APPENDIX 1 Table 1. - Periods of Globalization in sport Period Principal objective
Driver of progress in sport
1850-1914 Morality, education, values Non-profit independent clubs Muscles
Scope of competition
National
National and international federations Sophisticated sporting equipment International
Number of participants in Olympic Games (OG)
13 (1896)
59 (1948)
197 (1996)
Principle media
Written media
Radio
Television
200,000 (OG 1936)
33.4 billion (World Cup 1998) 700 (1996)
Institutional and legal framework
Number of OG television viewers
Number of international competitions Principle financing
---
1918-1980 Spectacle
1980-present Commerce and communication Commercial corporations
20 (1912)
315 (1977)
Participants
Spectators
Science
Global
Television, corporations and shareholders (Westerbeek & Smith, 2002, p. 80)
Figure 1. - Web of globalization processes in sport
(Harvey et al., 1996) Figure 2. - Scanlan’s sport commitment model
(T. Scanlan et al., 2009, p. 686)
2
Figure 3. - Lau’s quantified sport commitment model with participation
(Lau et al., 2004, p. 15)
Figure 4. - Casper’s sport commitment model with participation and purchasing
(Casper, Gray, & Stellino, 2007, p. 267)
3
Figure 5. - Maguire’s typology of sport labor migration
(1996) Figure 6. - Magee and Sugden’s alternate typology
(2002) 4
Figure 7. - Houlihan’s patterns of globalization
(1994)
5
APPENDIX 2 Table 2 - Hanson and Gauthier variables for consideration Hanson and Gauthier factor Economic Factors Television coverage of the home game in local area Price of season ticket for home games
Inclusion/ Exclusion - level
Television coverage of another major sport event at time of your home game Price of ticket for home game Price of other forms of entertainment available during games Existence of other sport teams in your area Average income of population Other professional franchises in your area Socio-demographic factors Population size of your area Ethnic mix of population Existence of minor league sports for children and youth Attractiveness of the game factors Record (won-loss) of home team Record (won-loss) of visiting team Your team’s place in the league standings Your team’s place in the division standings Your team’s involvement in race for a playoff spot Your team’s involvement in race for first place Number of star athletes on the visitor team Number of star athletes on the home team Record breaking performance of athletes on the home team Record breaking performance of athletes on the visiting team Offensive output of your team (goals, points, assists, T.D.s, home runs, stolen bases, number of yards total, yards passing etc.) Defensive output of your team (goals against, steals, blocked shots, number of sacks etc.) Closeness of the competition (between teams during the season) Rivalry between competing home team and opponent Special event occasion (bat day, special groups day, etc.) Residual preferences factors Afternoon game First quarter of the season Cleanliness of the facility Behavior of fans during games Easy and/or multiple access to your facility (via subway, highways, transit) Evening games Second quarter of the season Availability of parking at or near facility Unobstructed view of game for 80% of more fans Size of the facility (Seating capacity) Weekend games (Friday night, Saturday and/or Sunday) Number of years your franchise has been in the area Third quarter of the season Fourth quarter of the season
6
Include – league level Excluded – relatively the same across teams and only offered recently Exclude – TV coverage is nationwide Exclude – relatively the same across teams Exclude Exclude Exclude Include – team level
Include – team level Exclude – not diverse enough to affect Included implicitly – league level Exclude – not measuring game to game Exclude – not measuring game to game Include – team level Exclude – not applicable Exclude Exclude Included implicitly – team level away attendance Include – represented by foreign players – team and league level Exclude Exclude Exclude
Exclude Exclude – not measuring game to game Exclude Included in phase 2 - qualitative
Exclude Exclude – not measuring game to game Included in phase 2 - qualitative Exclude Included in phase 2 - qualitative Exclude Exclude – not measuring game to game Included in phase 2 - qualitative Exclude – always the case Include – team and league Include Included in phase 2 - qualitative Exclude – not measuring game to game Exclude – not measuring game to game
