DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Al Kharafi, F.M., Abdullah, A.M., Ghayad, I.M., Ateya, B.G., (2007), Effect of sulfide pollution on the stability of the protective film of benzotriazole on copper, Applied Surface Science, 253, 8986–8991 Antonijevic, M.M., Milic, S.M., Serbula, S.M., Bogdanovic, G.D., (2005), The influence of chloride ions and benzotriazole on the corrosion behavior of Cu37Zn brass in alkaline medium, Electrochimica Acta, 50, 3693–3701 Antonijevic, M.M., Petrovic, M.B (2008), Copper Corrosion Inhibitors. A review, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci, 3, 1 - 28 Babic, R., Metikos-Hukovic M., Loncar, M., (1999), Impedance and photoelectrochemical study of surface layers on Cu and Cu-10Ni in acetate solution containing benzotriazole, Electrochimica Acta, 44, 24132421 Badawya, W.A., Ismail, K.M., Fathi, A.M.., (2006), Corrosion control of Cu–Ni alloys in neutral chloride solutions by amino acids, Electrochimica Acta, 51, 4182–4189 Bellakhal, N., Dachraoui, M., (2004), Study of the benzotriazole efficiency as a corrosion inhibitor for copper in humid air plasma, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 85, 366–369 Bundjali, B., (2005), Perilaku dan Inhibisi Korosi Baja Karbon dalam Larutan Buffer Asetat, Bikarbonat – CO2, Disertasi Departemen Kimia ITB. Fenelon, A.M., Breslin, C.B., (2001), An electrochemical study of the formation of benzotriazole surface film on copper, zinc and a copper-zinc alloy, Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 31, 509-516 Hegazy, H.S., Ashour, E.A., Ateya, B.G., (2001), Effect of benzotriazole on the corrosion of alpha brass in sulfide polluted salt water, Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 31, 1261-1265 Ismail, K.M., (2007), Evaluation of cysteine as environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitor for copper in neutral and acidic chloride solutions, Electrochimica Acta, 52, 7811–7819
Kiani, M.A., Mousavi, M.F., Ghasemi, S., Shamsipur, M., Kazemi, S.H., (2008), Inhibitory effect of some amino acids on corrosion of Pb–Ca–Sn alloy in sulfuric acid solution, Corrosion Science, doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2007.11.031
Kosec, T., Milosev, I., Pihlar, B., (2007), Benzotriazole as an inhibitor of brass corrosion in chloride solution, Applied Surface Science, 253, 8863–8873 Mamas, S., Kıyak,T., Kabasakaloglu, M., Koc, A., (2005), The effect of benzotriazole on brass corrosion, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 93, 41–47 Matos, J.B., Pereira, L.P., Agostinho, S.M.L., Barcia, O.E., Cordeiro, G.G.O., Elia, E.D., (2004), Effect of cysteine on the anodic dissolution of copper in sulfuric acid medium, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 570, 91– 94 Milosev, I., (2007), The effect of various halide ions on the passivity of Cu, Zn and Cu–xZn alloys in borate buffer, Corrosion Science, 49, 637–653 Milosev, I., Mikic T.K., Gaberscek, M., (2006), The effect of Cu-rich sub-layer on the increased corrosion resistance of Cu–xZn alloys in chloride containing borate buffer, Electrochimica Acta, 52, 415–426 Mountassir, Z., Srhiri, A. (2007), Electrochemical behaviour of Cu–40Zn in 3% NaCl solution polluted by sulphides: Effect of aminotriazole, Corrosion Science, 49, 1350–1361 Pena, M.J., Alarcon, I., Lopez, V., (1990), Electrochemical study of Cu(II)cysteine Complexes in aqueous solution, Electrochimica Acta, 35, (1), 4753 Piron, D.L. (1991), The Electrochemistry of Corrosion, NACE International. Pourbaix, M. (1974), Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solution, NACE International. Rahmouni, K., Keddam, M., Srhiri, A., Takenouti, H.., (2005), Corrosion