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Jumar, Ir.2000. Entomologi Pertanian. Jakarta : Rineka Cipta. p : 94 Kalshoven, L.G.E. 1981. The pest of crop Indonesia. Revised and translated by P.A van der Laan. PT Ichtiar Baru van Hoeve, Jakarta. p:701 Knight, W.J., Holloway, J.D. 1990. Insects and rainforests of south east Asia (Wallacea). London: The Royal Entomological Society of London. Press 1991 ISBN 0-90546-76-3. pp: 437-438 Koesharto, F. X., 1995. Mass Rearing of Arthropod Parasitoid (Hymenoptera: Pteromaldae) of Poultry and Cattle Farm’s Filth Flies. ISSN 0854-8587 vol.2 no. 2 pp:65-67 Krebs, C.J. 1985. Ecology. The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance. Third edition. Harper & Raws Publishers. New York Lattanzio, V., Arpaia, S., Cardinali, A., Di Venere, D., and Linsalata, V., 2000, Role Of Endogenous Flavonoids In Resistance Mechanism Of Vigna To Aphids, J. Agric. Food Chem., 48 (11), pp:5316-5320. Marheni, 2003. Kemampuan Beberapa Predator pada Pengendalian Wereng Batang Coklat ( Nilaparvata lugens Stal.). Jurnal Natur Indonesia 6 (2) : (2004) ISSN 1410-9379. pp: 84-86 Mavi HS and Tupper GJ. 2004. Agrometeorology Principles and Applications of Climate Studies in Agriculture. New York: Food Products Press. Merritt, R.W., Gregory, W.C., and Joe, B.K. 2003. Encyclopedia of Insect (Diptera). University of California. Berkeley. pp: 324-334 Michener,C.D. 2000.The Bees Of The World. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore. pp: 3-13 Minga, H. 2010. Beneficial Insect. www.thebeneficialinsect.com. Diakses pada tanggal 14 Mei 2014. Mueller-Dombois, D. and H. Ellenberg. 1974. Aims and Methods of Vegetation Ecology. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Natawigena, H. 1990. Entomologi pertanian. Penerbit PT. Orba Sakti Bandung. Noerdjito, A.W., Sih Kahono., Ubaidillah, R., Amir, M., Pujiastuti, L.E., Aswari, P., Suwito, A., and Erniwati. Serangga Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Jawa Bagian Barat. 2010. BCP-JICA. LIPI. Bogor. pp: 149-199. Norris RF, Edward PC, Marcos K. 2003. Concept in Integrated Pest Management. Prentice Hall.
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Oka I.N. 1998. Pengendalian Hama Terpadu dan Implementasinya di Indonesia. Gajah Mada University Press. p: 255 Powell, J.A. 2003. Encyclopedia of Insect (Lepidoptera).University Of California. Berkeley. pp:650-662 Radiyanto, I., M. Sodiq, and M. N. Nurcahyani. 2010. Keanekaragaman Serangga Hama dan Musuh Alami Pada Lahan Pertanaman Kedelai di Kecamatan Balong-Ponorogo. J. Entomol. Indon. Vol. 7 ( 2). pp. 116-121. Rentz, and Youning, S. 2003. Encyclopedia of Insect (Orthoptera). University of California. Berkeley. pp:827-833 Ross, H.H. 1959. A Textbook of Entomology. John Wiley&Sons.USA. Ross, H.H.,Ross, C.A and Ross, J.R.P. 1982. A Text Book of Entomology. 