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1. Saferstein Richard. Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science 5th edition. Prentice Hall, Inc. 1995;373-386 2. Acharya AB, Sivapathasundharam B. Forensic Odontology. In: Rajendran R, Sivapathasundharam B. Eds. Shafer′s Textbook of Oral Pathology 5th. New Delhi: Elsevier 2006;1199-1227. 3. Caldas IM, Magalhães T, Afonso A. Establishing identity using cheiloscopy and palatoscopy. Forensic Sci Int 2007;165:1-9. 4. Nayak P, Acharya AB, Padmini AT, Kaveri H. Differences in the palatal rugae shape in two populations of India. Arch Oral Biol. 2007;52:977–82. 5. Marco AA, Philips C, Kula K, Tulloch C. Stability of palatal rugae as landmarks for analysis of dental cast. Angle Orthod. 1995;65:43–8. 6. Pretty IA and Sweet D. A Look at Forensic Dentistry – Part 1 : The Role of Teeth in The Determination of Human Identity. British Dental Journal 2001; 190(7): 359-66. 7. Santorini JD. Septemdecim Tabulae. Cited by: Lysell L. Plicae palatinae transversae and papilla incisiva in man. Acta Odontol Scand 1955;13(suppl 18):5-137. 8. Peavy DC, Jr., Kendrick GS. The effects of tooth movement on the palatine rugae. J Prosthet Dent 1967;18: 536-42.
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Van Der Linden FP. Changes in the position of posterior teeth in relation to ruga points. Am J Orthod 1978;74: 142.
10. English WR, Robison SF, Summitt JB, Oesterle LJ, Brannon RB, Morlang WM. Individuality of human palatal rugae. J Forensic Sci 1988;33: 718-26. 11. Hauser G, Daponte A, Roberts MJ. Palatal rugae. J Anat 1989;165: 237-49. 12. Lysell L. Plicae palatinae transversae and papilla incisiva in man; a morphologic and genetic study. Acta Odontol Scand 1955;13: 5-137. 13. Ukas Tjandrasasmita. Arkeologi Islam Nusantara. Jakarta: KPG bekerja sama dengan EFEO dan Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora UIN Syarif Hidayatulloh. 2009; 29:74-8 14. Soekidjo N. Metodologi penelitian kesehatan. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta 2000; 7992, 138-50. 15. Lyyer B. Orthodontic The Art And The Science, 3th. New Delhi: Arya Medi Publising House Bhalajhi SI. 2003;15:337-43 16. Graber
TM. Orthodontics: Principles
and
Practice. WB
Saunders, 1998.21;225-9 17. Elaine M N, Hoehn K. Human Anatomy & Physiology. 7th edition. Pearson Education. 2007:88-103 18. Yuzuriha S, Mulliken JB. “Minor-form, microform, and mini-microform cleft lip: anatomical features, operative techniques, and revisions”. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 2008; 122(5): 1485–93.
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19. Fehrenbach M.J. and Herring, S.W. Anatomy of the head and neck 3rd edition. St Louis: Saunders Elsevier. 2007:570-3 20. Drake RL, Mitchell AWM. Gray Anatomy for Student. Philadelphia: Elsevier Churchin Livingstone. 2005;2(3);484-90 21. Amasaki H, Ogawa M, Nagasao J, Mutoh K, Ichihara N, Asari M, et al. Distributional Changes of BrdU, PCNA, E2F1 and PAL31 Molecules In Developing Murine Palatal Rugae. Ann Anat 2003;185: 517-23. 22. Almeida MA, Phillips C, Kula K, Tulloch C. Stability of The Palatal Rugae As Landmarks for Analysis of Dental Casts. AngleOrthod 1995;65:43-8 . 23. Kapali S, Townsend G, Richards L, Parish T. Palatal Rugae Patterns in AustralianAborigines and Caucasians. Australian Dental Journal 1997;42(2): 129-33. 24. Thomas CJ, Kotze TJvW. The palatal ruga pattern in sixsouthern African human populations, Part I: a description of thepopulations and a method for its investigation. J Dent Assoc South Africa 1983;38:547-53. 25. Salzmann JA. In: Practice of Orthodontics. Philadelpha: J. B. Lippincott Company. 1966:78-83 26. Astuti TR Elizabeth, Rahmat MM, Rahardjo, Evaluasi klinis pasca palatoplasti di poliklinik bedah mulut rumah sakit umum pusat dr.sardjito, Yogyakarta 2006-2009, J Ked Gi; 2010:1: 21-27
