DISKUSI INTEGRASI ENERGI TERBARUKAN DENGAN GRID Institute for Essential Services Reform (IESR) Jakarta, 18 Agustus 2016
Integrasi Jaringan dan Pembangkit Energi Terbarukan: Tantangan, Pilihan dan Opsi Regulasi Dr. Hardiv Harris Situmeang
Komite Nasional Indonesia - World Energy Council Anggota Dewan Riset Nasional Anggota Scientific Board BALITBANG-ESDM Member of Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre Advisory Board
2 Degree Celsius is Attainable?
Cancun Beach, 8 December 2010
SUMMARY FOR POLICY MAKERS – IPCC WGI AR5 Carbon and Other Biogeochemical Cycles The atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, and nitrous oxide have increased to levels unprecedented in at least the last 800,000 years. CO2 concentrations have increased by 40% since pre-industrial times, primarily from fossil fuel emissions and secondarily from net land use change emissions. The ocean has absorbed about 30% of the emitted anthropogenic carbon dioxide, causing ocean acidification (see Figure SPM.4).
C. Drivers of Climate Change Total radiative forcing is positive, and has led to an uptake of energy by the climate system. The largest contribution to total radiative forcing is caused by the increase in the atmospheric concentration of CO2 since 1750 (see Figure SPM.5). {3.2, Box 3.1, 8.3, 8.5}
D.3 Detection and Attribution of Climate Change Human influence has been detected in warming of the atmosphere and the ocean, in changes in the global water cycle, in reductions in snow and ice, in global mean sea level rise, and in changes in some climate extremes (Figure SPM.6 and Table SPM.1). This evidence for human influence has grown since AR4. It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century. {10.3–10.6, 10.9}
IPCC WGI AR5
12th Session of WG I
27 September 2013
Summary for Policymakers SPM.4 - Mitigation Pathways and Measures in the Context of Sustainable Development
Scenarios reaching atmospheric concentration levels of about 450 ppm CO2eq by 2100 (consistent with a likely chance to keep temperature change below 2°C relative to pre-industrial levels) include substantial cuts in anthropogenic GHG emissions by mid-century through largescale changes in energy systems and potentially land use (high confidence). Scenarios reaching these concentrations by 2100 are characterized by lower global GHG emissions in 2050 than in 2010, 40 % to 70 % lower globally, and emissions levels near zero Gt CO2eq or below in 2100.
Annual 2030 GHG emissions higher than 55 GtCO2eq could not produce scenarios reaching atmospheric concentration levels that make it as likely as not that temperature change will remain below 2° C relative to pre-industrial levels Delaying mitigation efforts beyond those in place today through 2030 is estimated to substantially increase the difficulty of the transition to low longer-term emissions levels and narrow the range of options consistent with maintaining temperature change below 2 °C relative to pre-industrial levels (high confidence). Cost-effective mitigation scenarios that make it at least as likely as not that temperature change will remain below 2 °C relative to pre-industrial levels (2100 concentrations between about 450 and 500 ppm CO2eq) are typically characterized by annual GHG emissions in 2030 of roughly between 30 Gt CO2eq and 50 Gt CO2eq. Scenarios with annual GHG emissions above 55 GtCO2eq in 2030 are characterized by substantially higher rates of emissions reductions from 2030 to 2050; much more rapid scale-up of low-carbon energy over this
period; a larger reliance on Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) technologies in the longterm; and higher transitional and long-term economic impacts.
Due to these increased mitigation challenges, many models with annual 2030 GHG emissions higher than 55 GtCO2eq could not produce scenarios reaching atmospheric concentration levels that make it as likely as not that temperature change will remain below 2 °C relative to pre-industrial levels.
Global GHG emissions in GtCO2eq
Global Aggregation
Annual 2030 GHG emissions less than 55 GtCO2eq Global GHG emissions path compatible with 20C
Gap 40-70% below 2010 levels by 2050 Emissions levels near zero GtCO2eq, or below in 2100
2015
2020
2025
2030
2050
2100
Strongly Required: Pre-2020 and Post-2020 actions reinforce each other and in the same direction of higher ambition.
Emisi GRK Indonesia 2000-2030 berdasarkan Skenario Fair, Optimis dan Ambisius (Reference: Proses Kaji Ulang RAN-GRK dan Penyusunan INDC, BAPPENAS)
3,500,000
Skenario Kebijakan Emisi Indonesia (Dalam Ribu Ton CO2e) Skenario Optimis: Reduksi Emisi
3,000,000
Skenario Fair: Reduksi Emisi sebesar 848 Juta ton CO2e atau setara 29 % dari BAU pada 2030
sebesar 921,5 Juta ton CO2e atau setara 32 % dari BAU pada 2030
2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000
1,000,000 500,000
Reduksi Emisi sebesar 469 Juta ton CO2e atau setara 26% pada 2020 dari BAU
Skenario Ambisius: Reduksi Emisi sebesar 1,2 Giga ton ton CO2e atau setara 41 % dari BAU pada 2030
0
1995
2000 2005 BAU Baseline Emisi
2010
Baseline Emisi Skenario Optimis
2015 2020 2025 2030 Baseline Emisi Skenario Ambitious Baseline Emisi Skenario Fair
2035
Penurunan Emisi di Tahun 2030 BAU Emisi (ribu ton)
Hutan, Lahan dan Gambut
1.073.835
Penurunan Emisi (ribu ton) % Penurunan Emisi Emisi (ribu ton)
Energi
1.444.679
Penurunan Emisi % Penurunan Emisi Emisi (ribu ton)
IPPU
78.206
Penurunan Emisi (ribu ton) % Penurunan Emisi Emisi (ribu ton)
Waste
284.664
Penurunan Emisi (ribu ton) % Penurunan Emisi
Emisi (ribu ton)
TOTAL
Penurunan Emisi (ribu ton) % Penurunan Emisi
2.881.385
Ambisius
Optimist
Fair
323.553
446.818
477.811
750.282
627.017
596.023
70%
58%
56%
1.051.706
1.186.967
1.223.050
392.973
257.712
221.629
27%
18%
15%
76.091
77.027
77.183
2.116
1.180
1.023
3%
2%
1%
239.184
249.010
254.822
45.480
35.654
29.842
16%
13%
10%
1.690.534
1.959.822
2.032.867
1.190.850
921.562
848.517
41%
32%
29%
3 Core Dimensions of Energy Sustainability
3 Core Dimensions of Sustainable Energy System
Balancing the ‘Energy Trilemma’
Energy Security Energy Security
The effective management of primary energy supply from domestic and external sources, the reliability of energy infrastructure, and the ability of energy providers to meet current and future demand.
Energy Equity Accessibility and affordability of energy supply across the population. Energy Equity
Environmental Sustainability
Environmental Sustainability Encompasses the achievement of supply and demand side energy efficiencies and the development of energy supply from renewable and other low-carbon sources.
World Energy Council 2013, “World Energy Trilemma”, Time to get real – the Agenda for Change.
