AIAS. Retirement Professor Jelle Visser. Start new AIAS courses. New SOLIDAR project. Amsterdam Institute for Advanced labour Studies

Autumn 2011

AIAS

Newsletter Retirement Professor Jelle Visser Start new AIAS courses New SOLIDAR project

Amsterdam Institute for Advanced labour Studies University of Amsterdam

AIAS

Amsterdam Institute for Advanced labour Studies UNIVERSITY

OF

AMSTERDAM

Word of the editor

Jelle Visser is leaving!

Wiemer Salverda

Well ... sort of. What can we say, wishful thinking ? He is too much engaged to really say goodbye to his research and to the analysis of the problems that are central to the governance and organisation of labour in our societies (societies indeed, not society, as intriguing international differences abound which he knew better than anyone else).

CONTENTS

And us ? We are too enamoured of his successful performance and approach to really let him go – look at the charming picture at the front page of the dedicated pages in this newsletter and you will understand that. So his turning 65 is simply an excellent excuse to dedicate this year’s Annual conference of AIAS to the subject closest to his heart: trade unions. Many of the friends and colleagues with whom he never tired discussing this theme, with whom he shared long years of successful collaboration, whom he taught, will congregate in Amsterdam to share their views on the future with each other, with the broader scientific community, with an interested audience. Not for exchanging niceties or discussing the weather – not them. What future for unions ? What future for collective action ? Major questions at the time of a fundamental breakdown of societies’ main allocation mechanism caused by its main vector: individual action. Action institutionally unfettered but behaviourally funnelled towards unintended and unexpected outcomes at the same time. Is there anything unions can do to change this, to accommodate this, to help replacing it ? No easy answers. Be welcome to take part and contribute to the debate ! His ageing is a good excuse for also singing his praises here for his dedication to the success of the institute. Doing the right thing at the right moment for the last one third of the forty years – no less ! – that he spent at the University of Amsterdam. First as a founding father he has contributed greatly to the start of the institute, then as its scientific director for a decade he was instrumental to its successful consolidation, and now he steps down without hesitation and fear of handing over to others. It have been years of great pleasure for all of us – and certainly also for me – to work on this together. Too great a pleasure in the end not to expect him to show up again the day after proposing another interesting idea and continuing the discussion.

Special Jelle Visser: Impressions 21-24 News Conferences Seminars Working Papers GINI Papers RVO publicaties Newsletters Publications Column Data Research Projects Onderwijs/Teaching Guests People at AIAS AIAS Announcements

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Wiemer Salverda

COLOPHON This is a publication of the Amsterdam Institute for Advanced labour Studies, Plantage Muidergracht 12, 1018 TV Amsterdam, The Netherlands Subscriptions / address changes [email protected] or +31 20 525 4199 (Final) editing Angelique Lieberton, Jan Cremers and Wiemer Salverda. Design / photo’s Creative Es & Angelique Lieberton Cover: Bob Strik / Photos: ©iStockphoto.com Print run / edition Print run: 2300 / © Autumn 2011 AIAS Printer: GVO drukkers & vormgevers B.V. | Ponsen & Looijen

NEWS Wiemer Salverda Four special appointed to special chair people join of Labour Market and AIAS Inequality at AMCIS Dr Wiemer Salverda will occupy the new chair, established by the Stichting Politieke Ekonomie, at the Amsterdam Centre for Inequality Studies AMCIS of the Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences of the University of Amsterdam. Therewith he will be affiliated to the programme group “Institutions, Inequalities and Internationalisation” of the Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research. Wiemer Salverda, Director of AIAS, is a macroeconomic labour economist with a broad social interest who has extensively studied distributional issues of employment, wages, and income, and is also an experienced organiser of research. He coordinates the international research project Growing Inequalities’ Impacts GINI (2010–2013). Previously he initiated and coordinated the European Low-wage Employment Research Network LoWER from inception to expiry (1995–2008). He chairs the Governing Council of the EQUALSOC Network of Excellence. He was an active joint coordinator of the Russell Sage Foundation’s Low-wage Work in Europe project, led by Nobel Laureate Robert Solow. Wiemer took part in the international cooperation of researchers, led by Atkinson & Piketty, who established the new stylised facts of Top Incomes over the Twentieth Century. Recently, he participated in ILO/EU Expert Working Groups on the minimum wage, and on inequalities and the current crisis. Earlier, he coordinated the Demand Patterns and Employment Growth and the Benchmarking Low-wage and High-wage Employment international research projects. He was also a member of various EU Expert Working Groups on social partners and Europe, and on low pay respectively, and a rapporteur on wages and employment to the EU/OECD. He advised the OECD on wage inequality and on older workers in the Netherlands, and the British Low Pay Commission on the minimum wage. Wiemer Salverda is the lead editor of the Oxford Handbook of Economic Inequality comprising 26 different takes on inequality by the world’s top-ranking authors. He co-edited Lowwage Work in the Netherlands (Russell Sage, 2008)) and Employment and Services – Explaining the U.S. – European Gap (Princeton, 2007) and various other books. He (co)edited several journal issues – the Oxford Review of Economic Policy, The Manchester School, Labour, Oxford Economic Papers, and the International Journal of Manpower – dedicated to issues of training, skill, gender and job insecurity at the lower end of the labour market. Wiemer’s research agenda on inequalities will be reinforced by the new professorship. His interests concern wage inequality and low pay in a broad setting (including the role of employers, consumer demand and institutions), wage formation including the minimum wage, pay inequalities such as between the private and public sector, the household dimension of employment and incomes, the youth labour market, labour-market policies, the effects of part-time employment, education and work, the workings of the Dutch ‘Polder model’, top incomes, income inequality, and ageing and pensions.

We extend a hearty welcome to four colleagues who have left their positions at the Hugo Sinzheimer Institute, our partner institute in the Amsterdam Law Faculty, to join AIAS.

We are very pleased that Ms Els Sol (senior researcher), Mr Robbert van het Kaar (senior researcher), Mr Frank Tros (post-doctoral researcher) and Ms Marianne Grunell (researcher) have agreed to come over and reinforce the ranks of AIAS thus increasing the scientific mass of our institute. All four are experienced researchers, who each hold a PhD in law-sociology or economics. During their working life at HSI they have brought their own disciplines to bear on labour law. Thus the interdisciplinary nature of AIAS has no secret for them. They bring with them important expertise in the fields of active labour market policies, temp agency work, flexicurity, co-determination, industrial relations, gender and many other topics. This offers important synergies to existing expertise at AIAS – not a castle in Spain but something we mutually know from the cooperative work that has developed over the years. Much of their work is also organised in externally financed research projects, an approach that fits the style of AIAS very well. Their experience in submitting, obtaining and managing such project together with the international networking contacts behind this are particularly valuable for the future of AIAS. AIAS is also very pleased about the reinforcement of its data collection as the European Industrial Relations Observatory EIRO of the European Foundation of the Improvement of Working and Living Conditions will now also be maintained from our premises. In this newsletter you find more about them and I am sure you will in future editions. See also page 41 Wiemer Salverda

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CONFERENCES 23 September 2011 - Felix Meritis

AIAS conference in honour of Jelle Visser ‘Trade Unions in EuropeToday’

Invitation AIAS Conference in honour of Jelle Visser Amsterdam, 23 September 2011

On 23 September 2011, AIAS will organise a conference in the honour of professor Jelle Visser who will retire in October of this year. Jelle Visser is professor of sociology at the University of Amsterdam, and one of the founding fathers of AIAS in 1998. He has been the scientific director of AIAS 2000-2010. He has played a key role for the growth of AIAS into an institute of excellence. The conference will focus on the role of trade unions in today’s European societies and will address two sets of questions: • To what extent do trade union bridge the divide between insiders and outsiders on the labour market? Where do trade unions stand with respect to today’s agenda of activation, flexicurity and social investment? • How can trade unions be a factor of renewal in today’s society? How can they strengthen their relevance in this respect? What could be new projects for the state that unions can support to further their goals and what could be the role of unions themselves? See for all the information: www.uva-aias.net/events.

Trade Unions in Europe Today with

Prof. Wiemer Salverda Prof. Wolfgang Streeck Prof. Ida Regalia Dr. Mihai Varga Prof. Anton Hemerijck Prof. Bernard Ebbinghaus Dr. Marta Kahancová Prof. Colin Crouch Dr. Marc van der Meer Dr. Dorothee Bohle Dr. Reiner Hoffmann and of course

Prof. Jelle Visser Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Labour Studies AIAS

University of Amsterdam

8-10 June 2011 - Sigtuna, Sweden

Keynote lecture of Wiemer Salverda at the FISS Wiemer Salverda contributed an invited keynote lecture to the Foundation for International Studies on Social Security (FISS) at its 18th International Research Seminar on Issues In Social Security, which was dedicated to ‘Growth, Social Protection and Inequality’. The lecture dealt with societies’ (un)equal treatment of the low skilled and fitted Wiemer’s current project of developing a comprehensive view of low educational attainment, low-skill jobs, low pay and low income. The 2011 seminar was devoted on the interplay between economic, growth, social protection and (changes in) inequalities. Wiemer Salverda held a keynote lecture on ‘Societies’ (un)equal treatment of the low skilled’. FISS is particularly interested in the interrelation between growth and employment, new social policies and social security, inequalities and poverty. Despite growth of average income and of employment in many countries and despite new policies that are focused on investment and addressing equalities, inequality and poverty have not declined substantially. What does this imply about the changing role of social security? Under what conditions do the poor benefit from growth of income and jobs and can best practices be discerned? Are economic growth and employment the most important determinants of poverty and inequality and what is the role of social redistribution, activation policies and social security? Other keynote speakers were: • Lane Kenworthy (Professor of Sociology and Political Sciende - University of Arizona) • Martin Ravallion (Director of the Development Research Group of the World Bank) • Frank Vandenbroucke (Professor of Social and Economic Analysis and a.o. former Belgian Minister of Social Affairs & Pensions).

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CONFERENCES On 27-28 June 2011 - European Commission

Conference on fundamental social rights and the posting of workers - Jan Cremers

Jan Cremers contributed to a conference organised by the European Commission, DG Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion on 27 and 28 June 2011. The conference gathered about 250 participants and speakers representing governments and national administrations from EU and EFTA/ EEA countries, social partners at EU and national level, EU institutions and international organisations as well as academics and researchers.

4 May 2011 - SER The Hague, the Netherlands

Conference on differences in the Eurozone - Maarten Keune On the 4th of May 2011, the Dutch Social and Economic Council (SER) organised a conference “Dealing with differences in the Eurozone”. Maarten Keune discussed the question if differences in labour relations in the Eurozone constitute a problem for the monetary union, and what the possible impact of the new Euro Plus Pact and other new forms of EU economic governance on wage negotiations can be. He concluded that the new plans run the risk of affecting the autonomy of the social partners. He also showed that wages have not been a cause of the present crisis and that the solution of the crisis cannot be found in more extensive wage moderation.

In his opening speech László Andor, EU Commissioner for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion, sketched the outline of the future Commission policy. In the second half of this year the EC will come up with a proposal for an enforcement Directive and with a so-called Monti II Regulation. In the workshop Social and economic impact of posting of workers in Europe Cremers presented the results of his research as published in the book In search of cheap labour. Based on this research he concluded that monitoring of posting is difficult and hampered by the European Commission limitations. Enforcement lacks strong sanctioning, fines are weak in an extra-territorial context and most countries lack specific posting-related enforcement instruments. A condition for a properly functioning and genuine provision of services is, however, that actors and competent authorities involved take the compliance with contracts and posting rules seriously. Therefore, national and bilateral cooperation has to be improved, supervisory mechanisms have to be freed from the serious handicaps created by the European Court decisions and institutional coordination has to be guaranteed and strengthened. In recent years economic freedoms have had primacy. There is an urgent need to repair this part of the Community Charter of Fundamental Rights of Workers and to reinstate the aims and purposes of the Posting rules. http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?cat Id=88&langId=en&eventsId=347&more Documents=yes&tableName=events.

Photo by: Dirk Hol

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CONFERENCES 9 - 11 May - Amsterdam, the Netherlands

Young Women’s Conference of Decisions for Life project From Monday 9 to Wednesday 11 May, 2011, more than 100 women from 23 countries met in an International Young Women’s Conference, in the next stage of a campaign to empower young women workers around the world. The conference was held in Amsterdam, in the framework of the Decisions for Life (DfL) campaign, and organized jointly by the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC), the UNI Global Union, the Wage Indicator Foundation and AIAS. The DfL campaign aims to raise awareness amongst young women (aged 15-29) working in the service sector about their employment opportunities and career possibilities, family building and the work-family balance,

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in short, to empower young women and showing them that they have choices in life. The 14 countries initially involved are Brazil, India, Indonesia, the CIS countries Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine, and the southern African countries Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Decisions for Life was awarded a substantial grant from the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs as part of its strategy to support the UN Millennium Development Goal 3 (MDG3), ‘Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women’. The DfL campaign was facilitated by online information through the respective national Wage Indicator websites, particularly on statutory minimum wages and on workers’ and women’s rights, as well as by meetings and training sessions in 12 of

14 countries. Here, female organizers of the unions affiliated with ITUC and UNI, but increasingly also from other unions, played major roles. As a result after three conference days, the participants unanimously adopted a Declaration in which they demand that the ITUC and UNI, and their affiliates and the WageIndicator expand Decisions for Life to other countries and fully support, integrate and mainstream DfL methods. The Declaration specifies five ways, stressing demands in the organisational and facilitating sphere. See for more information the DfL website: http://www.ituc-csi.org/decisions-forlife.html The DfL country overview reports can also be downloaded as AIAS Working papers.

CONFERENCES 12 May 2011 - Amsterdam, the Netherlands

Ten years of WageIndicator: a celebration On 12 May, 2011, ‘The Next Decade’, a conference on occasion of 10 years of the Wage Indicator was held in De Burcht in Amsterdam. About 60 invited guests joined this celebration. Paulien Osse, initiator of the Wage Indicator, director of the Wage Indicator Foundation and convener of the conference, welcomed the participants and referred to the start in 2001, with one Women’s Wage Indicator site in the Netherlands (after an earlier paper-based survey in a women’s magazine). The leading idea behind the Wage Indicator, she explained, was and is that wage information should be available for all kinds of working people, women and men alike, in all countries. Subsequently, in 14 presentations backgrounds and milestones of the Wage Indicator were illuminated. In his opening address ‘The Next Decade’, Wiemer Salverda, director of the AIAS and chairman of the Supervisory Board of the Wage Indicator Foundation, reminded the audience that the very first Wage Indicator website, with questionnaire and Salary Check, was launched 17 May, 2001, in the Netherlands. Since then, the Wage Indicator has accomplished massive expansion: in May 2011 Sri Lanka got its own Wage Indicator, bringing the size of the ‘family’ to 60 national Wage Indicators. Other presentations were of • Biju Varkkey and Khushi Mehta, of the Regional Office Asia of the Wage Indicator and the Indian Institute of Management (IIM) in Ahmedabad • Reinhard Bispinck, project leader of the German Wage Indicator (Lohnspiegel.de) and researcher at the Sozialwissenschaftliches Institut (WSI) in Duesseldorf • Victor Beker, of the Regional Office Latin America of the Wage Indicator and the Centro de Estudios de la Nueva Economia (CENE) in Buenos Aires • Huub Douma, one of the Wage Indicator developers of Groningen-based Wyldebeast and Wunderliebe • Kea Tijdens, Research Coordinator of the Wage Indicator as well as at AIAS • Paulien Osse initiator of the Wage Indicator

• Martin Guzi, Regional Office Wage Indicator Bratislava and Central European Labour Studies Institute (CELSI) in Bratislava • Maarten van Klaveren, researcher at the AIAS • Egidio Vaz Raposo, Regional Office Wage Indicator in Maputo • Saliem Patel, partner in Wage Indicator Southern Africa and director of Labour Research Services (LRS) in Cape Town

See also: www.wageindicator.org/main/publications/2011/the-next-decade Here the 10 years’ jubilee booklet ‘The next decade’ (edited by Dirk Dragstra, 2011), including background texts by all presenters, can be downloaded.

