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1. Preventing suicide: A global imperative. http:// www.who.int / mental_health/ prevention / suicide/ suicideprevent / en/. ISBN: 978 92 4 156477 9. New York. 2014. 2. Anderson, I.B. Warfarin and Related Rodenticides in Poisoning & Drug Overdose Sixth Ed. Olson, K.R., et al. (Eds.). McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Lange Medical Books. New York. 2012. 3. Obat-obat penyakit serebrovaskuler, dr. Aldy S. Rambe Bag Neurologi, Fakultas kedokteran USU. 2004. 4. Buku ajar toksikologi umum, Dr.rer.nat. I Made Agus Gelgel Wirasuta, M.Si., Apt ; Rasmaya Niruri, S.Si., Apt., Jurusan Farmakologi, UNUD.2010. 5. Hedi R., Vincent H.S. Gan., Antikoagulan, Antitrombosit, Trombolitik, dan Hemostatik. Farmakologi dan Terapi Edisi 4 FK UI.2011. 6. Barnett HJM. Aspirin in Stroke Prevention An Overview. Stroke. 1990;21(suppllV) : IV-40-IV-43. 7. Biller J, Bruno A. Acute Ischemic Stroke. In : Johnson RT, Griffin JW editors. Current Therapy in Neurologic Disease. 5th ed. St.Louis: Mosby; 1997. p.191-197. 8. Rowland LP and Klein DF.Current Neurologic Drugs. 1 st ed. Philadelphia: Current Medicine; 1996 .p. 1-19. 9. Murtini, J. T., Priyanto, N., dan Siregar, S.T. Toksisitas SubkronikAlginat pada Histopatologi Hati, Ginjal dan Lambung Mencit Jurnal Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan, Vol. 5, No. 2 2007
10. Morgenstern LB, Grotta JC. Transient Ischemic Attacks.In :Johnson RT, Griffin JW editors.Current Therapy in Neurologic Disease. 5th ed. St.Louis: Mosby; 1997.p.187-190. 11. Wahlgren NG. Pharmacological Treatment of Acute Stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis.1997 : 7(suppI3) : 24-30 12. Bauner KA. Laboratory markers of coaulation activation.In : McArthur JR, Lee SH, Wong JEL, et al. Eds. Proceeding of the 26th Congress of the International Society of Haematology ; 1996bAugust 25-29 ; Singapore, 1996 : 435-7.
13. Gambaran efek toksik etanol pada sel hati, Hernawati, Jurusan Pendidikan Biologi, FFMIPA Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia.2004.
14. Sulaksono, M.E., 1987.Peranan, Pengelolaan dan Pengembangan Hewan Percobaan.Jakarta. 15. Malole, M.M.B, Pramono. 1989.Penggunaan Hewan HewanPercobaan Laboratorium. Bogor : IPB. DitJen Pendidikan Tinggi Pusat Antar Universitas Bioteknologi.
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Laura.2012.Psikologi
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LAMPIRAN Lampiran 1. Biodata Mahasiswa Identitas Nama
: Husein Alaydrus
NIM
: 22010111110140
Tempat/tanggal lahir : Semarang, 2 Januari 1993 Jenis kelamin
: Laki-Laki
Alamat
: Jl. Abdulrahman Saleh No. 116 Semarang
Nomor HP
: 081327779830
e-mail
:
[email protected]
Riwayat Pendidikan Formal
1. SD
: SD Hidayatullah
Lulus tahun
: 2005
2. SMP
: SMP Hidayatullah
Lulus Tahun
: 2008
3. SMA
: SMAN 3 Semarang Lulus Tahun
: 2011
4. FK UNDIP
: Masuk Tahun 2011
Keanggotaan Organisasi 1. SENIOR HIMA KU Tahun 2011 s/d 2012 Lampiran 2. Ethical Clearance
Lampiran 3. Surat Izin Penelitian
Lampiran 4. Sodium Warfarin Sodium warfarin simarc 2 mg
Komposisi: Sodium warfarin 2 mg
Lampiran 5. Perhitungan dosis Tabel 3. Konversi Dosis Pages dan Barnes Hewan dengan dosis diketahui
Hewan yang Dicari Ekivalensi Dosisnya Mencit Tikus Marmot Kelinci Kucing Kera Anjing Manusia 20g
200g
400g
1,5g
2kg
4kg
12kg
70kg
Mencit
1,0
7,0
12,25
27,8
29,7
64,1
124,2
387,9
Tikus
0,14
1,0
1,74
3,9
4,2
9,2
17,8
56,0
Marmot
0,08
0,57
1,0
2,25
2,4
5,2
10,2
31,5
Kelinci
0,04
0,25
0,44
1,0
1,08
2,4
4,5
14,2
Kucing
0,03
0,23
0,41
0,92
1,0
2,2
4,1
13,0
Kera
0,016
0,11
0,19
0,42
0,45
1,0
1,9
6,1
Anjing
0,08
0,06
0,10
0,22
0,24
0,52
1,0
3,1
Manusia
0,0026 0,018 0,031
0,07
0,076
0,16
0,32
1,0
Lampiran 6. Hasil Statistik Explore Hati Case Sum marie s Hati Kelompok Kontrol LD50 LD100 Total
N
Mean .3333 1.0000 1.9333 1.0889
3 3 3 9
Std. Deviation .41633 .52915 .11547 .77531
Median .2000 1.2000 2.0000 1.2000
Minimum .00 .40 1.80 .00
Maximum .80 1.40 2.00 2.00
Tests of Norm ality a
Hati
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Statistic df Sig. .292 3 .314 3 .385 3
Kelompok Kontrol LD50 LD100
a. Lilliefors Significance Correction
NPar Tests Kruskal-Wallis Test Ranks Hati
Kelompok Kontrol LD50 LD100 Total
N 3 3 3 9
Mean Rank 2.33 4.67 8.00
. . .