The Energy Trilemma Balancing the 3 core dimensions of the energy trilemma is a strong basis for prosperity and competitiveness of individual countries. Secure energy is critical to fuelling economic growth. Energy must be accessible and affordable at all levels of society to ensure social stability. The impact of energy production and energy use on the environment needs to be minimized in order to combat climate change as well as local air and water pollution and its implications. Addressing the energy trilemma presents extraordinary environmental, social, and economic challenges requiring national and international action by not only governments, but also the private sector and civil society. Robust and enabling environments will be required toward these ends, including appropriate technology mechanisms and a global trade and investment regime that encourages and leverages investment, innovation, and technology uptake.
Towards Sustainable Energy Path National Energy System
Drive the national energy system towards low-carbon energy sources, low-carbon and zerocarbon energy technologies, renewable energy, greater role of energy efficiency and conservation from up-stream to down stream (energy end-use), and efficient transmission & distribution systems.
Governments & Policy Makers: Policymakers must focus on reducing political and regulatory risks: 1) Have a clear vision for sustainable energy and a master plan with clearly defined energy sustainability goals, 2) Define coherent, long-term, and predictable energy policies, underpinned by well-implemented regulations, and 3) Recognise that investors are not going to provide capital without an attractive profit. Financing Community: The financial infrastructure must exist for capital to flow easily to the energy sector: 1) Help policymakers and energy sector understand the role of different financial investors and instruments, 2) Support efforts for the standardisation of instruments, and 3) Review existing rating models and develop new approaches to bundle smaller-scale projects. Energy Industry: The energy sector must bring clearly bankable projects to the market: 1) Be more proactive in the dialogues around energy policies, 2) Establish standard procedures and best practices for data and disclosure, 3) Create new pricing models that meet the reality of changing business models and encourage demand side response.
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FOR ALL THREE CLEAR OBJECTIVES TO BE ACHIEVED BY 2030*)
Ensuring universal access to modern energy services. Doubling the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency. Doubling the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix. *) At the opening of the UN General Assembly in September 2011
Some Routes to Enhance Energy Security Towards Sustainable Energy Path
Some Routes to Enhance Energy Security Cross border transaction: the ability of the state or of market player, to draw on foreign resources and products that can be freely imported through ports or other transport channels and through cross boundary energy grids which are supported by enabling environments that need to be established.
Adequate national & regional strategic reserves to address any transient interruption, shortage, or unpredictable surge in demand. Move the energy system towards using low carbon energy sources (fuel switching) to improve national energy mix by geographic and fuel supply diversity through government industry partnerships.
Some Routes to Enhance Energy Security
Attracting large-scale investment in new low carbon electricity-generation sources and associated transmission and distribution networks, together with more sustainable transport infrastructures. Deployment of low-carbon and zero-carbon energy technologies, renewable energy, promote greater role of energy efficiency and conservation from up-stream to down-stream (energy enduse), and provide efficient transmission and distribution systems.
Ensuring the security of energy supplies and the resilience of energy infrastructures so that energy is both available and affordable during the transition to low-carbon energy systems.
*) “World Energy Assessment: Energy and the Challenge of Sustainability”. UNDP, UN Dept. of Economic & Social Affairs, World Energy Council (WEC).
Enabling Frameworks for Technology Diffusion (A Business Perspective)
Specific Enablers to Encourage Diffusion of Low-Carbon Technologies Power Sector The greatest emissions reduction are possible through action in the power sector. This will require technology breakthroughs, large-scale investment and unprecedented and far-reaching policies in the energy sector.
Recommendation for the power sector include: Defining national road maps for low-carbon electricity
Directing subsidies to low-carbon alternatives Putting a value on the reduction of carbon emissions Covering all low-carbon technologies through market mechanism
Building efficient energy markets and more efficient electricity pricing Providing sufficiently resilient transmission and distribution infrastructure. Reference: “Enabling Frameworks for Technology Diffusion - A Business Perspective”, World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), April 2010.
The Elements of Public Acceptance The POLIMP project has identified five categories of elements that influence the public acceptance of renewable energy projects, such as:
1. Awareness of climate change and knowledge of the renewable energy technology in question. Timely, complete and balanced knowledge needs to be provided; 2. Fairness and inclusiveness of the decision-making process: the extent to which stakeholders are involved in the decision-making process. Economic participation by the community may also increase the public acceptance; 3. Overall evaluation of costs, risks and benefits of the renewable energy project. It has to be reckoned that this assessment is inherently subjective; 4. Local context: suitability of a project in a local situation, and local ‘fears and emotions’; 5. Trust in the decision-makers and other relevant stakeholders. Trust generally depends on the perception of a stakeholder’s competence and integrity. Erwin Hofman, JIN Climate and Sustainability, “Public Acceptance of Renewable Energy”, POLIMP Briefing Note 1, March 2015.
Kebijakan Energi Nasional (Some of Its Key Elements)
Kebijakan Energi Nasional (Some of Its Key Elements)
Pasal 2: Kebijakan energi nasional merupakan kebijakan Pengelolaan Energi yang berdasarkan prinsip berkeadilan, berkelanjutan, dan berwawasan lingkungan guna terciptanya Kemandirian Energi dan Ketahanan Energi nasional. Pasal 5: Kebijakan energi nasional memberi arah Pengelolaan Kemandirian Energi dan mendukung pembangunan disusun sebagai pedoman untuk Energi nasional guna mewujudkan Ketahanan Energi nasional untuk nasional berkelanjutan. Pasal 6: Kemandirian Energi dan Ketahanan Energi nasional sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 5, dicapai dengan mewujudkan: (a) Sumber Daya Energi tidak dijadikan sebagai komoditas ekspor semata tetapi sebagai modal pembangunan nasional; (b) Kemandirian Pengeloiaan Energi; (c) ketersediaan Energi dan terpenuhinya kebutuhan Sumber Energi dalam negeri; (d) pengelolaan Sumber Daya Energi secara optimal, terpadu, dan berkelanjutan; (e) Pemanfaatan Energi secara ehsien di semua sektor; (f) akses untuk masyarakat terhadap Energi secara adil dan merata; (g) pengembangan kemampuan teknologi, lndustri Energi, dan jasa Energi dalam negeri agar mandiri dan meningkatkan kapasitas sumber daya manusia; (h) terciptanya lapangan kerja; dan (i) terjaganya kelestarian fungsi Lingkungan Hidup. Kemandirian Energi adalah terjaminnya ketersediaan Energi dengan memanfaatkan semaksimal mungkin potensi dari sumber dalam negeri. Ketahanan Energi adalah suatu kondisi terjaminnya ketersediaan Energi dan akses masyarakat terhadap Energi pada harga yang terjangkau dalam jangka panjang dengan tetap memperhatikan perlindungan terhadap Lingkungan Hidup.