After these presentations, with short debates in between stimulated by Paulien Osse, a video message was shown. This message of Richard Freeman, Harvard Law School, Cambridge, USA, and one of the world’s leading labour economists, gave testimony of the growing importance of the Wage Indicator in the research world. Freeman congratulated all with the 10 years’ Wage Indicator celebration and hoped for a fruitful next decade of expanding activities. Finally, Rike Wivel, Director of Marketing of Monster Benelux, presented Wiemer Salverda with the first issue of the Wage Index, a joint product of Wage Indicator Netherlands and Monster Netherlands. See for pictures, movies, and the speech by Richard Freeman: www.wageindicator.org/main/projects/events/wage-indicator-conference-may-12-2011.

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SEMINARS AIAS lunch seminars series AIAS organises fortnightly seminars on various subjects. Abstracts of the presentations will be put online and send to you, one week in advance.

Day:

Thursday, every fortnight

Time:

12.15 – 13.15 hrs.

Location: AIAS, 3rd floor, Plantage Muidergracht 12 Amsterdam the Netherlands Enrol:

Please send us an email [email protected]. A sandwich will then be provided.

Please send us an email ([email protected]) if you want to be put on the mailing list for the lunch/reading seminars. You will then receive an email about one week before the lunch seminar with all the information and the abstract.

8 September Wiemer Salverda (Director/researcher AIAS) Societies’ (un)equal treatment of the low educated 15 September Laurens Buijs (PhD AIAS) A Qualitative Case Study of Local Solidarity 22 September Rolph van der Hoeven (EUR-International Institute for Social Studies Den Haag) Employment, Inequality and Globalization, A Continuous Concern 6 October Kea Tijdens, Maarten van Klaveren (Researchers AIAS) Employees’ Experiences of the Impact of the Economic Crisis in 2009 and 2010: A German-Dutch Comparison 20 October Roel Mehlkopf (Tilburg University and Netspar); Discussion by David Hollanders (Tilburg University) Risicoverdeling bij hervorming van het aanvullend pensioen 3 November Jelle Visser (AIAS and FMG) and Ruya Gokhan Kocer (Researcher AIAS) ICTWSS database Please go to the website www.uva-aias.net /calendar for all the latest information on these lunch seminars.

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WORKING PAPERS

All working papers can be downloaded for free at the website: www.uva-aias.net Go to the sections publications • working papers

WP 11-110

Over- and underqualification of migrant workers Evidence from WageIndicator survey data Kea Tijdens and Maarten van Klaveren Are overeducation and undereducation more common for migrants compared to domestic A workers? If so, is overeducation and undereducation similar across migrants from various w home countries and across various host countries? h

AIAS

T This paper aaims at unrravelling the Over- and underqualifiction incidence of migrant workers Evidence from WageIndicator survey data of skill miso Kea Tijdens & Maarten van Klaveren match of m Working Paper 11-110 domestic aand migrant workers employed in 13 countries of the European Union, namely Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Italy, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Here migrants are defined as workers not born in the country where they are currently living. They originate from more than 200 countries, thereby reflecting a heterogeneous group, ranging from migrants for economic reasons and refugees, to expats, intercultural married, and others. Concerning overeducation, most of the literature points to explanations related to job allocation frictions. The theoretical explanations for overeducation all refer to job allocation frictions. They apply to workers in general at first job entry, to particular groups of workers at first job entry such as re-entering housewives or workers who have experienced unemployment spells and involuntary quits, to workers accepting a lower-level job if the probability of promotion is higher, to imperfect information from the employer’s side associated with a lack of transparency of diplomas or of transferability of credentials, to poor abilities of individual workers, and to labour market discrimination. Six hypothesis have been drafted for empirical Amsterdam Institute for Advanced labour Studies

July 2011

AIAS


testing. One hypothesis addresses undereducation. This can apply to workers with higher abilities, here defined as workers in supervisory positions. This paper builds on statistical analyses of the data of the large WageIndicator web-survey about work and wages, posted at all national WageIndicator websites and comparable across all countries. Using the pooled annual data of the years 2005-2010, 291,699 observations are used for the analysis. The large sample size allows a break-down of migrant groups according to country of birth in order to better capture the heterogeneity of migrants. Logit analyses have been used to estimate the likelihood of being overqualified compared to having a correct match or being underqualified. Similar estimations have been made for underqualification compared to having a correct match or being overqualified. One of five workers assesses to be overqualified (20%). When comparing domestic and migrant workers, overqualification occurs less often among domestic workers than among migrant workers (19% versus 24%). The analyses show that overeducation occurs indeed more often among migrant workers. Yet, the analyses also reveals that the overeducation occurs substantially more often in the old EU member states compared to newly accessed EU member states, regardless of being a domestic worker or a migrant. The results shows that the heterogeneity of the migrant groups should be taken into account. Of all migrant and domestic groups, the odds ratio of being overqualified is highest for migrants work-

ing in EU15 and born in EU12. The odds ratio decreases for the migrants from USA, Canada and Australia. The odds ratio of being overeducated increases with educational attainment. It decreases with hierarchical level within the occupation, with the corporate hierarchical levels, and with the skill level of the job. The hypotheses regarding job allocation frictions are confirmed. The odds ratios of being overqualified increase for recent labour market entrants, for workers with a non-employment spell, for female workers, for migrants who arrived at an adult age thus challenging the transparency of credentials in the host country, and for 1st and 2nd generation migrants and ethnic minorities thus challenging discrimination in the labour market. No support was found for the hypothesis that workers with presumably poor language abilities are more likely to be overeducated. Concerning undereducation, the analyses confirm that having a supervisory position increases the odds ratio of being underqualified. This suggest that underqualified workers with higher capabilities provide internal career ladders. This study in part confirms the existing literature, in particular the job allocation frictions for the entire labour market. It expands existing empirical findings concerning the reasons why migrants are more likely to be overeducated.

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WORKING PAPERS WP 10-109

WP 10-108

Employees’ The ethnic make-up of school experiences of cohorts Diversity and school achievement the impact of the economic crisis in 2009 and 2010 Virginia Maestri While the share of non-native students in a class is expected to have a non positive effect on school achievement, little is said about the heterogeneity of the ethnic minority make-up.

A German-Dutch Comparison

AIAS Kea Tijdens, Maarten van Klaveren, Reinhard Bispinck, Heiner Dribbusch and Fikret Öz Few studies have researched the impact of the 2008-2009 economic crisis on organisations’ adjustment behaviour in Germany and the Netherlands. Using large-scale data from an employee web-survey running from 2009/08 to 2010/11, this paper investigates the likelihood that German and Dutch employees work for a crisis-hit organisation. The likelihood of labour hoarding or downward adjustments of the permanent or flexible workforce in crisis-hit organisations is studied, as is the likelihood of downward adjustments in basic wages or benefits. The results show that such effects occur in large firms and the manufacturing industry much more often, that women are more likely to be working in a crisis-hit organisation but less likely to be facing les any of the adjustments, an AIAS th that education hardly matters and that elderm ly workers face many Employees’ experiences of the impact of the economic crisis more adjustments than m in 2009 and 2010 younger workers. yo Amsterdam Institute for Advanced labour Studies

Kea Tijdens, Maarten van Klaveren, Reinhard Bispinck, Heiner Dribbusch & Fikret Öz Working Paper 11-109 July 2011

AIAS

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Amsterdam Institute for Advanced labour Studies

A deeper insight into the ethnic make-up of school cohorts Diversity and school achievement Virginia Maestri Working Paper 11-108 January 2011 AIAS


Et Ethnic diversity can stimulate the creativity sti of students, can push them to be proficient th in the instructional language, can reduce the gu scope of ethnic identisc ficcation with all its pos-

sible drawbacks, but it may also worsen social interactions among pupils and make the job of teachers more difficult. We exploit the within school cohort variation in ethnic diversity of a rich data-set about primary education in the Netherlands to investigate whether ethnic diversity matters for school achievement, for whom it matters and which can be the other mechanisms it may generate. We find that ethnic diversity has a positive impact on the test scores of minority students, especially for language skills and older students. We also find a negative relationship between ethnic diversity and the school social environment.

WP 10-103

Separate, joint or integrated?

AIAS Amsterdam Institute for Advanced labour Studies

Separate, joint or integrated? Lucy Kok, Caroline Berden and Marloes de Graaf-Zijl

Working Paper 11-103 July 2011

Lucy Kok, Caroline Berden and Marloes de Graaf-Zijl This paper analyses the integration of active labour market policies icies for for two groups of unemployed from a theoretical perspective. AIAS


In general a model with only one type of agent performs better than a model with two types of agents. If there are two types of agents part of the effort of one agent leaks away to the other agent and decreases the incentives to get the unemployed back to work. A model where two agents work together and serve both types of unemployed performs even worse. This is because they are only partially compensated for their effort, which decreases the incentives to get the unemployed back to work even more.


Codebook - the job content of 150 occupations Kea Tijdens, Esther de Ruijter and Judith de Ruijter The EU-funded FP6 project EurOccupations (2006-2009) aimed to build a freely available web-based database containing 1,500 to 2,000 of the most common occupations and to test the similarity of job content, required skill level and competency profiles for a selection of 150 occupations across eight member states (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, and United Kingdom). Occupation is the key unit in matching vacancies and job seekers, and it is used for occupational choice and for career consultancy. Occupation is also a key variable in social research, particularly research related to the labour market, transition from school to work, social stratification, gender wage gaps, occupational structures and skill requirements. Despite the fact that occupation is such an important concept, little is known about the similarity of occupations across EU member states. This codebook explains the data collection methods used in the EurOccupations project and outlines the dataset collected for the detailed analysis. Section 2 explains the selection of these 150 occupational titles from a provisional source list of 1,433 occupations. Four criteria were used for the selection, namely variation in skill level and ISCO major groups, variation in gender composition, the prevalence of the occupation amongst job-holders, and the extent to which an occupation might be considered ‘blurred’, with wide demarcation lines. Section 3 details the process used for testing the similarity of the selected occupations. Unique task descriptions (10112 tasks) for all 150 occupations were drafted. A web-survey was designed with questions about the frequency of particular tasks and the required skill level for each occupation. Experts from all the study countries were recruited for p AIAS survey completion. The job holders were recruited through teaser advertisements on the WageIndicator websites in the su ccountries in question. SSection 4 explains the structure of the dataset. The dataset can by freely accessed by sending an email with name and afCodebook and explanatory note on the EurOccupations dataset about the filiate information to [email protected]. The Appendix includes all questionnaires used for the survey, as well as the job content of 150 occupations labels used for the education and occupation variables. The codebook and all project deliverables can be downloaded la from the project website www.euroccupations.org. fr Amsterdam Institute for Advanced labour Studies

Kea Tijdens, Esther de Ruijter & Judith de Ruijter Working Paper 11-107 January 2011

AIAS


Forthcoming

Working Papers

WP 114 An individual level perspective to the concept of flexicurity Antonio Firinu WP 113 European social dialogue as multi-level governance: towards more autonomy and new dependencies Paul Marginson (IRRU, University of Warwick) and Maarten Keune

WP 105 This time is different ?! The depth of the Financial Crisis and its effects in the Netherlands. Wiemer Salverda WP 104 Integrate to integrate. Explaining institutional change in the public employment service – the one shop office Marieke Beentjes, Jelle Visser and Marloes de Graaf-Zijl.

WP 112 Flexicurity: a new impulse for social dialogue in Europe? Maarten Keune

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Multinationals versus domestic firms Wages, working hours and industrial relations Kea Tijdens and Maarten van Klaveren This paper aims to present and discuss recent evidence on the effect of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on wages, working conditions and industrial relations. It presents an overview of the available literature on the effects of FDI on wages, particularly in developed countries, and research outcomes comparing wages, working conditions and workplace industrial relations in Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) versus non-MNEs or domestic firms. The outcomes include seven EU member states: Belgium, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, and the United Kingdom, and five industries: metal and electronics manufacturing; retail; finance and call centres; information and communication technology (ICT), and transport and telecom. The data stem from the continuous WageIndicator web-survey, combined with company data from the AIAS MNE Data-

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base. The analysis took place in the framework of the so-called WIBAR-2 project, funded by the European Commission under the Industrial Relations and Social Dialogue Program (VS/2007/0534, December 2007-November 2008). The project was led by the AIAS, with the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC); the European Metalworkers’ Federation (EMF); Ruskin College (Oxford); WSI im Hans-BöcklerStiftung (Düsseldorf), and the WageIndicator Foundation as partners. The picture emerges that the wage advantages emanating from working in an MNE in Northwestern Europe recently have become rather small. Germany is the exception, where considerable MNE wage premia are found. In the majority of Polish and Spanish subsidiaries of MNEs these premia still are considerable. By contrast, in retail, in transport and in telecom MNEs seem to exert outright wage pressure in some countries. Besides pay,

workers mostly perceive advantages in working in an MNE where these are to be expected, in training and internal promotion, and - rather unexpectedly - in workplace industrial relations. On all three yardsticks used (union density, collective bargaining coverage and the incidence of workplace employee representation) MNEs scored higher than domestic firms. MNEs scored less favourably on overtime compensation, working hours, and experienced or expected reorganisations. Where MNE wage premia show up, these have much in common with ‘efficiency wages’, meant to buy higher productivity and extra commitment from (skilled) workers.

AIAS Amsterdam Institute for Advanced labour Studies

Multinationals versus domestic firms Wages, working hours and industrial relations Maarten van Klaveren and Kea Tijdens Working Paper 09-85 July 2011 AIAS


GINI PAPERS

All GINI Discussion Papers can be downloaded for free www.gini-research.org

Discussion Papers GINI The Associates and Core Team members of the GINI project will produce an impressive series of up to 120 Discussion Papers. These papers will analyse important aspects of inequality. Mostly this will be done in a cross-country perspective, but some issues of prime importance where comparable data are missing may be studied in depth at the national level. The results will serve as input into the overarching Analysis Reports in four areas (analysis of inequality drivers, social impacts, political and cultural impacts, and policy effects) on the one hand and where applicable into the Country Reports that will be produced in the next stage of the project. Recently, the first four Discussion Papers have been published on the GINI website and are available for downloading.