4th ed. New York. Santoso. B, Wagiman. F.X, and Martono. E. 2006. Pertumbuhan dan Perkembangan Kumbang Buas Chilicorus Politus Pada Kutu Coccus Viridis. UGM. Satta,A., Acciaro,M., Floris,I., Lentini,A., and Sulas, L., 1998. Insect Pollination of Sulla (Hedysarum coronarium L.) and Its Effect on Seed Production in a Mediterranean Environment. CIHEAM Options Mediterraneennes pp: 373-377. Setiawati W, Duriat A, Soetiarso. 2005. Whitefly and its control in Indonesia. Paper presented in Int. Seminar on whitefly management and control strategy. Taiwan ROC. Shahabuddin, Hidayat,P., Noerdjito,W.A., and Manuwoto, S., 2005. Research on Insect Biodiversity in Indonesia: Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) And Its Role in Ecosystem. ISSN: 1412-033X Vol. 6, No. 2 pp: 141-146 Siregar, A.Z. 2009. Serangga Berguna Pertanian. Penerbit USU-Press. Medan. Speight MR, Hunter MD, Watt AD. 2008. Ecology of Insects: Consepts and Application. Britain: The Alden Press. Stireman,J.O., Nason, J.D., Heard, S.B., and Seehawer, J.M., 2006. Cascading Host-Associated Genetic Differentiation in Parasitoids of Phytophagous Insects. Proc. R. Soc. B (2006) 273, pp: 523–530 Suryawan and Oka. 1992. Bioekologi, Serangan dan Pengendalian Hama-hama Penghisap Daun Kedelai. Dalam Risalah Lokakarya Pengendalian Hama Terpadu Tanaman Kedelai. BPTP Malang. pp: 104-116.
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Syahrawati and Hamid, H. 2010. Diversitas coccinellidae predator pada pertanaman sayuran di kota padang. UNAND. Padang.pp:5-9 Tarumingkeng. 2001. Serangga dan Lingkungan. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor. Tennessen, K.J. 2003. Encyclopedia of Insect (Odonata). University of California. Berkeley. pp:814-824 Thacker, J.R.M. 2002. An Introduction to Arthropod Pest Control. Cambridge University Press. Thamrin, M and Asikin, S. 2009. Pengendalian Hama Walang Sangit (Leptocorisa oratorius F.) di Tingkat Petani Lahan Lebak Kalimantan Selatan. Balai Penelitian Pertanian Lahan Rawa (Ballittra). Tjahjadi, Nur. 2001. Hama dan Penyakit Tanaman. Yogyakarta. Kanisius. p:72 Untung, K. 1993. Pengantar Pengelolaan Hama Terpadu. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press. Wardhani, T.S., 2007. Perbandingan Populasi Larva Odonata di Beberapa Sungai di Pulau Pinang dan Hubungannya dengan Pengaruh Habitat. Wong,Y.S., and Chang, Q., 2004, Identification Of Flavonoids In Hakmeitau Beans (Vigna Sinensis) By High-Performance Liquid ChromatographyElectrospray Mass Spectrometry (LC-ESI/MS), J. Agric. Food Chem., 52 (22), pp: 6694 - 6699. Yos, F. 2012.Insects and Pests. UC Statewide IPM Program. Posted in September 2012
67
Lampiran 1. Perhitungan Indeks Nilai Penting Fase Vegetatif No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Spesies
