DAFTAR ISI
Halaman Judul................................................................................................
i
Halaman Persetujuan.....................................................................................
ii
Kata Pengantar...............................................................................................
iii
Daftar Isi..........................................................................................................
vi
Daftar Tabel....................................................................................................
ix
Daftar Gambar................................................................................................
xi
Daftar Peta......................................................................................................
xiii
Daftar Lampiran ............................................................................................
xii
BAB I.
PENDAHULUAN...........................................................................
1
1.1. Latar Belakang.........................................................................................
1
1.1.1. Perumusan Masalah.....................................................................
4
1.1.2. Keaslian Penelitian......................................................................
5
1.2. Maksud, Tujuan dam Manfaat Penelitian...............................................
8
1.2.1. Maksud Penelitian.......................................................................
8
1.2.2. Tujuan Penelitian.........................................................................
8
1.2.3. Manfaat Penelitian.......................................................................
8
1.3. Peraturan Perundang – Undangan...........................................................
9
1.4. Tinjauan Pustaka.....................................................................................
10
1.4.1. Siklus Hidrologi......................................................................
10
1.4.1.1
Presipitasi (Curah Hujan)............................................
12
1.4.1.2
Infiltrasi.......................................................................
12
1.4.1.3
Runoff (aliran permukaan)..........................................
16
1.4.1.4
Airtanah.......................................................................
17
1.4.1.5
Akuifer........................................................................
18
1.4.1.5.1 Karakteristik Akuifer..................................
20
1.4.1.6
Mataair........................................................................
22
1.4.1.7
Evapotranspirasi..........................................................
23
1.4.2. Neraca Air...................................................................................
24
1.4.3. Konsepsi Kekritisan Air..............................................................
24
1.4.3.1
Ketersediaan Air......................................................... v
25
1.4.3.2
Kebutuhan Air.............................................................
26
1.4.3.3
Kekritisan Air..............................................................
29
1.5. Lingkup Daerah Penelitian......................................................................
30
1.5.1. Lokasi, Letak, Luas Dan Kesampaian Daerah Penelitian....... 1.5.1.1
Lokasi
Dan
Letak
Serta
Luas
30
Daerah
Penelitian.....................................................................
30
Kesampaian Daerah Penelitian...................................
30
1.5.2. Batas Daerah Penelitian ..............................................................
32
1.5.1.2
1.5.2.1.
Batas Permasalahan Penelitian ...................................
32
1.5.2.2.
Batas Ekologis ..........................................................
32
1.5.2.3.
Batas Sosial ................................................................
32
BAB II. RUANG LINGKUP PENELITIAN..............................................
34
2.1. Lingkup Kegiatan Penelitian...................................................................
35
2.1. Kriteria, Asumsi dan Indikator dalam Penentuan Parameter Penelitian.
36
2.2. Kerangka Alur Pikir Penelitian...............................................................
37
BAB III. CARA PENELITIAN....................................................................
38
3.1. Metode Penelitian dan Parameter yang Digunakan................................
38
3.1.1. Metode Survei.............................................................................
38
3.1.2. Metode Matematis.......................................................................
38
3.1.3. Metode Evaluasi..........................................................................
39
3.1.3.1
Pembuatan Grafik Kebutuhan Air Dan Ketersediaan Air...............................................................................
3.1.3.2
Penentuan
Indeks
Kekritisan
Air
di
39
Desa
Pencil...........................................................................
39
Perubahan Simpanan Airtanah....................................
40
3.2. Teknik Sampling dan Penentuan Lokasi Sampling.................................
40
3.3. Perlengkapan Penelitian..........................................................................
41
3.4. Tahap Penelitian......................................................................................
45
3.4.1. Tahap Persiapan...........................................................................
45
3.4.2. Tahap Kerja Lapangan................................................................
46
3.1.3.3
3.4.2.1.
Survei Dan Pemetaan.................................................. vi
47
3.4.2.2.
Pengukuran Curah Hujan Lokal..................................
50
3.4.2.3.