DP2

Are European Social Safety Nets Tight Enough? Francesco Figari, Manos Matsaganis and Holly Sutherland This paper explores and compares the effectiveness of Minimum Income (MI) schemes in protecting persons of working age from poverty in the European Union. Using the European microsimulation model EUROMOD we estimate indicators of coverage and adequacy of MI schemes in 14 EU countries. In terms of coverage, we find that in several countries a significant number of individuals are ineligible for MI even when they fall below a poverty line set at 40 per cent of median income. With respect to adequacy, we show that in certain countries a large fraction of those entitled to MI remain at very low levels of income even when MI benefit is added. Overall, our findings suggest that the clustering of MI schemes in Europe may be more complex than previous literature has hitherto allowed for.

DP7

Income Distributions, Inequality Perceptions and Redistributive Claims in European Societies István György Tóth and Tamás Keller In this paper we analyse how redistributive preference p r relates to actual income and tto o its distribution. For measuring the rrelationship e on macro level, we define I D ,I P distance d i based measures of income R C E S iinequality n (P-ratios, based on data from LLIS) IS and test them for their direct and ffor fo o their contextual effects on aggregate (c (country cou ount ntry ry llevel) evel el) l) an and d on individual redistributive claims. NCOME ISTRIBUTIONS NEQUALITY ERCEPTIONS

AND EDISTRIBUTIVE LAIMS IN UROPEAN OCIETIES István György Tóth and Tamás Keller

GINI DISCUSSION PAPER 7 FEBRUARY 2011

GROWING INEQUALITIES’ IMPACTS

For measuring redistributive preference we develop a composite index using available public opinion (Eurobarometer) data for the European Union member states. On macro level there is a continued and high support of state redistribution in many European countries but the cross-country variance is also high. Preferences for redistribution correspond to various aspects of inequality (most notably, to the extent and depth of relative poverty). On micro level

the redistributive preference, while mostly derived from rational self-interest (material position, labour market status, expected mobility), is also driven by general attitudes about the role of personal responsibility in one’s own fate and by general beliefs about causes of poverty and the like. While the affluent, the middle and the poor have different appetite for redistribution everywhere, the distance between their attitudes also seems to be determined by the distance between their relative positions (ranks in the distribution). In countries having larger level of aggregate inequalities the general redistributive preference (of the rich, of the middle and of the poor) is higher, however in countries with very high levels of inequalities the difference in redistribution preference begins to decrease, which is a hint for a curvilinear relationship. The slope of this socioeconomic gradient seems, however, steeper in countries with middle inequality levels. The results of the paper can contribute to a refinement of the predictions developed in the frame of the median voter theorem and, via this, to a better understanding of political processes.

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GINI PAPERS DP8

DP9 - GINI Position Paper

John E. Roemer Keynote Lecture GINI Year-One Conference University of Milan 4-5 February 2011.

Brian Nolan, Ive Marx and Wiemer Salverda

The Ideological and Political Roots of American Inequality

DP10

COMPARABLE INDICATORS OF INEQUALITY ACROSS COUNTRIES

Who Reaps the Benefits? The social distribution of public childcare in Sweden and Flanders Wim Van Lancker and Joris Ghysels The main goal of this paper is to unravel the social distribution of childcare policies: who benefits from government investment on public childcare? If childcare policies are mainly used by those already working, and (scarce) budgetary resources thus end up with the higher income brackets, genuine concern arises about the distributional consequences of childcare policies on the one hand, and its effectiveness as an instrument to activate mothers with young children into the labour market on the other.

WHO REAPS THE BENEFITS? The social distribution of public childcare in Sweden and Flanders Wim Van Lancker and Joris Ghysels

GINI DISCUSSION PAPER 10 JUNE 2011 GROWING INEQUALITIES’ IMPACTS

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Comparable Indicators of Inequality Across Countries Th paper addresses the key issue This T ffor fo o the GINI project of how best tto o approach the measurement o off income inequality and wage iinequality n to enhance comparability aacross c different studies.

Position Paper Brian Nolan, Ive Marx and Wiemer Salverda

It focuses first on income inequality, dealing with the definition of income, the income recipient unit, and the unit of in analysis. measures used to capture inequality are also analysis The summary mea discussed, with an emphasis on capturing trends at different points in the distribution, and sources for comparative data on inequality levels and trends are discussed. The paper then turns to inequality in earnings among employees and discusses the same set of issues in that context. The above bears directly on any analysis of inequality itself but it is also important for an analysis of the direct impacts of inequality at micro-level. For a (multilevel) analysis based on aggregate inequality as an input the paper provides an understanding of the need for comparable concepts and definitions across countries and links to data sources as well as aggregate levels. It also links to practical experiences of researchers with different datasets. For this and the datasets see the Data Portal at gini-research.org.. GINI DISCUSSION PAPER 9 MARCH 2011

GROWING INEQUALITIES’ IMPACTS

Answering this question is a complex endeavour, because one has to simultaneously take into account the (possibly income-differentiated) tariff structure of childcare services and private childcare costs (parental fees), government expenditures (subsidies to childcare providers) and tax concessions. In this contribution, we develop a fine-grained analysis to reveal the distributional impact of public childcare for two countries (Flanders/Belgium and Sweden) already reaching the Barcelona targets for under 3s and interpret the results in a European perspective. We find that, although both cases report high coverage rates, Sweden and Flanders have very different and even opposite distributional outcomes. Both examples provide us with valuable lessons on the redistributive nature of “new risk policies” and the effectiveness of childcare as an instrument of labour market activation.

GINI PAPERS DP11

DP12

Jonathan Bradshaw and John Holmes In The Pinch David Willetts (2010) attracted attention by asking whether “the boomers have been guilty of a monumental failure to protect the interest of future generation”. This was just the latest contribution to a long running concern of social policy analysts about horizontal equity or generational fairness.

Cecilia García-Peñalosa and Elsa Orgiazzi This paper uses data from the Luxembourg Income Study to examine some of the forces that have driven changes in household income inequality over the last three decades of the 20th century.

Generational Factor Equity over Recent Components of Decades in the Inequality OECD and the UK A Cross-Country Study

Using OECD data 1980-2007 in the first part of this paper we show that there is no evidence that social expenditure has been shifting in favour of the elderly at the expense of children except perhaps recently in Nordic countries. The UK we have created a time-series using the published articles since 1988 and the raw data sets since 1996 for the annual Office for National Statistics analyses of the Effect of Taxes and Benefits on Household Incomes and used it to analyse trends in the redistributive impact of cash benefits, direct and indirect taxes and services on the retired and households with children and across the income distribution. The analysis shows how the relative support for the retired versus children has changed over time, which elements have contributed to the changes and for which part of the income distribution. There has been a small shift in final AN ANALYSIS OF GENERATIONAL EQUITY OVER income in favour of the elderly but it RECENT DECADES IN THE OECD AND UK was not the result of changes in taxes, Jonathan Bradshaw and John Holmes benefits or services in kind but rather a GINI D P 11 change in the original income distribuJ 2011 GROWING INEQUALITIES’ IMPACTS tion in favour of the elderly. ISCUSSION APER ULY

We decompose inequality for 6 countries (Canada, Germany, Norway, Sweden, the UK, and the US) into the three sources of market income: earnings, property income and income from self-employment. Our findings indicate that although changes in the distribution of earnings are an important aspect of recent increases in inequality, they are not the only one. In some countries the contribution of self-employment income to inequality has been on the rise. In others, increases in inequality in capital income –probably caused by tax changes- account for a substantial fraction of the observed changes in the distribution of income.

FACTOR COMPONENTS OF INEQUALITY A Cross-Country Study Cecilia García-Peñalosa and Elsa Orgiazzi

GINI DISCUSSION PAPER 12 JULY 2011 GROWING INEQUALITIES’ IMPACTS

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RVO PUBLICATIES Re-integratie verbeteronderzoek Het re-integratie verbeteronderzoek is een interdisciplinair onderzoeksprogramma vanuit sociaal wetenschappelijke, juridische en medische benadering naar de vraag hoe drie omgevingen – institutionele omgeving, sociale omgeving van de cliënt en de werkomgeving – werken op de kansen om te re-integreren in het arbeidsproces. Het doel van het onderzoeksprogramma is om de beroepspraktijk voor de toekomst meer en betere handvatten te bieden bij moeilijke keuzen in beleidvorming en –implementatie. Het programma wordt gefinancierd door Stichting Instituut Gak. Het programma is opgebouwd uit drie onderdelen of omgevingen en bevat in totaal 10 onderzoeksprojecten. Voor de volledige tekst programma RVO zie de website www.verbeteronderzoek.nl.

RVO2

Geïntegreerde dienstverlening In de keten van werk en inkomen - Een historische analyse M. de Graaf-Zijl, M. Beentjes, E. van Braak en Y. Hoogtanders Dit rapport onderzoekt de voor- en nadelen van geïntegreerde dienstverlening in de keten van werk en inkomen, gebruik makend van een historische analyse. DR M. DE GRAAF-ZIJL DRS M. BEENTJES DRS E. VAN BRAAK DRS Y. HOOGTANDERS

GEÏNTEGREERDE DIENSTVERLENING IN DE KETEN VAN WERK EN INKOMEN EEN HISTORISCHE ANALYSE

Dit rapport presenteert een historische analyse van geïntegreerde dienstverlening in de keten van werk en inkomen sinds de basis voor het sociale stelsel werd gelegd halverwege de negentiende eeuw. De historie laat zien dat perioden van (pogingen tot) integratie afgewisseld werden met perioden waarin zowel in Nederland als internationaal de gedachte overheerste dat de uitvoering beter door separate instellingen kan gebeuren. Op grond hiervan komt het rapport tot conclusies over de voor- en nadelen van samenwerking en/of integratie van de uitvoeringorganisaties die zich bezig houden met uitkeringsverstrekking en arbeidsbemiddeling.

RVO 02 | 2011 ACADEMISCH MEDISCH CENTRUM | UNIVERSITEIT UTRECHT | UNIVERSITEIT VAN AMSTERDAM

RVO3

Naar een samenhangend re-integratie recht M.Westerveld, C.C.A.M. Sol, R. Knegt Re-integratierecht is een nog niet eerder gemunt begrip voor regelgeving, die ziet op de activering van lastig bemiddelbare werkzoekenden. Re-integratierecht kent twee typen normadressaten: de burger die moet worden gestimuleerd tot baanbehoud of het verwerven van vaardigheden en/of werk, en de instituties die hem daartoe dienen aan te sporen. Tegelijk staat de term re-integratierecht voor een wetgevingsproces dat stapsgewijs, via learning by doing, tot stand is gekomen via regelingen als Wulbz (1996), Pemba (1998), Poortwachter (2001), suwi (2001), wwb (2004) en wia (2004). Door deze fragmentarische totstandkoming is de samenhang van regels vaak ver te zoeken. Het boek Naar een samenhangend re-integratierecht beschrijft de opkomst van het re-integratierecht en brengt vervolgens de relevante regels in kaart op een wat andere wijze dan te doen gebruikelijk. Dat wil zeggen niet langs de lijnen van wetgeving, maar naar de inhoud van de voorschriften, ongeacht in welke regeling deze zijn opgenomen. Op die manier ontstaat een systematisch overzicht van regels met een vergelijkbare of samenhangende normstelling uit Boek 7.10 BW, de wet suwi en materiewetten uit de sociale zekerheid zoals de ww, de wet wia en de wwb. Vervolgens wordt het aldus ontsloten rechtsgebied getoetst aan criteria van goede wetgeving en toepassing in de uitvoeringspraktijk. De criteria

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RVO PUBLICATIES voor goede wetgeving zijn ontleend aan de Aanwijzingen voor de regelgeving. De reguleringsstijl wordt getypeerd met behulp van de algemene omgang met wettelijke regels en meer specifiek met handhavingsregels. De geïntegreerde analyse van wettelijke regels die doorgaans in gescheiden segmenten worden beschreven, maakt de samenhang of het gebrek daaraan zichtbaar van regels, die deel uitmaken van één en hetzelfde rechtssysteem. NAAR EEN SAMENHANGEND Daarmee wordt de toeganRE-INTEGRATIE RECHT kelijkheid van dit systeem groter voor iedereen die ermee moet werken of er als normadressaat mee te maken krijgt. Ook is het in dit boek ontwikkelde toetsingsmodel bruikbaar voor een wetgevingstoets op andere rechtsgebieden. PROF.DR.M. WESTERVELD DR. C. C. A.M. SOL DR.R.KNEGT


RVO4

Re-integratie van allochtone vroegtijdige schooverlaters Van drop-out tot drop-in K.L.J. van Zenderen, R.M. Maier, W.A.W. de Graaf en G.C.M. Knijn Dit onderzoek richt zich op de toenemende zorgen over de sociaaleconomische integratie van migrantenjongeren, dat wil zeggen op hun ongunstige onderwijs- en arbeidsmarktpositie. Centraal staat de overgang van school naar werk die gehinderd wordt door achterblijvende onderwijsprestaties - na het verlaten van de basisschool komen migranten jongeren vooral terecht op de lagere niveaus van het voorbereidend bejo RE-INTEGRATIE roepsonderwijs (vmbo)- en hun oververtegenwoordiging in de cijfers van ro VAN ALLOCHTONE VROEGTIJDIGE SCHOOLVERLATERS: het h voortijdig schoolverlaten en jeugdwerkloosheid. Ook zijn ze oververtegenwoordigd in de groep non-participanten: dit zijn jongeren die niet op te school zitten, niet werken, en die moeilijk bereikbaar voor hulpverleningssc instanties zijn. in DRS. K.L.J. VAN ZENDEREN PROF. DR. R.M. MAIER DR. W.A.W. DE GRAAF PROF. DR. G.C.M. KNIJN

VAN DROP-OUT TOT DROP-IN


RVO5

‘Fit or unfit’ Naar expliciete re-integratie theoriën C.C.A.M. Sol, A.C. Glebbeek, A.J.E. Edzes, H. de Bok, I. Busschers, J.S. Engelsman, C.E.R. Nysten Re-integratie ligt onder vuur en het is niet helemaal duidelijk of dat terecht is of niet. Onderzoek naar het reintegratieproces is naast effectiviteitonderzoek nodig om daarin helderheid te brengen. Dit onderzoek-project heeft zich ten doel gesteld hiervoor een basis te leggen door gemeten effecten in (effectiviteit)onderzoek te interpreteren en uitkomsten van succesvolle en onsuccesvolle aanpakken te begrijpen. Concreet houdt dit in te komen tot een beperkte set van problemen, instrumenten, interventiestrategieën, gedragsmechanismen, contexten en uitkomsten die gelden als leidende principes in de re-integratie: 1. De voornaamste problemen die een re-integratiebedrijf wil oplossen of hanteerbaar wil maken om cliënten aan werk te helpen. 2. De voornaamste instrumenten die in de dagelijkse werkorganisatie van een re-integratiebedrijf ingezet worden om het oplossen van problemen mogelijk te maken. 3. Welke uitkomsten de interventiestrategieën nastreven (outcomes/uitkomsten) 4. Hoe - in de opvatting van het re-integratiebedrijf - de interventies tot stand komen die de problemen op moeten lossen ‘FIT OR UNFIT’ NAAR EXPLICIETE RE-INTEGRATIE (interventiestrategie) THEORIEËN 5. Hoe gedragsveranderingen in de visie van het re-integratiebedrijf tot stand komen (gedragsmechanismen) 6. Welke omstandigheden van invloed zijn op de werking van deze interventiestrategieën (contexten) We verwachten dat het in dit rapport ontwikkelde raamwerk voor ‘re-integratie als strategie’ en ‘de strategie van re-integratie’ een betere (want meer inhoudelijke) basis kan vormen voor toekomstige evaluatieonderzoeken. DR. C.C.A.M. SOL DR. A.C. GLEBBEEK DR. A.J.E. EDZES DRS. H. DE BOK DRS. I. BUSSCHERS DRS. J.S. ENGELSMAN C.E.R. NYSTEN MSC


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RVO PUBLICATIES RVO6

Vraaggestuurde re-integratie Methode of Mythe? A. Heyma, S. van der Werff en M. Volkerink Vraaggestuurde re-integratie, waarbij werklozen actief worden bemiddeld naar een concrete vacature, is effectiever dan aanbodgestuurde reintegratie, die vooral uitgaat van de wensen en bestaande capaciteiten van de werkzoekende.

