DAFTAR ISI
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN PEMBIMBING
ii
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN
iii
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN PENGUJI
iv
HALAMAN PERSEMBAHAN
v
HALAMAN MOTTO
vi
KATA PENGANTAR
vii
DAFTAR ISI
ix
DAFTAR GAMBAR
xii
DAFTAR TABEL
xvi
ABSTRAK
xvii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN
1
1.1 Latar Belakang............................................................................................... 1 1.2 Perumusan Masalah ....................................................................................... 2 1.3 Batasan Masalah ............................................................................................ 2 1.4 Tujuan Penelitian ........................................................................................... 3 1.5 Metodologi Penelitian ................................................................................... 3 1.6 Sistematika Penulisan .................................................................................... 4 BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
6
2.1 Sistem Distribusi Tenaga Listrik ................................................................... 6 2.1.1 Penggolongan menurut nilai tegangan .................................................... 6 2.1.2 Penggolongan menurut jenis konstruksi ................................................. 7 2.1.3 Penggolongan menurut susunan rangkaian ............................................. 9 2.2 Pentanahan Netral Sistem Distribusi Tenaga Listrik................................... 15 ix
2.2.1 Pengertian ............................................................................................. 15 2.2.2 Macam-macam metode pentanahan netral............................................ 15 2.2.3 Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pemilihan metode pentanahan ...... 16 2.3 Gangguan pada Sistem Tenaga Listrik ........................................................ 19 2.4 Perlengkapan Pengaman Sistem Distribusi Tenaga Listrik ......................... 21 2.4.1 Relai Pengaman .................................................................................... 21 2.4.2 Neutral Grounding Resistance (NGR).................................................. 31 2.4.3 Circuit Breaker (CB) ............................................................................ 32 2.5 Zona Pengaman ........................................................................................... 33 2.5.1 Zona Pengaman Utama (Main Protection) ........................................... 34 2.5.2 Zona Pengaman Pendukung (Backup Protection) ................................ 34 BAB III METODE PENELITIAN
35
3.1 Objek penelitian........................................................................................... 35 3.2 Alat dan Bahan ............................................................................................ 35 3.2.1 One Line Diagram Gardu Induk Manggarsari ...................................... 36 3.2.2 Parameter peralatan terpasang .............................................................. 38 3.2.3 ETAP Power Station 7.5.0 .................................................................... 40 3.3 Persamaan untuk perhitungan ...................................................................... 41 3.4 Tahapan Simulasi Dengan Software ETAP 7.50 ......................................... 42 3.5 Diagram Alir Penelitian ............................................................................... 47 BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN
49
4.1 Simulasi GFR dengan sistem pentanahan NGR 40 Ohm ............................ 49 4.1.1 Arus hubung singkat ............................................................................. 49 4.1.2 Setting GFR .......................................................................................... 50 4.1.3 Simulasi koordinasi GFR ...................................................................... 52 4.2 Perbandingan dengan setting GFR existing ................................................. 67 x
4.2.1 Setting GFR existing ............................................................................. 67 4.2.2 Simulasi koordinasi GFR existing ........................................................ 68 4.3 Simulasi GFR dengan sistem pentanahan langsung (solid) ........................ 82 4.3.1 Arus hubung singkat (solid) .................................................................. 82 4.3.2 Setting GFR (solid) ............................................................................... 83 4.3.3 Simulasi koodinasi GFR (solid) ............................................................ 85 BAB V PENUTUP
100
5.1 Kesimpulan ................................................................................................ 100 5.2 Saran
................................................................................................... 101
DAFTAR PUSTAKA LAMPIRAN
xi
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2.1Jaringan distribusi tipe radial ............................................................. 10 Gambar 2.2 Jaringan distribusi tipe ring ............................................................... 11 Gambar 2.3 Jaringan distribusi tipe jala ................................................................ 12 Gambar 2.4 Jaringan distribusi tipe spindle .......................................................... 14 Gambar 2.5 Karakteristik relai tanpa tunda waktu................................................ 25 Gambar 2.6 Karakteristik relai tunda waktu tertentu ............................................ 27 Gambar 2.7 Karakteristik relai tunda waktu terbalik ............................................ 27 Gambar 2.8 Karakteristik kombinasi seketika dengan tunda waktu tertentu ........ 29 Gambar 2.9 Karakteristik kombinasi seketika dengan tunda waktu terbalik ........ 29 Gambar 2.10 Rangkaian pentanahan melalui NGR .............................................. 32 Gambar 2.11 Skema zona pengaman .................................................................... 33 Gambar 2.12 Pembagian zona pengaman utama dan pendukung ......................... 34 Gambar 3.1 One Line Diagram Distribusi Gardu Induk Manggarsari ................. 37 Gambar 3.2 Star – Protective Device Coordination ............................................. 43 Gambar 3.3 Info Star Mode Study case ................................................................. 44 Gambar 3.4 Standard Star Mode Study case ........................................................ 44 Gambar 3.5 Seq of Op. Star Mode Study case ...................................................... 45 Gambar 3.6 Koordinasi antar GFR ....................................................................... 46 xii