Pengukuran Debit Mataair..........................................
51
3.4.2.4.
Pengukuran laju infiltrasi............................................
52
3.4.2.5.
Pengukuran Tinggi Muka Air Tanah..........................
53
3.4.3. Tahap Kerja Laboratorium..........................................................
54
3.4.4. Tahap Kerja Studio......................................................................
55
3.4.4.1
Tahap Kerja Untuk Sajian Pada Rona Lingkungan....
55
3.4.4.2
Kerja Untuk Sajian Evaluasi Hasil Penelitian............
55
3.4.4.3
Kerja Untuk Sajian Arahan pengelolaan.....................
65
BAB IV. RONA LINGKUNGAN HIDUP ...................................................
75
4.1. Komponen Geofisik kimia.........................................................................
75
4.1.1. Iklim, Curah Hujan Dan Suhu.........................................................
75
4.1.1.1
Iklim............................................................................
75
4.1.1.2
Curah Hujan................................................................
76
4.1.1.3
Suhu...........................................................................
80
4.1.2. Satuan Bentuklahan ........................................................................
81
4.1.3. Tanah ..............................................................................................
86
4.1.4. Satuan Batuan .................................................................................
88
4.1.4.1
Akuifer........................................................................
93
4.1.5. Tata Air ...........................................................................................
95
4.1.5.1
Air Permukaan............................................................
95
4.1.5.2
Airtanah.......................................................................
96
4.1.6 Bencana Alam..................................................................................
99
4.2. Komponen Biotis ......................................................................................
100
4.2.1. Flora ...............................................................................................
100
4.2.2. Fauna ..............................................................................................
102
4.3. Komponen Sosial ......................................................................................
103
4.3.1. Kependudukan ................................................................................
103
4.3.2. Sosial Ekonomi ...............................................................................
103
4.3.3. Sosial Budaya .................................................................................
104
4.3.4. Kesehatan Masyarakat ...................................................................
105
4.4. Penggunaan Lahan ....................................................................................
106
vii
BAB V. EVALUASI HASIL PENELITIAN ...............................................
109
5.1. Ketersediaan Air........................................................................................
109
5.1.1. Karakteristik Akuifer.......................................................................
109
5.1.2. Curah Hujan.....................................................................................
110
5.1.3. Evapotranspirasi..............................................................................
112
5.1.4. Infiltrasi...........................................................................................
113
5.1.5 Run-off (Limpasan Permukaan)........................................................
114
5.1.6 Mataair..............................................................................................
115
5.2 Perhitungan Ketersediaan Airtanah............................................................
116
5.3 Besarnya Ketersediaan Air.........................................................................
120
5.4 Perhitungan Neraca Air..............................................................................
120
5.5 Evaluasi Kebutuhan Air di Desa pencil......................................................
122
5.6 Evaluasi Tingkat kekritisan Air..................................................................
123
BAB VI. ARAHAN PENGELOLAAN ........................................................
125
6.1. Penyadapan Atau Pemanenan Air (Water Harvesting).............................
125
6.2. Meningkatkan Efisiensi Pemakaian Air Tanaman....................................
130
BAB VII. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN......................................................
131
7.1. Kesimpulan................................................................................................
131
7.2. Saran..........................................................................................................
131
Daftar Pustaka ...............................................................................................
132
LAMPIRAN Daftar Peraturan Perundang – Undangan Daftar Peristilahan
viii
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 1.1. Keaslian Penelitian........................................................................
5
Tabel 1.2. Peraturan Perundang – Undangan..................................................
9
Tabel 1.3. Klasifikasi Tekstur Tanah Menurut Cook.....................................
14
Tabel 1.4. Skala Porositas Batuan...................................................................
15
Tabel 1.5. Klasifikasi Mataair Berdasakan Debit...........................................
23
Tabel 1.6. Kriteria Penentuan Kebutuhan Air Domestik................................
27
Tabel 1.7. Kebutuhan Air utnuk Pemeliharaan Sungai...................................