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27. Sianita P Pricillia, Alawiyah T. Kelainan celah bibir serta langit-langit dan permasalahannya dalam kaitan dengan interaksi sosial dan perilaku, JITEKGI; 2011: 8(2):42-6 28. Pedersen W Gordon. Buku Ajar Praktis Bedah Mulut. Jakarta: EGC. 1996;10:009 29. Riden K. Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. United Kingdom: BIOS, 1998;79-80. 30. Abdul Rahman, Hamidah and Ahmad, Norlin and Abdul Wahab, Shah Rollah Konsep-Konsep Asas Hubungan Etnik. In: Hubungan Etnik di Malaysia: Perspektif, Teori dan Praktik. Penerbit UTM Press, Skudai, Johor, 2009;1-16 31. Abizadeh Arash. "Ethnicity, Race, and a Possible Humanity". World Order 2001;33; 23–34. 32. Mattulada HA. Kesukubangsaan dan Negara Kebangsaan di Indonesia Prospek Budaya Politik abad ke-21. Dalam Antropologi Indonesia. 1999; XXIII: 58-66 33. Machmud Anas. Turun Naiknya Peranan Kerajaan Aceh Darussalam di Pesisir Timur Pulau Sumatera dalam Sejarah Masuk dan Berkembangnya Islam di Indonesia:Penyusun Prof. A. Hasym. Aceh: PT Al Maarif. 1981;26:41-50 34. Mulyana Slamet. Sriwijaya. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka. 1966.105-124 35. Hamka. Sejarah Umat Islam. Bukit Tinggi-Jakarta: NV. Nusantara. 1961;19:21-30
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36. Affandi, Bisri, Syurkati SA. Pembaharuan & Pemurni Islam di Indonesia. Jakarta: Alkautsan. 1999;30:746-52 37. Tandyasraya J. Penggunaan sinar x dalam odontologi forensik dalam forum ilmiah FKG Trisakti. Jakarta: FKG-TRISAKTI 1984; 33-4. 38. Launtz LL. Handbook For Dental Identification. JB Lippincott Company, Philadelphia and Toronto 1973;96-105 39. Eva T. Perbedaan Pola Ruge Palatal Pada Penduduk Keturunan Deutro Melayu dengan Keturunan Cina di Jawa tengah. Universitas Diponegoro. Semarang 2013:45-49.
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53
Lampiran 2
Informed Consent Judul Penelitian
:Perbedaan Pola dan Ukuran Ruge Palatal Ras Deutro Melayu dengan Arabik
Peneliti
:Fahreza Hanifa Akbar
Sehubungan dengan diadakannya karya tulis ilmiah sebagai tugas akhir, kami mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro meminta kesediaan saudara untuk berpartisipasi dalam penelitian ini sebagai sampel penelitian. Kami akan mencetak lipatan langit-langit mulut saudara dengan menggunakan alat cetakan rahang atas. Cetakan ini akan dimasukkan ke dalam mulut saudara dan saudara diminta untuk mengatupkan mulut selama kurang lebih 2 menit. Dalam proses pencetakan langit-langit mulut tidak terdapat komplikasi. Tujuan penelitian : Untuk mengetahui perbedaan pola dan ukuran lipatan langit-langit mulut antara ras Deutro Melayu dengan ras Arabik pada identifikasi forensik. Nama
:
Umur
:
Alamat
:
Saudara diberi kebebasan untuk berpartisipasi dalam penelitian ini, jika saudara tidak berkenan menjadi sampel penilitian ini saudara diperbolehkan untuk menolak. Yang bersangkutan,
............