Statistic .923 .893 .750
Shapiro-Wilk df 3 3 3
Sig. .463 .363 .000
Test Statisticsa,b Chi-Square df Asymp. Sig.
Hati 6.543 2 .038
a. Kruskal Wallis Test b. Grouping Variable: Kelompok
NPar Tests Mann-Whitney Test Ranks Hati
Kelompok Kontrol LD50 Total
N
Mean Rank 2.33 4.67
3 3 6
Sum of Ranks 7.00 14.00
Test Statisticsb Mann-Whitney U Wilcoxon W Z Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed Sig.)]
Hati 1.000 7.000 -1.528 .127 .200
a
a. Not corrected for ties. b. Grouping Variable: Kelompok
NPar Tests Mann-Whitney Test Ranks Hati
Kelompok Kontrol LD100 Total
N 3 3 6
Mean Rank 2.00 5.00
Sum of Ranks 6.00 15.00
Test Statisticsb Mann-Whitney U Wilcoxon W Z Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed Sig.)]
Hati .000 6.000 -1.993 .046 .100
a
a. Not corrected for ties. b. Grouping Variable: Kelompok
NPar Tests Mann-Whitney Test Ranks Hati
Kelompok LD50 LD100 Total
N
Mean Rank 2.00 5.00
3 3 6
Test Statisticsb Mann-Whitney U Wilcoxon W Z Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed Sig.)]
Hati .000 6.000 -1.993 .046 .100
a
a. Not corrected for ties. b. Grouping Variable: Kelompok
Sum of Ranks 6.00 15.00
Explore Ukuran hati Case Sum marie s Ukuran hati Kelompok Kontrol LD50 LD100 Total
N 9 9 9 27
Mean 14.3900 13.3400 14.2289 13.9863
Std. Deviation 1.24527 1.46925 1.91015 1.57651
Median 14.4700 13.5300 14.5500 13.7600
Minimum 12.60 10.92 10.70 10.70
Maximum 16.58 15.32 16.92 16.92
Tests of Norm ality a
Ukuran hati
Kelompok Kontrol LD50 LD100
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Statistic df Sig. .138 9 .200* .178 9 .200* .133 9 .200*
Shapiro-Wilk Statistic df .976 9 .925 9 .969 9
Sig. .942 .439 .884
*. This is a lower bound of the true significance. a. Lilliefors Significance Correction
Test of Homogeneity of V ariance
Ukuran hati
Based on Mean Based on Median Based on Median and with adjusted df Based on trimmed mean
Levene Statistic 1.009 .809
df1 2 2
df2 24 24
Sig. .379 .457
.809
2
21.330
.459
.981
2
24
.389
Oneway ANOVA Ukuran hati Sum of Squares 5.756 58.864 64.620
Between Groups Within Groups Total
df 2 24 26
Mean Square 2.878 2.453
F 1.173
Sig. .326
Explore Berat hati Case Sum marie s Berat hati Kelompok Kontrol LD50 LD100 Total
N 9 8 9 26
Mean 6.5078 5.0138 4.1722 5.2396
Std. Deviation .81486 .85532 .51891 1.22839
Median 6.6000 4.8900 4.2200 5.1600
Minimum 5.40 4.07 3.37 3.37
Maximum 7.68 6.64 5.11 7.68
Tests of Norm ality a
Berat hati
Kelompok Kontrol LD50 LD100
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Statistic df Sig. .157 9 .200* .198 8 .200* .153 9 .200*
Statistic .938 .919 .978
Shapiro-Wilk df 9 8 9
Sig. .558 .420 .955
*. This is a lower bound of the true significance. a. Lilliefors Significance Correction
Test of Homoge neity of V ariance
Berat hati
Based on Mean Based on Median Based on Median and with adjusted df Based on trimmed mean
Levene Statistic 1.496 1.355
df1 2 2
df2 23 23
Sig. .245 .278
1.355
2
21.138
.279
1.488
2
23
.247
Oneway ANOVA Berat hati Sum of Squares 25.136 12.587 37.723
Between Groups Within Groups Total
df 2 23 25
Mean Square 12.568 .547
F 22.965
Sig. .000
Post Hoc Test Multiple Com parisons Dependent Variable: Berat hati Bonferroni
(I) Kelompok Kontrol LD50 LD100
(J) Kelompok LD50 LD100 Kontrol LD100 Kontrol LD50
Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error 1.49403* .35947 2.33556* .34873 -1.49403* .35947 .84153 .35947 -2.33556* .34873 -.84153 .35947
Sig. .001 .000 .001 .085 .000 .085
95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound Upper Bound .5659 2.4222 1.4351 3.2360 -2.4222 -.5659 -.0866 1.7697 -3.2360 -1.4351 -1.7697 .0866
*. The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.