Niet alleen hervatten werklozen via vraaggestuurde re-integratie sneller het werk, die werkhervatting is ook duurzamer. Dat ligt vooral aan een betere aansluiting tussen gevraagde een aangeboden capaciteiten (kennis, ervaring, competenties). Vraaggestuurde re-integratie zorgt ervoor dat werkzoekenden beter gaan ‘passen’ op de baan die zij gaan vervullen. Toch blijkt de meerwaarde van vraaggestuurde re-integratiedienstverlening beperkt. Werklozen die uit zichzelf een baan vinden doen dat gemiddeld minstens

zo snel en dat leidt ook minstens zo vaak tot een duurzaam dienstverband. Kennelijk is de aansluiting tussen gevraagde en aangeboden capaciteiten belangrijk, maar zijn VRAAGGESTUURDE werkzoekenden zelf RE-INTEGRATIE METHODE OF vaak het beste in MYTHE? staat om te zorgen voor een optimale aansluiting die zorgt voor een duurzame arbeidsrelatie. DR. A. HEYMA

DRS. S. VAN DER WERFF DRS. M. VOLKERINK


RVO7

Ketensamenwerking In de Praktijk

Y. Hoogtanders, M. de Graaf-Zijl Is ketensamenwerking effectief? Een kwalitatieve inventarisatie van ketensamenwerking in de re-integratiedienstverlening en een kwantitatieve evaluatie van hun effectiviteit. Met de invoering van de wet SUWI is de verantwoordelijkheid voor de re-integratie van werkzoekenden neergelegd bij CWI, gemeenten en UWV. Van de drie partners wordt verwacht dat zij op regionaal niveau met elkaar en zo mogelijk ook met scholingsinstellingen, werkgevers en re-integratiebedrijven samenwerken om de instroom in de uitkering te beperken en de uitstroom te bevorderen. Om de ketensamenwerking te bevorderen zijn de drie partijen aangemoedigd om gezamenlijke dienstverleningsconcepten te ontwikkelen en vanuit een gemeenschappelijk bedrijfsverzamelgebouw (BVG) hun diensten te gaan aanbieden. Daarnaast heeft

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het kabinet ook het tot stand komen van Regionale Platforms Arbeidsmarktbeleid gestimuleerd, waarbinnen de drie ketenpartners samen met werkgevers en scholingsinstellingen de aansluiting tussen vraag en aanbod op de arbeidsmarkt trachten te verbeteren. Inmiddels is er een groot aantal gezamenlijke dienstverleningsconcepten ontwikkeld en geïmplementeerd en zijn er op ruim 50 locaties in Nederland Bedrijfsverzamelgebouwen gerealiseerd. Dit onderzoek beantwoordt de vraag in welke mate ketensamenwerking effectief de instroom in de uitkering (WW, bijstand, nug) vermindert en de uitstroom van deze groepen verhoogt

en welke vormen van ketensamenwerking daarbij het meest effectief zijn.

DRS. YOLANDA HOOGTANDERS DR. MARLOES DE GRAAF-ZIJL

KETENSAMENWERKING IN DE PRAKTIJK


NEWSLETTERS Collective Bargaining Newsletter February - June 2011 Maarten van Klaveren This newsletter presents up-to-date information on collective bargaining developments across Europe. It aims to facilitate information exchange between trade unions and to support the work of the ETUC’s collective bargaining committee. February 2011 FRANCE Public sector pay trend below inflation The FGFFO civil service trade union has produced a briefing on public sector pay showing that the basic annual increase has exceeded inflation in only one of the last 11 years. The loss in purchasing power over the period is around 8%. Inflation in 2011 is expected to reach 2% while pay has been frozen until 2013. The UGFF-CGT federation has carried out a similar exercise including calculations for a sample of salary grades indicating what the loss of purchasing power means for gross pay. This exercise shows that if pay had kept pace with inflation since 2000 then administrative workers would be between €153 and €230 per month better off. (February 14, 2011) March 2011 POLAND Nurses in hunger strike in protest over contracts The nurses union in Poland (OZZPiP) has sent a letter to the civil rights ombudsman demanding intervention in a dispute where five nurses are on hunger strike and occupying the gallery in the parliament building in Warsaw. “A hunger strike and occupation of Parliament in going on in the middle of Europe and the Ombudsman will not speak on this issue,” OZZPiP president Dorota Gardias told Polish Radio. The nurses are protesting a new draft law on medical services, which introduces labour contracts for staff instead of permanent forms of

employment. The union is objecting to the contracts, which they say lead to exploitation of nurses who have fewer rights, longer working hours and less quality time for patients. Union president Gardias argued the government cannot introduce such basic changes to the country’s health care system without prior dialogue with health professionals and patients. (24 March 2011). April 2011 IRELAND Minimum wage cut reversed The minimum wage will be restored to its previous level and employers will have their social insurance contributions reduced under the revised terms of Ireland’s finance deal with the European Union, the European Central Bank (ECB) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The € 1 or 11.6% cut to the minimum wage will be reversed, taking the rate back up to € 8.65 an hour, Minister for Finance Michael Noonan confirmed This will be offset by a 50% reduction in the amount of social insurance employers must pay on wages up to the level of the minimum wage. Mr Noonan described the move as the “quid pro quo” for the reversal of the minimum wage cut. It is hoped the legislation will be in place by the summer (See also this Collective Bargaining Newsletter Year 4 January 2011).(April 16, 2011)

NETHERLANDS Trendsetting agreement in small metals sector Mobilisation toward strike action won 380,000 metal workers a 25-month basic agreement in the small metals and electrictechnical sector, in which one overarching collective agreement covers five sectors, including metal fabrication, gold and silver manufacturing, isolation, plumbing, heating, and electrical installation. The earlier agreement expired 1 April. The pay package worth 4.45%, to be paid in four steps, is expected to set the pace for other major contracts in manufacturing. Late on 6 April the three unions involved, FNV Bondgenoten, CNV Vakmensen and De Unie, reached a tentative agreement with the Metaal & Techniek industry association. “The employers didn’t want a fight and we were quickly mobilising toward strike action,” said Jan Berghuis, main negotiator for FNV Bondgenoten, who called the deal “trendsetting.” All three unions will recommend the agreement for ratification. In the basic agreement it is also agreed that short-term contract labour can only go via labour-hire firms that have collective agreements with the unions. (April 6, 2011) May 2011 FINLAND Agreement in paper industry cuts gender pay gap On 18 May, bitter strikes by 4,000 members of the Ammattiliitto Pro union against Finnish paper producers came to an end. After six weeks of tension, the union and the Finnish Forest Industries Federation (FFIF) came to terms over a second-year wage renewal. The white-collar union won an across-the-board national wage increase, but most importantly the pay gap among the clerical, technical, and front-line managerial ranks of the pulp and paper industry was narrowed. Effective 19 May there is a 1.5% pay increase, or €48-per-month minimum, whichever is higher. The effect is to weight the package toward lower-wage cleri-

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NEWSLETTERS cal workers in order to narrow the pay gap. The settlement, mediated by national mediator Esa Lonka, calls for an additional 1% to be negotiated at the local level by 17 June. If talks on local issues such as training, development, skill requirements, and work tasks do not conclude by then, the 1% will be awarded on 1 July (See also this Collective Bargaining Newsletter Year 4 March and April 2011). (May 23, 2011) June 2011 BULGARY Minimum wage to go up 1 September The minimum monthly wage is to increase by BGN 30 (€ 15.40), from BGN 240 to BGN 270 (€ 138.65), on 1 September. The news was reported by the president of the Confederation of Independent Syndicates (KNSB), Plamen Dimitrov, speaking after a meeting of the so-called Three-Way Council between trade unions, business and cabinet. Both KNSB and the other main union confederation, Podkrepa, continue to insist that the minimum wage should be increased on 1 July, as previously announced. Dimitrov further said that unions agreed on the amount of BGN 270 as an intermediary step, and would demand another upgrade, at least to BGN 290 (€ 148.90), after 1 January 2012. (June 23, 2011)

NORWAY Introduction of minimum wage in the cleaning industry On 21 June, the Tariff Board decided to make parts of the collective agreement in business cleaning generally applicable. The central precondition for doing so is documented proof that foreign workers are subject to wage and working conditions inferior to the conditions established in relevant collective agreements, or inferior to what is the norm in a profession/occupation. A decision made by the Board lasts for as long as the relevant collective agreement is in force. When the new regulation is implemented, probably in autumn 2011, the hourly wage rate for cleaners will be NOK 148 to 157 (€ 19.00 - 21.80), depending on length of service. The decision constitutes a landmark, as it is the first agreement that has been made generally binding within the service sector and as it has a standard wage rate and not a minimum rate like previous agreements made generally applicable. The Tariff Board’s decision is highly welcomed in the sector by both the dominant employer’s association and the union. However, enforcement will likely be demanding as the cleaning industry is notorious for its problems with undeclared work and social dumping. (June 29, 2011) All newsletters are available at www.uva-aias.net. Go to the sections publications • newsletters.

CLR-News The quarterly CLR-News (ISSN 1997-1745) focuses since the start in 1993 on subjects, which have determined its profile as an organ of information and debate on labour and employment in construction. From 2001 on the issues of CLR-News are available as PDF file. Jan Cremers CLR-News 1-2011 C Recruitment Practices in Europe R FROM THE EDITOR: ‘On Friday 25 February ‘O Jan Cremers (University of Ja Amsterdam), Line Eldring A (Fafo, Norway), JJustin Byrne (CEACS, Madrid), Kjell Skjærvø (Fellesforbundet TU, Norway) and Ian Fitzgerald (University of Northumbria) contributed to the regular monthly seminar of the British Universities Industrial Relations Association (BUIRA) Central London Branch. The title of our talk was Posted workers in Europe and we discussed and presented the results of the research, including comparative perspectives

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on the new realities of posting, organising posted workers locally and the clash between workers’ rights and economic freedoms in practice – one that continues to place a critical role in industrial relations. In this issue of CLR-News, we have collected the contributions of the London meeting and completed the issue with several reviews that fit in the theme.’(CLR-News 1-2011, Brussels, March 2011, ISSN 1997-1745). CLR-News 2-2011 Olympic sites: a celebration of Olympic values?‘ FROM THE EDITOR: ‘In this special issue of CLR-News we have tried

to document the construction involved for different Olympic Games, the social and employment issues and problems raised and the longer-lasting effects. CLR-News has reported earlier on trade union cooperation on international building sites and on the use of posted workers. And it has to be said that the Olympic sites in Barcelona were an important starting point for the posting debate in Europe. Another interesting aspect of Barcelona from the perspective of urban planning was that the (socialist) mayor had planned to build the Olympic village, for the lodging of the participants, as a project for future social housing.’(CLR-News 4-2010, Brussels, January 2011, ISSN 1997-1745).

JELLE VISSER IMPRESSIONS

Ebbinghaus on Visser

My collaboration with Jelle Visser dates back a long time and our connection evolved in many locations all along Stein Rokkan’s city belt route: Amsterdam – Cologne – Mannheim – Florence. It was in Mannheim in autumn 1985 that I first met Jelle. We had no idea this would be the beginning of long lasting collaboration! Coming back from a Fulbright year, I began working as a research assistant in the project on the Development of Trade Unions in Europe (DUES). Jelle struck me as being very cosmopolitan, open-minded, and collegial, quite in contrast to status-conscious Germans. Thus, I became involved in collecting data with him on trade unions. Neither of us imagined that this endeavour would take some 15 years to complete, as no rational actor would do this! Indeed, it would have been impossible had Jelle not had a passion for unions. He also brought to this project an amazing capacity for languages, tremendous knowledge of countries, and an investigative drive to cross-check every fact. From him I learned that we should never take figures at face value – and that we need to know more about institutions to adequately interpret these. In addition to various project meetings in Mannheim, we met often throughout Europe. Thanks to his generosity I often visited Amsterdam, sometimes house-sitting and browsing his well-stocked library. Jelle and I participated in each other’s doctoral defences, appropriately as we both had written comparative analyses of union movements. I stood next to him as a paranymph at his PhD defense at University of Amsterdam in 1987, while he was a member of my dissertation committee at the European University Institute in Florence in 1993. When I moved to the Max-Planck-Institute in Cologne, Jelle was a recurrent visitor there, investigating European employer associations. Over the years, we wrote several papers together, while keeping our hope alive that someday the Sisyphean task of the handbook would miraculously be concluded. That happened in 2000, when Trade Unions in Western Europe since 1945 was published, facilitated by the internet as we sent the last tables and 800 pages back and forth across the Atlantic between Cambridge and Amsterdam. Although we both moved on and therefore met less often, we did work on similar topics: he explained the “Dutch miracle” of social pacts and I was puzzled by the “Dutch disease” of early exit from work. Recently, we organized workshops on the demise of trade unions in the EUnetwork EQUALSOC at AIAS in Amsterdam and MZES in Mannheim that led to a special issue in the European Journal of Industrial Relations this year. Who would have thought more than a quarter century ago that we would still collaborate today to better understand the shifting conditions for trade unions to mobilize and represent the interests of working people in Europe. Knowing Jelle as a Frisian and Dutch social scientist of the first order, I am sure his interest in labour’s fate will continue long after official retirement. After all, this has been more than a job – it has been his calling.

