Dimasukkan ke dalam ultrasonic bath selama ± 1 jam

Lampiran 1 Alur Penelitian

Pembuatan gel kitosan nanopartikel

1 gram kitosan

Dilarutkan dengan larutan asam asetat 1% Diaduk dengan stirer Larutan kitosan

Ditetesi dengan ±20 tetes TPP

Gel kitosan

Dimasukkan ke dalam ultrasonic bath selama ± 1 jam Gel kitosan nanopartikel

Universitas Sumatera Utara

Persiapan, perlakuan dan, pengujian sampel

24 buah gigi molar

Pemotongan akar gigi

Bagian mahkota gigi dipotong menjadi empat bagian dalam arah mesial-distal dan bukal-lingual

Kelompok I 6 sampel Kontrol

Kelompok II 6 sampel Larutan demineralisasi

Kelompok III 6 sampel Larutan demineralisasi Gel CPP-ACP

Kelompok IV 6 sampel Larutan demineralisasi Kombinasi gel CPP-ACP dan kitosan nanopartikel

Inkubasi dalam saliva buatan

Thermocycling

Pengujian sampel dengan SEM dan EDS

Pencatatan hasil dan analisa data


Pembuatan kombinasi gel kitosan nanopartikel dan CPP-ACP

1 gram kitosan

Dilarutkan dengan larutan asam asetat 1% Diaduk dengan stirrer Larutan kitosan

Ditetesi dengan ±20 tetes TPP

Gel kitosan

Dimasukkan ke dalam ultrasonic bath selama ± 1 jam Gel kitosan nanopartikel

Pencampuran gel kitosan dengan CPP-ACP dengan perbandingan 1:1


Lampiran 2 Analisa data

Tests of Normality a

Kolmogorov-Smirnov

Kelomp ok Ca

P

Statistic

df

Shapiro-Wilk

Sig.

Statistic

df

Sig.

A

.220

6

.200

*

.875

6

.245

B

.142

6

.200

*

.985

6

.972

C

.195

6

.200

*

.966

6

.863

D

.215

6

.200

*

.947

6

.720

.200

*

.866

6

.211

.200

*

.879

6

.265

.200

*

.915

6

.472

.200

*

.890

6

.319

A

.248

B

.210

C

.210

D

.237

6 6 6 6

a. Lilliefors Significance Correction *. This is a lower bound of the true significance.