Kebijakan Energi Nasional (Some of Its Key Elements)
Pasal 11: (1) Prioritas pengembangan Energi dilakukan melalui: (a) pengembangan Energi dengan mempertimbangkan keseimbangan keekonomian Energi, keamanan pasokan Energi, dan pelestarian fungsi Lingkungan Hidup; (b) memprioritaskan Penyediaan Energi bagi Masyarakat yang belum memiliki akses terhadap Energi listrik, gas rumah tangga, dan Energi untuk transporlasi, industri, dan pertanian; (c) pengembangan Energi dengan mengutamakan Sumber Daya Energi setempat; (d) pengembangan Energi dan Sumber Daya Energi diprioritaskan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan energy dalam negeri; dan (e) pengembangan industri dengan kebutuhan Energi yang tinggi diprioritaskan di daerah yang kaya Sumber Daya Energi. Pasal 11: (2) Untuk mewujudkan keseimbangan keekonomian Energi sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) hurul a, prioritas pengembangan Energi nasional didasarkan pada prinsip: (a) memaksimalkan penggunaan Energi Terbarukan dengan memperhatikan tingkat keekonomian; (b) meminimalkan penggunaan minyak bumi; (c) mengoptimalkan pemanfaatan gas bumi dan Energi Baru; dan d. menggunakan batubara sebagai andalan pasokan Energi nasional. Pasal 11: (3) Ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (2) dikecualikan bagi Energi nuklir yang dimanfaatkan dengan mempertimbangkan keamanan pasokan Energi nasional dalam skala besar, mengurangi emisi karbon dan tetap mendahulukan potensi Energi Baru dan Energi Terbarukan sesuai nilai keekonomiannya, serta mempertimbangkannya sebagai pilihan terakhir dengan memperhatikan factor keselamatan secara ketat.
National Energy Mix up to 2050
Supply of Primary Energy – By Type (%)
(2014 Handbook of Energy & Economic Statistics of Indonesia)
Note: Oil including crude oil, petroleum product and LPG; Coal including coal and briquette; Gas including natural gas and LNG; Biomass including firewood and charcoal; Biofuel : pure bio energy (not blending product).
Potential of Renewable Energy - Indonesia
Basic Models for Industry Structure Sequence of Main Tasks System Planning Process
4 Basic Models for Industry Structure
[1,2,3]
Key Items
Model 1
Model 2
Model 3
Model 4
Single Buyer
Wholesale Competition
Retail Competition
Characteristic
Vertically Integrated Monopoly
Competition in generation and choice for final consumers
Definition
Monopoly at all levels
Competition in generation
Competition in generation and choice for DITSCOs
Competing Generators
Tidak
Ya
Ya
Ya
Choice for Retailers?
Tidak
Tidak
Ya
Ya
Choice for Final Customers?
Tidak
Tidak
Tidak
Ya
• No one may buy from independent generator. • All final customers are supplied by the incumbent utility
• Only the existing integrated monopoly in the assigned area is permitted to buy from IPP (the competing generators). • The design of PPAs is a major feature.
• DITSCOs are given the right to buy direct from IPPs, but they retain a local franchise over retailers customers. • IPP will need access to the transmission network through trading arrangement for the network.
• Permits all customers to choose their suppliers & are given the right to buy from IPP. • Access to transmission and distribution network are required.
Note
Planning Phase
Key Elements of NPP Phase (Example)
Operational Phase
Pre-Operational Phase of Power System
Construction Phase
Decision Phase
Sequence of Main Tasks
Wind, Solar potential map Candidates of intermittent power generation projects (RE): Solar, Wind Existing generation and transmission systems Policy, Financial constraints
Primary Energy data: Hydro; Geothermal; Etc. Candidates of RE projects
Primary energy data: Gas, Coal, Oil
Candidates of Thermal projects
Optimization of generation and transmission capacity expansion plan.
Projection of economic growth
Demand forecast
Reserve criteria Economic penalty
Proposed investment plan, financing projection & financing plan / funding requirement.
Further economic study (Tariff)
Investment plan
System Planning Process (Example of General Practice)
Principal States of Power System Operation Pre-Operational & Operational Phase
Principal States of Power System Operation Restorative Actions
Restoration State
Contingency Analysis
Normal State
Emergency Actions
[4]
Actions
Alert State
Emergency State
In 1967, Dy Liacco 4) presented his famous chart which introduced a view of the power system operations in terms of its principal states: (1) Normal, (2) Alert, (3) Emergency, and (4) Restoration, and the transitions spontaneous between theses states. In his framework, the level of the system security is tested with respect to a set of contingencies, and the system state is said to be secure if no contingency would violate the emergency operating constraints.
Pre-Operational Phase
Operational Phase • Hourly – short term load forecasting (on-line) • Static and dynamic security assessment • Contingency & congestion analysis • Optimal power flow • Balancing system • Preventive, emergency and restoration actions and controls
Rencana Operasi Harian
Rencana Operasi Mingguan
Rencana Operasi Bulanan
Rencana Operasi Triwulanan
Rencana Operasi Tahunan
5 (Five) Years Statement
• Load Forecasting • Generations maintenance scheduling • Transmissions maintenance scheduling • Hydrothermal scheduling • Optimal fuel use and scheduling • Generations unit scheduling • Optimal power flow • Static and dynamic security assessment
Continue real time system operation to maintain sustainable secure, optimal / economic, standard quality level of real time supply and demand balance
Key Tasks of Power System Operation Planning, Operations & Controls
+
Clean
Off-Grid Connection Renewable Energy & Grid Extension (Associated Key Issues)
Off-Grid Connection Renewable Energy & Grid Extension (Associated Key Issues)
System operations and dynamic stability of RE off-grid integration
Required integrated communication: sensing & measurements, advance components, advance control, and decision support
Integration of RE into grid extension planning
Associated Key Issues
Reliable, clean, secure and economic RE off-grid integration
[6,7,8]
Off-grid integration of variable energy sources (RE) and extension of off-grid RE including hybrid set-up
RE for rural electrification
Technical standards for offgrid connection RE applications
Asset management: cost (of assets, of replacement, of operation & maintenance), performance (efficiency, reliability and security impacts), and risk (of failure, of reliability impacts, of security impacts)
Balancing Act (Associated Key Issues)
Mark G. Lauby, Mark Ahlstrom, Daniel L. Brooks, et al., “Balancing Act. NERC’s Integration of Variable Generation Task Force Plans for a Less Predictable Future”, IEEE Power & Energy Magazine, Volume 9, Number 6, November/December 2011.
Potential reliability impacts of distributed resources (potential reliability concerns) [5]: i) visibility & controllability of distributed energy resources and the potential effects on forecast load; ii) the ramping and variability of certain distributed energy resources and the resulting impacts on the base load and cycling generation; iii) the ability to control reactive power; iv) low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) and lowfrequency ride-through and coordination with IEEE Standard 1547; v) underfrequency load shedding (UFLS) and under voltage load shedding (UVLS). Operating consideration of integrating variable generation – Associated tasks related to bulk power system operation activities: i) forecasting techniques must be incorporated into day-to-day operational planning and real-time operations routine and practice, including unit commitment and dispatch; ii) the impact of securing ancillary services through larger balancing areas or participation in wider-area balancing management on bulk power system reliability must be investigated; iii) operating practices, procedures, and tools will need to be enhanced and modified.