54
Lampiran 3
Nama responden : ……………………………………………………………. Usia :................................................................ Ya Apakah anda merupakan penduduk Indonesia yang berasal dari arab ? Apakah kedua orang tua anda merupakan penduduk arab asli Apakah anda mempunyai riwayat kecelakaan menyebabkan perubahan bentuk dinding mulut bagian atas Apakah anda mempunyai riwayat pencabutan gigi bagian rahang atas pada usia dewasa Apakah anda mempunyai riwayat kelainan genetik yang menyebabkan perubahan bentuk pada dinding mulut bagian atas
Tidak
55
UJI POLA A.ka
Valid
Titik Garis Total
Frequency 36 12 48
Percent 75,0 25,0 100,0
Valid Percent 75,0 25,0 100,0
Cumulat iv e Percent 75,0 100,0
B.ka
Valid
Garis Kurv a Sudut Gelombang Sirkuler Total
Frequency 17 3 6 10 12 48
Percent 35,4 6,3 12,5 20,8 25,0 100,0
Valid Percent 35,4 6,3 12,5 20,8 25,0 100,0
Cumulat iv e Percent 35,4 41,7 54,2 75,0 100,0
C.ka
Valid
Garis Kurv a Sudut Gelombang Total
Frequency 18 1 6 23 48
Percent 37,5 2,1 12,5 47,9 100,0
Valid Percent 37,5 2,1 12,5 47,9 100,0
Cumulat iv e Percent 37,5 39,6 52,1 100,0
D.ka
Valid
Titik Garis Gelombang Total
Frequency 1 16 31 48
Percent 2,1 33,3 64,6 100,0
Valid Percent 2,1 33,3 64,6 100,0
Cumulat iv e Percent 2,1 35,4 100,0
56
A.ki
Valid
Titik Garis Total
Frequency 36 12 48
Percent 75,0 25,0 100,0
Valid Percent 75,0 25,0 100,0
Cumulat iv e Percent 75,0 100,0
B.ki
Valid
Garis Kurv a Sudut Gelombang Sirkuler Total
Frequency 19 5 8 10 6 48
Percent 39,6 10,4 16,7 20,8 12,5 100,0
Valid Percent 39,6 10,4 16,7 20,8 12,5 100,0
Cumulat iv e Percent 39,6 50,0 66,7 87,5 100,0
C.ki
Valid
Garis Kurv a Sudut Gelombang Sirkuler Total
Frequency 20 4 4 19 1 48
Percent 41,7 8,3 8,3 39,6 2,1 100,0
Valid Percent 41,7 8,3 8,3 39,6 2,1 100,0
Cumulat iv e Percent 41,7 50,0 58,3 97,9 100,0
D.ki
Valid
Titik Garis Kurv a Sudut Gelombang Total
Frequency 1 15 1 1 30 48
Percent 2,1 31,3 2,1 2,1 62,5 100,0
Valid Percent 2,1 31,3 2,1 2,1 62,5 100,0
Cumulat iv e Percent 2,1 33,3 35,4 37,5 100,0
57
NPar Tests Mann-Whitney Test Ranks A.ka
B.ka
C.ka
D.ka
A.ki
B.ki
C.ki
D.ki
DEUTRO MELAY U ARAB Total MELAY U ARAB Total MELAY U ARAB Total MELAY U ARAB Total MELAY U ARAB Total MELAY U ARAB Total MELAY U ARAB Total MELAY U ARAB Total
N 24 24 48 24 24 48 24 24 48 24 24 48 24 24 48 24 24 48 24 24 48 24 24 48
Mean Rank 20,50 28,50
Sum of Ranks 492,00 684,00
26,00 23,00
624,00 552,00
32,21 16,79
773,00 403,00
27,75 21,25
666,00 510,00
20,50 28,50
492,00 684,00
27,52 21,48
660,50 515,50
32,06 16,94
769,50 406,50
26,73 22,27
641,50 534,50
58
Test Statisticsa A. ka B. ka C.ka D.ka A. ki B. ki C.ki D.ki
Mann-Whitney U 192,000 252,000 103,000 210,000 192,000 215,500 106,500 234,500
Wilcoxon W 492,000 552,000 403,000 510,000 492,000 515,500 406,500 534,500
Z -2,639 -,770 -4,173 -1,931 -2,639 -1,557 -4,024 -1,295
Asy mp. Sig. (2-tailed) ,008 ,441 ,000 ,054 ,008 ,119 ,000 ,195