29
Tabel 1.8. Kebutuhan Air Ternak...................................................................
29
Tabel 1.9. Klasifikasi Kekritisan Air..............................................................
30
Tabel 2.1. Kriteria, Asumsi dan Indikator dalam Penentuan Parameter Penelitian ......................................................................................
36
Tabel 3.1. Klasifikasi Kekritisan Air..............................................................
40
Tabel 3.2. Perlengkapan Penelitian, Kegunaan dan Hasil yang Didapat........
42
Tabel 3.3. Data Sekunder Dan Dan Sumber Data..........................................
46
Tabel 3.4. Data Primer Dan Unsur Parameter................................................
47
Tabel 3.5
Nilai Konduktivitas Hidrolika.......................................................
59
Tabel 3.6 Tingkat Koefisien Permeabilitas...................................................
59
Tabel 3.7
Kriteria Penentuan Kebutuhan Air Domestik...............................
64
Tabel 3.8
Kebutuhan Air Ternak..................................................................
64
Tabel 4.1
Data Curah Hujan Lokal Tahun 2014............................................
76
Tabel 4.2
Data Curah Hujan Kabupaten Kebumen 2005 – 2014 .................
78
Tabel 4.3 Tipe Iklim menurut Schmidt-Fergusson........................................
79
Tabel 4.4
Perhitungan Evapotranspirasi Tahun 2014....................................
81
Tabel 4.5
Infiltrasi Tanah Di Pemukiman.....................................................
87
Tabel 4.6
Infiltrasi Tanah Di Lahan Non Vegetasi........................................
87
Tabel 4.7
Infiltrasi Tanah Di Lahan Bervegetasi...........................................
87
Tabel 4.8
Debit Mataair Di Desa Pencil........................................................
98
Tabel 4.9 Jenis Flora Di Desa Pencil.............................................................
101
Tabel 4.10 Jenis Fauna Di Desa Pencil...........................................................
102
Tabel 4.11 Jenis Pekerjaan Di Desa Pencil.....................................................
103
ix
Tabel 4.12 Penggunaan Lahan Dan Luasnya..................................................
106
Tabel 5.1 Tingkat Koefisien Permeabilitas....................................................
110
Tabel 5.2 Nilai Konduktivitas Hidrolika.......................................................
110
Tabel 5.3 Kategori Curah Hujan.....................................................................
111
Tabel 5.4 Data Perhitungan Evapotranspirasi................................................
113
Tabel 5.5 Kategori Infiltrasi...........................................................................
114
Tabel 5.6 Debit Aliran Air Di Desa Pencil.....................................................
115
Tabel 5.7 Debit Mataair Di Desa Pencil.........................................................
115
Tabel 5.8 Kebutuhan Air Penduduk Di Desa Pencil......................................
123
Tabel 5.9 Kebutuhan Air Ternak Di Desa Pencil...........................................
123
Tabel 5.10 Klasifikasi Kekritisan Air...............................................................
124
x
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 1.1. Siklus Hidrologi........................................................................
11
Gambar 1.2. Infiltrasi Berdasarkan Tekstur Tanah........................................
13
Gambar 1.3. Surface Runn-off.......................................................................
16
Gambar 1.4. Tipe Akuifer Bebas Dan Tertekan............................................
19
Gambar 1.5. Tipe Akuifer Bertengger...........................................................
20
Gambar 1.6. Penampang Porositas Pada Batuan...........................................
21
Gambar 1.7. Proses Evapotranspirasi............................................................
23
Gambar 2.1.
Kerangka Alur Pikir Penelitian.................................................
37
Gambar 3.1. Peralatan Dan Perlengkapan Penelitian.....................................
43
Gambar 3.2. Diagram Alir Penelitian.............................................................
44
Gambar 3.3.
Pengukuran Curah Hujan Menggunakan Alat Curah Hujan Sederhana..................................................................................
51
Gambar 3.4. Pengukuran In filtrasi Di Lapangan............................................