Bernhard Ebbinghaus University of Mannheim

Achievements • Co-founder (1998) and Scientific Director (2000-2010) of the Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Labour Studies (AIAS) • Member EU High Level Group of Industrial Relations and Management of Change for advice to the European Commission on the implementation of the Lisbon Strategy (2001-2002); • Chief editor of the Industrial Relations in Europe reports for the European Commission (various years); • Consultant to the Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the International Labour Organization (ILO); • member of the Groupe de Reflexion advising the European Trade Union Confederation; member of the Advisory Board of the European Trade Union Institute; • co-founder and executive board member of the Netherlands Centrum for Sociale Innovation (NCSI), 2005-2011. Professional positions since 1984 • 1984-85 Lecturer in sociology, University of Amsterdam • 1986-87 Research Fellow Institut für Sozialwissenschaften, University of Mannheim, Germany • 1988-91 Lecturer sociology of work and organization, University of Amsterdam • 1992-96 Senior University Lecturer sociology of work and organization University of Amsterdam • 1996-99 Research fellow, Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, Cologne, part-time • 1997-98 Research professor, Amsterdam School for Social Science Research (ASSR), part-time • 1998- Professor of empirical sociology, University of Amsterdam • 2000- Chair in sociology of labour and organization, University of Amsterdam • 2000-10 Scientific Director Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Labour Studies (AIAS) • 2001-04 Head of Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Amsterdam

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JELLE VISSER’S RESEARCH

Some research projects • European industrial relations as a multi-level system – various subprojects on transnational issues, migration, collective bargaining, social pacts, varieties of IR systems within Europe and comparison of the EU with other world regions, chief editor of Industrial Relations in Europe reports in 2004 and 2008, founded by European Commission. In May 2011 publication of Social Pacts in Europe at Oxford University Press, with Martin Rhodes (EUI, U. of Denver) and Sabina Avdagic (Sussex University) • Governance as learning and new modes of governance: research on institutional change, policy diffusion and change in employment, labour market and welfare reforms in the Netherlands and Europe, funded by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) as research programme (20042009) and in EU 6th Framework (20042008) as part of the New Modes of Governance Integrated Project. Newest publication in New Modes of Governance in Europe (Palgrave-Macmillan), edited by Adrienne Héritier and Martin Rhodes. • Inequality, associations and social cohesion – in particular relating to issues of minimum wage setting, legitimacy, access to support and associability, founded under the EU 6th Framework as part of the Network-of-Excellence on Economic Change, Quality of Life and Social Cohesion (EQUALSOC), where I served as research co-ordinator of the cluster on Trust, Associability and Legitimacy

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New ICTWSS database is available The new ICTWSS database (version 3.0) of Jelle Visser is now available with more countries, more variables and updated till 2010. The ICTWSS database covers four key elements of modern political economies in advanced capitalist societies: trade unionism, wage setting, state intervention and social pacts. The database contains annual data for 34 countries: Australia; Austria; Belgium; Bulgaria; Canada; Cyprus; the Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Germany; Greece; Finland; France; Hungary; Ireland; Italy; Japan; Latvia; Lithuania; Luxembourg; the Netherlands; New Zealand; Malta; Norway; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Spain; Slovenia; Slovakia; Sweden; Switzerland; the United Kingdom; the United States; and it runs from 1960 till 2007. The 90 variables contained in this database are described in the codebook included in this text. The project Statistics of industrial relations and trade unions – in cooperation with, and with financial assistance from the OECD, ILO, Bureau of Labour Statistics (USA) and EU Research – building of a comprehensive statistical database on Institutional Characteristics of Trade Unions, Wage Setting, State Intervention and Social Pacts (ICTWSS) in 44 countries (including some emergent economies) stretching from 1960 to 2010; this project is enhanced through various dissertation projects on trade unions and collective bargaining, and has its origins in my dissertation and the work with Bernhard Ebbinghaus (University of Mannheim) leading to the main Handbook on European Unions, originally financed by the Volkswagen Foundation. See for more information www.uva-aias.net > data.

Global health and inequality Center for Global Health and Inequality (CGHI) CGHI conducts a wide range of research projects, including multi-site anthropological explorations, comparative descriptive studies, and focused analytical inquiries designed to test relevant hypotheses on key issues in the field of global health and inequalities. To facilitate analysis of the dynamics of changes in health and health care arrangements, the CGHI will develop data-bases to store and make accessible the qualitative and quantitative data collected in the wide range of ongoing studies. The CGHI conducts its studies in collaboration with key partner institutions in Asia, Africa and Latin America, involving around 20 PhD students and postdoctoral fellows. To enhance the value of the knowledge generated, national and international stakeholders are involved in all phases of the studies. Through fellowships and international seminars the CGHI contributes to international academic exchange and multi-disciplinary collaboration. See for more information www.cghi.nl.

JELLE VISSER’S

PUBLICATIONS A Dutch miracle Job growth, welfare reform and corporatism in the Netherlands Authors: Jelle Visser, Anton Hemerijck Publisher: Amsterdam University Press, 1997, Length: 206 pages ISBN: 9053562710, 789053562710. Cited well over 1000 times The Dutch polder model- recently dubbed a "success story" by Bill Clinton and Jacques Delors - plays a prominent role in current discussions about possibilities for a new "capitalism with a social face", and appeals to experts all over the world. Just ten years ago the Swedish sociologist Göran Therborn described the Dutch employment policy as a "spectacular failure". The authors single out three policy changes to explain the "miracle" that has taken place since then. The "Dutch miracle" shows that it is difficult but not impossible to overcome the drawbacks of the welfare state and that in this age of globalization and integration, it remains necessary to coordinate policy on a national level as well. In the last section the authors investigate the dynamics of social-economic policy which will have to be developed under increasingly stringent international conditions.

Trade unions Social pacts in Western in Europe Europe since Emergence, evolution, and 1945 institutionalization Authors: Bernard Ebbinghaus, Jelle Visser Publisher: Macmillan Reference, 2000, Length: 807 pages. ISBN: 1561592447, 9781561592449 Cited over 400 times

This handbook offers empirical basis for a long-term and comparative understanding of changes and variations in EU movements. The Societies of Europe is an eight-title series of historical data handbooks on the development of Europe from the 19th to the 20th century. The series is a product of the Mannheim Centre for Social research, a body dedicated to comparative research on Europe and one of the leading social research institutes in the world. It is a collection of datasets giving a clear and systematic study of long term developments in European society. The data is presented statistically and is clearly comparative. This volume relates to the development of trade unions in Western Europe.

Authors: edited by Sabina Avdagic, Martin Rhodes & Jelle Visser Publisher: Oxford University Press, 2011, Length: 322 pages ISBN: 978-0-19-959074-2

The result of a four-year long comparative research study centered at the European University Institute in Florence, Italy, and financed by the EC’s 6th Framework Programme. Social Pacts in Europe presents the first fulllength theoretical and comparative empirical study of new social pacts in Europe. A selection of his publications: • 2011 Union Decline: Causes, consequences and cures, special issue of the European Journal of Industrial Relations, May, edited with Alex Bryson and Bernhard Ebbinghaus. • Checchi Daniele, Jelle Visser, and Herman G. Van de Werfhorst (2010). Inequality and Union Membership: The Impact of Relative Earnings Position and Inequality Attitudes. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 48 (1): 84-108. • 2002 ‘The First Part-time Economy of the World - A model to be followed?’, Journal of European Social Policy, 12 (1), 23-41 • 1999 ‘When Institutions Matter - Union growth and decline in Western Europe, • 1950-1995’, European Sociological Review, vol 15 (2): 1-24 (with Bernhard Ebbinghaus)

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JELLE VISSER

IMPRESSIONS

Academic guest positions and fellowships 1990 (April-July) Guest professor, Dept. of Sociology, University of Wisconsin-Madison 1991 Fulbright fellow, Dept. of Sociology and Industrial Relations Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison 1991-1992 Fulbright fellow, Dept. of Political Science, Stanford University 1995 (Jan-April) Guest fellow, Nuffield College, University of Oxford 1995 (May-Sept) Research fellow, Mannheimer Zentrum für Europäsche Sozialforschung 1999 (May) Milan, Dept. of Political Science, Master class ‘European industrial relations’ 2000 (Jan-Febr) Barcelona, Universita Pompeu Fabra, Master class ‘Comparative welfare states and industrial relations’ 2000 (May) Milan, Dept. of Political Science, Master class ‘European industrial relations’ 2000 (July) Humboldt University and Wissenschaftszentrum, joint PhD course ‘Labour markets and welfare states’ 2001 (Jan-May) University College Utrecht, comparative sociology 310, ‘Comparative welfare states’. 2001 (April) Uppsala, Institute for Economic History, PhD course ‘European social and economic integration’. 2002 (June) Pavia, Università degli Studi, Dept. of Political Science, PhD Summer School in European Integration and Social Development. 2003 (May) Pavia, Università degli Studi, Interdepartment School for Advanced Studies, Ph.D course sociological theory and comparative methods. 2004-2005 Visiting Fellow European University Institute, Florence, Department of Social and Political Science. 2005 (Spring) Bocconi University, Milan, Master class International and comparative political economy 2007 (Spring) Milan, IBM Professor for Labour Relations, Economics and Law (Rotating Chair with Richard Freeman and Jean Tirole)

Inside knowledge When in the early 1990s, I became a member of the so-called ‘sociology of organizations research unit’ in the East Indian House, in downtown Amsterdam, the sociology department was heavily involved in herding several hundreds of students through a two-year curriculum of organisation and policy studies, one of the milk cows of the faculty. For its research, the unit operated like a rather loose network, covering policy and culture, network analysis, and then also something about ‘international trade union density patterns’. At the time, Jelle Visser occupied a fancy room, with a library of its own, which looked out over the inner courtyard of the historical building. The room itself had been awarded to him after a long ceremony of early morning heavy tobacco smoking with the responsible warden, long before other staff members had arrived. The library’s bookshelves contained a substantial collection of topics covering comparative state, market and industrial relations. All these issues were lacking in the official university library’s collection. Our complaint to the library committee aimed at filling these gaps, was immediately rejected for lack of hard guilders. Jelle then rhetorically responded to the director of the department in a letter (that implicitly fuelled the educational programme that AIAS started several years later): “… once our students have read everything from the following list of prominent scholars (some of them will be present at his farewell conference!) they will conduct cutting-edge empirical research, the authors are all Europeans, and – above all – they are all alive!”

Marc van der Meer ecbo

An end to the School Struggle When I was a PhD student at the Interuniversity Centre for Social Science Theory and Methodology (ICS), I developed a different view on Sociology in Amsterdam than most of my colleagues. While the School struggle between the ICS and the ASSR was almost automatically transmitted from one academic generation to the next, I discovered that the Amsterdam School had at least two faces. Not only did Amsterdam embrace the historical-comparative approach of Norbert Elias and his followers. Also a more institutionally interested group of sociologists was present. How did a PhD student in Nijmegen discover this? Because, during my ICS internship in Oslo, I met Jelle Visser, who was visiting for a day. During my two-year research fellowship at Nuffield College, Oxford, I moreover discovered that also within the empirical-analytical sociological study of inequality and institutions, two variants exist: an analytical group around John Goldthorpe and Anthony Heath, and a more policy oriented group around Duncan Gallie. By then I knew: Amsterdam is the place for me. Thát was the Dutch university where both variants could co-exist, and where I would feel myself surrounded by a broader group of academics than I had been used to in the ICS. And of course the city was attractive too... I was told that, if I wanted to work in the lion’s den, I should make sure to be part of AIAS. Although I have never had my full workplace there, through European projects I have always enjoyed being part of AIAS part-time. All this makes Jelle to be one of the most important persons to have closed the School Struggle in Dutch Sociology. Herman van de Werfhorst


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NEWSLETTERS WageIndicator Gazette Keep yourself posted and read the WageIndicator Newsletter! 4 March 2011 Minimum Wage media campaigns in southern Africa A DecentWork project is under way in Zambia, South Africa, and Mozambique since October 2009. It combines offline awareness-raising debates on Decent Work issues with online information on labour law and (minimum) wages. What started as a pilot has now gained a steady foothold in at least Mozambique and Zambia with additional Minimum Wage media campaigns in both countries planned till the end of 2011. Wage Indicator now also on mobile devices Would you like to access the national Minimum Wage on your mobile or cell? This is now a distinct possibility in a growing number of countries with Wage Indicator presence. The system has been tried, tested and is being made available gradually during the first quarter of 2011, first of all in India, the Netherlands and South Africa. With the mobile version of Wage Indicator comes the option of a Salary Check, a VIP pay check of celebrities, and labour rights according to the law of each specific country. In the course of 2011 the system will be perfected and new information made available. Pakistan joins Wage Indicator Early March 2011 the Wage Indicator for Pakistan, www.paycheck.pk, was launched during a lively debate on minimum wages in Karachi, in which both employees and employers’ organizations participated. The event was covered by national media and attended by representatives from government and labour market researchers. Gender wage gap widens with age A world-wide Wage Indicator survey, covering half a million workers, shows a direct correlation between age and the gender pay gap.

The older the worker, the wider the wage gap between men and women. Amongst workers under 25 the average gender pay gap is 15 percent, i.e. women earn 85 per cent of their male counterparts. Then, till 35, this gender wage gap widens to an average of 19 percent. In the middle-age group (35-50) this widening accelerates and the gap expands to 25 percent on average. During the last years of working life this earnings gap keeps widening but at a slower rate. Women over 50 earn 73 percent of what men their age make. Educated women less smart when it comes to pay The gender pay gap, common everywhere, is particularly wide amongst groups who are highly educated. Highly educated women earn on average up to 30 percent less than their male peers, no matter how smart they are. The latest Wage Indicator quarterly report, which substantiates this finding, focuses on gender issues on the occasion of Women’s Day, March 8th. In order to find correlations between workers’ levels of education and gender pay gaps, the worldwide Wage Indicator sample of 2010 was divided into 3 educational groups: those who didn’t finish their basic studies; a second group consisting of those with a middle education and/ or after high-school; and a third group with academic or post-graduate degree. For each of these groups the gender pay gap was calculated. Those at the lower education end showed a considerably smaller gender pay gap, 18 to 20 per cent, as compared to female academics, with economists topping the bill with a pay gap of almost 30 percent. Working women face longer days for lower pay When compared to men, working women on average face longer working days than men, for less pay. This is the main outcome of an international gender pay gap comparison,

based on half a million surveys conducted by the Wage Indicator Foundation between 2006 and 2010. This picture is found, regardless of level of development of the economy or region of the world. Yet, the more developed the economy and the less traditional the society, the smaller the gender pay gap appears to be. For example, a Danish woman earns 91 percent of the pay her male professional peers get. In Denmark the gender pay gap is the smallest. At the other extreme Indian women on average get 64 per cent of what male workers earn in the same occupation and at the same level of qualifications. In the middle range are mostly other Western European countries with gender pay gaps between 22 and 15 percent. Though a stable pattern can be seen, it also appears from this large scale Wage Indicator comparison that overall working women increasingly are aware of and dissatisfied with their situations as compared to their male peers. After a working day, as a rule women take the lion’s share of household tasks upon themselves. This means that after the working day is finished, they still have to put in a couple of hours at home. This traditional division of household roles however is no longer taken for granted. Almost half of the working women are dissatisfied with the current state of affairs, whereas the great majority of working men are satisfied to enjoy their leisure time after work. The quarterly Wage Indicator report that leads to this outcome is published on the occasion of Women’s Day, March 8th. It shows that the gender pay gap is the rule across borders, throughout branches of industry and –almost- regardless of occupation. The gender based difference in pay ranges from 7 per cent, as in the case of nurses, to over 30 per cent as in some academic professions. The report also makes clear that this pay gap is to a large extent irrational, not accounted for by relative lack of skills or education on the part of women.

