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[1]

Report of the Third World Academy of Sciences. Safe Drinking Water: The Need, The Problem, Solution and An Action Plan. www.twas.org:2002.

[2]

Ratnaningsih, Enny, Hiskia Achmad. Kimia Organik, Ilmu Kimia dan Kehidupan, dan Ilmu Kimia Lingkungan. Jurusan Kimia FMIPA-ITB. Bandung:1997.

[3]

Syafputri, Sri I. “Pembuatan Porous Membrane dari Pasir Aktif untuk Filter Air”. Skripsi. Teknik Fisika, FTI-ITB: 2006.

[4]

Dyalfikri, Ahmad. “Pembuatan Filter Air dari Karbon-Aktif dengan Metode Semi-dry Press”. Skripsi. Teknik Fisika, FTI-ITB: 2006.

[5]

Van der Toorn, J.D., A biological approach to water purification: I. Theoretical aspects. 1987.

[6]

Huisman, Prof. Ir. L., Rapid Filtration–Part I. Delf University of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering – Division of Sanitary Engineering. Delf: 1974.

[7]

Doulton-Filter, Various Drinking Water Treatment Methods. Brochure (www.doultonfilters.com).

[8]

Stokke, Jennifer, Bill White, dan Sara Charbonnet. Water, water, everywhere: Filtering Filty Water-Filter Design Lab. (www.spice.centers.ufl.edu)

[9]

Ye, Shufeng, at all. Preparation and Characterization of Ceramic Porous Filter Using Pottery Raw Materials. Orlando: 2006.

[10] Baksi, S., Soumitra Biswas, dan S. Mahajan. Activated Carbon from Bamboo–Technology Development towards Commercialisation. (www.tifac.org.in). [11] Masschelein, Willy J. Unit Processes In Drinking Water Treatment. Marcel Dekker Inc. New York: 1992. [12] Chesters, J. H. Refractories: Production and Properties. The Metal Society. London: 1983. 43 Program Studi Teknik Material Institut Teknologi Bandung

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[13] Rutledge, Simon O., Graham A. Gagnon. Comparing Crushed Recycled Glass to Silica Sand for Dual Media Filtration. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science vol.1. 2002. Halifax–Kanada. [14] Reynolds, Tom D. unit Operations and Processes In Environmental Engineering. Brooks/ Cole Engineering Division – A Division of Wodsworth Inc. California: 1982. [15] Kwon. Processing of Ceramics and Cermets. ME477 [16] Reed, James E. Introduction to the Principles of Ceramic Processing. John Wiley and Sons. Singapore: 1989. [17] Lee, Jong-Heun. Advanced Electronic Materials II. Korea University: 2004. (http://mse.korea.ac.kr) [18] Rezwan, Prof. Dr. Ing. Kurosch. Ceramic Nanotechnology: Shaping Ceramic I – Bulk Materials. Universität Bremen. Bremen: 2007. [19] Dinsdale, Allen. Pottery Science: Materials, Process, and Products. Ellis Horwood Limited. Chichester: 1986. [20] ASTM C 819–77 [21] SK Menteri Kesehatan no.907/ MENKES/ SK/ VII/ 2002. [22] Askeland, Donald R., Pradeep P. Phulé. The Science and Engineering of Materials, 4th ed. [23] MSDS PVA Sciencelab.com (www.sciencelab.com)

44 Program Studi Teknik Material Institut Teknologi Bandung


Lampiran

LAMPIRAN 1 DAFTAR SENYAWA-SENYAWA YANG DAPAT/ TIDAK DAPAT DIADSORPSI KARBON-AKTIF

Tabel L.1.1. Bahan kimia dengan tingkat probabilitas very-high teradsorpsi oleh karbon-aktif 2,4 – D Alachlor Aldrin Anthracene Atrazine Azinphos-ethyl Bentazone Biphenil 2,2 – Biphiridine Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate Bromacil Bromodichloromethane p-bromophenol Butylbenzene Calcium hypochloryte Carbofuran Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Chlorobenzene 4-Chloro-2-nitrotoluene 2-Chlorophenol Chlorotoluene Chrysene m-Cresol Cyanazine Cyclohexane DDT

Deisopropyltatrazine Desethylatrazine Demeton-O Di-n-Buthylphthalate 1,2-Dichlorobenzene 1,3-Dichlorobenzene 1,4-Dichlorobenzene 2,4-Dichlorocresol 2,5-Dichlorophenol 3,6-Dichlorophenol 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy Dieldrin Diethylphthalate 2,4-Dinitrocerol 2,4-Dinitrotoluene 2,6-Dinitrotoluene Diuron Endosulfan Endrin Ethylbenzene Hezachlorobenzene Hezechlorobutadiene Hexane Isodrin Isooctane Isoproturon Lindane

Linuron Malathion MCPA Mecoprop Metazachlor 2-Methyl benzenamine Methyl naphthalene 2-Methylbutane Monuron Napthalene Nitrobenzene m-Nitrophenol o-Nitrophenol p-Nitrophenol Ozone Parathion Pentachlorophenol Propazine Simazine Terbutryn Tetrachloroethylene Triclopyr 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene m-Xylene o-Xylene p-Xylene 2,4-Xylenol



Lampiran

Tabel L.1.2. Bahan kimia dengan tingkat probabilitas high teradsorpsi oleh karbon-aktif Aniline Benzene Benzyl alcohol Benzoic acid Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether Bromodichloroethane Bromoform Carbon tetrachloride 1 – Chloropropane Chlorotoluron

Dibromo – 3 – chloropropane Dibromochloromethane 1,1 – Dichloroethylene Cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene Trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 1,2 – Dichloropropane Ethylene Hydroquinone Methyl Isobutyl Keton 4 - Methylbenzenamine

1 – Pentanol Phenol Phenylalanine o-Phthalic acid Styrene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Toluene 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Trichloroethylene Vinyl acetate

Tabel L.1.3. Bahan kimia dengan tingkat probabilitas moderate teradsorpsi oleh karbon-aktif[*] Acetic acid Dimethoate Acrylamide Ethyl acetate Chloroethane Ethyl ether Chloroform Freon 11 1,1 - Dichloroethane Freon 113 1,2 - Dichloroethane Freon 12 1,3 - Dichloropropee Glyphosate Dikegulac Imazypur [*] Hanya efektif pada kasus tertentu.