53
Gambar 3.5. Pengukuran Muka Airtanah.......................................................
54
Gambar 3.6.
Konservasi Air Berupa Pengolahan Tanah Dan Penanaman Menurut Garis Kontur...............................................................
Gambar 3.7.
68
Konservasi Air Berupa Embung Dengan Metode Pemanenan Air.............................................................................................
69
Gambar 3.8. Contoh Tanaman Penutup Untuk Meningkatkan Kapasitas Infiltrasi Tanah..........................................................................
69
Gambar 3.9. Contoh Pengolahan Tanah Menggunakan Mesin......................
70
Gambar 3.10. Contoh Penggunaan Bahan Penyumbat Tanah Dan Penolak Air Berupa Plastik Pada Embung..............................................
71
Gambar 4.1. Grafik Curah Hujan Rata – rata Pada Tahun 2014....................
77
Gambar 4.2. Fisiografi Jawa Tengah..............................................................
82
Gambar 4.3. Bentuk Lahan Di Daerah Penelitian..........................................
83
Gambar 4.4. Singkapan Tanah Dan Uji Tekstur Tanah..................................
86
Gambar 4.5. Pengukuran Infiltrasi Di Desa Pencil.........................................
88
Gambar 4.6. Stratigrafi Daerah Karangsambung...........................................
89
Gambar 4.7. Singkapan Batubreksi Di sekitar Kebun Campur Desa Pencil..
90
Gambar 4.8. Sampel Breksi Andesit Dari Desa Pencil..................................
91
xi
Gambar 4.9. Singkapan Batu Gamping Kalsilutit Di Sungai Desa Pencil.....
92
Gambar 4.10. Sampel Batu Gamping Kalsilutit Dari Desa Pencil...................
92
Gambar 4.11. Air Permukaan Di Desa Pencil..................................................
96
Gambar 4.12. Sumber Daya Air Di Desa Pencil..............................................
97
Gambar 4.13. Kondisi Belik Di Desa Pencil Pada Saat Musim Kemarau.......
100
Gambar 4.14. Jenis Flora Di Desa Pencil........................................................
101
Gambar 4.15. Jenis Fauna Di Desa Pencil........................................................
103
Gambar 4.16. Jenis Pekerjaan Di Desa Pencil..................................................
104
Gambar 4.17. Fasilitas Di Desa Pencil.............................................................
105
Gambar 4.18. Bidan Dan Poliklinik Di Desa Pencil.......................................
106
Gambar 4.19. Penggunaan Lahan Di Desa Pencil............................................
107
Gambar 5.1
Grafik Neraca Air Di Desa Pencil Tahun 2014.........................
121
Gambar 6.1
Konservasi Air Berupa Embung Dengan Metode Pemanenan Air.............................................................................................
126
Gambar 6.3. Bangunan Penampung Mataair..................................................
127
Gambar 6.3. Desain Ukuran Embung.............................................................
128
Gambar 6.4. Sketsa Kondisi Embung Dan Vegetasi Di Lapangan................
129
xii
DAFTAR PETA
Peta 1.1. Peta Administrasi...............................................................................
31
Peta 1.2. Peta Batas Daerah Penelitian.............................................................
33
Peta 3.1. Peta Lintasan......................................................................................
49
Peta 4.1. Peta Topografi....................................................................................
84
Peta 4.2. Peta Kemiringan Lereng....................................................................
85
Peta 4.3. Peta Geologi.......................................................................................
94
Peta 4.4. Peta Penggunaan Lahan.....................................................................
108
Peta 5.1. Peta Kemiringan Hidrolik..................................................................
119
xiii
LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1
Perhitungan Nilai Evapotranspirasi
Lampiran 2
Perhitungan Infiltrasi
Lampiran 3
Pengukuran Tinggi Muka Airtanah
Lampiran 4
Data Elevasi Topografi
Lampiran 5
Data Dari Balai Desa Dan Instansi
DAFTAR PERUNDANG-UNDANGAN DAFTAR PERISTILAHAN
xiv
