DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN SAMPUL DEPAN............................................................................. i HALAMAN JUDUL ..............................................................................................ii HALAMAN PENGESAHAN PEMBIMBING .................................................... iii HALAMAN PENGESAHAN PENGUJI ............................................................. iv HALAMAN PERNYATAAN ................................................................................v HALAMAN PERSEMBAHAN ............................................................................ vi KATA PENGANTAR.......................................................................................... viii DAFTAR ISI ..........................................................................................................x DAFTAR GAMBAR.............................................................................................xii DAFTAR TABEL ................................................................................................ xiii DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ........................................................................................ xiv INTISARI..............................................................................................................xv ABSTRACT........................................................................................................... xvi BAB I. PENDAHULUAN A. Latar Belakang Masalah ........................................................................1 B. Perumusan Masalah ...............................................................................3 C. Tujuan Penelitian ...................................................................................3 D. Manfaat Penelitian.................................................................................3 BAB II. STUDI PUSTAKA A. Tinjauan Pustaka ...................................................................................4 1. Diabetes Mellitus............................................................................. 4 2. Klasifikasi Diabetes ..........................................................................5 a. Diabetes mellitus tipe 1 .................................................................5
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b. Diabetes mellitus tipe 2.................................................................6 c. Diabetes gestational ......................................................................6 d. Diabetes tipe lain (Other specific types) ........................................6 3. Terapi diabetes mellitus tipe 2.......................................................... 6 a. Sulfonilurea ...................................................................................8 b. Biguanida ......................................................................................8 c. Alpha-Glucosida Inhibitors ............................................................8 d.Insulin.............................................................................................9 4. Alloxan.............................................................................................9 5. Rambutan .......................................................................................10 a. Taksonomi ...................................................................................11 b. Sinonim .......................................................................................12 c. Kandungan kimia .........................................................................12 d. Efek farmakologi .........................................................................12 6. Tanin ..............................................................................................12 7. Ekstrak ...........................................................................................13 B. Landasan Teori ...................................................................................15 C. Hipotesis.............................................................................................16 BAB III. METODE PENELITIAN A. Bahan dan Alat ...................................................................................17 1. Bahan ...........................................................................................17 2. Alat..............................................................................................17 B. Cara Penelitian....................................................................................17 1. Koleksi dan determinasi tanaman rambutan ...................................17
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2. Pembuatan simplisia ......................................................................18 3. Pembuatan ekstrak etanol biji rambutan .........................................18 4. Pembuatan larutan glibenklamid ....................................................18 5. Pembuatan larutan alloxan .............................................................19 6. Pembuatan larutan Na-CMC 1% ....................................................19 7. Pembuatan larutan ekstrak etanol biji rambutan 50 mg/KgBB ........19 8. Pembuatan larutan ekstrak etanol biji rambutan 100 mg/KgBB .....20 9. Pembuatan larutan ekstrak etanol biji rambutan 200 mg/KgBB .....20 10. Analisis senyawa aktif ................................................................20 a. Uji kualitatif.............................................................................20 b. Uji kuantitatif...........................................................................21 11. Validasi metode penetapan kadar glukosa ...................................21 a. Penetapan panjang gelombang maksimum................................21 b. Penentuan waktu operasional ...................................................21 c. Penentuan stabilitas glucosa dalam serum darah tifus ...............22 d. Harga perolehan kembali dan kesalahan acak ...........................22 12. Uji aktivitas hipoglikemia ...........................................................22 13. Penetapan kadar glucosa darah secara enzimatik .........................24 C. Analisis Hasil......................................................................................25 BAB IV. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN A. Determinasi Tumbuhan.......................................................................26 B. Pengumpulan bahan, pengeringan, dan penyerbukan simplisia kering .27 C. Hasil ekstraksi biji rambutan ...............................................................27 D. Hasil deteksi senyawa aktif dalam ekstrak ..........................................28
