases,
lowerec
as't'ays
be explored
except
iesigns
project
to
areas mal' be
RD target
fron
in
areas s'hich
target
minimum income Ieve1.
resources
the
overtaxing
counteract
should
requirements
funding
local
andmanagementcapacityofprojectexecutingagencies" (ix)
for
No requirement fess
d.ire need of paid
in
workers
-',
in
required E"
Project
Project
buiIditg,
by asset-
employment shoulc
be
desings'
dresigns should
' capacity
labor
< . a .--
Capacitv
Institution/lianagement (i)
(unPaid)
voluntary
Buildi
inccrporate
ranging
human resource
from beneficiary
grouPs
toseniornanagersrdsamajorcomponentinRDprojects (rathert'banexcessiveuseofexternaltechni-caI assistance
to
compensate for
inadequat'e
existing
capacities). {ii}Projectdesignsshouldincorporatearoleforindigenousmanagenentinstitutesinstrengthening]ocal organizations
step
(as an additional
and institutions
inred.ucingunnecessaryrelianceonexternaltechnical assistanceandtowardafurtherbuildingoflocal caPacitY) tiii)
Project
designs
shoulC incorporate
mechanisms for
buildingmaintenancecaPacityintermsofparts,siaff, equJ-Pment, fuel,
suPPlies'
etc'
+
-5-
(iv)
for
supports
.1v)
designs
Project
new or
building ation
to
should. extend
formal
the
the maxim-m possible
for
organizations
temporary
than
rather
organizations,
exisling
implement-
maintenance
to
infrastructure
rural
donor
systems
(including
for
activity
as a legitimate
funding.
desings
funds
on
develop-
rural
integrated
may be required
Project
need.s of
or
as follows
prgjects
oriented
Specific
for
{vii}
end of
responsibilities.
ment projects .
the
sustaining
project.
use and strengthen
(vi)
for
organizations following
and.
specifications
incorporate
"inheritor" activity
development .
should
designs
Project
should. include
information
components)
monitoring
project
Project
to meet ttre
managers
and- should
provid.e
the
informatj-on
system
.maintaining
adequate during
i:nplenrenta-.ion (viii)
Project
designs the
reducing personnel
(ixl
problems
packages
for
for
excessive
from practical
including
turnover,
mechanisms
incorporate resulting
and incentive
training sonnel
should
Pro3ect
on-the-job
encouraging
Per-
continuitY.
Pro.jec_t designs ensuring executing
adeguate
should.- incorPorate authority
agency leve1.
to
mechanisms
project
for
managers
at
the
\
LamPiran --,III
'l-
L
'.t
D
PROJECT
After of
the
experience
implementation
Developmeirt Project of
impirtance project
the
River
Basin
Group B agreed on the
propositions
successful
for
implementation
When an area
shoul-d l-ie
responsibiJ-ity
a singS.e existing
with
the
resist
agency-
body is
coord.inating
temptation
plan-
an integrated
into
should. fit
An IRD effort
should
Brief
the
review
in-depth
:
'primarily (ii)
twelve
following
Both
of
the.Philippines,
in
implementations (i)
including
discussions
extended
II'{PLEMENTATION
establ-ished.,
become an
to
implemqnter. (iii)
a coord.inating
For
to provide
be able
to
accruing
those
it
body to be effective, a chance of.future whose behavibur
is
must
benefits being
coor-
is
seen
rr.inated..
(i v1
If
a coordinating to
as attenpting
bod.y competes "controL".
line
with
or
agencies,
it
wil"l
fail. (v)
(vi) .(vii)
Coord.ination
shbuld. be focussed
a the
f easibl-e
level.
Informa].
mechanisms must be used.
Coord.ination rather
than
committees just
shbuld
surfacing
fo'cus
problems.
lowest
on choices
't'ft"
I
f:
(viii)
Coord.inating control
I
(ir()
the
Personal the
colqqittees rlsources
imst
:Grl
be.ino coordi:ated. .E=-
(and. genr'-ctions)
characteristics (and... other
chainlarl:
contadn .tJrose
leaders)
eie- verar
inport'ant.