m1 Coccinella transversalis 2 Micraspis lineata 1 Epilachna vigintioctopunctata 1 Melanitis leda 0 Junonia almana 0 Junonia hedonia 0 Junonia erigone 0 Catopsilia pomona 0 Eurema blanda 0 Prosotas dubiosa 0 Pelopidas conjunctus 1 Auplopus carbonarius 1 Rynchium haemorrhoidale 0 Polistes tenebricosus 1 Delta campaniforme 1 Sceliphron javanus 1 Ophion luteus 2 Solenopsis sp. 3 Neoitamus melanopogon 0 Orthetrum glaucum 1 Orthetrum sabina 1 Brachythemis contaminata 1 Acrida turrita 0 Atractomorpha crenulata 2 Oxya chinensis 1 Tettigonia cantans 1 Leptocorisa oratorius 2 Aphis craccivora 5 Jumlah total
Vegetatif m2 m3 m4 4 5 5 2 4 5 2 3 3 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 2 2 3 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 4 4 5 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 0 1 2 3 4 2 2 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 5 5 5
m5 5 4 5 1 2 2 2 1 3 3 5 2 2 2 2 3 3 5 2 1 3 2 1 5 4 2 3 5
68
Jml
D
DR
21 16 14 2 4 3 5 1 5 5 13 7 4 7 8 11 11 21 4 5 10 6 3 16 12 10 13 25
0.0525 0.04 0.035 0.005 0.01 0.0075 0.0125 0.0025 0.0125 0.0125 0.0325 0.0175 0.01 0.0175 0.02 0.0275 0.0275 0.0525 0.01 0.0125 0.025 0.015 0.0075 0.04 0.03 0.025 0.0325 0.0625 0.655
0.0802 0.0611 0.0534 0.0076 0.0153 0.0115 0.0191 0.0038 0.0191 0.0191 0.0496 0.0267 0.0153 0.0267 0.0305 0.0420 0.0420 0.0802 0.0153 0.0191 0.0382 0.0229 0.0115 0.0611 0.0458 0.0382 0.0496 0.0954 1.0000
hadir F 5 5 5 2 3 2 3 1 3 2 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5
1 1 1 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.6 0.4 1 1 0.6 1 1 1 1 1 0.6 1 1 1 0.6 1 1 1 1 1 23
FR
INP
0.0435 0.0435 0.0435 0.0174 0.0261 0.0174 0.0261 0.0087 0.0261 0.0174 0.0435 0.0435 0.0261 0.0435 0.0435 0.0435 0.0435 0.0435 0.0261 0.0435 0.0435 0.0435 0.0261 0.0435 0.0435 0.0435 0.0435 0.0435 1.0000
0.1236 0.1045 0.0969 0.0250 0.0414 0.0288 0.0452 0.0125 0.0452 0.0365 0.0931 0.0702 0.0414 0.0702 0.0740 0.0855 0.0855 0.1236 0.0414 0.0626 0.0816 0.0664 0.0375 0.1045 0.0893 0.0816 0.0931 0.1389
Lampiran 2. Perhitungan Indeks Nilai Penting Fase Berbunga No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
Spesies Coccinella transversalis Micraspis lineata Henosepilachna sparsa Papilio memnon Graphium agamemnon Papilio polytes Melanitis leda Hipolimnas bolina Junonia almana Junonia hedonia Junonia erigone Elymnias nesaea Elymnias hypermnestra Neptis hylas Euploea eunice Maruca sp. Catopsilia pomona Aphrissa statira Eurema blanda Prosotas dubiosa Pelopidas conjunctus Xylocopa confusa Auplopus carbonarius Polistes tenebricosus Delta campaniforme Sceliphron javanus Apis sp. Amegilla cingulata Xanthopimpla stemmator Ophion luteus Solenopsis sp. Helophilus pendulus Orthetrum glaucum Orthetrum sabina Brachythemis contaminata Atractomorpha crenulata Oxya chinensis Tettigonia cantans Tenodera sp. Leptocorisa oratorius Plautia crossota Aphis craccivora Jumlah total