Figure 8. - Phase 2 interview Rozhovory s týmy Mattoni NBL Výběr a uplatnění zahraničních hráčů mezi lety 1998 a 2010 Otázky hodnocené na škále: V roce 1998 bylo v Mattoni NBL 11 cizinců. V roce 2010 jich bylo 45. Považujete tento rostoucí trend angažování zahraničních hráčů za všeobecně pozitivní, nebo negativní? Pozitivní 5 4 3 2 1 Negativní 2. Domníváte se, že existuje korelace mezi počtem angažovaných zahraničních hráčů a konečným umístění týmu v lize? Ano 5 4 3 2 1 Ne 3. Domníváte se, že existuje korelace mezi počtem angažovaných zahraničních hráčů v týmu MNBL a počtem mladých hráčů v týmu juniorů a mladších? Ano 5 4 3 2 1 Ne 4. Domníváte se, že existuje korelace mezi počtem angažovaných zahraničních hráčů v týmu MNBL a počtem mladých hráčů, kteří hrají v ČR basketbal? Ano 5 4 3 2 1 Ne 5. Domníváte se, že existuje korelace mezi počtem profesionálních fotbalových nebo hokejových týmů ve městě a návštěvností utkání MNBL v daném městě? Ano 5 4 3 2 1 Ne 6. Jak podle vašeho názoru ovlivňuje přítomnost zahraničních hráčů rozvoj mladých českých hráčů? Pozitivně 5 4 3 2 1 Negativně 7. Myslíte, že přítomnost zahraničních hráčů v MNBL ovlivňuje šance mladých českých hráčů zahrát si v MNBL? Zvyšuje 5 4 3 2 1 Snižuje 8. Myslíte, že přítomnost zahraničních hráčů v MNBL má vliv na počet českých hráčů, kteří se rozhodnou hrát basketbal mimo ČR? Zvyšuje 5 4 3 2 1 Snižuje 9. Řekl byste obecně, že angažování zahraničních hráčů je dražší, nebo levnější než angažování českých hráčů? Dražší 5 4 3 2 1 Levnější 10. Co si myslíte o pravidle pro možnost angažování zahraničních hráčů v MNBL (8 cizinců celkem, limit 3 z nečlenských zemí EU)? a. Celkový počet zahraničních hráčů by měl být: Vyšší zůstat stejný nižší b. Počet hráčů z nečlenských zemí EU by měl být: Vyšší zůstat stejný nižší 11. Myslíte, že by mělo být zavedeno pravidlo, které by stanovilo povinnost angažovat české hráče? Ano 5 4 3 2 1 Ne Jak by podle vás mělo toto pravidlo vypadat? 12. Jak velkou svobodu cítíte pro možnost angažovat nebo neangažovat české hráče? Velká svoboda 5 4 3 2 1 Žádná svoboda 1.
Interview: 1. Ověřit data ze soupisky týmu. 2. Ve kterém roce začal váš tým poprvé angažovat hráče ze zahraničí? a. Proč jste se rozhodli začít angažovat hráče ze zahraničí? b. Kdo byl první cizinec a jaké byl národnosti? c. Kdy jste angažovali prvního Američana? 3. Co si myslíte o angažování hráčů ze zahraničí v českém basketbalu obecně? a. Co jste si myslel o angažování hráčů ze zahraničí, když se poprvé začali objevovat v českém basketbalu? b. Změnil se nějak váš názor na používání hráčů ze zahraničí? Jak a proč? 4. Využívali jste hráče ze zahraničí v marketingových kampaních vašeho týmu? a. Jaký marketing váš tým využívá? i. Tištěné materiály? (průvodce užíváním médií) ii. Rozhlas/TV? (regionální) iii. Místní tisk/noviny? iv. Návštěvy ve školách? V domovech? b. Myslíte, že zahraniční hráči přitahují fanoušky? i. Jaký typ zahraničních hráčů je pro fanoušky nejpřitažlivější? 5. Když hledáte a vybíráte zahraniční hráče, co u nich hledáte? a. Jakou roli by měli cizinci hrát ve vašem týmu? b. Použili jste někdy hráče ze zahraničí k tomu, aby pomohli vašim mladším týmům? i. Kolik mládežnických/juniorských týmů máte v klubu? 6. Slyšeli jste, že by fanoušci chválili nebo kritizovali vaše zahraniční hráče? a. Při utkání? b. V médiích? c. Na fanouškovských webových stránkách? d. Očekávají fanoušci od zahraničních hráčů víc? 7. Vidíte zahraniční hráče jako dobrou finanční investici pro váš klub? a. Vidíte je jako dražší nebo levnější než české hráče? 8. Proč váš tým využívá zahraniční hráče? a. Jaký je důvod číslo jedna? b. Máte i nějaké další důvody?
8
Figure 9. - Theory, categorization and expected correlation in interview construction
Correlation 1 Scaled questions 1. In 1998 there were 11 foreigners in the Mattoni NBL. In 2010 there were 45 foreigners. Do you view this increasing trend in the use of foreigners as generally positive or negative? 3. Do you think there is a correlation between the number of foreigners on a MNBL team and the number of youth on their youth teams? 4. Do you think there is a correlation between the number of foreigners in the MNBL and the number of youth playing basketball in Czech? 6. How do you think the presence of foreign players on a MNBL team affects the development of young Czech players? 7. Do you think the presence of foreign players in the MNBL affects the chances of young Czech players to play in the MNBL? 8. Do you think the presence of foreign players in the MNBL affects the number of Czech players who choose to play basketball outside of Czech? 2. Do you think there is a correlation between the number of foreigners used and the final placement of a team within the league? 9. In general would you say using foreigners are more expensive or less than using Czech players? 11. Do you think there should be rules mandating the use of Czech players? 5. Do you think there is a correlation between the number of professional football or ice hockey teams in a city and the attendance of MNBL games in the same city? 10. What do you think of the rule governing the use of foreign players in the MNBL (8 total foreigners allowed, limit of 3 non-EU)? a. The total number of foreigners should be: b. The number of non-EU players should be: 12. How free do you feel to use or not use Czech players?