Explore Otak Case Sum marie s Otak Kelompok Kontrol LD50 LD100 Total
N 3 3 3 9
Mean .0000 .0667 .2000 .0889
Std. Deviation .00000 .11547 .20000 .14530
Median .0000 .0000 .2000 .0000
Minimum .00 .00 .00 .00
Maximum .00 .20 .40 .40
Tests of Norm alityb a
Otak
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Statistic df Sig. .385 3 .175 3
Kelompok LD50 LD100
. .
Statistic .750 1.000
a. Lilliefors Significance Correction b. Otak is constant when Kelompok = Kontrol. It has been omitted.
NPar Tests Kruskal-Wallis Test Ranks Otak
Kelompok Kontrol LD50 LD100 Total
N 3 3 3 9
Mean Rank 3.50 4.83 6.67
Shapiro-Wilk df 3 3
Sig. .000 1.000
Test Statisticsa,b Chi-Square df Asymp. Sig.
Otak 2.889 2 .236
a. Kruskal Wallis Test b. Grouping Variable: Kelompok
Explore Ukuran otak Case Sum marie s Ukuran otak Kelompok Kontrol LD50 LD100 Total
N 9 9 9 27
Mean 3.1522 2.8089 3.3078 3.0896
Std. Deviation .18740 .40334 .18130 .34072
Median 3.1300 2.6900 3.3600 3.1300
Minimum 2.86 2.33 3.04 2.33
Maximum 3.44 3.47 3.54 3.54
Tests of Norm ality a
Ukuran otak
Kelompok Kontrol LD50 LD100
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Statistic df Sig. .137 9 .200* .171 9 .200* .194 9 .200*
Statistic .967 .935 .912
Shapiro-Wilk df 9 9 9
Sig. .872 .528 .331
*. This is a lower bound of the true significance. a. Lilliefors Significance Correction
Test of Homogeneity of V ariance
Ukuran otak
Based on Mean Based on Median Based on Median and with adjusted df Based on trimmed mean
Levene Statistic 6.231 3.574
df1 2 2
df2 24 24
Sig. .007 .044
3.574
2
15.558
.053
6.047
2
24
.007
NPar Tests Kruskal-Wallis Test Ranks Ukuran otak
Kelompok Kontrol LD50 LD100 Total
N 9 9 9 27
Mean Rank 14.39 8.56 19.06
Test Statisticsa,b Chi-Square df Asymp. Sig.
Ukuran otak 7.917 2 .019
a. Kruskal Wallis Test b. Grouping Variable: Kelompok
NPar Tests Mann-Whitney Test Ranks Ukuran otak
Kelompok Kontrol LD50 Total
N 9 9 18
Mean Rank 11.78 7.22
Sum of Ranks 106.00 65.00
Test Statisticsb Mann-Whitney U Wilcoxon W Z Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed Sig.)]
Ukuran otak 20.000 65.000 -1.811 .070 .077
a
a. Not corrected for ties. b. Grouping Variable: Kelompok
NPar Tests Mann-Whitney Test Ranks Ukuran otak
Kelompok Kontrol LD100 Total
N 9 9 18
Mean Rank 7.61 11.39
Sum of Ranks 68.50 102.50
Mean Rank 6.33 12.67
Sum of Ranks 57.00 114.00
Test Statisticsb Mann-Whitney U Wilcoxon W Z Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed Sig.)]