Berbunga m6 m7 5 5 4 5 4 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 3 3 4 4 2 2 5 5 3 2 4 5 1 1 4 5 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 5 4 4 3 3 4 5 2 2 1 1 3 3 1 1 4 5 4 5 2 2 1 1 5 3 3 5 5 5
69
Jml
D
DR
hadir
F
FR
INP
10 9 9 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 3 4 2 6 8 4 10 5 9 2 9 4 6 6 7 10 8 6 9 4 2 6 2 9 9 4 2 8 8 10
0.0250 0.0225 0.0225 0.0050 0.0050 0.0050 0.0050 0.0050 0.0075 0.0075 0.0075 0.0100 0.0075 0.0100 0.0050 0.0150 0.0200 0.0100 0.0250 0.0125 0.0225 0.0050 0.0225 0.0100 0.0150 0.0150 0.0175 0.0250 0.0200 0.0150 0.0225 0.0100 0.0050 0.0150 0.0050 0.0225 0.0225 0.0100 0.0050 0.0200 0.0200 0.0250 0.5825
0.0429 0.0386 0.0386 0.0086 0.0086 0.0086 0.0086 0.0086 0.0129 0.0129 0.0129 0.0172 0.0129 0.0172 0.0086 0.0258 0.0343 0.0172 0.0429 0.0215 0.0386 0.0086 0.0386 0.0172 0.0258 0.0258 0.0300 0.0429 0.0343 0.0258 0.0386 0.0172 0.0086 0.0258 0.0086 0.0386 0.0386 0.0172 0.0086 0.0343 0.0343 0.0429 1.0000
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 16.8
0.0238 0.0238 0.0238 0.0238 0.0238 0.0238 0.0238 0.0238 0.0238 0.0238 0.0238 0.0238 0.0238 0.0238 0.0238 0.0238 0.0238 0.0238 0.0238 0.0238 0.0238 0.0238 0.0238 0.0238 0.0238 0.0238 0.0238 0.0238 0.0238 0.0238 0.0238 0.0238 0.0238 0.0238 0.0238 0.0238 0.0238 0.0238 0.0238 0.0238 0.0238 0.0238 1.0000
0.0667 0.0624 0.0624 0.0324 0.0324 0.0324 0.0324 0.0324 0.0367 0.0367 0.0367 0.0410 0.0367 0.0410 0.0324 0.0496 0.0581 0.0410 0.0667 0.0453 0.0624 0.0324 0.0624 0.0410 0.0496 0.0496 0.0539 0.0667 0.0581 0.0496 0.0624 0.0410 0.0324 0.0496 0.0324 0.0624 0.0624 0.0410 0.0324 0.0581 0.0581 0.0667
Lampiran 3. Perhitungan Indeks Nilai Penting Fase Berbuah No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
Berbuah minggu 8 minggu 9 Coccinella transversalis 5 4 Micraspis lineata 4 4 Henosepilachna sparsa 4 3 Aspidomorpha miliaris 3 2 Oreina gloriosa 2 1 Papilio memnon 1 0 Graphium agamemnon 1 1 Melanitis leda 1 0 Junonia almana 1 0 Elymnias hypermnestra 1 0 Neptis hylas 2 1 Maruca sp. 4 5 Catopsilia pomona 3 3 Eurema blanda 4 2 Prosotas dubiosa 2 2 Pelopidas conjunctus 4 2 Auplopus carbonarius 4 3 Polistes tenebricosus 2 1 Delta campaniforme 3 3 Sceliphron javanus 3 4 Amegilla cingulata 4 4 Xanthopimpla stemmator 3 2 Ophion luteus 2 2 Solenopsis sp. 5 5 Helophilus pendulus 2 1 Orthetrum glaucum 1 1 Orthetrum sabina 2 2 Atractomorpha crenulata 3 3 Oxya chinensis 4 4 Tettigonia cantans 2 2 Leptocorisa oratorius 2 2 Nezara viridula 3 3 Aphis craccivora 5 5 Jumlah total Spesies
70
Jml
D
9 8 7 5 3 1 2 1 1 1 3 9 6 6 4 6 7 3 6 7 8 5 4 10 3 2 4 6 8 4 4 6 10