secondary correlation Topic 1
Foreigners
Secondary topic
third topic
general view
Figurational theory category
social
Foreigners
youth
motivation
development participation
Foreigners
youth
motivation
development participation
Foreigners
czechs/ youth
motivation
development participation
Foreigners
czechs/ youth
motivation
development participation
Foreigners
czechs
motivation
development participation
Foreigners
final place
motivation
fandom
Foreigners
czechs
motivation
youth
czechs
development particpation
policy
home attendance
extraleague teams
fandom
economic
Foreigners Foreigners Foreigners
final place final place
policy policy
czechs
Foreigners
social
9
economic
Open ended questions b. Have you ever used foreign players to help with your younger teams? i. How many youth teams do you have in your club? b. Do you think that foreign players attract fans? i. What type of foreign players are most attractive to fans? d. Do fans expect more from foreign players? 2. What do you think of the use of foreigners in Czech basketball in general? a. What did you think about the use of foreigners when they first began appearing in Czech basketball? b. Has your opinion of the use of foreigners changed? How or why? 3. Have you ever used foreigners in your team marketing campaigns? a. What does your team do for marketing? i. Printed materials? (media guide) ii. Radio/TV? (regional) iii. Local newspapers? iv. School visits? Children’s homes? 6. Do you view foreign players as a good financial investment for your club? a. Do you view them as more or less expensive than Czech players? 4. When you choose foreign players, what are you looking for? a. What role do you expect foreigners to play on your team? a. Why did you choose to begin using foreigners? 7. Why does your team use foreign players? What is the number one reason? Are there any secondary reasons? What do you think the rule mandating the use of Czech players should be? 1. In what year did your team first start using foreigners? b. Who was your first foreigner and what was his nationality? c. When did you obtain your first American? 5. Have fans ever praised or criticized your foreign players? At games? In the media? On website fan pages?
Repeat questions (historical)
Topic 1
Secondary topic
third topic
repeat
development
role models
participation
repeat
development fandom
role models
fandom fandom
role models role models
repeat
Figurational theory category
history
social social
general view
social
general view
history
general view
history
repeat repeat
marketing marketing
fandom fandom
repeat repeat repeat
marketing marketing marketing
fandom fandom fandom
repeat
marketing
role models
motivation
economic
motivation
economic
motivation
role models
motivation motivation
role models
social
repeat
repeat
motivation development particpation
policy
repeat
participation economic economic/ history
repeat
history
repeat repeat
history history
social
10
Figure 10. - Media Review Categorization Examples Categories observed: a. Performance noted – something specific is said about the performance of a foreign player (for example: Lyle kept the team in the game with 21 points) b.
Nationality noted – the nationality of a foreign player (s) is noted (example: American Tim Lyle added 21 points)
c. Name or nationality in headline – the foreign player’s name and/or nationality is included in the headline for the article (Example: tim Lyle leads Sadska to overtime win, or American leads Sadska to overtime win) d. Performance noted by coach or spokesman – the coach or another spokesperson from the team is quoted or says something about a foreign player (Example: “Lyle and Spicka played exceptionally well on the inside and it was the key to our win,” Sadska coach KarelForejt said. e. Quoted - the athlete is quoted in the article (Example: “I really thought we could win that game,” said Lyle. f. Compared with Czech player(s) – the performance, statistics or attitude of a foreign player(s) is compared to a Czech player(s).
(Example:
The two Americans
combined for 45 points, while the rest of the team only scored 20 points. Or: “Lyle played really hard and wanted that win, but the rest of our players just don’t have the experience to keep trying that hard when we get behind by that many points,” Forejt said.) g. Criticized – the performance, statistics or attitude of a foreign player is criticized or singled out. (Example: “We expected more out of our two Americans down the stretch.” Or “Lyle just didn’t play defense like we expect him to.”) h. Salary or contract mentioned - the salary or terms of a foreign player’s contract are mentioned or discussed in an article. (Example: Lyle signed a two year contract for $2000 per month. Or: Lyle agreed to terms with Sadska to play for another year.) i. Leaving or arriving to team – the article mentions the arrival (or addition) or departure of a foreign player to a team. j. Receiving honor or award – the article mentions or discusses an honor received by a foreign player. (Example: Lyle was voted player of the month for the month of November. Or: Lyle was voted onto the All-star team by the coaches.) k. Story about /mention personal life – the article is either specifically about the personal life (life outside the basketball court) of a foreign player, or the article 11
mentions something about the foreign player’s personal life. (Example: Lyle, who was married this summer, is returning for his second season at Sadska.) l. Impact on fan attendance mentioned – The article discusses or a team spokesperson mentions that fan attendance increased or decreased as a result of foreign players. (Example: “Our attendance has been down the last two weeks while our Americans went home for Christmas.”)
12
