i
DAFTAR ISI
Halaman DAFTAR ISI ..........................................................................................
i
DAFTAR TABEL ...................................................................................
iv
DAFTAR GAMBAR .............................................................................
v
DAFTAR SIMBOL ...............................................................................
viii
I. PENDAHULUAN
II.
A.
Latar Belakang ......................................................................
1
B.
Tujuan dan Manfaat ...............................................................
2
C.
Batasan Masalah ....................................................................
2
D.
Sistematika Penulisan ...........................................................
3
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA A. Hydropower ...........................................................................
5
B. Hukum Bernoulli ...................................................................
7
C. Vortex ....................................................................................
8
1. Vortex Paksa (Forced Vortex) ...........................................
10
2. Vortex Bebas (Free Vortex) ...............................................
12
3. Sirkulasi .............................................................................
14
D. Saluran Terbuka (Open Channel) ..........................................
15
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E.
Turbin ....................................................................................
17
1. Pengertian Turbin ............................................................
17
2. Jenis-Jenis Turbin ..............................................................
18
3. Turbin Impuls ....................................................................
18
4. Turbin Reaksi ....................................................................
19
Mikrohidro Power ..................................................................
20
G. Radial Swirl Blade ................................................................
20
H. Perhitungan Pada Turbin ........................................................
21
1. Perhitungan Daya Potensial Air ........................................
21
2. Perhitungan Daya Teoritik Turbin ....................................
22
3. Perhitungan Daya Aktual Turbin ......................................
27
4. Kecepatan Spesifik Turbin .................................................
27
5. Poligon Kecepatan ............................................................
30
F.
III. METODE PENELITIAN A. Tempat Pembuatan dan Pengujian ............................................
31
B. Waktu Pembuatan dan Pengujian ..............................................
31
C. Alat yang Digunakan Dalam Penelitian ....................................
32
1. Alat Yang Digunakan Dalam Pembuatan Saluran Vortex ...
32
2. Alat Yang Digunakan Dalam Pengujian .............................
36
D. Perlengkapan dan Bahan Penelitian ..........................................
40
E. Prosedur Penelitian ...................................................................
42
1. Proses Pembuatan Alat Uji...................................................
42
2. Melakukan Pengujian Alat ...................................................
43
3. Proses Pengambilan Data .....................................................
43
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F. Metode Pengambilan Data ..........................................................
44
G. Skema Alat Uji ............................................................................
45
H. Alur Penelitian.............................................................................
47
IV. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN A. Kondisi Pengujian .....................................................................
49
B. Data Hasil Pengujian ..................................................................
49
1. Data Hasil Pengujian Aktual ..................................................
49
2. Analisis dan Pembahasan Aktual ...........................................
51
C. Data Hasil Perhitungan Teoritik ..................................................
57
1. Kondisi Perhitungan Teoritik ..................................................
57
2. Analisis dan Pembahasan Data Teoritik.................................
58
D. Analisa Perbandingan Data Aktual dengan Teoritik ...................
60
1. Torsi .......................................................................................
60
2. Daya Poros .............................................................................
62
3. Efisiensi ..................................................................................
64
V. SIMPULAN DAN SARAN A. Simpulan ......................................................................................
66
B. Saran ............................................................................................
67
DAFTAR PUSTAKA LAMPIRAN
iv
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel
Halaman
1.
Kecepatan Spesifik Pada Pemilihan Turbin ....................................
28
2.
Pelaksanaan Kegiatan Pembuatan dan Pengujian ............................
31
3.
Torsi dan putaran poros pada jarak blade dengan lubang buang sebesar 3 cm, 6 cm , 9 cm,12 cm. ....................................................
45
4.
Komponen Instalasi .......................................................................
46
5.
Data Hasil Pengukuran Aktual Pada Sudu 3....................................
50
6. Data Hasil Pengukuran Aktual Pada Sudu 4 ....................................
51
7. Data Hasil Pengukuran Aktual Pada Sudu 6 ....................................
51
v
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar
Halaman
1.
Energi Dari Aliran Fluida ...............................................................
5
2.
Aliran Fluida Pada Penampang Garis Arus ....................................