Some of recommended key elements to improve the integration of variable resources – To be operating practices, procedures, and tools (standard): i) disturbance control performance; ii) automatic generation control requirement; iii) communication and coordination; iv) capacity and energy emergencies; v) reliability coordination, current-day operations; vi) normal operating planning; vi) monitoring system condition.
Distributed Control Systems for Small-Scale Power Networks
Ali Bidram, Frank L. Lewis, and Ali Davoudi, “Distributed Control Systems for Small-Scale Power Networks. USING MULTIAGENT COOPERATIVE CONTROL THEORY”, IEEE Control System MAGAZINE, December 2014, Volume 34, Number 6.
The Hierarchical Control Structure of Microgrids
Hierarchical control strategy consists of (1) primary, (2) secondary, and (3) tertiary controls. The primary control maintains voltage and frequency stability of the microgrid subsequent to the islanding Process. Secondary control compensates for the voltage and frequency deviations caused by the operation of the primary controls. Tertiary control manages the power flow between the microgrid and the main grid and facilitates economically optimal operation.
PERMEN ESDM NO. 19 TAHUN 2016
PEMBELIAN TENAGA LISTRIK DARI PLTS FOTOVOLTAIK OLEH PT PLN (PERSERO)
Ketentuan Penyusunan Dokumen Studi Penyambungan (Interconnection Study) Tujuan
Persyaratan
Untuk memastikan koneksi dan operasi paralel PLTS Fotovaltaik tidak berdampak negatif terhadap keselamatan, keandalan dan kualitas daya maupun kontinuitas system tenaga listrik pada system distribusi PT PLN (Persero). Wajib memenuhi persyaratan sebagai berikut: a. Kapasitas PLTS Fotovoltaik tidak melebihi 25% (dua puluh lima persen) dari kapasitas beban puncak siang penyulang; b. Short circuit level (SCL) tidak melebihi 10% (sepuluh persen) dari arus hubung singkat maksimum penyulang; c. PLTS Fotovaltaik wajib memenuhi: 1. Persyaratan fungsi proteksi: a) Tegangan lebih atau tegangan kurang frekuensi; b) Fungsi peginderan tegangan dan frekuensi serta waktu tunda; c) Anti islanding; d) Deteksi gangguan jaringan distribusi; e) transfer trip; f) Alat pemutus interkoneksi manual; g) surge withstand capability; h) Peralatan parallel; i) reclose blocking; j) Peralatan tambahan yang diperlukan; dan k) Proteksi cadangan;
Persyaratan
2. Persyaratan fungsi pencegahan interferensi sistem a) Pengaturan tegangan; b) Respon terhadap tegangan abnormal; c) Respon terhadap frekuensi abnormal; d) Sinkronisasi; e) Flicker; f) Harmonisa; dan g) Faktor Daya; 3. Persyaratan teknik spesifik teknologi pembangkit a) Generator Sinkron; b) Generator Induksi; dan c) Inverter memenuhi standar internasional; 4. Dalam kondisi beban rendah dan kondisi awan yang cepat tertutup: a) Membatasi ramp inverter (naik atau turun) pada laju 10% (sepuluh persen) per menit dari kapasitas inverter, berlaku untuk start up dan shut down, operasi normal. Dan perintah pembatasan, lecuali selama terjadi penurunan radiasi surya; dan b) Mengatur waktu restart untuk inverter ganda pada 15 (lima belas) detik atau lebih; d. Persyaratan komunikasi dan metering; e. Penguijian, sertifikasi dan komisioning; dan f. Persyaratan tambahan untuk stabilitas sistem.
Review studi penyambungan meliputi 3 (tiga) bagian, yaitu: Studi Penyambungan a. Studi Kelayakan Penyambunan; dan Ruang Lingkup b. Studi Dampak Sistem Distribusi; dan c. Studi Fasilitas Penyambungan. Ruang Lingkup Studi Kelayakan Penyambungan: a. Mengidentifikasi awal dari beban lebih termal, permasalahan aliran daya balik, dan pelanggaran batas tegangan (voltage limit violations) yang timbul dari usulan penyambungan; b. Identifikasi awal dari setiap kelebihan dari batas kapasitas hubung singkat; c. Review awal dari persyaratan Sitem Proteksi dan Sistem Pembumian; dan d. Penjelasa dan perkiraan biaya awal dari fasilitas yang diperlukan untuk menghubungkan usulan PLTS Fotovoltaik ke jaringan PT PLN (Persero).
Ruang Lingkup Studi Dampak Sistem Distribusi: Memberikan identifikasi awal pendanaan dan lamanya waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk memperbaiki masalah yang teridentifikasi dan memberikan identifikasi tanggung jawab pendanaan untuk fasilitas penyambungan a. Analisa Aliran Daya pada sistem distribusi b. Analisa Hubungan Singkat; c. Analisa Rating Pemutusan Peralatan; d. Studi Proteksi dan koordinasi Set Point; e. Studi Jatuh Tegangan, dan atau Review Pembumian; f. Analisa Dampak Operasi Sistem Distribusi; dan g. Analisa Kestabilan Sistem Distribusi.
Ruang Lingkup Studi Fasilitas Penyambungan: Menentukan perkiraan biaya peralatan dan EPC yang diperlukan untuk menyelesaikan penyambungan PLTS Fotovoltaik yang diusulkan serta memberikan desain yang sesuai dengan persyaratan teknik dan perkiraan biaya untuk: a. Fasilitas Penyambungan antara PLTS Fotovoltaik yang diusulkan dan Titik Sambung; b. Fasilitas Penyambungan PT PLN (Persero) dari Sistem Distribusi PT PLN (Persero) ke Titik Sambung; dan c. Perbaikan / upgrade Sistem Distribusi PT PLN (Persero) yang disebabkan oleh usulan penyambungan PLTS Fotovoltaik.
Harga Pembelian Tenaga Listrik – FIT Harga Jual Tenaga Listrik (HJTL) vs Biaya Pokok Penyediaan (BPP), PT PLN (Persero), June 2015
Permen ESDM Nomor 17 Tahun 2014 tentang Pembelian Tenaga Listrik dari PLTP dan Uap Panas Bumi untuk PLTP oleh PT PLN (PERSERO)
Wilayah I: Wilayah Sumatera,
Harga Patokan Tertinggi (sen USD/kWh)
Tahun COD
Jawa dan Bali;
Wilayah II: Wilayah Sulawesi,
Wilayah I
Wilayah II
Wilayah III
2015
11.8
17.0
25.4
2016
12.2
17.6
25.8
2017
12.6
18.2
26.2
2018
13.0
18.8
26.6
2019
13.4
19.4
27.0
Wilayah III: Wilayah yang berada
2020
13.8
20.0
27.4
2021
14.2
20.6
27.8
2022
14.6
21.3
28.3
2023
15.0
21.9
28.7
2024
15.5
22.6
29.2
2025
15.9
23.3
29.6
pada Wilayah I atau Wilayah II yang terisolasi & pemenuhan kebutuhan tenaga listriknya sebagian besar diperoleh dari pembangkit listrik dengan bahan bakar minyak
Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Halmahera, Maluku, Irian Jaya, dan Kalimantan; dan
44
(PERATURAN MENTERI ESDM NO. 19 TAHUN 2013 dan NO. 27 TAHUN 2014) No
EnergI
Kapasitas
Tarif Listrik
Catatan
Tegangan Menengah 1.