of copper in 3% NaCl solution polluted by sulphide ions, Corrosion Science, 47, 3249–3266 Sastri, V.S., (1998), Corrosion Inhibitor Principles and Aplication, John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Sidot, E., Souissi, N., Bousselmi, L., Triki, E., Robbiola, L., (2006), Study of the Corrosion Behaviour of Cu–10Sn Bronze in aerated Na2SO4 aqueous solution, Corrosion Science, 48, 2241–2257. Shim, J.J., Kim, J.G., (2004), Copper corrosion in potable water distribution systems: influence of copper products on the corrosion behavior, Materials Letters, 58, 2002–2006
Souissi, N., Sidot, E., Bousselmi, L., Triki, E., Robbiola, L., (2007), Corrosion behaviour of Cu–10Sn bronze in aerated NaCl aqueous media– Electrochemical investigation, Corrosion Science, 49, 3333–3347. Surdia, T., Saito, S. (1984), Pengetahuan bahan teknik, Departemen Mesin, ITB. Takasaki, S., Yamada, Y., (2007), Effects of temperature and aggressive anions on corrosion of carbon steel in potable water, Corrosion Science, 49, 240– 247 Trethewey, K.R., Chamberlain, J. (1991), Korosi untuk Mahasiswa Sains dan Rekayasa, Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Yatiman, P., (2006), Mekanisme inhibisi benzotriazol pada korosi baja karbon dalam larutan natrium klorida dan atau natrium karbonat, Disertasi Departemen Kimia ITB. Zhang, D.Q., Gao, L.X., Zhou, G.D., (2005), Inhibition of copper corrosion in aerated hydrochloric acid solution by amino-acid compounds, Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 35, 1081–1085
Lampiran A : Hasil Pemantauan Kualitas Air Waduk Saguling pada bulan Agustus 2006, Lokasi pemantauan : dekat intake structure Kedalaman No
Parameter
Satuan
Kriteria Gol B
Skor parameter terhadap standar **)
Nilai Maks
Nilai Min
Ratarata
28,2
26,3
26,8
tan
0 0
Kriteria Gol C*)
Skor parameter terhadap standar **)
Kriteria Gol D*)
Skor parameter terhadap standar **)
0
tan
0
0
1000
0
2250
0
0
0,2 m
5m
Dekat dasar
28,2
26,3
25,8
mg/l mg/l NTU μmhos/cm cm
170 22 26 248 70
192 6 21 280 -
176 10 3 256 -
192 22 26 280 -
170 6 3 248 -
179 13 17 261 -
1000
mg/l mg/l mg/l
7,42 7,92 160,66 46,037
7,5 11,88 171,74 50,04
7,05 27,72 188,36 52,042
7,5 27,72 188,36 52,042
7,05 7,92 160,66 46,037
7,32 15,84 173,59 49,373
5-9
0
6-9
0
5-9
mg/l mg/l
tt 0,014
tt 0,018
0,686 0,014
0,686 0,018
tt 0,014
0,229 0,015
0,1 0,5
-8 0
0,002 0,02
-8 0
-
mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
0,009 1,322 0,253 0 8,8
0,012 1,495 0,268 0 3,4
0,011 0,705 0,28 0 2,9
0,012 1,495 0,28 0 8,8
0,009 0,705 0,253 0 3,4
0,011 1,174 0,267 0 5,0
1 10
0 0
0,06 -
0
-
>6
-8
0,003 >3
0 -2
-
mg/l mg/l mg/l
24,21 10,89 tt
22,27 10,24 tt
15,68 6,27 tt
24,21 10,89 tt
15,68 6,27 tt
20,72 9,13 0
10 6 Nihil
-10 -10 0
1
0
-
mg/l mg/l ppb mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
0,042 0,3 tt tt tt 0,04 tt
0,039 0,11 tt tt tt 0,05 tt
0,049 0,13 0,16 tt tt 0,06 tt
0,049 0,3 0,16 tt tt 0,06 tt
0,039 0,11 tt tt tt 0,04 tt
0,043 0,18 0,05 0 0 0,05 0
1,5 5 1 1 5 0,05
0 0 0
1,5 2 0,02 0,02 0,05
0
-
0
5 0,5 0,2 2 1
0 0 0 0 0
mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l ppb ppb ppb ppb ppb
0,0002 tt 0,0009 tt 0,027 tt 0,28 0,17 18 1,15 0,96 0,0012 0,0028 0,0004 0,0004 0
tt tt 0,0008 tt 0,009 tt 0,037 0,13 18 1,11 1,12 0,0024 0,0004 0 0 0,0004
tt tt 0,0014 tt 0,013 tt 0,29 0,1 21 1,27 1,00 tt 0,0016 tt 0 0,0004
0,0002 tt 0,0014 tt 0,027 tt 0,037 0,17 21 1,27 1,12 0,0024 0,0028 0,0004 0,0004 0,0004
tt tt 0,0008 tt 0,009 tt 0,28 0,1 18 1,11 0,96 0,0012 0,0004 0 0 0
0,0001 0 0,0010 0 0,016 0 0,202 0,13 19 1,18 1,03 0,0018 0,0016 0,0002 0,0001 0,0003
0,01 0,1 0,05 0,01 0,5 0,02 0,5 42 1 -
0,01 1 1 0,05 1 2 60 18
0 0 0 0
*)
FISIKA 1.