Methionine Methyl-tert-butyl ether Methyl ethyl ketone Pyridine 1,1,2 - Thrichloroethane Vinyl chloride

Tabel L.1.4. Bahan kimia dengan tingkat probabilitas unlikely to be effective teradsorpsi oleh karbon-aktif Acetone Acetonitrile Acrylonitrile Dimethylformaldehyde 1,4 – Dioxane Isopropyl alcohol Methyl chloride

Methylene chloride 1 – Propanol Propionitrile Propylene Tetrahydrofuran Urea



Lampiran

LAMPIRAN 2 DATA HASIL PENGUJIAN KEKUATAN LENTUR FILTER

Tabel L.2.1. Data hasil pengujian kekuatan lentur filter karbon-aktif

σ=

3PL 2 w t2

Filter Karbon Aditif (%) 20

L

100 100

30

100 100

40

t

(mm) (mm) (mm) 100 21,62 11,48 100 21,45 12,77

25

35

w

100 100 100 100

Beban (Kg) 2,40 2,07

20,60 10,03 20,87 10,25 20,82 11,03 20,75 10,97 20,73 11,70 20,72 11,67 20,43 10,82 20,47 10,67

1,77 1,91 2,59 1,78 3,06 2,72 3,13 3,56

Kuat Lentur (σ)

(N) (Kg/mm2) (MPa) 23,52 0,13 1,24 20,29 0,09 0,87 0,11 1,05 17,35 0,13 1,25 18,72 0,13 1,28 0,13 1,27 25,38 0,15 1,50 17,44 0,11 1,05 0,13 1,28 29,99 0,16 1,58 26,66 0,14 1,42 0,15 1,50 30,67 0,20 1,92 34,89 0,23 2,25 0,21 2,09

Std. Deviasi

0,2597

0,0184

0,3210

0,1180

0,2282



Lampiran

Tabel L.2.2. Data hasil pengujian kekuatan lentur filter silika-aktif

σ=

3PL 2 w t2

Filter Silika Aditif (%) 40

35

30

25

20

L

w

t

(mm) (mm) (mm) 100 20,70 11,78 100

Beban

(Kg) 0,55

20,73 12,65

0,42

Kekuatan Lentur (σ)

(N) (Kg/mm2) (MPa) 5,39 0,03 0,28 4,14

0,02

0,19

0,02

0,23

100

20,82 10,50

0,73

7,11

0,05

0,47

100

20,85 10,95

0,71

6,95

0,04

0,42

0,04

0,44

100

20,55 14,10

1,66 16,27

0,06

0,60

100

20,40 13,83

1,55 15,19

0,06

0,58

0,06

0,59

100

19,63 13,93

2,73 26,75

0,11

1,05

100

20,42 14,85

2,12 20,78

0,07

0,69

0,09

0,87

100

20,52 11,47

3,11 30,52

0,17

1,70

100

20,38 11,28

2,91 28,52

0,17

1,65

0,17

1,67

Std. Deviasi

0,0667

0,0340

0,0096

0,2551

0,0343



Lampiran

LAMPIRAN 3 SK MENTERI KESEHATAN No. 907/ MENKES/ SK/ VII/ 2002 Tentang Syarat-syarat dan Pengawasan Kualitas Air Minum Tabel L.3.1. Daftar bahan anorganik Parameter 1 Ammonia Alumunium Klorida Tembaga Kesadahan Hidrogen Sulfida Besi Mangan pH Sodium Sulfat Total Zat Padat Terlarut Seng

Satuan 2 mg/ L mg/ L mg/ L mg/ L mg/ L mg/ L mg/ L mg/ L mg/ L mg/ L mg/ L mg/ L

Kadar Maksimum yang Diperbolehkan 3 1,5 0,2 250 1 500 0,05 0,3 0,1 6,5 – 8,5 200 250 1000 3

Keterangan 4

Tabel L.3.2. Daftar bahan organik, disinfektan dan hasil sampingannya Parameter

Satuan

1

2

Organik Toluene μg/ L Xylene μg/ L Ethylbenzene μg/ L Styrene μg/ L Monochlorobenzene μg/ L 1,2 - dichlorobenzene μg/ L 1,4 - dichlorobenzene μg/ L Trichlorobenzene (total) μg/ L Detergen μg/ L Disinfektan dan Hasil Sampingannya Chlorine μg/ L 2 – chlorophenol μg/ L 2,4 – dichlorophenol μg/ L 2,4,6 - trichlorophenol μg/ L

Kadar Maksimum yang Diperbolehkan 3

Keterangan 4

24 – 170 20 – 1800 2 – 200 4 – 2600 10 – 120 1 – 10 0,3 – 30 5 – 50 50 600 – 1000 0,1 – 10 0,3 – 40 2 – 300 49

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