(x)
A major
notivator
coord.ination
(xi )
Coodination shared
(xii)
Project port
is is
facilitated
incentives
and
d.ialq5ue beneEt"
---
by pubS-ic dispr:-
at project
on vehicles,
perfo:mance
belps
an i-med,iate
.(sign
cred,it
d.epartments
that
siE,
names
---
ei=.).
should be stJrrcsred and posi-tive
inte-ction
beneficiaries
J.
ta
-> *
*1-
PROJECTBENEFITS AL]D BENEPICIARIES
A"
What Should The Benefits The discussion
in
implement E.I.R.R.
is (ii)
(iii)
in
order
Calculation
of
E.i.R.R.s
rather
Benefits
that
society
could
not
ttran
of
every
the
low
it'entified
but
encomPass develgplnent
poor
segnnents of nominal. value
of many powerty
E.I.R.R.s projects
Project
is
satisfactory
be reguired.
to
have an
entire
would
component
of more than 10 per cent.
E.I-R.R.
On cond,itions
of Bank Project
loans
the
following
been suggested: (i) (ii)
Differential
interest
rates
Differential
criteria
for
i.e.
a Cistinction
rather policy.'
to
future.
the
towards
development
the E.I-R-R.
be alloweC
with
a premiu.m on their the
vlere made:
projects.
s.ingle
receive
rural
in
yet
should
are geared
r^'ouId. increase
nct
is
place
take
projects"
an economic base for
create
to
prograns
If
to
should
stage
investments
d.evelopment that
. oriented (iv)
pretake-off
for
development
rural
and recommendations
infrastructural
expected
which
of
of the E.I.R.R-
criteria
additional
evaluate
conclusi-ons
countrils
project
to
justification
socio-econornic
(i)
on the guestion
centered
and the possibititl.
The followinc
Be
by countries.
regions
within
of A, B, C regions
ttran A, B, C countries :
as is
in
a country countries
Bank's
present +
has
2-
(iii)
Al}ocate
a part
of
sociallY
desirable
but
low return
for
Bank funds Projects'
i
.(rv)Setasidefund'sforj-nstitutionstrengtheningseparate T-A-
from regular .
I tt ,
t.
cond'itionalities'
I I
t I
Who Shotild' Be The Beneficiaries
B"
I I
i I I
-Therewasgeneralsupportforatwo-prongedapproach rural
to
and target
oriented
area
projects:
development
grouP oriented-
area
Bank financed
the
Though most of
in
experience
oriented,
are currently
Projects
successful
D}IC's reveals
implementationoftargetgroupProgramsonalargescale" is
It
that
reconEnendation
their
reflects
that
poli-cy
development
a rural
Bank Pursues
the
two-pronged
this
approach'
}loreparticularlyithasbeenreconmeDdedthat: .(i)Ifanareaapproach-isfollowedtheareashould.beof size
suffici-ent1 of
rural
areas
in
on the
have leverage
to
concerned
countries
the
.i
developmen-' {for
example,
'
atleast30thanasinthecaseofBanglad'esh).
(ii)
An area.approach .
is
advocated
correct
to
regional
imbalances
(iii}TheBankshouldallowashiftinemphasistowards .
or progiram tyPe
sector
loans
grouP oriented should. include
building
developm'ent : appropriatel {or
rural
for
Ti:ese are consideredmore
projects. target
loans
--
Programs' provis5-ons
Sector for
and program
institution
:-
.;i:i:-."-.- -'.:i."
j"' _.i
:- .
.
:
-:--i!-
I
3-
C.
Technoloqv It
is
financed.
Transfer recognized
rural
development
some countries j-rrigation
rural
agricultural
rt
always
fer e"g.
crops is
development
on applied
identifying
increasing
projects for
is
research
further
interest
in
on non-irrigated which
new technologies
on non-irrigated
agri-
recommended,
reconmend,ed that
palmr
Bank
are based. on irrigation,
in
systems
the
available.
be encouraged oil
projects
There is
prod.uction
Enphasis cultural
though most of
have difficulties
projects.
focussing
are not
that,
in
crops
iirter-country with
promising
a'S has been the case with
technology technology, rice.
trans-