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1. Hasil uji kualitatif ............................................................................28 2. Hasil uji kuantitatif ..........................................................................30 E. Validasi metode penetapan kadar glucosa darah ..................................30 F. Penentuan kadar glucosa darah dengan menggunakan pereaksi GOD-PAP ...........................................................................................35 G. Interpretasi hasil pengolahan data kadar glukosa darah menggunakan SPSS......................................................................................................38 1. Pengaruh induksi alloxan terhadap kenaikan kadar glukosa darah...38 2. Pengaruh pemberian ekstrak terhadap penurunan KGDP................39 3. Korelasi peningkatan dosis ekstrak biji rambutan dengan prosentase penurunan KGDP..............................................................................40 BAB V. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN A. Kesimpulan ........................................................................................42 B. Saran...................................................................................................42 DAFTAR PUSTAKA...............................................................................................43 LAMPIRAN..............................................................................................................47
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DAFTAR GAMBAR Gambar 1. Struktur kimia alloxan..........................................................................10 Gambar 2. Tanaman rambutan ..............................................................................11 Gambar 3. Rambutan ...........................................................................................11 Gambar 4. Struktur kimia tanin .............................................................................13 Gambar 5. Hasil pengamatan uji kualitatif tanin dalam ekstrak etanol biji rambutan ............................................................................................29 Gambar 6. Grafik penetapan panjang gelombang maksimum ................................31 Gambar 7. Grafik penetapan waktu operasional ....................................................32 Gambar 8. Grafik perubahan KGDP rata-rata........................................................36 Gambar 9. Grafik rata-rata persen penurunana KGDP vs perlakuan ......................37 Gambar 10. Proses perkolasi .................................................................................49 Gambar 11. Larutan ekstrak biji rambutan..............................................................49 Gambar 12. Ekstrak kental biji rambutan ...............................................................49
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DAFTAR TABEL Tabel I.
Kriteria penentuan DM menurut PERKENI............................................4
Tabel II.
Tabel oral antidiabetes ...........................................................................7
Tabel III. Tabel pengelompokan hewan uji berdasarkan perlakuan yang diberikan ...............................................................................................24 Tabel IV. Komposisi sampel, standar, dan blangko dalam penetapan kadar glukosa darah ........................................................................................24 Tabel V. Data penetapan panjang gelombang.......................................................30 Tabel VI. Data waktu inkubasi pada λ...................................................................31 Tabel VII. Data prosentase degradasi glukosa dalam serum ...................................33 Tabel VIII. Nilai perolehan kembali dan kesalahan acak glukosa standar dalam serum darah ........................................................................................34 Tabel IX. Perubahan kadar glukosa darah puasa rata-rata ......................................36 Tabel X. Rata-rata % penurunan KGDP vs perlakuan...........................................37 Tabel XI. Ringkasan hasil uji Tukey terhadap prosentase penurunan KGDP .........41 Tabel XII. Hasil pengukuran KGDP.....................................................................57 Tabel XIII. Data berat badan (gram)tikus sprague dawley jantan...........................58
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DAFTAR LAMPIRAN Lampiran 1.
Surat keterangan determinasi............................................................47
Lampiran 2.
Surat keterangan hewan uji...............................................................48
Lampiran 3.
Foto ekstrak etanol biji rambutan......................................................49
Lampiran 4.
Uji kualitatif tanin ............................................................................50
Lampiran 5.
Uji kuantitatif tanin ..........................................................................53
Lampiran 6.
Hasil pengukuran kadar glukosa darah puasa....................................57
Lampiran 7.
Data berat badan (gram) tikus sprague dawley jantan .......................58
Lampiran 8. Output SPSS pengaruh induksi alloxan terhadap KGDP...................59 Lampiran 9. Output SPSS pengaruh induksi alloxan terhadap KGDP kontrol normal .............................................................................................60 Lampiran 10. Output SPSS prosentase penurunan KGDP……………………….....61 Lampiran 11. Output SPSS Hubungan Peningkatan Dosis Ekstrak Dengan Penurunan KGDP ............................................................................63
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