Biomass *)
s.d 10 MW
Rp. 1.150,- / kWh X F
2.
Biogas *)
s.d 10 MW
Rp. 1.050,- / kWh X F
Non PLTSa
3.
Sampah Kota **)
s.d 10 MW
Rp. 1.450,- / kWh
Zero waste
4.
Sampah Kota **)
s.d 10 MW
Rp. 1.250,- / kWh
Landfill
Tegangan Rendah 1.
Biomass *)
s.d 10 MW
Rp. 1.500,- / kWh X F
2
Biogas *)
s.d 10 MW
Rp. 1.400,- / kWh X F
Non PLTSa
3
Sampah Kota **)
s.d 10 MW
Rp. 1.798,- / kWh
Zero waste
4
Sampah Kota **)
s.d 10 MW
Rp. 1.598,- / kWh
Landfill
Keterangan: *) sesuai Permen ESDM No.27 Tahun 2014 F adalah faktor insentif berdasarkan wilayah instalasi pembangkit • Pulau Jawa :F=1 • Pulau Sumatera : F = 1,15 • Pulau Sulawesi : F = 1,25 • Pulau Kalimantan : F = 1,3 • Bali, Bangka Belitung, Lombok : F = 1,5 • Kep. Riau, Papua dan pulau lainnya : F = 1,6 **) sesuai Permen ESDM No.19 Tahun 2013
45
Harga Pembelian Tenaga Listrik Dari Aliran / Terjunan Air di Sungai
Harga Pembelian Tenaga Listrik Dengan Menggunakan Dam /Waduk
Harga Penyesuaian Pembelian Tenaga Listrik PLTM/H (PLTM/H yang sudah beroperasi)
PERMEN ESDM NO. 19/2016
PEMBELIAN TENAGA LISTRIK DARI PLTS FOTOVOLTAIK OLEH PT PLN (PERSERO) Penawaran Kuota Kapasitas dan Harga Pembelian Tenaga Listrik dari PLTS Fotovoltaik untuk Tahap Pertama No.
Wilayah
Kuota Kapasitas (MWp)
Harga Pembelian ( sen USD / kWh)
150,0
14,5
1.
DKI Jakarta
2.
Jawa Barat
3.
Banten
4.
Jawa Tengah dan DIY
5.
Jawa Timur
6.
Bali
5,0
16,0
7.
Lampung
5,0
15,0
8.
Sumatera Selatan, Jambi dan Bengkulu
10,0
15,0
9.
Aceh
5,0
17,0
10.
Sumatera Utara
25,0
16,0
11.
Sumatera Barat
5,0
15,5
12.
Riau dan Kep. Riau
4,0
17,0
13.
Bangka-Belitung
5,0
17,0
14.
Kalimantan Barat
5,0
17,0
15.
Kalimantan Selatan dan Kalimantan Tengah
4,0
16,0
16.
Kalimantan Timur dan Kalimantan Utara
3,0
16,5
17.
Sulawesi Utara, Sulawesi Tengah dan Gorontalo
5,0
17,0
18.
Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tenggara, dan Sulawesi Barat
5,0
16,0
19.
NTB
5,0
18,0
20
NTT
3,5
23,0
21.
Maluku dan Maluku Utara
3,0
23,0
22.
Papua dan Papua Barat
2,5
25,0
Technical Expert Meetings: RE Supply ADP 2-9, 3 June 2015, Bonn. Distributed Generation. Policies and Financial Incentives, including Feed-in-Tariffs.
Associated Key Issues – Raised at the Discussion
(1) System integration; Investment cost and how to finance?; (2) Associated policy & framework for integration; (3) As a part of power sector/energy sector, there is a need of a specific technology to maintain supply and demand balanced, including a complete study regarding its penetration into power system/energy sector based on evolving experiences. Since intermittent, how about storage system? and more information on viability of this technology is strongly required; (4) The need more multiple scenarios to maintain supply and demand balance; (5) The need of a global learning of RE, and a complete description of investment cost with taking into account site characteristic; (6) How to mobilize the fulfillment of financial needs that to be supported by stable legal and regulatory framework at national level through balance engagement legally, commercially and financially; (7) Mapping of risk perception; (8) The need to help the energy sector to have a comprehensive actions at national level and also at global level to be integrated at international market; (9) The availability of enabling environment to support and to facilitate the RE market at national level and linkage with international market with involvement of non-state actors from national and international, such as long-term policy, regulation & framework and its implementing rules, and financing instruments to support renewable energy development & deployment; (10) The need of power purchase agreement based on balance engagement legally, commercially, financially and operationally; (11) The predictive carbon price at appropriate level to support financing instruments; (12) Improvement RE technology and sustainable innovation to reduce investment costs; (13) Development of financing tools to enable the transition for decarbonization to take place as quickly as possible;
Electricity Markets and RES Integration – Key Challenges and Possible Solutions
Arthur Henriot, Andres Delgadillo, Jean-Michel Glachant; European University Institute, “Electricity markets and RES integration – Key challenges and possible solutions”, Dialoque on a RES policy framework for 2030, towards2030, March 2015.
Causality Relationship Between Renewable Energy Sources (RES) Features and Key Challenges for Electricity Markets
Potential Contribution of Each Set of Solutions to the 4 Key Challenges Challenges
Resources Adequacy
Need for Flexible Resources
Contribution of Wholesale Market Evolutions
Contribution of Coordination Tools
Contribution of Distributed Solutions
• Allowing resources to earn scarcity rent • Complementary revenues from wellintegrated balancing markets • RES market integration can reduce uncertainty
• Better coordination of generation assets can reduce uncertainty and ensure adequacy • Coordination of transmission investment and system operations at the European level allows a more efficient multinational approach to resources adequacy
• Distributed resources and demand response can contribute actively to resources adequacy But ensuring a stable revenues stream to assets that will be only used as back-up of distributed resources might prove challenging
Cost-reflection and remuneration of flexibility value
• The development of flexible resources can be ensured by procurement through dedicated mechanisms But it might be more restrictive and hence more expensive than a marketbased procurement
Distributed resources and demand response can also be a source of flexibility
Potential Contribution of Each Set of Solutions to the 4 Key Challenges Challenges
Contribution of Wholesale Market Evolutions
Stronger locational Efficient Grid signals in the wholesale Expansion market might reduce the need for grid expansion
System Operation at the Distribution Level
Cost-reflection and transparency in the system costs might induce the development of efficient distributed solutions
Contribution of Coordination Tools
Contribution of Distributed Solutions
Coordination tools between generation and transmission assets as well as between the different transmission operators allow more efficient grid expansion
• The development of distributed resources might reduce the need for grid expansion But it creates higher risks of stranded transmission assets as consumers “leave the grid”
Coordination tools between transmission and distribution network operators will be needed to handle local issues efficiently
The development of distributed resources will give many options to system operators at the distribution level
Electricity Market Design and Options for Promoting Low carbon Technologies
Rupert Hartel (KIT), Wolf Fichner & Dogan Keles (KIT), “Electricity Market Design and Options for Promoting Low carbon Technologies”, INSIGHT_E, Rapid Response Energy Brief, April 2015.
