DAFTAR ISI
Halaman Pengesahan .................................................................................................... i Halaman Pernyataan .................................................................................................... ii Halaman Penghargaan ................................................................................................ iii Kata Pengantar ............................................................................................................ iv Daftar Isi ..................................................................................................................... vi Daftar Tabel ................................................................................................................ ix Daftar Gambar ............................................................................................................ xi Daftar Lampiran .......................................................................................................... xi Abstrak ....................................................................................................................... xii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1
Latar Belakang ................................................................................................1
1.2
Rumusan Masalah...........................................................................................2
1.3
Batasan Masalah .............................................................................................3
1.4
Tujuan Penelitian ..........................................................................................3
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 2.1 Sumber Air .........................................................................................................4 2.1.1 Air Hujan atau Air Angkasa ....................................................................4 2.1.2 Air Permukaan .........................................................................................5 2.1.3 Air Tanah (Groundwater) ........................................................................5
2.2
2.1.3.1
Air Tanah Dangkal .........................................................................5
2.1.3.2
Air Tanah Dalam ............................................................................6
2.1.3.3
Mata Air .........................................................................................6
Sanitasi............................................................................................................7
2.2.1 Sistem Sanitasi Setempat (On Site Sanitation) ........................................7 2.2.1.1 Septic Tank .......................................................................................7
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2.2.2 Sistem Sanitasi Terpusat (Off Site Sanitation ) .....................................10 2.3
Escherchia Coli ............................................................................................10
2.4
Total Colifom ................................................................................................12
2.5
Sumber Air Minum .......................................................................................14
2.6
Sumur Gali ....................................................................................................15
2.7
Pencemaran dalam Air .......................................................................................................................... 16 ......................................................................................................................
2.8
ENDETEC ....................................................................................................17
2.9
Metode MPN dan CFU .................................................................................18
BAB III GAMBARAN UMUM DAERAH PENELITIAN 3.1
Umum ...........................................................................................................21
BAB IV METODE PENELITIAN 4.1
Diagram Alir Metode Penelitian...................................................................22
4.2
Pengambilan Data Primer ............................................................................23
4.2.1 Pengambilan Sampel ............................................................................23 4.3
Split Sampel ..................................................................................................24
4.4
Uji Laboratorium ..........................................................................................24
4.5
Wawancara dan Kuisioner ............................................................................24
4.6
Pengambilan Data Sekunder ........................................................................25
4.7
Data Kesehatan .............................................................................................25
4.8
Analisa Data .................................................................................................25
BAB V HASIL DAN PEMBAHAASAN 5.1 Keadaan Umum Sumur ...................................................................................26 5.2 Keadaan Umum Masyarakat ...........................................................................26 5.2.1 Setatus Kependudukan ..........................................................................27 5.2.2 Tingkat Pekerjaan ..................................................................................28
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5.2.3 Tingkat Pendapatan ...............................................................................29 5.2.4 Data Kesehatan Masyarakat ..................................................................29 5.3 Bakteri Coliform dan E.coli ............................................................................30 5.3.1 Pengujian dengan Endetec .....................................................................31 5.3.2 Pengujian dengan Tabung Banyak (MPN) ............................................32 5.3.3 Hubungan MPN dan CFU .....................................................................33 5.3.3.1 Membandingkan dengan Baku Mutu .............................................33 5.3.3.2 Analisa Korelasi Dari Perbandingan Metode CFU dan MPN ........35 5.4 Identifikasi Jenis Bakteri Patogen ...................................................................39 5.4.1 Psedumonas aeruginosa ........................................................................39 5.4.2 E.coli ......................................................................................................41 5.4.3 Klibsella pneuminiase............................................................................43 5.5 Pembahasan Sumur 12 dan 7 ..........................................................................44 5.5.1 Sumur 12................................................................................................45 5.5.2 Sumur 7..................................................................................................47 5.6 Pengaruh Sanitasi terhadap Konsentrasi E.Coli dan Coliform .......................49 5.6.1 Pengaruh Jarak Sumber Pencemar Terhadap Konsentrasi E.Coli dan Coliform...........................................................................................................49 5.6.2 Pengaruh Konstruksi Sumur Gali Terhadap Konsentrasi E.Coli dan Coliform...........................................................................................................52 5.6.3 Pengaruh Kedalaman Sumur Terhadap Konsentrasi E.Coli dan Coliform...........................................................................................................53 5.6.4 Pengaruh Penutup Sumur Terhadap Konsentrasi E.Coli dan Coliform...........................................................................................................55 5.6.5 Pengaruh Kebiasaan Masyarakat Terhadap Konsentrasi E.Coli dan Coliform...........................................................................................................57 5.7 Perbandingan Sistem Sanitasi On site dan Off site ........................................59 5.8 Peta Sebaran Bakteri .......................................................................................62