OUTPUT ANALISA STATISTIK – SPSS VERS.17 HASIL UJI ANALISA DESKRIPTIF Descriptives KELOMPOK Ca

1.00

Statistic

Mean 95% Confidence Interval for Mean

32.1133 Lower Bound

30.2044

Upper Bound

34.0223

5% Trimmed Mean

32.0893

Median

31.5500

Std. Error .74260


Variance

3.309

Std. Deviation

1.81900

Minimum

30.18

Maximum

34.48

Range

4.30

Interquartile Range

3.70

Skewness

.587

.845

-1.828

1.741

25.7750

.68978

Kurtosis 2.00


Lower Bound

24.0019

Upper Bound

27.5481

5% Trimmed Mean

25.7667

Median

25.5950

Variance

2.855

Std. Deviation

1.68960

Minimum

23.54

Maximum

28.16

Range

4.62

Interquartile Range

3.03

Skewness

.197

.845

-.878

1.741

29.5117

.58043

Kurtosis 3.00


Lower Bound

28.0196

Upper Bound

31.0037

5% Trimmed Mean

29.4941

Median

29.1750

Variance Std. Deviation

2.021 1.42177


Minimum

27.67

Maximum

31.67

Range

4.00

Interquartile Range

2.36

Skewness

.472

.845

-.254

1.741

29.8333

.53297

Kurtosis 4.00


Lower Bound

28.4633

Upper Bound

31.2034

5% Trimmed Mean

29.8120

Median

29.5200

Variance

1.704

Std. Deviation

1.30551

Minimum

28.30

Maximum

31.75

Range

3.45

Interquartile Range

2.32

Skewness

.502

.845

-1.116

1.741

17.7467

.52713

Kurtosis P

1.00

Mean 95% Confidence Interval for

Lower Bound

16.3916

Mean

Upper Bound

19.1017

5% Trimmed Mean

17.7435

Median

17.3000


1.667 1.29120

Minimum

16.21

Maximum

19.34


Range

3.13

Interquartile Range

2.50

Skewness

.500

.845

-1.608

1.741

16.8867

.51039

Kurtosis 2.00


Lower Bound

15.5747

Mean

Upper Bound

18.1987

5% Trimmed Mean

16.8357

Median

16.4900

Variance

1.563

Std. Deviation

1.25019

Minimum

15.79

Maximum

18.90

Range

3.11

Interquartile Range

2.32

Skewness

.947

.845

-.428

1.741

17.8950

.41599

Kurtosis 3.00


Lower Bound

16.8257

Mean

Upper Bound

18.9643

5% Trimmed Mean

17.8600

Median

17.7700


1.038 1.01897

Minimum

16.87

Maximum

19.55

Range

2.68

Interquartile Range

1.68

Skewness

.787

.845


Kurtosis 4.00

Mean

-.190

1.741

17.9833

.40847

95% Confidence Interval for

Lower Bound

16.9333

Mean

Upper Bound

19.0333

5% Trimmed Mean

17.9454

Median

17.8250

Variance

1.001

Std. Deviation

1.00055

Minimum

17.05

Maximum

19.60

Range

2.55

Interquartile Range

1.67

Skewness

.795

.845

-.377

1.741

Kurtosis

HASIL UJI ONE-WAY ANOVA

ANOVA Sum of Squares Ca

Between Groups

Mean Square

124.017

3

41.339

49.446

20

2.472

173.463

23

4.567

3

1.522

Within Groups

26.348

20

1.317

Total

30.915

23

Within Groups Total P

df

Between Groups

F

Sig.

16.721

.000

1.156

.351

** signiificant at α <0.05 RATCaP Sum of Squares

df

Mean Square

F

Sig.


Between Groups

.239

3

.080

Within Groups

.022

20

.001

Total

.262

23

71.151

.000

** signiif icant

at α <0.05

HASIL UJI POS HOC ANALYSIS (BONFERRONI / TUKEY)

Multiple Comparisons 95% Confidence Interval Dependent

(I)

(J)

Variable

KEL

KEL

Ca

Tukey

1.00

HSD

2.00

3.00

4.00

Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error

Sig.