Develop a Market for a Completely Renewable Electricity System Change the Pricing System to Pay-as-Bid The change of the current pricing system to a pay-as-bid pricing is one proposal analysed. Auction winners would get paid their bid price instead of the most expensive bid price that is accepted. It is to assume that market participants would bid with their fixed operation costs and variable costs to assure cost recovery. This is not necessarily the case, since plant operators need to dispatch more often to at least partly recover costs. In particular, plants with high capital costs and low marginal costs will try to dispatch as often as possible. Dispatch Based on Marginal Costs and Pricing on LCOE Another way of changing the pricing in the electricity spot market is by allowing more complex bids. The system operator would be informed of the marginal as well as the average production costs of the market participants. The dispatch of the plants would be organized according to rising marginal costs, whereas payments would be based on the average production costs. This approach could lead to different problems. This complex bidding system could also lead to inefficient plant dispatch and a disproportional increase of technologies with low marginal costs.
Develop a Market for a Completely Renewable Electricity System Market Premium, by using “Cap and Floor” System - Similar to Fixed Feed-in-Tariffs A further add-on to the market design can be the introduction of a market premium. In a completely renewable electricity system a market premium can support intermittent RES and reduce investment uncertainty by using a “cap and floor” system. Similar to fixed feed-in tariffs, the government or the system operator is challenged to set the right level for the market premium to ensure sufficient investments and to avoid windfall profits for generators. Technology-Specific Auctions Technology-specific auctions and long term contracts could also be possible changes to the market design. An example of such a system can be found in Brazil. Similar to capacity markets the generator is paid a price for the capacity, but in addition, intermittent sources are paid a long term payment for electricity generated, similar to feed-in tariffs. The prices for the payments are determined via an auction. Such a system would solve the problem of cost recovery and investment incentives but incorporates other potential drawbacks. A central instance needs to define the capacity need for each technology, which can lead to technology lock-in or disregard for alternative technologies.
Electricity System Development: A Focus on Smart Grids Overview of Activities and Players in Smart Grids UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE (UNECE)
Selection of Smart Grid Definitions Smart Grid Deployment Drivers
Selection of Smart Grid Definitions International Energy Agency (IEA)
A smart grid is an electricity network that uses digital and other advanced technologies to monitor and manage the transport of electricity from all generation sources to meet the varying electricity demands of end-users. Smart grids co-ordinate the needs and capabilities of all generators, grid operators, end-users and electricity market stakeholders to operate all parts of the system as efficiently as possible, minimising costs and environmental impacts while maximising system reliability, resilience and stability. European Commission (EC) Smart grids are energy networks that can automatically monitor energy flows and adjust to changes in energy supply and demand accordingly. When coupled with smart metering systems, smart grids reach consumers and suppliers by providing information on real-time consumption. With smart meters, consumers can adapt – in time and volume - their energy usage to different energy prices throughout the day, saving money on their energy bills by consuming more energy in lower price periods.
Smart grids can also help to better integrate renewable energy. While the sun doesn't shine all the time and the wind doesn't always blow, combining information on energy demand with weather forecasts can allow grid operators to better plan the integration of renewable energy into the grid and balance their networks. Smart grids also open up the possibility for consumers who produce their own energy to respond to prices and sell excess to the grid.
Selection of Smart Grid Definitions United States Office of Electricity Delivery & Energy Reliability
“Smart grid” generally refers to a class of technology that people are using to bring utility electricity delivery systems into the 21st century, using computer-based remote control and automation. These systems are made possible by two-way communication technology and computer processing that has been used for decades in other industries. They are beginning to be used on electricity networks, from the power plants and wind farms all the way to the consumers of electricity in homes and businesses. They offer many benefits to utilities and consumers -- mostly seen in big improvements in energy efficiency on the electricity grid and in the energy users’ homes and offices. Japan Smart Community Alliance (JSCA)
In the context of Smart Communities, smart grids promote the greater use of renewable and unused energy and local generation of heat energy for local consumption and contribute to the improvement of energy selfsufficiency rates and reduction of CO2 emissions. Smart grids provide stable power supply and optimize overall grid operations from power generation to the end user.
Selection of Smart Grid Definitions International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
The general understanding is that the Smart Grid is the concept of modernizing the electric grid. The Smart Grid comprises everything related to the electric system in between any point of generation and any point of consumption. Through the addition of Smart Grid technologies the grid becomes more flexible, interactive and is able to provide real time feedback. A smart grid is an electricity network that can intelligently integrate the actions of all users connected to it – generators, consumers and those that do both – in order to efficiently deliver sustainable, economic and secure electricity supplies. A smart grid employs innovative products and services together with intelligent monitoring, control, communication, and self-healing technologies to: facilitate the connection and operation of generators of all sizes and technologies; allow consumers to play a part in optimizing the operation of the system; provide consumers with greater information and choice of supply; significantly reduce the environmental impact of the whole electricity supply system; deliver enhanced levels of reliability and security of supply.
Ranked Smart Grid Technology Motivating Drivers Based on Country Surveys Developed Economies
Developing Economies
Common in the top six of each economy type are: 1) system efficiency improvements, 2) reliability improvements and 3) RE standards or targets, but each are placed at different levels of priority. Differences between the two economy types include: 1) For developed countries: i) customer choice and participation; ii) new products/services/markets) and optimizing asset utilization; 2) For developing countries: i) economic advantages; ii) revenue collection; and iii) the role of smart grids to support generation adequacy.
SMART GRID CONCEPTUAL MODEL The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
Smart Grid Conceptual Model
[9]
What is the Smart Grid? The Smart Grid as defined here is based upon the descriptions found in the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007.
The term “Smart Grid” refers to a modernization of the electricity delivery system so it monitors, protects and automatically optimizes the operation of its interconnected elements – from the central and distributed generator through the high-voltage network and distribution system, to industrial users and building automation systems, to energy storage installations and to end-use consumers and their thermostats, electric vehicles, appliances and other household devices. The Smart Grid will be characterized by a two-way flow of electricity and information to create an automated, widely distributed energy delivery network. It incorporates into the grid the benefits of distributed computing and communications to deliver real-time information and enable the near-instantaneous balance of supply and demand at the device level.