Temperatur
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Residu terlarut Zat tersuspensi Kekeruhan DHL Transparensi
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
°C
KIMIA pH CO2 bebas HCO3 Kesadahan (CaCO3)
Sulfida (H2S) Ammonia (NH3-N) Nitrit (NO2-N) Nitrat (NO3-N) Fosfat (PO4) Klorin bebas (Cl2)
Oksigen Terlarut (DO) COD BOD Minyak dan Lemak
15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
Fluoride (F) Besi (Fe) Air Raksa (Hg) Nikel (Ni) Tembaga (Cu) Seng (Zn)
22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37.
Kadmium (Cd) Timbal (Pb) Arsen (As) Selenium (Se) Surfaktan Fenol Boron (B) Mangan (Mn) Natrium (Na) SAR RSC DDT Enderin BHC
Kron hexavalen (Cr6+)
Methyl Parathion
Malation Total Skor Keterangan :
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0
-36 tan
=
Temperatur Air Normal
tt
=
Tidak terdeteksi
(-)
=
Tidak ada criteria
*)
=
Berdasarkan Keputusan Gubernur Jawa Barat No. 39, Tahun 2000
** )
=
tan ± 3°C 1000
0,01 0,03 1 0,05 0,2 0,001 2 4 210
0 -10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1,25-2,50
0 0 0
-20
Berdasarkan Metode Storet (US EPA, 1977) Waktu pengukuran dan sampling tanggal 8 Agustus 2006 jam 11.41 WIB dengan cuaca cerah Tinggi muka air 635,19 m dpl
0 0 0 0 -10
-
-10
Lampiran B.
Hasil Analisis Uji Komposisi Metalografi Material Runner Turbin
Unsur
(%)
Sn Zn Pb Fe Ni Al P Si Mn S Sb Mg Cu
0,00448 37,17459 0,00833 0,00757 – – 0,00387 – – 0,0026 0,00893 0,00076 62,79271
Lampiran C.
Hasil
Pengukuran
Impedansi
Pada
Berbagai
Kondisi Pengukuran Lampiran C.1 Contoh aluran Nyquist impedansi elektrokimia hasil pengukuran dengan komposisi larutan, Ca(NO3)2 5,3 ppm dan NaCl 53 ppm
Setelah diinterpolasikan grafik aluran Nyquist diatas diperoleh hasil data-data percobaan sebagai berikut : Point 1
0
Point 2
120
Center, X
46,12 kohm.cm2
Center, Y
-19,52 kohm.cm2
Diameter
98,78 kohm.cm2
Coefisient
0,998
Depletion angle
-11,4
X min.
0,7449 kohm.cm2
X max
91,49 kohm.cm2
R1
744,8 ohm.cm2
R2
90,74 kohm.cm2
C
70,15 μF/cm2
Lampiran C.2 Optimasi larutan NaCl (ion klorida) yang memberikan kondisi larutan tiruan paling korosif di lingkungan PLTA Saguling. Konsentrasi (ppm) NaCl Ca(NO3)2 53 5,3
pH
DHL (μs/cm)
OCP (mV
RP (kohm.cm2)
7,08
121,4
-147
90,74
73
5,3
6,66
162,8
-146
84,55
78
5,3
6,75
171,7
-142
73,17
83
5,3
6,59
183,6
-153
85,73
88
5,3
6,68
192,0
-153
92,84
90
5,3
6,60
194,1
-173
137,0
93
5,3
6,55
204,0
-176
180,2
98
5,3
6,69
209,0
-185
196,2
Keterangan DHL : Daya hantar listrik
RP : Tahanan Polarisasi
OCP : Potensial sirkuit terbuka.
Lampiran C.3 Aluran Nyquist impedansi elektrokimia optimasi larutan NaCl (ion klorida) yang memberikan kondisi larutan tiruan paling korosif di lingkungan PLTA Saguling.