Lower

Upper

Bound

Bound

2.00

6.33833

*

.90780

.000

3.7975

8.8792

3.00

2.60167

*

.90780

.044

.0608

5.1425

4.00

2.28000

.90780

.089

-.2609

4.8209

1.00

-6.33833

*

.90780

.000

-8.8792

-3.7975

3.00

-3.73667

*

.90780

.003

-6.2775

-1.1958

4.00

-4.05833

*

.90780

.001

-6.5992

-1.5175

1.00

-2.60167

*

.90780

.044

-5.1425

-.0608

2.00

3.73667

*

.90780

.003

1.1958

6.2775

4.00

-.32167

.90780

.984

-2.8625

2.2192

1.00

-2.28000

.90780

.089

-4.8209

.2609


Bonferroni 1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

P

Tukey

1.00

HSD

2.00

3.00

4.00

Bonferroni 1.00

2.00

4.05833

*

.90780

.001

1.5175

6.5992

3.00

.32167

.90780

.984

-2.2192

2.8625

2.00

6.33833

*

.90780

.000

3.6811

8.9956

3.00

2.60167

.90780

.057

-.0556

5.2589

4.00

2.28000

.90780

.124

-.3772

4.9372

1.00

-6.33833

*

.90780

.000

-8.9956

-3.6811

3.00

-3.73667

*

.90780

.003

-6.3939

-1.0794

4.00

-4.05833

*

.90780

.001

-6.7156

-1.4011

1.00

-2.60167

.90780

.057

-5.2589

.0556

2.00

3.73667

*

.90780

.003

1.0794

6.3939

4.00

-.32167

.90780

1.000

-2.9789

2.3356

1.00

-2.28000

.90780

.124

-4.9372

.3772

2.00

4.05833

*

.90780

.001

1.4011

6.7156

3.00

.32167

.90780

1.000

-2.3356

2.9789

2.00

.86000

.66267

.575

-.9948

2.7148

3.00

-.14833

.66267

.996

-2.0031

1.7064

4.00

-.23667

.66267

.984

-2.0914

1.6181

1.00

-.86000

.66267

.575

-2.7148

.9948

3.00

-1.00833

.66267

.444

-2.8631

.8464

4.00

-1.09667

.66267

.372

-2.9514

.7581

1.00

.14833

.66267

.996

-1.7064

2.0031

2.00

1.00833

.66267

.444

-.8464

2.8631

4.00

-.08833

.66267

.999

-1.9431

1.7664

1.00

.23667

.66267

.984

-1.6181

2.0914

2.00

1.09667

.66267

.372

-.7581

2.9514

3.00

.08833

.66267

.999

-1.7664

1.9431

2.00

.86000

.66267

1.000

-1.0797

2.7997

3.00

-.14833

.66267

1.000

-2.0880

1.7914


2.00

3.00

4.00

4.00

-.23667

.66267

1.000

-2.1764

1.7030

1.00

-.86000

.66267

1.000

-2.7997

1.0797

3.00

-1.00833

.66267

.863

-2.9480

.9314

4.00

-1.09667

.66267

.681

-3.0364

.8430

1.00

.14833

.66267

1.000

-1.7914

2.0880

2.00

1.00833

.66267

.863

-.9314

2.9480

4.00

-.08833

.66267

1.000

-2.0280

1.8514

1.00

.23667

.66267

1.000

-1.7030

2.1764

2.00

1.09667

.66267

.681

-.8430

3.0364

3.00

.08833

.66267

1.000

-1.8514

2.0280

*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

Multiple Comparisons Dependent Variable:RATCaP 95% Confidence Interval

Mean (I)

(J)

KEL

KEL

(I-J)

Tukey HSD 1.00

2.00

.28167

*

.01933

.000

.2276

.3358

3.00

.15833

*

.01933

.000

.1042

.2124

4.00

.14833

*

.01933

.000

.0942

.2024

1.00

-.28167

*

.01933

.000

-.3358

-.2276

3.00

-.12333

*

.01933

.000

-.1774

-.0692

4.00

-.13333

*

.01933

.000

-.1874

-.0792

2.00

Difference

Lower Std. Error

Sig.