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NEWSLETTERS May 2011 Eduardo Mondlane University and Wage Indicator signed Memorandum of Understanding With the signing of the Memorandum of Understanding between the Eduardo Mondlane´s Faculty of Economy and the Wage Indicator Foundation research in the labour sector gains new momentum. The Faculty of Economics of the Eduardo Mondlane University and the Wage Indicator Foundation of the Netherlands have just signed a Memorandum of Understanding in the light of which the two institutions will to carry out joint research activities in the field of labour, wages and specifically in the Mozambican labour economics. The signing of the MoU has been concluded on 14 April 2011 and takes effect immediately with the exchange of data and information relating to the employment sector in Mozambique and Southern Africa in general. In light of that Memorandum of Understanding there are planned activities intended to raising funds for joint research activities and data collection related to work, income, working conditions,employment, among other activities. The implementation of the memorandum will be in charge of the Centre for Economic Studies and Management of the University for the Mozambican part and Wage Indicator Foundation. The Memorandum of Understanding between the Foundation and the Faculty of Economics of will enable the integration of the Faculty of Economics in a global

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network of academic institutions working in the same field of research such as the Renmin University - Beijing - China, Harvard Law School - Cambridge - USA, University of Amsterdam - Amsterdam - Netherlands, Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad -India and more. (May 5, 2011) The Next Decade of Wage Indicator Wage Indicator, one of the world’s leading benchmark sites for salary checks, is entering its second decade of growth. The system is internet based and provides salary checks for individual occupations, from truck driver and cleaning lady to VIP’s. These checks are calculated on the basis of data volunteered by visitors of its websites and through offline surveys. After 10 years of unabated growth Wage Indicator is now operational in 60 countries on all continents. In 2010 its sites were consulted some 13 million times. Its database currently comprises over three quarters of a million updated wage indications. At a conference held May 12 in Amsterdam to celebrate its first 10 years, Wage Indicator outlined its potential for future growth. Speakers’ contributions can be found in The Next Decade. (May 11, 2011) Big Macs to match Wage Indicator salary checks An American IT-professional for one hour of work can buy 5 Big Macs, his Indonesian counterpart not even 1 Big Mac sandwich: 0.8 to be precise. An international wage comparison based on Wage indicator data shows that wage gaps between countries for

the same work are high. IT-Workers were chosen for this comparison as they have similar job skills everywhere. Their earnings were matched for buying power with Big Macs, available in all selected countries in the same quality. The comparison was done for 3 occupational groups in 27 countries. The occupations are: middle managers (excluding chief executives and legislators), specialized occupations in the IT sector and manual workers, such as craftsmen, machine operators, and assemblers. The 27 countries selected are from all over the world: 9 Western European, 3 Eastern European, the United States, 7 countries in South America and 4 countries of the former Soviet Union. India and Indonesia are the 2 Asian countries represented in the comparison and South Africa the only African country. Some more outcomes are that Indonesian manual workers as compared to IT-workers are better off, relatively speaking: they can buy 0.6 Big Mac for one hour of work, their American counterpart 2.4 Big Macs ‘only’. Compare this to 5 or more Big Macs American IT-specialists and managers can afford to buy after putting in one hour of work. These outcomes were presented during the May 2011 conference celebrating 10 years of Wage Indicator. All results are based on Wage Indicator datasets, collected in these countries during 2009 and 2010 in comparable manner. See for all the news on the WageIndicator www.wageindicator.org/main/WageIndicatorgazette/2011

PUBLICATIONS Collective bargaining in a time of crisis

Are you being served?

Developments in the private sector in Europe EU Consultation on the functioning of the Vera Glassner, Maarten Keune and Paul Marginson This article discusses crisis-related developments in collective bargaining in European Company the private sector across the EU since the onset of the crisis during 2008. Statute It analyses developments in the incidence, procedures and content of collective bargaining during the crisis and is cross-nationally and cross-sectorally comparative. It also examines how economic developments, industrial relations institutions and public policy might explain these developments. The article shows that collective bargaining responses to the crisis have been much more frequent in multi-employer bargaining systems than in singleemployer bargaining systems, both at sectoral and company level. Major differences also exist between manufacturing and services, with bargaining being more prevalent in the former. In procedural terms, with some exceptions, the crisis has accelerated the longer term trend towards organized decentralization. Substantively, restoring competitiveness and maintaining employment are central to the agenda of crisis-response agreements. The trade-offs are more integrative under multi-employer bargaining systems and where public policy offers support in negotiating short-time working schemes, and more distributive under single-employer bargaining. Transfer European Review of Labour and Research, 17(3) 303–321 http://trs.sagepub. com/content/current.

Europeanization and the political economy of active labour market policies Olaf van Vliet and Ferry Koster In this article van Vliet (LEI) and Koster (EUR/AIAS/LEI) investigate how cross national differences in labour market reforms can be explained by European integration. Previous studies show that reforms in labour market policies differ across countries. This may be partly owing to the impact of European integration on these policy reforms. Whereas most of these studies are qualitative case studies, the present study aims at explaining cross-national variation

in expenditures on active labour market policies quantitatively. Relying on pooled time-series data, the study tests whether and how Europeanization influenced activation. The analyses lead to the conclusion that the European Employment Strategy has contributed to shifts from passive to active labour market policies. Using new indicators, we trace the impact of specific mechanisms of the EES, resulting in evidence for the influence of mutual learning through the peer review programme. European Union Politics June 2011 vol. 12 no. 2 217-239.

Jan Cremers After a decision-making process lasting 30 years, the EU Council finally adopted the general principles for a Regulation on the Statute for a European Company (Societas Europaea, SE) and the Directive with regard to the involvement of employees in European Companies (SE Directive) in December 2000. The main purpose was to enable companies to operate their businesses on a cross-border basis in Europe under the same corporate regime. The SE legislation entered into force on 8 October 2004 and, by mid-2007, all EU countries had transposed it into national law. The SE Regulation required the European Commission to present a report on its application, including proposals for amendments where appropriate, five years after its entry into force. DG Internal Market and Services commissioned Ernst & Young to carry out this study. The study report was finalized in December 2009 and published on the Commission’s website in March 2010. In spring 2010, the Commission launched an online consultation via its website to test the results of this study, while at the same time organizing a conference on the SE statute. This article is a follow-up to a critical assessment of the procedure used (www.workerparticipation.eu/About-WP/Publications/ Worker-participation-a-burden-on-the-European-Company-SE-A-critical-assessment-ofan-EU-consultation-process). Transfer European Review of Labour and Research 17(2), 269-274.

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PUBLICATIONS Management EU and National company law and worker involvement Cat & mouse or win-win? Jan Cremers. In a new book published by the ETUI an alternative approach to corporate governance is presented by members of the GOODCORP network of researchers and trade unionists. This new approach, entitled the Sustainable Company, draws on both traditional ‘stakeholder’ models of the firm and newer concerns with sustainability. In his contribution Jan Cremers discusses the positive contributions that worker involvement makes to the company, and argues that stronger worker involvement could bring major improvements in company practice. Managers generally do not have the capacity and tools by themselves to follow ‘best practice’ in HRM. Thus we find many examples in practice where worker representatives play a crucial role in promoting best practice. However, most managers are not convinced of this positive role, which helps explain why worker involvement does not diffuse more on a voluntary basis. In: The Sustainable Company: a new approach to corporate governance, Sigurt Vitols and Norbert Kluge (ed.). ETUI, 2011, Brussels, ISBN 978-2-87452-219-2, €25.

Jan Cremers and Elwin Wolters Recently Jan Cremers and Elwin Wolters published an exploratory report on the evolution of national company law in the EU. A summary has been published in the Dutch quarterly Zeggenschap (June 2011).

Deregulation is hot in Europe. Even during and after the economic crisis countries have continued with the deregulation of their company law. After examining the contributions from experts reporting from 25 EU Member States and Norway and Switzerland the authors must conclude that the basic element of recent national reforms of company law has been the effort to outbid direct neighbours. The relaxing of the registration requirements decreases the disclosure of information and opens the door to bogus practices and the misuse of legal persons and companies. Transparency is not improved by exemptions from (or by watering down) auditing standards. Domestic company law reform could then easily lead to a patchy process of transnational legal pluralism. The outcome is predictable: less specific protection of various stakeholders (minority shareholders, creditors and so on), dilution of workers’ participation, fewer requirements with regard to registration, no capital requirements and more and more exemptions from the legislation in force. • Cremers, J. and Wolters, E.H.J. (2011). EU and national company law – fixation on attractiveness • In Dutch: Cremers, J. and Wolters, E.H.J. (2011). Vestigingsbeleid op drift? Europees onderzoek naar ondernemingsrecht. Zeggenschap, 22(2), 26-27 Europees onderzoek naar ondernemingsrecht

Vestigingsbeleid op drift? Vereenvoudiging van regels is populair in Europa. Ook tijdens en na de economische crisis is men doorgegaan met deregulering. Allerlei constructies - postbusfirma’s, het ontlopen van verantwoordelijkheid via faillissementen, schijnfirma’s en opsplitsen over verschillende rechtsvormen - zijn de afgelopen jaren mede mogelijk gemaakt door de wetgever, terwijl de controlerende rol van bijvoorbeeld werknemers verder is beperkt, zo constateren Jan Cremers en Elwin Wolters.

spraken, gebaseerd op de vrijheid van vestiging, leiden ertoe dat

regulering en de toenemende onderlinge competitie. Uit het onder-

bedrijven met buitenlandse (Europese) rechtsvormen zich overal

zoek blijkt dat veel regelgeving in lidstaten vrijwel hetzelfde is voor

vrijelijk in de EU mogen vestigen. Dit had voornamelijk betrekking

publieke en private bedrijven. Een one size fits all stelsel voor zowel

op de Britse Limited Company (Ltd.); een zeer eenvoudig op te rich-

beursgenoteerde bedrijven als voor eenmanszaken wordt vaak ver-

ten rechtsvorm die geen kapitaalvereisten bij de oprichting kent. De

dedigd met het idee dat zo’n stelsel gunstig is voor het midden- en

populariteit van de Ltd. in andere landen bracht nationale overhe-

kleinbedrijf (mkb). Echter, het tegendeel is waar. De versoepelde

den er toe eigen flexibele rechtsvormen op te richten met weinig tot

regelgeving en mogelijke kostenverlaging komen vooral ten goede

geen kapitaalvereisten. Voorbeelden hiervan zijn besloten vennoot-

aan grote, beursgenoteerde bedrijven. In veel (voornamelijk Zuid-,

schappen in Duitsland (Unternehmensgesellschaft), de Portugese

Midden- en Oost-Europese) lidstaten is de meerderheid van de

‘empresa na hora’ (binnen een aantal minuten operationeel) en de

bedrijven klein of middelgroot en heeft de ingevoerde regelgeving

Nederlandse flex-bv. In Noorwegen werd de al bestaande AS vereen-

weinig effect.

voudigd. Deze flexibele vennootschappen zijn in de praktijk niet of

Soms zijn er wel aparte regelingen voor het mkb, zoals het afschaffen

nauwelijks te controleren in het geval van frauduleuze praktijken.

van verplichtingen aangaande de accountancy (in Oostenrijk) of het

Brievenbusconstructies of de beruchte plof-bv en het ontlopen van

publiceren van jaarverslagen (Zwitserland). Mede gelet op de ruime

aansprakelijkheid komen daarmee sterker in beeld. Failliet gaan, met alle gevolgen van dien voor klanten, crediteuren en werkne-

Het besluit binnen een onderneming zich ergens te vestigen,

ging van de nationale regelgeving past in de ‘Better

definitie van het mkb (tot 500 werknemers) heeft

hangt normaal gesproken af van de aanwezigheid van gekwalifi-

Regulation’ agenda van de Europese Commissie.

dit grote gevolgen voor de sinds de crisis veel ge-

ceerd personeel, de bereikbaarheid en een goede infrastructuur.

Die agenda heeft tot doel bestaande regelgeving

vraagde transparantie.

De discussie over het vestigingsbeleid staat echter tegenwoordig

te vereenvoudigen, met minder regels en meer ef-

Ook worden vereisten aangaande de omvang van

vooral in het teken van lage belastingen, flexibele regels en lage

fectmetingen. Europa moet competitiever, zo heet

het management losgelaten en vindt een intro-

Discrepantie

kapitaaleisen. Nationale overheden, met de Europese Commissie

het, en in de praktijk wordt getracht op Europees

ductie plaats van nieuwe en alternatieve vormen

In het onderzoek springt een belangrijke discrepantie in het oog.

als voortrekker, trachten aantrekkelijker te worden voor het be-

en nationaal niveau regels flexibeler te maken en

van jaarvergaderingen: aandeelhoudersverga-

Lidstaten zijn redelijk doortastend als het er om gaat verregaande

drijfsleven. Dit beleid wordt door de EU en de lidstaten vooral

vereisten te verlagen.

deringen hoeven niet meer in het land zelf ge-

maatregelen door te voeren die leiden tot veraangenaming van het

verdedigd met het oog op de concurrentie van de VS en de opko-

De regelgeving inzake de Europese (besloten)

organiseerd, het mag en kan online en digitaal.

ondernemingsklimaat. Dit voortvarende beleid is echter niet terug

mende economieën. Het lijkt haast of vrijwel alles mogelijk is als

vennootschappen (SE & SPE) vormt een recente

Populair wordt ook het opzetten van one-stop

te vinden zodra meer maatschappelijke thema’s, zoals diversiteit

het om het vestigingsklimaat gaat. Ondanks de economische crisis

bijdrage van de Europese Commissie. Met de cre-

shops van overheden. Door middel van (digitale)

in besturen en werknemersparticipatie aan de orde zijn. Op deze

gaan overheden door met wetgeving die leidt tot versoepeling van

atie van een Europese rechtsvorm werd beoogd

loketten worden procedures vereenvoudigd en

terreinen is weinig vooruitgang geboekt en is de wetgever niet snel

mers, wordt eveneens eenvoudiger. En er zijn amper kosten aan een heroprichting verbonden.

regels en minder controle, maar ook tot minder overheidsinkom-

een ondernemingsvorm in te voeren die grensoverschrijdend zou

verkort. Oostenrijk heeft een speciaal departement opgericht dat

geneigd tot (dwingende) regelgeving.

sten. Maatschappelijk thema’s zoals werknemersparticipatie en

kunnen worden toegepast (zie ook Zeggenschap, juni 2010, p. 42).

ervoor moet zorgen dat ondernemingen minder tijd kwijt zijn aan

Zo is er amper dwingende regelgeving om het aantal vrouwen in

het aantal vrouwen aan de top worden afgedaan met vrijwillige

In de praktijk heeft dit niet geleid tot een stelsel dat lidstaatover-

overheidsregelingen en Luxemburg een loket waarbij alle diensten

besturen en raden van commissarissen te bevorderen. In verschei-

afspraken, terwijl uitwijst dat juist deze thema’s kunnen bijdragen

stijgend is. De Europese vennootschap in de afzonderlijke lidstaten

voor bedrijven bij elkaar zijn gebracht. Motief voor de veranderingen

dene landen is de roep om quota te horen. De meerderheid van de

aan de stabiliteit van ondernemingen.

wordt gekenmerkt door allerlei nationale bepalingen. Gevolg is dat

is de lagere kosten. Een belangrijk effect is dat de informatievoor-

Europese regeringen wil hier niet aan en blijft bij vrijwillige afspra-

nu eens de Europese variant aantrekkelijker is voor een bedrijf, dan

ziening, de transparantie en de controlemogelijkheid voor werkne-

ken met het bedrijfsleven en bij niet-bindende codes.