BAB VI DAFTAR PUSTAKA...................................................................................67
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DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 2.1 Kualitas Air Berdasarkan Jumlah Bakteri Coli per 100 ml ..................12 Tabel 3.1 Data Saluran Air Bersih Kelurahan Terban ...........................................21 Tabel 4.1 Lokasi Pengambilan Sampel ..................................................................23 Tabel 5.1 Lokasi Pengambilan Sampel Kelurahan Terban Kec. Depok Yogyakarta .................................................................................................................................... 26 ................................................................................................................................ Tabel 5.2 Sepuluh Besar Penyakit 2012 di Puskesmas Gondokusuman II Terban ................................................................................................................................30 Tabel 5.3 Hasil Pembacaan Endetec Minggu I .....................................................31 Tabel 5.4 Hasil Pembacaan Endetec Minggu III ...................................................31 Tabel 5.5 Hasil Pembacaan Endetec Minggu V ....................................................32 Tabel 5.6 Hasil Uji MPN Minggu I ......................................................................33 Tabel 5.7 Hasil Uji MPN Minggu V ......................................................................33 Tabel 5.8 Perbandingan konsentrasi bakteri minggu 1 dengan baku mutu MPN dan CFU .................................................................................................34 Tabel 5.9 Perbandingan konsentrasi bakteri minggu 5 dengan bakumutu MPN dan CFU ................................................................................................34 Tabel 5.10 Data untuk melihat hubungan regresi dan korelasi ..............................36 Tabel 5.11 Hasil Pengujian Identifikasi Bakteri Patogen .....................................39 Tabel 5.12 Konsentrasi E.coli dan Coliform sumur no.12 .....................................45 Tabel 5.13 Konsentrasi E.coli dan Coliform sumur no.7 .......................................48 Tabel 5.14 Pengaruh Jarak sumber pencemar terhadap Konsentrasi E.Coli dan Coliform ..............................................................................................50 Tabel 5.15 Hasil Kuisioner Mengenai Jarak Sumur Dengan Sumber Pencemar ..51
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Tabel 5.16 Pengaruh Konstruksi Sumur Gali Terhadap Konsentrasi E.Coli dan Coliform ..............................................................................................52 Tabel 5.17 Pengaruh Kedalaman Sumur Gali Terhadap Konsentrasi E.Coli dan Coliform ..............................................................................................54 Tabel 5.18 Pengaruh Penutup Sumur Gali Terhadap Konsentrasi E.Coli dan Coliform ..............................................................................................55 Tabel 5.19 Hasil Kuisioner Mengenai Penutup Sumur .........................................56 Tabel 5.20 Pengaruh Kondisi sanitasi terhadap kandunngan Bakteri E.coli dan Coliform ..............................................................................................57 Tabel 5.21 Penilaian Kebiasaan Masyarakat Terhadap Sanitasi ............................58 Tabel 5.21 Hasil Kuisioner Mengenai Penilain Sanitasi Warga Terban ................58 Tabel 5.23 Konsentrasi E.coli dan Total Coliform sistem sanitasi on site (Terban) ................................................................................................................................59 Tabel 5.24 Konsentrasi E.coli dan Total Colifom sistem sanitasi off site (Belimbingsari)....................................................................................60 Tabel 5.25 Keterangan Sumur................................................................................62
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 3.1 Peta Lokasi Penelitian .......................................................................20 Gambar 4.1 Diagram Alir Penelitian .....................................................................22 Gambar 5.1 Status Kependudukan Warga Terban .................................................27 Gambar 5.2 Tingkat Pekerjaan Masyarakat ...........................................................28 Gambar 5.3 Pendapatan warga per bulan ...............................................................29 Gambar 5.4 Cawan Media Tumbuhnya Bakteri ....................................................39 Gambar 5.5 Pseudomonas aeruginosa ...................................................................40 Gambar 5.6 E.coli ..................................................................................................41 Gambar 5.7 Klebsiella Pneumonia ........................................................................43 Gambar 5.8 Keadaan sumur 12 ..............................................................................45 Gambar 5.9 Konsentrasi E.coli sumur no.12 minggu ke 1-5 .................................46 Gambar 5.10 Konsentrasi Total Colifom sumur no.12 minggu ke 1-5 ..................46 Gambar 5.11 Pengolahan dengan teknologi reverse osmosis di sumur 7 ..............48 Gambar 5.12 Konsentrasi E.coli sumur no.7 .........................................................48 Gambar 5.13 Konsentrasi Coliform sumur no.7 ....................................................49 Gambar 5.14 Jarak Pencemar dengan Sumber Air ................................................50 Gambar 5.15 Konstruksi Sumur Gali .....................................................................53 Gambar 5.16 Pengukuran Kedalaman Sumur ........................................................54 Gambar 5.17 Kondisi Penutup Sumur ...................................................................56 Gambar 5.18 Kondisi Sanitasi di Sekeliling Sumur...............................................58
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