a. Grouping Variable: DEUTRO
UJI UKURAN Case Summaries DEUTRO MELAY U
ARAB
Total
N Mean St d. Dev iation Median Minimum Maximum N Mean St d. Dev iation Median Minimum Maximum N Mean St d. Dev iation Median Minimum Maximum
Uk.B.ka 24 ,9292 ,17749 ,9000 ,60 1,40 24 1,0292 ,10826 1,0000 ,90 1,30 48 ,9792 ,15397 ,9500 ,60 1,40
Uk.C.ka 24 1,0583 ,14646 1,0500 ,65 1,30 24 1,2875 ,13613 1,2750 1,05 1,55 48 1,1729 ,18159 1,2000 ,65 1,55
Uk.D.ka 24 1,3312 ,24575 1,4000 ,35 1,60 24 1,4250 ,11516 1,4000 1,25 1,75 48 1,3781 ,19567 1,4000 ,35 1,75
Uk.B.ki 24 ,8813 ,16071 ,8500 ,55 1,15 24 1,0146 ,09264 1,0000 ,85 1,25 48 ,9479 ,14621 ,9750 ,55 1,25
Uk.C.ki 24 1,0958 ,16741 1,1000 ,75 1,40 24 1,2792 ,13903 1,2500 1,00 1,50 48 1,1875 ,17820 1,2000 ,75 1,50
Uk.D.ki 24 1,3333 ,23805 1,3750 ,50 1,60 24 1,4333 ,15788 1,4000 1,25 1,75 48 1,3833 ,20611 1,4000 ,50 1,75
59
Tests of Normality a
Uk.B.ka Uk.C.ka Uk.D.ka Uk.B.ki Uk.C.ki Uk.D.ki
DEUTRO MELAY U ARAB MELAY U ARAB MELAY U ARAB MELAY U ARAB MELAY U ARAB MELAY U ARAB
Kolmogorov -Smirnov St at ist ic df Sig. ,203 24 ,012 ,231 24 ,002 ,179 24 ,046 ,135 24 ,200* ,245 24 ,001 ,211 24 ,007 ,168 24 ,078 ,146 24 ,200* ,113 24 ,200* ,208 24 ,009 ,278 24 ,000 ,167 24 ,082
*. This is a lower bound of the true signif icance. a. Lillief ors Signif icance Correction
St at ist ic ,937 ,902 ,935 ,963 ,695 ,924 ,935 ,954 ,977 ,922 ,794 ,908
Shapiro-Wilk df 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24
Sig. ,143 ,024 ,128 ,507 ,000 ,073 ,124 ,324 ,840 ,064 ,000 ,031
60
Uk.B.ka
61
Uk.C.ka
Uk.D.ka
62
Uk.B.ki
63
64
Uk.C.ki
65
Uk.D.ki
NPar Tests Mann-Whitney Test Ranks Uk.B.ka
DEUTRO MELAYU ARAB Total
N 24 24 48
Mean Rank 18,81 30,19
Sum of Ranks 451,50 724,50
66
Test Statisticsa Mann-Whitney U Wilcoxon W Z Asy mp. Sig. (2-tailed)
Uk.B.ka 151,500 451,500 -2,839 ,005
a. Grouping Variable: DEUTRO
T-Test Group Statisti cs
Uk.C.ka
DEUTRO MELAY U ARAB
N 24 24
Mean 1,0583 1,2875
St d. Dev iation ,14646 ,13613
St d. Error Mean ,02990 ,02779
Independent Samples Test
Lev ene's Test f or Equality of Variances t-t est f or Equality of Means
Uk.C.ka Equal v ariances Equal v ariances assumed not assumed ,013 ,910 -5,615 -5,615 46 45,756 ,000 ,000
F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Dif f erence St d. Error Dif f erence 95% Conf idence Interv al of the Dif f erence
Lower Upper
-,22917
-,22917
,04082
,04082
-,31132 -,14701
-,31134 -,14700
67
NPar Tests Mann-Whitney Test Ranks Uk.D.ka
DEUTRO MELAYU ARAB Total
N 24 24 48
Mean Rank 21,94 27,06
Sum of Ranks 526,50 649,50
Test Statisticsa Mann-Whitney U Wilcoxon W Z Asy mp. Sig. (2-tailed)
Uk.D.ka 226,500 526,500 -1,287 ,198
a. Grouping Variable: DEUTRO
T-Test Group Statisti cs
Uk.B.ki
DEUTRO MELAY U ARAB
N 24 24
Mean ,8813 1,0146
St d. Dev iation ,16071 ,09264
St d. Error Mean ,03281 ,01891
68
Independent Samples Test
Lev ene's Test f or Equality of Variances t-t est f or Equality of Means