8
3.
Profil Sebuah Vortex ........................................................................
9
4.
Profil Vortex Paksa ..........................................................................
12
5.
Profil Vortex Bebas ..........................................................................
13
6.
Profil Open Channel ........................................................................
16
7.
Gambaran Umum Turbin Impuls .....................................................
18
8.
Gambaran Umum Turbin Reaksi .....................................................
19
9.
Radial Swirl Blade Turbin ...............................................................
21
10. Gaya-Gaya Normal Pada Elemen Fluida yang Bergerak Sepanjang Garis Arus .....................................................................
23
11. Distribusi Tekanan Aliran Vortex ....................................................
25
12. Kecepatan Spesifik dari Berbagai Jenis Turbin Hidrolik Dalam Fungsi Tinggi Head..........................................................................
29
13. Sebaran Gaya Pada Aliran Vortex ...................................................
30
14. Ragum ..............................................................................................
32
15. Kikir .................................................................................................
32
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16. Mesin Bor Duduk .............................................................................
33
17. Mesin Las Listrik .............................................................................
33
18. Gerinda Potong ................................................................................
34
19. Gerinda Tangan ................................................................................
34
20. Mesin Potong Plat ............................................................................
35
21. Gergaji Tangan .................................................................................
35
22. Palu ..................................................................................................
35
23. Mesin Pompa Air .............................................................................
36
24. Selang Spiral ....................................................................................
37
25. Pipa PVC ..........................................................................................
37
26. Tachometer ......................................................................................
38
27. Torsimeter ........................................................................................
39
28. Mistar ukur .......................................................................................
39
29. Stopwatch .........................................................................................
40
30. Plat Siku Berlubang .........................................................................
41
31. Besi Baja As .....................................................................................
41
32. Radial Swirl Blade ...........................................................................
42
33. Bearing As Vertikal .........................................................................
42
34. Skema Sistem Alat Vortex Power Plant dengan Radial Swirl Blade
...........................................................................................
45
35. Skema Vortex Basin dengan Penempatan Alat Ukur ......................
46
36. Skema Alur Proses Penelitian ..........................................................
48
37. Grafik Hubungan Jarak Sudu Terhadap Lubang Buang Terhadap Torsi Aktual .....................................................................................
53
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38. Grafik Hubungan Jarak Sudu Terhadap Lubang Buang Terhadap Daya Poros Aktual ...........................................................................
55
39. Grafik Hubungan Jarak Sudu Terhadap Lubang Buang Terhadap Efisiensi Aktual ...............................................................................
56
40. Grafik Hubungan Jarak Sudu Terhadap Lubang Buang Terhadap Torsi Teoritik ..................................................................................
58
41. Grafik Hubungan Jarak Sudu Terhadap Lubang Buang Terhadap Daya Poros Teoritik .........................................................................
59
42. Grafik Hubungan Jarak Sudu Terhadap Lubang Buang Terhadap Efisiensi Teoritik ..............................................................................
60
43. Grafik Perbandingan Torsi Aktual Terhadap Torsi Teoritik ...........
62
44. Grafik Hubungan Daya Poros Aktual Terhadap Daya Poros Teoritik ...........................................................................................
64
45. Grafik Hubungan Efisiensi Aktual Terhadap Efisiensi Teoritik ......
65
viii
DAFTAR SIMBOL
Simbol
m
Masa
kg
g
Percepatan Gravitasi
m/s2
z
Ketinggian
m
v
Kecepatan aliran fluida
m/s
p
Tekanan
Pa
ρ
Denstitas
kg/m3
r
Jari-Jari Sudu
m
ω
Kecepatan Sudut
rad/s
C
Konstanta dari kekuatan vortex
Г
Sirkulasi
m/s
ζ
vortisity
rad/s
Q
Debit
m3/s
H
Tinggi Level Air
m
n
Putaran poros
rpm
ns
Kecepatan Spesifik
rpm
E
Energi
Joule
Phidro Daya Hidrolis
Watt
ix
Pporos Daya Poros
Watt
F
Gaya
N
T
Torsi
Nm
η
Efisiensi
%