Gambar 3.7 Diagram alir penelitian ...................................................................... 48 Gambar 4.1 Koordinasi GFR (feeder S1) ............................................................. 53 Gambar 4.2 Kurva koordinasi GFR (feeder S1) ................................................... 53 Gambar 4.3 Koordinasi GFR (feeder S2) ............................................................. 54 Gambar 4.4 Kurva koordinasi GFR (feeder S2) ................................................... 55 Gambar 4.5 Koordinasi GFR (feeder S3) ............................................................. 56 Gambar 4.6 Kurva koordinasi GFR (feeder S3) ................................................... 56 Gambar 4.7 Koordinasi GFR (feeder S4) ............................................................. 57 Gambar 4.8 Kurva koordinasi GFR (feeder S4) ................................................... 58 Gambar 4.9 Koordinasi GFR (feeder S5) ............................................................. 59 Gambar 4.10 Kurva koordinasi GFR (feeder S5) ................................................. 60 Gambar 4.11 Koordinasi GFR (feeder S6) ........................................................... 61 Gambar 4.12 Kurva koordinasi GFR (feeder S6) ................................................. 62 Gambar 4.13 Koordinasi GFR (feeder S7) ........................................................... 63 Gambar 4.14 Kurva koordinasi GFR (feeder S7) ................................................. 64 Gambar 4.15 Koordinasi GFR (feeder S8) ........................................................... 65 Gambar 4.16 Kurva koordinasi GFR (feeder S8) ................................................. 66 Gambar 4.17 Koordinasi GFR existing (feeder S1) .............................................. 68 Gambar 4.18 Kurva koordinasi GFR existing (feeder S1) .................................... 69 Gambar 4.19 Koordinasi GFR existing (feeder S2) .............................................. 70 xiii
Gambar 4.20 Kurva koordinasi GFR existing (feeder S2).................................... 70 Gambar 4.21 Koordinasi GFR existing (feeder S3) .............................................. 71 Gambar 4.22 Kurva koordinasi GFR existing (feeder S3) .................................... 72 Gambar 4.23 Koordinasi GFR existing (feeder S4) .............................................. 73 Gambar 4.24 Kurva koordinasi GFR existing (feeder S4) .................................... 73 Gambar 4.25 Koordinasi GFR existing (feeder S5) .............................................. 74 Gambar 4.26 Kurva koordinasi GFR existing (feeder S5) .................................... 75 Gambar 4.27 Koordinasi GFR existing (feeder S6) .............................................. 76 Gambar 4.28 Kurva koordinasi GFR existing (feeder S6) .................................... 77 Gambar 4.29 Koordinasi GFR existing (feeder S7) .............................................. 78 Gambar 4.30 Kurva koordinasi GFR existing (feeder S7) .................................... 79 Gambar 4.31 Koordinasi GFR existing (feeder S8) .............................................. 80 Gambar 4.32 Kurva koordinasi GFR existing (feeder S8) .................................... 81 Gambar 4.33 Koordinasi GFR solid (feeder S1)................................................... 86 Gambar 4.34 Kurva koordinasi GFR solid (feeder S1)......................................... 86 Gambar 4.35 Koordinasi GFR solid (feeder S2)................................................... 87 Gambar 4.36 Kurva koordinasi GFR solid (feeder S2)......................................... 88 Gambar 4.37 Koordinasi GFR solid (feeder S3)................................................... 89 Gambar 4.38 Kurva koordinasi GFR solid (feeder S3)......................................... 90 Gambar 4.39 Koordinasi GFR solid (feeder S4)................................................... 91 xiv
Gambar 4.40 Kurva koordinasi GFR solid (feeder S4)......................................... 91 Gambar 4.41 Koordinasi GFR solid (feeder S5)................................................... 92 Gambar 4.42 Kurva koordinasi GFR solid (feeder S5)......................................... 93 Gambar 4.43 Koordinasi GFR solid (feeder S6)................................................... 94 Gambar 4.44 Kurva koordinasi GFR solid (feeder S6)......................................... 95 Gambar 4.45 Koordinasi GFR solid (feeder S7)................................................... 96 Gambar 4.46 Kurva koordinasi GFR solid (feeder S7)......................................... 97 Gambar 4.47 Koordinasi GFR solid (feeder S8)................................................... 98 Gambar 4.48 Kurva koordinasi GFR solid (feeder S8)......................................... 99
xv
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 1.1 Frekuensi gangguan pada saluran udara ............................................... 20 Tabel 3.1 Parameter ratio CT (Current Transformer) .......................................... 38 Tabel 3.2 Parameter tegangan, AC breaking dan minimum delay pada CB (Circuit Breaker) ................................................................................................................ 39 Tabel 3.3 Parameter jenis, ukuran, panjang dan tegangan penghantar ................. 39 Tabel 3.4 Parameter tegangan dan daya pada transformator ................................ 40 Tabel 4.1 Arus hubung singkat pada setiap bus dengan sistem pentanahan NGR (Neutral Grounding Resistance) 40 Ohm ............................................................. 49 Tabel 4.2 Setting arus low set, arus high set, TMS (Time Multiple Setting), dan Td (Time dial) pada GFR (Ground Fault Relay) dengan sistem pentanahan NGR (Neutral Grounding Resistance) 40 Ohm. ............................................................ 50 Tabel 4.3 Setting arus low set, arus high set, TMS (Time Multiple Setting), dan Td (Time dial) pada GFR (Ground Fault Relay) yang sudah ada (existing).............. 67 Tabel 4.4 Arus hubung singkat pada setiap bus dengan sistem pentanahan langsung (solid) ..................................................................................................... 82 Tabel 4.5 Setting arus low set, arus high set, TMS (Time Multiple Setting), dan Td (Time dial) pada GFR (Ground Fault Relay) dengan sistem pentanahan langsung (solid). ................................................................................................................... 83
xvi