Bound

Upper Bound


3.00

4.00

LSD

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

Bonferroni 1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

1.00

-.15833

*

.01933

.000

-.2124

-.1042

2.00

.12333

*

.01933

.000

.0692

.1774

4.00

-.01000

.01933

.954

-.0641

.0441

1.00

-.14833

*

.01933

.000

-.2024

-.0942

2.00

.13333

*

.01933

.000

.0792

.1874

3.00

.01000

.01933

.954

-.0441

.0641

2.00

.28167

*

.01933

.000

.2413

.3220

3.00

.15833

*

.01933

.000

.1180

.1987

4.00

.14833

*

.01933

.000

.1080

.1887

1.00

-.28167

*

.01933

.000

-.3220

-.2413

3.00

-.12333

*

.01933

.000

-.1637

-.0830

4.00

-.13333

*

.01933

.000

-.1737

-.0930

1.00

-.15833

*

.01933

.000

-.1987

-.1180

2.00

.12333

*

.01933

.000

.0830

.1637

4.00

-.01000

.01933

.611

-.0503

.0303

1.00

-.14833

*

.01933

.000

-.1887

-.1080

2.00

.13333

*

.01933

.000

.0930

.1737

3.00

.01000

.01933

.611

-.0303

.0503

2.00

.28167

*

.01933

.000

.2251

.3382

3.00

.15833

*

.01933

.000

.1018

.2149

4.00

.14833

*

.01933

.000

.0918

.2049

1.00

-.28167

*

.01933

.000

-.3382

-.2251

3.00

-.12333

*

.01933

.000

-.1799

-.0668

4.00

-.13333

*

.01933

.000

-.1899

-.0768

1.00

-.15833

*

.01933

.000

-.2149

-.1018

2.00

.12333

*

.01933

.000

.0668

.1799

4.00

-.01000

.01933

1.000

-.0666

.0466

1.00

-.14833

*

.01933

.000

-.2049

-.0918

2.00

.13333

*

.01933

.000

.0768

.1899


3.00

.01000

.01933

1.000

-.0466

.0666

*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

Descriptives KELOMPOK C

1.00

Statistic


7.9917 Lower Bound

7.3277

Upper Bound

8.6557

5% Trimmed Mean

8.0057

Median

8.2900

Variance

.25831

.400

Std. Deviation

.63272

Minimum

7.08

Maximum

8.65

Range

1.57

Interquartile Range

1.14

Skewness

2.00

Std. Error

-.813

.845

Kurtosis

-1.403

1.741

Mean

9.4367

.27470

95% Confidence Interval for Mean

Lower Bound

8.7305

Upper Bound

10.1428

5% Trimmed Mean

9.3974

Median

9.2800


.453 .67286

Minimum

8.88

Maximum

10.70

Range

1.82


Interquartile Range

3.00

.96

Skewness

1.659

.845

Kurtosis

3.066

1.741

8.5233

.10846


Lower Bound

8.2445

Upper Bound

8.8021

5% Trimmed Mean

8.5287

Median

8.5650

Variance

.071

Std. Deviation

.26568

Minimum

8.15

Maximum

8.80

Range

.65

Interquartile Range

.54

Skewness

4.00

-.434

.845

Kurtosis

-1.577

1.741

Mean

8.5300

.08656

95% Confidence Interval for Mean

Lower Bound

8.3075

Upper Bound

8.7525

5% Trimmed Mean

8.5289

Median

8.4850


.045 .21204

Minimum

8.28

Maximum

8.80

Range

.52

Interquartile Range

.41

Skewness

.289

.845


Kurtosis O

1.00

Mean

41.7833

1.11855

Lower Bound

38.9080

Mean

Upper Bound

44.6587

5% Trimmed Mean

41.7876

Median

42.6750 7.507

Std. Deviation

2.73989

Minimum

38.16

Maximum

45.33

Range

7.17

Interquartile Range

4.90

Skewness Kurtosis Mean

-.352

.845

-1.181

1.741

47.9017

1.18661


Lower Bound

44.8514

Mean

Upper Bound

50.9519

5% Trimmed Mean

47.9235

Median

48.6100

Variance

8.448

Std. Deviation

3.00

1.741


Variance

2.00

-1.971

2.90659

Minimum

43.65

Maximum

51.76

Range

8.11

Interquartile Range

4.95

Skewness

-.371

.845

Kurtosis

-.460

1.741

44.0700

.97475


Lower Bound

41.5643


Mean

Upper Bound

5% Trimmed Mean

44.1272

Median

44.7350

Variance

5.701

Std. Deviation

4.00

46.5757

2.38764

Minimum

40.28

Maximum

46.83

Range

6.55

Interquartile Range

3.93

Skewness

-.730

.845

Kurtosis

-.237

1.741

43.6533

.92099


Lower Bound

41.2858

Mean

Upper Bound

46.0208

5% Trimmed Mean

43.7193

Median

44.1900


5.089 2.25597

Minimum

40.27

Maximum

45.85

Range

5.58

Interquartile Range

3.93

Skewness Kurtosis

-.580

.845

-1.385

1.741


Tests of Normality a

Kolmogorov-Smirnov

KELOM POK C

O

Statistic

df

Shapiro-Wilk

Sig.

Statistic

df

Sig.

1.00

.342

6

.027

.834

6

.116

2.00

.253

6

.200

*

.820

6

.089

3.00

.166

6

.200

*

.920

6

.504

4.00

.230

6

.200

*

.914

6

.461

1.00

.249

6

.200

*

.905

6

.407

2.00

.227

6

.200

*

.957

6

.794

3.00

.213

6

.200

*

.945

6

.698

4.00

.279

6

.157

.886

6

.298

a. Lilliefors Significance Correction *. This is a lower bound of the true significance.

ANOVA Sum of Squares C

Mean Square

Between Groups

6.475

3

2.158

Within Groups

4.843

20

.242

11.318

23

Between Groups

118.595

3

39.532

Within Groups

133.727

20

6.686

Total

252.322

23

Total O

df

F

Sig.

8.913

.001

5.912

.005


Lampiran 3 Permohonan Ethical Clearance


Lampiran 4 Ethical Clearance


Lampiran 5


Surat Izin Penelitian pada Fakultas MIPA USU


Lampiran 6 Surat Keterangan Hasil Penelitian dari FMIPA


Lampiran 7 Surat Izin Penelitian di Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraan Bahan dan Sumber University Sains Malaysia


Lampiran 8 Surat Keterangan Penelitian dari Pusat Pengajian Kejuruteraan Bahan dan Sumber University Sains Malaysia



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