7 (Seven) Important Domains The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Smart Grid Conceptual Model provides a high-level framework for the smart grid that defines seven important domains: Bulk Generation, Transmission, Distribution, Customers, Operations, Markets and Service Providers. It shows all the communications and energy/electricity flows connecting each domain and how they are interrelated. Each individual domain is itself comprised of important smart grid elements that are connected to each other through two-way communications and energy/electricity paths. These connections are the basis of the future, intelligent and dynamic power electricity grid. The NIST Smart Grid Conceptual Model helps stakeholders understand the building blocks of an end-to-end smart grid system, from Generation to (and from) Customers, and explores the interrelation between these smart grid segments. At IEEE, the smart grid is seen as a large "System of Systems," where each NIST smart grid domain is expanded into three smart grid foundational layers: (i) the Power and Energy Layer, (ii) the Communication Layer and (iii) the IT/Computer Layer. Layers (ii) and (iii) are enabling infrastructure platforms of the Power and Energy Layer that makes the grid "smarter."
Bulk Generation
The Bulk Generation domain of the smart grid generates electricity from renewable and non-renewable energy sources in bulk quantities. These sources can also be classified as renewable, variable sources, such as solar and wind; renewable, non-variable, such as hydro, biomass, geothermal and pump storage; or non-renewable, non-variable, such as nuclear, coal and gas. Energy that is stored for later distribution may also be included in this domain.
Transmission (1)
Transmission is the bulk transfer of electrical power from generation sources to distribution through multiple substations. A transmission network is typically operated by a Regional Transmission Operator or Independent System Operator (RTO/ISO) whose primary responsibility is to maintain stability on the electric grid by balancing generation (supply) with load (demand) across the transmission network.
Transmission (2)
Examples of actors in the transmission domain include remote terminal units, substation meters, protection relays, power quality monitors, phasor measurement units, sag monitors, fault recorders, and substation user interfaces. The transmission domain may contain Distributed Energy Resources such as electrical storage or peaking generation units. Energy and supporting ancillary services (capacity that can be dispatched when needed) are procured through the Markets domain and scheduled and operated from the Operations domain, and finally delivered through the Transmission domain to the distribution system and finally to the Customer Domain. Most activity in the Transmission domain is in a substation. An electrical substation uses transformers to change voltage from high to low or the reverse across the electric supply chain. Substations also contain switching, protection and control equipment. The figure depicts both step-up and step down sub-stations connecting generation (including peaking units) and storage with distribution. Substations may also connect two or more transmission lines. Transmission towers, power lines and field telemetry such as the line sag detector shown make up the balance of the transmission network infrastructure. The transmission network is typically monitored and controlled through a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system composed of a communication network, monitoring devices and control devices.
Distribution
The Distribution domain distributes the electricity to and from the end customers in the smart grid. The distribution network connects the smart meters and all intelligent field devices, managing and controlling them through a two-way wireless or wireline communications network. It may also connect to energy storage facilities and alternative distributed energy resources at the distribution level.
Customer
The Customer domain of the smart grid is where the end-users of electricity (home, commercial/building and industrial) are connected to the electric distribution network through the smart meters. The smart meters control and manage the flow of electricity to and from the customers and provide energy information about energy usage and patterns. Each customer has a discrete domain comprised of electricity premise and two-way communications networks. A customer domain may also generate, store and manage the use of energy, as well as the connectivity with plug-in vehicles.
Operations
The Operations domain manages and controls the electricity flow of all other domains in the smart grid. It uses a two-way communications network to connect to substations, customer premises networks and other intelligent field devices. It provides monitoring, reporting, controlling and supervision status and important process information and decisions. Business intelligence processes gather data from the customer and network, and provide intelligence to support the decision-making.
Markets
The Markets domain operates and coordinates all the participants in electricity markets within the smart grid. It provides the market management, wholesaling, retailing and trading of energy services. The Markets domain interfaces with all other domains and makes sure they are coordinated in a competitive market environment. It also handles energy information clearinghouse operations and information exchange with third-party service providers. For example, roaming billing information for inter-utility plug-invehicles falls under this domain.
Service Provider
The Service Provider domain of the smart grid handles all third-party operations among the domains. These might include web portals that provide energy efficiency management services to end-customers, data exchange between the customer and the utilities regarding energy management, and regarding the electricity supplied to homes and buildings. It may also manage other processes for the utilities, such as demand response programs, outage management and field services.
Smart Grid Benefits Smart Grid benefits can be categorized into 5 types: 1. Power reliability and power quality. The Smart Grid provides a reliable power supply with fewer and briefer outages, “cleaner” power, and selfhealing power systems, through the use of digital information, automated control, and autonomous systems. 2. Safety and cyber security benefits. The Smart Grid continuously monitors itself to detect unsafe or insecure situations that could detract from its high reliability and safe operation. Higher cyber security is built in to all systems and operations including physical plant monitoring, cyber security, and privacy protection of all users and customers. 3. Energy efficiency benefits. The Smart Grid is more efficient, providing reduced total energy use, reduced peak demand, reduced energy losses, and the ability to induce end-user use reduction instead of new generation in power system operations. 4. Environmental and conservation benefits. The Smart Grid is “green”. It helps reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) and other pollutants by reducing generation from inefficient gasoline-powered vehicles with plug-in electric vehicles. 5. Direct financial benefits. The Smart Grid offers direct economic benefits. Operations costs are reduced or avoided. Customers have pricing choices and access to energy information. Entrepreneurs accelerate technology introduction into the generation, distribution, storage, and coordination of energy.
Stakeholder Benefits The benefits from the Smart Grid can be categorized by the 3 primary stakeholder groups: 1. Consumers. Consumers can balance their energy consumption with the real time supply of energy. Variable pricing will provide consumer incentives to install their own infrastructure that supports the Smart Grid. Smart grid information infrastructure will support additional services not available today. 2. Utilities. Utilities can provide more reliable energy, particularly during challenging emergency conditions, while managing their costs more effectively through efficiency and information.
3. Society. Society benefits from more reliable power for governmental services, businesses, and consumers sensitive to power outage. Renewable energy, increased efficiencies, and PHEV support will reduce environmental costs, including carbon footprint. A benefit to any one of these stakeholders can in turn benefit the others. Those benefits that reduce costs for utilities lower prices, or prevent price increases, to customers. Lower costs and decreased infrastructure requirements ameliorate social justice concerns around energy to society. Reduced costs increase economic activity which benefits society. Societal benefits of the Smart Grid can be indirect and hard to quantify, but cannot be overlooked.
Smart Grid Challenges I. Procedural Challenges The procedural challenges to the migration to a smart grid are enormous, and all need to be met as the Smart Grid evolves: 1. Broad Set of Stakeholders. The Smart Grid will affect every person and every business in the United States. Although not every person will participate directly in the development of the Smart Grid, the need to understand and address the requirements of all these stakeholders will require significant efforts. 2. Complexity of the Smart Grid. The Smart Grid is a vastly complex machine, with some parts racing at the speed of light. Some aspects of the Smart Grid will be sensitive to human response and interaction, while others need instantaneous, automated responses. The smart grid will be driven by forces ranging from financial pressures to environmental requirements.
3. Transition to Smart Grid. The transition to the Smart Grid will be lengthy. It is impossible (and unwise) to advocate that all the existing equipment and systems to be ripped out and replaced at once. The smart grid supports gradual transition and long coexistence of diverse technologies, not only as we transition from the legacy systems and equipment of today, but as we move to those of tomorrow. We must design to avoid unnecessary expenses and unwarranted decreases in reliability, safety, or cyber security.