Ukuran otak 23.500 68.500 -1.503 .133 .136
a
a. Not corrected for ties. b. Grouping Variable: Kelompok
NPar Tests Mann-Whitney Test Ranks Ukuran otak
Kelompok LD50 LD100 Total
N 9 9 18
Test Statisticsb Mann-Whitney U Wilcoxon W Z Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed Sig.)]
Ukuran otak 12.000 57.000 -2.519 .012 .011
a
a. Not corrected for ties. b. Grouping Variable: Kelompok
Explore Berat otak Case Sum marie s Berat otak Kelompok Kontrol LD50 LD100 Total
N 9 9 9 27
Mean 1.6533 1.3733 1.3289 1.4519
Std. Deviation .04093 .12400 .17617 .19030
Median 1.6700 1.4000 1.3500 1.4700
Minimum 1.57 1.07 1.02 1.02
Maximum 1.71 1.47 1.49 1.71
Tests of Norm ality a
Berat otak
Kelompok Kontrol LD50 LD100
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Statistic df Sig. .214 9 .200* .252 9 .103 .233 9 .173
Statistic .926 .749 .852
Shapiro-Wilk df 9 9 9
Sig. .444 .005 .079
*. This is a lower bound of the true significance. a. Lilliefors Significance Correction
Test of Homogeneity of Variance
Berat otak
Based on Mean Based on Median Based on Median and with adjusted df Based on trimmed mean
Levene Statistic 4.410 3.639
df1 2 2
df2 24 24
Sig. .023 .042
3.639
2
17.470
.048
4.083
2
24
.030
NPar Tests Kruskal-Wallis Test Ranks Berat otak
Kelompok Kontrol LD50 LD100 Total
N 9 9 9 27
Test Statisticsa,b Chi-Square df Asymp. Sig.
Berat otak 17.410 2 .000
a. Kruskal Wallis Test b. Grouping Variable: Kelompok
Mean Rank 23.00 9.50 9.50
NPar Tests Mann-Whitney Test Ranks Berat otak
Kelompok Kontrol LD50 Total
N 9 9 18
Mean Rank 14.00 5.00
Sum of Ranks 126.00 45.00
Mean Rank 14.00 5.00
Sum of Ranks 126.00 45.00
Test Statisticsb Mann-Whitney U Wilcoxon W Z Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed Sig.)]
Berat otak .000 45.000 -3.585 .000 .000
a
a. Not corrected for ties. b. Grouping Variable: Kelompok
NPar Tests Mann-Whitney Test Ranks Berat otak
Kelompok Kontrol LD100 Total
N 9 9 18
Test Statisticsb Mann-Whitney U Wilcoxon W Z Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed Sig.)]
Berat otak .000 45.000 -3.584 .000 .000
a
a. Not corrected for ties. b. Grouping Variable: Kelompok
NPar Tests Mann-Whitney Test Ranks Berat otak
Kelompok LD50 LD100 Total
N 9 9 18
Test Statisticsb Mann-Whitney U Wilcoxon W Z Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed Sig.)]
Berat otak 40.500 85.500 .000 1.000 a
1.000
a. Not corrected for ties. b. Grouping Variable: Kelompok
Mean Rank 9.50 9.50
Sum of Ranks 85.50 85.50
Lampiran 7. Daftar Gambar Gambar 5. Makrokopis Hati Kontrol KONTROL
KONTROL
\
Gambar 6. Makrokopis Hati LD-50 LD-50
LD-50
Gambar 7. Makrokopis Hati LD-100 LD-100
LD-100
Gambar 8. Diagram Makroskopis Hati UKURAN HATI
BERAT HATI
Gambar 9. Makrokopis Otak Kontrol KONTROL
KONTROL
Gambar 10. Makrokopis Hati LD-50 LD-50
LD-50
Gambar 11. Makrokopis Otak LD-100 LD-100
LD-100
Gambar 12. Diagram Makroskopis Otak UKURAN OTAK
BERAT OTAK
Gambar 14. Mikroskopis Hati LD-100 TANDA-TANDA KERUSAKAN ORGAN HATI, SKOR 2, NEKROSIS, PENGECATAN HEMATOXILLIN-EOSIN PEMBESARAN 400X
Gambar 17. Mikroskopis Otak LD-100 TANDA-TANDA KERUSAKAN OTAK SKOR 0, TAK DITEMUKAN TANDATANDA PERDARAHAN PENGECATAN HEMATOXILLIN-EOSIN PEMBESARAN 400X
Gambar 15. Diagram Mikroskopis Hati MIKROSKOPIS HATI
Gambar 18. Diagram Mikroskopis Otak MIKROSKOPIS OTAK