Onderlinge concurrentie

weer de al bestaande nationale rechtsvorm. Teneinde de slag om

mers, klanten, overheden en minderheidsaandeelhouders hierdoor

Verder kennen we in veel landen vormen van werknemerscom-

Uit een verkennend onderzoek van experts1 uit 25 EU-lidstaten en

het bedrijfsleven niet te verliezen vernieuwen landen hun nationale

verminderen.

missarissen die een belangrijke controlemogelijkheid inhouden.

Noorwegen en Zwitserland blijkt dat de Europese landen niet de

rechtsvormen.

Echter, deze vorm van werknemersparticipatie wordt steeds meer

concurrentie aangaan met grootmachten buiten de EU maar in

Opvallende wijzigingen

uitgekleed, en gezien als slecht voor het ondernemingsklimaat. Zo

werkelijkheid elkaar beconcurreren. Er is steeds meer sprake van

Uitwerking verschilt

De belangrijkste wijzigingen zijn op te tekenen op het gebied van

heeft de huidige Tsjechische regering een wetvoorstel ingediend

een zogeheten beggar-thy-neighbour beleid, leidend tot een race to

De invloed van de Europese regelgeving pakt verschillend uit in de

de versoepeling van de registratievereisten en de verlaging van

dat moet leiden tot de afschaffing van de verplichting 1/3 van de

the bottom. Dit zet uiteindelijk aan tot regime-shopping, waarbij on-

EU. De (verplichte) omzetting van de bestaande EU-regelgeving (de

de kapitaalseisen. In vrijwel alle Europese lidstaten zijn de regi-

raad van commissarissen te laten bestaan uit werknemerscom-

dernemingen op zoek kunnen gaan naar de laagste regeldruk en het

‘acquis communautaire’) door de nieuwe lidstaten voor de toetreding

stratievereisten vergemakkelijkt. Volgens de nationale overheden

missarissen. In Polen is een vergelijkbare ontwikkeling gaande en

gunstigste belastingklimaat, en arbeidsvoorwaarden en werkzeker-

tot de Europese Unie heeft daar geleid tot een vennootschapsrecht

bevordert dit de nationale economie. In Polen geldt sinds kort een

zelfs in Duitsland is sprake van het indammen van werknemers-

heid volledig naar de achtergrond verdwijnen. In enkele gevallen

dat sterk is geënt op de West-Europese regelgeving. De nieuwe lid-

online registratiesysteem voor startende bedrijven, waardoor geen

participatie.

leidt dit er ook toe dat werknemersparticipatie als een kostenpost in

staten moesten regelgeving invoeren op het gebied van registratie,

notariële akte meer nodig is. Een ander middel dat bedrijven moet

plaats van een toegevoegde waarde wordt gezien. De vereenvoudi-

oprichting en fusies van bedrijven, bedacht en ontwikkeld door de

overhalen zich in een lidstaat te vestigen, is het verlagen van de

Noot

‘oude’ lidstaten en dus sterk gelijkend op de (West-Europese) mo-

kapitaalvereisten of het oprichten van nieuwe rechtsvormen waarbij

Jan Cremers en Elwin Wolters zijn verbonden aan het AIAS en deels werkzaam

dellen. In de ‘oude’ lidstaten gaat de ontwikkeling van de onder-

geen of een zeer laag startkapitaal vereist is. Uitspraken van het

voor het Europees vakbondsinstituut ETUI.

nemingsvormen vaak terug op een veel langere nationale traditie.

Europese Hof van Justitie hebben dit proces versterkt. Deze uit-

1 Het SEEurope netwerk, gespecialiseerd in werknemersparticipatie, bestaat uit experts uit alle EU-, EEA-landen en Zwitserland. Zie voor het volledige rapport: J. Cremers & E. Wolters (2011) ‘EU and national company law – fixation on attractiveness’, ETUI report 120, URL: http://www.worker-participation.eu/content/download/4225/58552/file/

Zeggenschap – juni 2011

28

Interessant is om te zien hoe wordt gereageerd op de Europese de-

26

Zeggenschap – juni 2011

27

PUBLICATIONS Facilitating job retention for Impact of chronically ill employees the crisis on Perspectives of line managers and human employees resource managers in Germany and the Netherlands

Joke Haafkens, Helen Kopnina, Martha Meerman and Frank van Dijk Background Chronic diseases are a leading contributor to work disability and job loss in Europe. Recent EU policies aim to improve job retention among chronically ill employees. Disability and occupational health researchers argue that this requires a coordinated and pro-active approach at the workplace by occupational health professionals, line managers (LMs) and human resource managers (HRM). Little is known about the perspectives of LMs and HRM on what is needed to facilitate job retention among chronically ill employees. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore and compare the perspectives of Dutch LMs and HRM on this issue. Methods Concept mapping methodology was used to elicit and map statements (ideas) from 10 LMs and 17 HRM about what is needed to ensure continued employment for chronically ill employees. Study participants were recruited through a higher education and an occupational health services organization. Results Participants generated 35 statements. Each group (LMs and HRM) sorted these statements into six thematic clusters. LMs and HRM identified four similar clusters: LMs and HRM must be knowledgeable about the impact of chronic disease on the employee; employees must accept responsibility for work retention; work adaptations must be implemented; and clear company policy. Thematic clusters identified only by LMs were: good manager/employee cooperation and knowledge transfer within the company. Unique clusters identified

by HRM were: company culture and organisational support. Conclusion There were both similarities and differences between the views of LMs and HRM on what may facilitate job retention for chronically ill employees. LMs perceived manager/ employee cooperation as the most important mechanism for enabling continued employment for these employees. HRM perceived organisational policy and culture as the most important mechanism. The findings provide information about topics that occupational health researchers and planners should address in developing job retention programs for chronically ill workers. In: BMC Health Serv Res. 2011 May 17;11(1):104. Please go to the website www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21586139 to download the article.

Kea Tijdens and Maarten van Klaveren Kea Tijdens and Maarten van Klaveren have contributed to an article on the impact of the crisis on employees in Germany and the Netherlands, published in WSIMitteilungen 2011/2. Based on data from extra survey questions in the WageIndicator web-survey, the article analyses how the employees in Germany and the Netherlands judge the impact of the economic crisis in 2008-2010 on their company and their personal working conditions. A joint total of 31.000 employees in both countries completed the survey. Whereas in the Netherlands substantially more companies were involved compared to Germany, the Dutch companies reduced the workforce less often. In contrast to Germany, the Dutch companies used less often working time reduction and part-time work, but much more frequently volunteer working time reductions. In Germany much more often wage reductions were reported in relation to the crisis compared to the Netherlands. Reinhard Bispinck, Heiner Dribbusch, Fikret Öz, Kea Tijdens, Maarten van Klaveren (2011) Auswirkungen der Wirtschaftskrise in Deutschland und den Niederlanden aus Sicht der Beschäftigten, WSI-Mitteilungen, 64 (2), 83-90.

29

PUBLICATIONS Decentralising wage setting in times of crisis? The regulation and use of wage-related derogation clauses in seven European countries Maarten Keune This article presents T aan analysis of the rregulation e and iimportance m of wagerrelated e derrogation cclauses in collective agreement agreements ts in in Austria, A Belgium, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy and Spain. It discusses the various ways such deviations are legally regulated; the extent to which they are indeed included in intersectoral,

sectoral and other collective agreements; what the conditions for their use are; and the extent to which they are actually used in practice at company level. It shows that in most countries there is political pressure from both employers and governments in most countries to extend the possibilities for derogations and a number of reforms have indeed eased their use. As a result, more and more sectoral agreements now include some sort of wage-related derogation clause. This has however not resulted in an increased use of such clauses at the compa-

ny level. The main exception to this is Germany, where the widespread use of collectively agreed opening clauses has triggered a process of decentralization that has shifted an increasingly large part of bargaining responsibilities to the company level. This has led to a significant loss of regulatory power on the part of both employers’ associations and trade unions and once inviolable collectively agreed standards have become objects of re-negotiation at company level. European Labour Law Journal, Vol. 2, No. 1: 86-94.

Pensioen zal Dynamiek op de nooit gegaran- Nederlandse arbeidsmarkt De focus op kwetsbare groepen deerd zijn Paul de Beer Het is een roerige tijd rond de pensioenen. Decennialang dachten we dat het Nederlandse pensioenstelsel stond als een huis. Maar nu blijkt het ineens veel minder zekerheid te bieden dan ons steeds is voorgehouden. Een nieuw pensioenakkoord tussen de sociale partners, dat in de maak is, lijkt deze onzekerheid alleen nog maar te vergroten (de Volkskrant van 5 maart). Dat die onzekerheid ook de reeds opgebouwde pensioenrechten treft, zou het akkoord volgens de landsadvocaat zelfs juridisch onhaalbaar maken, zo meldde de Volkskrant op 11 maart. Zetten de vakbonden met dit akkoord inderdaad de verworven rechten van werknemers op een gegarandeerd pensioen overboord? In ‘de Volkskrant’, 14 maart 2011, ‘Opinie en Debat’

30

Wiemer Salverda, Maite Blázquez Cuesta en Daniëlla Brals Het Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek en TNO publiceren Dynamiek op de Nederlandse arbeidsmarkt. De focus op kwetsbare groepen. Donderdag 3 maart weidde het CBS een symposium aan de presentatie van het boek.

W. Salverda heeft het hoofdstuk “Laagbetaald werk, deeltijdwerk en loonmobiliteit” bijgedragen, gebaseerd op zijn internationaal vergelijkend onderzoek in samenwerking met Maite Blázquez Cuesta (U. Autonoma, Madrid) en Daniëlle Brals (AIAS). Samengevat is zijn conclusie als volgt. Werken in deeltijd blijkt het risico op lage betaling aanzienlijk te vergroten en de kans op groei naar hogere betaling te verkleinen. Dat geldt in het bijzonder voor kleine deeltijdbanen, van minder dan 15 uur per week, die een belangrijk kenmerk vormen van de Nederlandse werkgelegenheid. In internationale vergelijking zijn de verschillen voor deeltijders op zich beperkt, maar ons land heeft aanmerkelijk meer deeltijdbanen. Het is gewenst dat beleid inzake (kleine) deeltijdbanen rekening houdt met de effecten op loonmobiliteit teneinde te voorkomen dat ze een doodlopende weg op de arbeidsmarkt worden. Uit het onderzoek komt ook naar voren dat de padafhankelijkheid van lage beloning in het algemeen groot is, in ons land nog meer dan elders. Dit impliceert de wenselijkheid van een heroverweging van beleidsopvattingen die sinds het midden van de jaren negentig lage lonen verder hebben willen verlagen. ISBN, 978-90-357-1937-8

COLUMN AIDAN REGAN

The Impact of the ‘Great Recession’ on European Industrial Relations The origin of the European economic crisis can be traced to the reckless behaviour of banks in private global finance markets. In Germany, several years of wage restraint depressed domestic demand. To stimulate economic growth the ECB maintained historically low interest rates which created a surge in interbank lending. This had the perverse effect of creating a surge in cheap credit for peripheral countries with lax domestic financial regulation. Irish banks borrowed the equivalent of 60 percent of GNP on international wholesale money markets in 1997. By 2007 this had risen to over 270 percent. Most of this was channelled into property speculation. The result in Ireland and Spain was a colossal real estate boom. The rapid rise in house prices was considered ‘good inflation’. Credit was issued on the basis of property values not real wages. The effect was a boom in domestic demand and increased employment growth in construction. This bubble inevitably burst. To prevent the collapse of the international financial system, European governments socialized the bad debt of private banks. The outcome is a sovereign debt crisis. In the absence of currency devaluations or exchange rate adjustments trade unions and government are now faced with the painful social process of wage devaluations and public spending cuts. This places the entire burden of adjustment on to the labour market. The construction of the EMU in the absence of political union generated structural imbalances across the European single market. Seventeen countries with diverse labour, fiscal, and wage policies adopted a shared currency. This institutional diversity meant that each country adjusted and internalised the constraint of EMU in different ways. It also meant that there was significant

variation in how member states responded to the economic crisis. Domestic political coalitions and the configuration of national labour relations systems have led to different procedural and employment outcomes. Ireland has adopted a market rather than a negotiated adjustment whilst Germany and Finland have adopted a collective bargaining response. Irish unemployment has soared to 14 percent whereas it has remained relatively stable in Germany and Finland. There is a technical consensus emerging amongst European elites that a shared monetary union is not possible without coordinated fiscal and labour market governance. The decisions taken in response to the Eurozone crisis, therefore, will have significant implications for national institutions of labour relations. To understand the process and trajectory of change that is underpinning the next phase of European adjustment requires a theoretical and empirical analysis. This is precisely what Maarten Keune and Aidan Regan will do in their comparative political economic study of Ireland, Germany and Finland. They will examine variation in trade union density, collective bargaining coverage, wage setting institutions and labour regulations to assess how these institutions condition actor strategies in response to the crisis. In this regard it is a theoretical contribution to the future evolution of national labour relations in the context of European varieties of capitalism.