98 ppm 93 ppm 90 ppm 88 ppm 53 ppm 83 ppm 78 ppm
73 ppm
Lampiran C.4 Pengaruh ion sulfida terhadap korosifitas larutan tiruan kondisi air lingkungan di PLTA Saguling. Konsentrasi (ppm) S NaCl Ca(NO3)2 0 78 5,3 2-
pH
DHL (μs/cm)
OCP (mV)
RP (kohm.cm2)
6,75
171,7
-142
73,17
5
78
5,3
9,62
216,0
-340
65,27
10
78
5,3
10,10
249,0
-562
45,55
15
78
5,3
10,34
285,0
-567
32,90
20
78
5,3
10,55
327,0
-551
37,28
25
78
5,3
10,73
370,0
-546
53,07
Lampiran C.5 Aluran Nyquist impedansi elektrokimia pengaruh ion sulfida terhadap korosifitas larutan tiruan kondisi air lingkungan di PLTA Saguling.
5 ppm 25 ppm 10 ppm 0 ppm 15 ppm
20 ppm
Lampiran C.6 Daya inhibisi benzotriazol pada kondisi larutan tiruan paling korosif di lingkungan PLTA Saguling Konsentrasi inhibitor (ppm)
OCP (mV)
RP (kohm.cm2)
Efisiensi Inhibisi (% EI)
Blanko
-567
32,90
-
20
-321
41,88
21,44
30
-328
49,29
33,25
40
-335
54,30
39,41
60
-335
54,33
39,44
80
-337
55,52
40,74
100
-342
54,33
39,44
Contoh perhitungan efisiensi inhibitor (% EI) berdasarkan persamaan IV.1. Diketahui
: konsentrasi benzotriazol = 20 ppm, RP blanko = 32,90 kohm.cm2 dan RP inhibitor = 41,88 kohm.cm2
% EI =
Rp ( inh) _ Rp 41,88 _ 32,9 x 100% = = 21,44 Rp ( inh) 41,88
Lampiran C.7 Aluran Nyquist impedansi elektrokimia optimasi daya inhibisi benzotriazol pada kondisi larutan tiruan paling korosif di lingkungan PLTA Saguling
40 ppm
100 ppm
80 ppm
60 ppm 0 ppm
20 ppm
30 ppm
Lampiran C.8 Daya inhibisi sistein pada kondisi larutan tiruan paling korosif di lingkungan PLTA Saguling Konsentrasi inhibitor (ppm)
OCP (mV)
RP (kohm.cm2)
Efisiensi Inhibisi (% EI)
Blanko
-528
30,52
-
5
-327
46,81
34,80
10
-339
74,98
59,30
15
-347
84,61
63,93
20
-360
85,22
64,19
25
-367
95,84
68,16
35
-369
93,96
67,52
Lampiran C.9 Aluran Nyquist impedansi elektrokimia efisiensi daya inhibisi sistein pada kondisi larutan tiruan paling korosif di lingkungan PLTA Saguling
25 ppm
20 ppm 35 ppm
15 ppm 10 ppm 0 ppm
5 ppm
Lampiran C.10 Daya inhibisi benzotriazol (80 ppm) pada berbagai perlakuan suhu Suhu (°C)
OCP (mV)
RP (kohm.cm2)
Efisiensi Inhibisi (% EI)
25
-567
32,90
-
35
-599
26,20
-
45
-610
25,02
-
-621
24,86
-
25
-337
55,52
40,74
35
-587
43,35
39,56
45
-595
36,28
31,04
55
-592
31,55
21,20
Blanko
55 Benzotriazol
Lampiran C.11 Daya inhibisi sistein (25 ppm) pada berbagai perlakuan suhu Suhu (°C)
OCP (mV)
RP (kohm.cm2)
Efisiensi Inhibisi (% EI)
25
-528
30,52
-
35
-587
28,08
-
45
-600
23,94
-
55
-632
22,65
-
25
-367
95,84
68,16
35
-556
51,72
45,71
45
-575
34,09
29,77
55
-590
27,29
17,00
Blanko
Sistein
Lampiran D.
Pengaruh Konsentrasi Inhibitor Terhadap Tegangan Permukaan Larutan Uji pada Suhu kamar
Inhibitor Benzotriazol (ppm)
Tegangan permukaan, γ (mN/m)
Inhibitor Sistein (ppm)
Tegangan permukaan, γ (mN/m)
Blanko
70,2
Blanko
70,9
20
72,1
5
69,7
30
71,4
10
69,3
40
70,2
15
68,8
60
70,3
20
68,5
80
70,4
25
68,3
100
70,4
35
68,4
-
-
50
68,4
Lampiran E.
Parameter Pengukuran EIS