Uk.B.ki Equal v ariances Equal v ariances assumed not assumed 7,098 ,011 -3,521 -3,521 46 36,765 ,001 ,001
F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Dif f erence St d. Error Dif f erence 95% Conf idence Interv al of the Dif f erence
Lower Upper
-,13333
-,13333
,03787
,03787
-,20955 -,05711
-,21007 -,05659
69
T-Test Group Statisti cs
Uk.C.ki
DEUTRO MELAY U ARAB
N
Mean 1,0958 1,2792
24 24
St d. Dev iation ,16741 ,13903
St d. Error Mean ,03417 ,02838
Independent Samples Test
Lev ene's Test f or Equality of Variances t-t est f or Equality of Means
Uk.C.ki Equal v ariances Equal v ariances assumed not assumed ,753 ,390 -4,127 -4,127 46 44,500 ,000 ,000
F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Dif f erence St d. Error Dif f erence 95% Conf idence Interv al of the Dif f erence
Lower Upper
NPar Tests Mann-Whitney Test Ranks Uk.D.ki
DEUTRO MELAYU ARAB Total
N 24 24 48
Test Statisticsa Mann-Whitney U Wilcoxon W Z Asy mp. Sig. (2-tailed)
Uk.D.ki 240,000 540,000 -,999 ,318
a. Grouping Variable: DEUTRO
Mean Rank 22,50 26,50
Sum of Ranks 540,00 636,00
-,18333
-,18333
,04442
,04442
-,27275 -,09392
-,27283 -,09384
70
Pola ruge palatal ras Deutro Melayu pada masing-masing daerah pengukuran.
KANAN no
A
1 a 2 a 3 a 4 a 5 a 6 a 7 a 8 a 9 a 10 a 11 a 12 a 13 b 14 a 15 a 16 a 17 a 18 b 19 a 20 a 21 a 22 a 23 a 24 a Keterangan: a: TITIK b: GARIS c: KURVA d: SUDUT e:GELOMBANG f:SIRKULAR
KIRI B
C b e f d e f b b e d f e e b e b e c e d e b e c
D e e e e d e e e b b e e e e e e c e e e e b e e
e e b e b b e e e e e e e a e e e e e e e e b e
A
B a b a a a a a a a a a a a a a a b a a a a a a a
b e e e e d e d b f e c b e b e c b b e d c d e
C e e b e b b e e e e e b e e e c e e f e e c d e
D e e b e b b e e e c e e e a e b e e e e e d e e
71
. Pola ruge palatal ras Arabik pada masing-masing daerah pengukuran. KANAN No A B 1 B f 2 B b 3 A b 4 B d 5 B b 6 A f 7 A f 8 A d 9 A d 10 B f 11 A c 12 A b 13 B f 14 B b 15 A b 16 A b 17 A b 18 A f 19 A b 20 A b 21 B f 22 A d 23 B f 24 B b Keterangan: a: TITIK b: GARIS c: KURVA d: SUDUT e:GELOMBANG f:SIRKULAR
C e b b b b b d b e b b d b b d d b d b e b b b e
D e e e e b e b b b e b b e e b b b b b e b e e e
KIRI A b b a b b a a a a b a a a b a a a a a b b a b b
B f b b d b f b b b f c b d b d b b d b b c f f b
C b b b b d d b b b b b b e b c c b b d e b e b b
D e b e b e e b b b e e e e e e b b b b e b e b e
72
Lampiran 5. Biodata mahasiswa Identitas Nama
: Fahreza Hanifa Akbar
Nim
: 22010110120062
Tempat/tanggal lahir : Kotabumi / 30 Juli 1992 Jenis Kelamin
: Laki-laki
Alamat
: Jalan Gajah Mada 4 Dompu NTB
Nomer Hp
: 085641879969
e-mail
:
[email protected]
Riwayat Pendidikan Formal 1. SD
: SD NEGERI 1 DOMPU
2. SMP : MTS PPMI ASSALAAM SOLO
Lulus tahun: 2005 Lulus Tahun:2008
3. SMA : SMA MUHAMMADIYAH 1 YOGYAKARTA Lulus Tahun 2010 4. Pendidikan Dokter- Fak. Kedokteran UNDIP
Masuk tahun 2010