0.0225 0.0200 0.0175 0.0125 0.0075 0.0025 0.0050 0.0025 0.0025 0.0025 0.0075 0.0225 0.0150 0.0150 0.0100 0.0150 0.0175 0.0075 0.0150 0.0175 0.0200 0.0125 0.0100 0.0250 0.0075 0.0050 0.0100 0.0150 0.0200 0.0100 0.0100 0.0150 0.0250 0.4225
DR hadir 0.0533 2 0.0473 2 0.0414 2 0.0296 2 0.0178 2 0.0059 1 0.0118 2 0.0059 1 0.0059 1 0.0059 1 0.0178 2 0.0533 2 0.0355 2 0.0355 2 0.0237 2 0.0355 2 0.0414 2 0.0178 2 0.0355 2 0.0414 2 0.0473 2 0.0296 2 0.0237 2 0.0592 2 0.0178 2 0.0118 2 0.0237 2 0.0355 2 0.0473 2 0.0237 2 0.0237 2 0.0355 2 0.0592 2 1.0000 62
F
FR
INP
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 12.4
0.0323 0.0323 0.0323 0.0323 0.0323 0.0161 0.0323 0.0161 0.0161 0.0161 0.0323 0.0323 0.0323 0.0323 0.0323 0.0323 0.0323 0.0323 0.0323 0.0323 0.0323 0.0323 0.0323 0.0323 0.0323 0.0323 0.0323 0.0323 0.0323 0.0323 0.0323 0.0323 0.0323 1.0000
0.0855 0.0796 0.0737 0.0618 0.0500 0.0220 0.0441 0.0220 0.0220 0.0220 0.0500 0.0855 0.0678 0.0678 0.0559 0.0678 0.0737 0.0500 0.0678 0.0737 0.0796 0.0618 0.0559 0.0914 0.0500 0.0441 0.0559 0.0678 0.0796 0.0559 0.0559 0.0678 0.0914
Lampiran 4. Perhitungan persentase jumlah famili dan spesies No
Ordo
Famili
Jumlah Jumlah Famili Spesies
Spesies
1 Coccinella transversalis Coccinelidae Micraspis lineata 2 3 Coleoptera Henosepilachna sparsa 4 Aspidomorpha miliaris Chrysomelidae 5 Oreina gloriosa 6 Papilio memnon Papilionidae Graphium agamemnon 7 8 Papilio polytes 9 Melanitis leda 10 Hipolimnas bolina 11 Junonia almana 12 Junonia hedonia Nymphalidae Junonia erigone 13 14 Elymnias nesaea Lepidoptera 15 Elymnias hypermnestra 16 Neptis hylas 17 Euploea eunice 18 Pyralidae Maruca sp. 19 Catopsilia pomona Pieridae 20 Aphrissa statira 21 Eurema blanda 22 Lycaenidae Prosotas dubiosa 23 Hesperidae Pelopidas conjunctus 24 Xylocopidae Xylocopa confusa 25 Pompilidae Auplopus carbonarius 26 Rynchium haemorrhoidale Vespidae 27 Polistes tenebricosus 28 Eumenidae Delta campaniforme 29 Hymenoptera Sphecidae Sceliphron javanus 30 Apidae Apis sp. 31 Anthophoridae Amegilla cingulata 32 Xanthopimpla stemmator Ichneumonidae 33 Ophion luteus 34 Formicidae Solenopsis sp. 35 Asilidae Neoitamus melanopogon Diptera 36 Syrphidae Helophilus pendulus 37 Orthetrum glaucum Odonata Libellulidae Orthetrum sabina 38 39 Brachythemis contaminata 40 Acrida turrita Pyrgomorphidae 41 Atractomorpha crenulata Orthoptera 42 Acrididae Oxya chinensis 43 Tettigonidae Tettigonia cantans 44 Mantodea Mantidae Mantis religiosa 45 Alydidae Leptocorisa oratorius 46 Hemiptera Nezara viridula Pentatomidae 47 Plautia crossota 48 Homoptera Aphididae Aphis craccivora Jumlah Total
71
Persentase Famili
Persentase Spesies
2
5
7.41%
10.42%
6
18
23.08%
37.50%
9
11
33.33%
22.92%
2
2
7.41%
4.17%
1
3
3.70%
6.25%
3
4
11.11%
8.33%
1
1
3.70%
2.08%
2
3
7.41%
6.25%
1 27
1 48
3.70% 100.00%
2.08% 100.00%