4. Ensuring Cyber Security of Systems. Every aspect of the Smart Grid must be secure. Cyber security technologies are not enough to achieve secure operations without policies, on-going risk assessment, and training. The development of these human-focused procedures takes time—and needs to take time—to ensure that they are done correctly. 5. Consensus on Standards. Standards are built on the consensus of many stakeholders over time; mandating technologies can appear to be an adequate short cut. Consensus-based standards deliver better results over. 6. Development and Support of Standards. The open process of developing a standard benefits from the expertise and insights of a broad constituency. The work is challenging and time consuming but yields results more reflective of a broad group of stakeholders, rather than the narrow interests of a particular stakeholder group. Ongoing engagement by user groups and other organizations enables standards to meet broader evolving needs beyond those of industry stakeholders. Both activities are essential to the development of strong standards. 7. Research and Development. The smart grid is an evolving goal; we cannot know all that the Smart Grid is or can do. The smart grid will demand continuing R&D to assess the evolving benefits and costs, and to anticipate the evolving requirements.
II. Technical Challenges to Achieving the Smart Grid
1. Smart equipment. Smart equipment refers to all field equipment which is computer-based or microprocessor-based, including controllers, remote terminal units (RTUs), intelligent electronic devices (IEDs). It includes the actual power equipment, such as switches, capacitor banks, or breakers. It also refers to the equipment inside homes, buildings and industrial facilities. This embedded computing equipment must be robust to handle future applications for many years without being replaced. 2. Communication systems. Communication systems refer to the media and to the developing communication protocols. These technologies are in various stages of maturity. The smart grid must be robust enough to accommodate new media as they emerge from the communications industries and while preserving interoperable, secured systems. 3. Data management. Data management refers to all aspects of collecting, analyzing, storing, and providing data to users and applications, including the issues of data identification, validation, accuracy, updating, time-tagging, consistency across databases, etc. Data management methods which work well for small amounts of data often fail or become too burdensome for large amounts of data—and distribution automation and customer information generate lots of data. Data management is among the most time-consuming and difficult task in many of the functions and must be addressed in a way that will scale to immense size.
1. Cyber Security. Cyber security addresses the prevention of damage to, unauthorized use of, exploitation of, and, if needed, the restoration of electronic information and communications systems and services (and the information contained therein) to ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability.
2. Information/data privacy. The protection and stewardship of privacy is a significant concern in a widely interconnected system of systems that is represented by the Smart Grid. Additionally, care must be taken to ensure that access to information is not an all or nothing at all choice since various stakeholders will have differing rights to information from the Smart Grid. 3. Software applications. Software applications refer to programs, algorithms, calculations, and data analysis. Applications range from low level control algorithms to massive transaction processing. Application requirements are becoming more sophisticated to solve increasingly complex problems, are demanding ever more accurate and timely data, and must deliver results more quickly and accurately. Software engineering at this scale and rigor is still emerging as a discipline. Software applications are at the core of every function and node of the Smart Grid.
Implementing Strategies[10] 1. Integrate smart grid strategies into national policy frameworks: Smart grid development will require strong government commitment and national vision. Short-, medium- and long-term goals and targets need to be set and integrated into national sector policies for science and technology, ICT, infrastructure, energy, innovation, finance, industry and climate change, just to name a few. Because of the smart grid’s capacity for energy efficiency, the goals and targets for its development should also be integrated into national energy and energy efficiency policy frameworks.
2. Develop national smart grid roadmaps, which are crucial for planning and implementing smart grid technologies: A national smart grid vision needs to be formed by the government – stating what is to be achieved and how the technologies should be used. A matching investment plan and timeline of activities, such as government-supported demonstration activities, need to be devised. This process will contribute to creating an enabling policy environment. The development of the smart grid system also requires collaboration with and investment from the private sector and other partners. It will be important to have a plan that maps out how all actors will be engaged.
Implementing Strategies 3. Ensure that regulations and standards enforce quality control and uniformity among the different technologies and infrastructure: Governments should take the lead in creating standards that ensure quality control and uniformity among the technologies and infrastructure as one system. The standards should be compatible with the existing infrastructure. The introduction of the smart grid also involves the transformation of the market. Regulatory changes need to ensure that all actors involved in electricity generation, transmission and distribution as well as the consumers will benefit and share the cost burden – with consideration of the distributional and equity issues. For instance, a policy option may be the application of a dynamic pricing scheme involving smart metering, although there has been controversy over this scheme in some parts of the world, including health and data privacy issues.
4. Financing smart grids: Public funding will be crucial for smart grid development at the national level. Governments will need to provide credible and stable signals through medium- to long-term policy frameworks to invigorate private sector confidence, which leads to investment. At the same time, governments will need to couple innovative financing schemes and incentives focused on the private sector, such as a feed-in tariff, to increase the share of renewable energy sources, which will be a vital component for smart grid efficiency. Such incentives as tax rebates, loan guarantees and low interest loans can spur investment. Incentives must also be extended to consumers because they will bear the financial cost for new technologies and appliances.
References 1. Sally Hunt and Graham Shuttleworth, Competition and Choice in Electricity, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1996. 2. Sally Hunt, Making Competition Work in electricity, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2002. 3. Loi Lei Lai, City University, London, UK, Power System Restructuring and Deregulation – Trading, Performance and Information Technology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2001. 4. T. E. Dy Liacco, “The Adaptive Reliability Control System,” IEEE Trans. On Power App. And System, Vol. PAS-86, pp. 517-532, May 1987. 5. Mark G. Lauby, Mark Ahlstrom, Daniel L. Brooks, et al., “Balancing Act. NERC’s Integration of Variable Generation Task Force Plans for a Less Predictable Future”, IEEE Power & Energy Magazine, Volume 9, Number 6, November/December 2011. 6. Mark Mc Granaghan, “Making Connection – Asset Management and the Smart Grid”, IEEE Power & Energy Magazine, Vol. 8, No. 6, November/December 2010. 7. Stanley H. Horowits, Arun G. Phadke, and Bruce A. Renz, “The Future of Power Transmissions – Technological Advances for Improved Performance”, IEEE Power & Energy Magazine, Vol. 8, No. 2, March/April 2010. 8. ASEAN RESP Phase II - Collaboration ACE AND HAPUA: a Joint Study ACE and HAPUA Working Group No. 1. 9. EPRI, “Report to NIST on the Smart Grid Interoperability Standards Roadmap”, Contract No. SB1341-09-CN-0031—Deliverable 7, June 17, 2009. 10. Low Carbon Green Growth Roadmap for Asia and the Pacific, “Fact Sheet – Smart Grid”, 2014. 11. Hardiv Harris Situmeang, Sekuriti Sistem Tenaga Listrik – Pengendalian Darurat, Seminar Nasional Peran Teknik Kendali dalam Dunia Industri, Masyarakat Sistem Kendali Indonesia, 19 Juli 1997.
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