Aidan Regan is a PhD candidate in Public Policy at the School of Politics, University College Dublin and a guest researcher at AIAS. His research interests include the political economy of labour relations, welfare states and processes of institutional change in the European Union. His PhD is examining the politics of corporatist policy making in the EMU with a specific focus on the rise and fall of Irish social partnership. Aidan Regan ([email protected])

31

DATA participates in COST action IS1004: WEBDATANET AIAS

web-based data-collection – methodological challenges, solutions and implementations In March 2011 the Netherlands joined the joined COST Action IS1004: WEBDATANET. The network is funded from the European Science Foundation. On behalf of University of Amsterdam/AIAS, prof. Kea Tijdens and Dr. Stephanie Steinmetz are proposed to become the COST National Coordinator of WEBDATANET. Web-based data collection (surveys, experimenting, testing, non-reactive data collection, and mobile Internet research) is/will become important for all social science fields. In avoiding both a simultaneous waste of effort and the use of web data without scientific validity, a multidisciplinary network is proposed to address web-based data collection, its methodologies, scientific validity, and use in the social sciences. WEBDATANET will benefit from communication throughout the social sciences by establishing a network bringing together

32

social scientists, survey and web-based data collection experts, and data users. It will tackle several web-based data collection problems and discuss scientific validity by using different data sources, such as existing web-surveys, social networks, and other web 2.0 technologies. WEBDATANET will generate innovative ideas, address the latest technological options, synergise knowledge, foster the drafting of cross-national research proposals, and provide new tools and guidance for researchers, official bodies, and statistical institutes. WEBDATANET will promote web-based data usage in the EU by supplying webbased teaching and discussion platforms, disseminating findings, and organizing conferences, working groups, and research exchanges. It will contribute to the theoretical foundation of web-based data collection, stimulate its integration into the entire research process (e-science), and enhance its credibility in the name of public interest.

RESEARCH New SOLIDAR-project After a fruitful cooperation in 2009/2010 in the one-year SOLIDAR-project ‘Decent Work for All: A Key for Effective Industrial Relations’, AIAS was asked to act as the external coordinator for a new transnational SOLIDAR-project called “Making Industrial Relations work for Decent Work” (for the briefings of the 2009/2010 project see: http://www.uva-aias.net/264). The project aims to intensify the cooperation and mutual learning of relevant actors - employers, unions, NGOs, think thank and workers - to identify the role of and the tools and models for effective industrial relations, with the ultimate aim to combat precarious employment and realise decent working conditions for all. The project will focus on three specific clusters of vulnerable people: migrant workers, young adults and employees in low-wage services, aimed at: • Increasing knowledge and develop material on targeted sectors/groups specifically at risk of precarious and/or non-standard labour, highlighting factors and consequences of precarity. • Bringing together institutional actors with on-the-field experience to firstly identify challenges to and then investigate models for effective social and industrial dialogue. • Showcasing good practices of industrial dialogue and partnership in addressing challenges to inclusive labour markets and decent work. • Strengthening the capacity of stakeholders and people experiencing precarious labour to contribute to effective social and industrial dialogue, provide evidence for synergy models, identify successful forms of workers participation/involvement. Jan Cremers will act as the external coordinator and junior researcher Janna Besamusca is engaged to provide a Dutch input, based on a partial funding by the Europafonds of the Dutch WBS-Foundation.

Wiemer Salverda in a new ILO expert group The International Labour Organisation, in cooperation with the European Commission, established an expert working group on “Adjustments in the public sector: Scope, effects, and policy issues”.

It has an ambitious research programme for the coming year which will cover some 15 countries, including the Netherlands. It is a timely subject as many governments are putting austerity measures on the table. The group will pay particular attention to the gender dimension which differs significantly between the public and the private sector.

33

RESEARCH Project

Title / Topic

Commissioner

Fundamental shifts in the governance and content of unemployment insurance Bargaining for social rights: reducing precariousness and labour market segmentation through collective bargaining and social dialogue This newsletter presents up-to-date information on collective bargaining developments across Europe since February 2008 Aims to promote formal employment and equal opportunities at the labour market Dutch Collective Labour Agreements Database and Monitor Coördination Dutch contibution in the European Industrial Relations Observatory (EIRO)

SIG Fund

EU FP6

Formula

Economic change, social inequality and social cohesion in the knowledge economy Building a publicly available occupations database in 8 European countries Free movement and labour law - conflicts and impacts

GINI

Growing Inequalities’ Impacts

EU FP7

GUSTO

Analysing, Comparing and evaluating the various societal models in a medium-to-long-term perspective

EU FP7

HEALTH at WORK

Improving health and safety at work

EU FP7

HRM chronisch zieken International reform monitor, Dutch correspondent Loonwijzer

HRM policies for chronically ill workers Website database on Social policies, labour market policies, industrial relations Wageindicator

SIG Fund Bertelsmann Stiftung

Pathways to work research programme

This research programme aims to strengthen academic research into reintegration services in direct interaction with the reintegration field Free movement and the posting of workers in the EU / Social Progress Clause Coordination of research on workers participation in companies with a European Company Statute Member of SEEurope-netwerk

SIG Fund

Solidarity in the 21st century: aging, immigration and solidarity Website database of publications on temp work

SIG Fund

web-based data-collection – methodological challenges, solutions and implementations Improving Web Survey Methodology for Social and Cultural Sciences Wageindicator support for bargaining in the utilities sector

European Science Foundation

Sorted by project name Activating States BARSORI

Collective Bargaining newsletter

Decisions for life DUCADAM EIRO Equalsoc Network of Excellence EurOccupations

Posting SEEurope (Cremers) SEEurope (vh Kaar) Solidariteit in de 21 eeuw Temp work research monitor WEBDATANET WEB-Surveys WISUTIL

34

EU DG Social dialogue

ETUI-REHS

Ministry of Foreign Affairs, joint with ITUC EU-DG ESA Eurofound

EU FP6 Research Council of Norway

European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) ETUI ETUI

ABU, joint with HSI

ERASMUS Studio EUR EU DG Social dialogue

PROJECTS AIAS researchers

Links

Period

Dr. Els Sol a.o.

http://www.activatingstates.org/5

2006 - 2012

Prof. Maarten Keune a.o.

2010 - 2011

Maarten van Klaveren

http://www.uva-aias.net/102#collective_barg

2008 - 2011

Prof. Kea Tijdens, Melanie Hughie-Williams, Maarten van Klaveren a.o. Prof. Kea Tijdens

www.wageindicator.org/main/projects/decisions-for-life/ decisions-for-life-2013-kick-off-meeting-december-8-9 http://www1.fee.uva.nl/aias/ducadam/

2009 - 2011

Dr. Robbert van het Kaar and Dr. Marianne Grunell

http://www.eiro.eurofound.ie/

2005 - continued*)

Prof. Herman van de Werfhorst, Prof. Wiemer Salverda a.o. Prof. Kea Tijdens

www.equalsoc.org

2005 - 2010*)

www.euroccupations.org/main/

2006 - 2009

Prof. Jelle Visser

http://www.jus.uio.no/ifp/english/research/projects/ freemov/ http://www.gini-research.org

2008 - 2012

http://ec.europa.eu/research/social-sciences/projects/398_en.html

2008 - 2012

www.abdn.ac.uk/haw/index.html

2008 - 2011

Prof. Wiemer Salverda, Dr Marloes de Graaf-Zijl, Dr Virginia Maestri, Dr Francesco Bogliacino, Dr Bram Lancee Dr. Els Sol, Dr Maarten Keune

Dr. Joke Haafkens Dr. Joke Haafkens Prof. Wiemer Salverda a.o. Prof. Kea Tijdens, Melanie Hughie-Williams, Maarten van Klaveren, Dr. Stephanie Steinmetz Dr. Els Sol and Dr. Marloes de Graaf-Zijl a.o.

www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/cps/rde/xchg/bst_engl/ hs.xsl/prj_54224.htm http://www.wageindicator.org www.verbeteronderzoek.nl

Dr. Jan Cremers a.o.

2000 - 2010*)

2010 - 2013

2007 - 2011 2000 - 2010 2000 - continued 2008 - 2012

2010 - 2012

Dr. Jan Cremers and Elwin Wolters

http://www.worker-participation.eu/European-Company

Dr. Robbert van het Kaar

http://www.worker-participation.eu/

Prof. Paul de Beer, Dr Dorota Lepianka, Dr Maarten Berg, Drs. Laurens Buijs, Merle Zwiers Dr. Els Sol and Dr. Marloes de Graaf-zijl a.o.

www.solidariteit.info

2009 - 2013

www.flexworkresearch.org

2005 - continued

http://www.cost.esf.org/domains_actions/isch/Actions/ IS1004

2011 - 2015

Prof. Kea Tijdens and Dr. Stephanie Steinmetz Prof. Kea Tijdens and Dr. Stephanie Steinmetz Prof. Kea Tijdens, Melanie Hughie-Williams, Maarten van Klaveren a.o.

2009 - 2011 continued

2010 - 2013 http://www.wageindicator.org/main/projects/wisutil

2010 - 2011 *) extended with own funding

35

New to AIAS

ONDERWIJS Maarten Keune

AIAS leergangencyclus Arbeidsvraagstukken en Beleid Zeven dinsdagmiddagen

Andere leergangen in de cyclus

Kosten

Elke leergang bestaat uit zeven wekelijkse bijeenkomsten op dinsdagmiddag van 13.30 tot 17.00 uur. De eerste zes bijeenkomsten zijn achtereenvolgend en de laatste bijeenkomst met een week ertussen.

A. HRM in Beeld (20 sept. - 15 nov. 2011) B. Arbeidsmarktontwikkelingen (17 jan.- 6 maart 2012) C. Ongelijkheid en Solidariteit (10 april - 5 juni 2012) D. Trends in Arbeidsverhoudingen (18 sept. - 13 nov. 2012)

De kosten voor de afzonderlijke leergangen bedragen € 1950,- (BTW-vrij). Dit is inclusief consumpties, literatuur, afsluitende netwerkborrel. De leergang kan worden afgesloten met een certificaat, mits aan de opdracht van het schrijven van een notitie en de aanwezigheidsplicht is voldaan (zes van de zeven bijeenkomsten aanwezig). Bij inschrijving voor een tweede of derde leergang (door dezelfde persoon) ontvangt u 5% korting op de cursusprijs. Bij inschrijving van de vierde leergang (door dezelfde persoon), zodat de hele leergangencyclus gevolgd wordt, ontvangt u op de laatste leergang 10% korting.

Voor wie De leergangen zijn bedoeld voor academici en HBO-ers die hun kennis over arbeidsvraagstukken en het beleid willen opfrissen, actualiseren en verdiepen. De leergang wil een kader scheppen voor mensen die de dagelijkse gebeurtenissen rond arbeid en beleid beter willen begrijpen.

Inschrijving Per leergang kunnen maximaal vijfentwintig personen deelnemen. Bij meer dan vijfentwintig aanmeldingen zal deelname worden toegekend op volgorde van aanmelding.

Leergang HRM in Beeld Cursusleider: Dr. Martha Meerman In deze leergang worden vanuit verschillende disciplines belangrijke aspecten uit het vakgebied van Human Resource Management behandeld zoals beloning, werving en selectie, scholing, leergedrag en leiderschap. Er wordt stil gestaan bij vraagstukken omtrent het behouden van de balans tussen werk en privé, wat het betekent om te werken in een kenniseconomie en hoe nieuwe vormen van leren en ontwikkelen het huidige werkveld beïnvloeden.

Programma Bijeenkomst 1 Introductie op het Thema HRM (20/9/’11) Prof. Dr. Wout Buitelaar & Dr. Corine Boon

Bijeenkomst 2 Werving, Selectie, Ontslag (27/9/11) Dr. Wieby Altink & Prof. Dr. Evert Verhulp

Bijeenkomst 3 Functioneren, Prestatie en Belonen (4 /10/’11) Dr. Kilian Wawoe & Dr. Irene de Pater

Bijeenkomst 4 Leren en Ontwikkelen (11/10/’11) Dr. Svetlana Khapova & Dr. Marianne van Woerkom

Bijeenkomst 5 Balans tussen Arbeid en Privé (25/10/’11) Omdat er vanuit verschillende perspectieven – met name vanuit de economie, psychologie en het arbeidsrecht – naar HRM-thema’s gekeken wordt, kunnen kennis en inzichten met elkaar worden gecombineerd en geïntegreerd. De leergang stelt deelnemers daardoor in staat verder te kijken dan de enkelvoudige HRM-cyclus in bedrijven en instellingen.

Prof. Dr. Lideweij van der Sluis & Dr. Joke Haafkens

Bijeenkomst 6 HR in de arbeidsorganisatie (1/11/’11) Prof. Dr. Aukje Nauta & Dr. Martha Meerman

Bijeenkomst 7 Afsluitende bijeenkomst met netwerkborrel en certificaatuitreiking (15/11/’11)

Zie voor meer informatie en registratie

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www.uva-aias.net/leergangen

TEACHING Leergang Arbeidsmarktontwikkelingen Cursusleider: Dr. Marloes de Graaf-Zijl Heeft u altijd al willen weten wat het idee is achter allerlei regels en wetten waar Nederlandse werkgevers aan gebonden zijn? Vraagt u zich af wat de gevolgen zijn van de manier waarop in Nederland ontslagbescherming is geregeld? Dan is de leergang arbeidsmarktontwikkeling u op het lijf geschreven.

Programma Bijeenkomst 1 Inleiding tot het thema arbeidsmarkt (17/1/’12) Prof. Dr. Jules Theeuwes & Dr. Mariëlle Cloin

Bijeenkomst 2 Loonvorming en beloningsverhoudingen (24/1/12) Prof. Dr. Joop Hartog & nnb

Bijeenkomst 3 Ontwikkelingen aan de onderkant van de arbeidsmarkt (31 /1/’12) Prof. Dr. Wiemer Salverda & dhr. Will Tinnemans

Bijeenkomst 4 Diversiteit en arbeidsmarkt (7/2/’12) Tijdens deze leergang behandelen we onderwerpen zoals loonvorming, arbeidsmarktbeleid (werkloosheid, arbeidsongeschiktheid, ontslagbescherming, re-integratie), vergrijzing, diversiteit op de arbeidsmarkt, arbeidsmigratie, topsalarissen en de onderkant van de arbeidsmarkt. Alle onderwerpen worden belicht vanuit de theorie, de internationale vergelijking van het Nederlandse beleid en de consequenties en mogelijkheden voor bedrijven.

Dr. Martha Meerman & nnb

Bijeenkomst 5 Arbeidsmarktbeleid (14/2/’12) Dr. Marloes de Graaf – Zijl & Dr. Daniel van Vuuren

Bijeenkomst 6 De vergrijzende arbeidsmarkt (21/2/’12) Dr. Ir. Hanna van Solinge & Dr. Marloes de Graaf – Zijl

Bijeenkomst 7 Afsluitende bijeenkomst met netwerkborrel en certificaatuitreiking (6/3/’12)

Start new year PhD Lab In 2011 AIAS started the PhD Lab. Focus of the lab is to create an environment where students who have no formal relationship with the university, can study and learn together. Goal is to prepare these people for their four years period of study, to create a meeting place for comprehensive encounters, to learn about methodology, to notify each other of specific research tools etc. During the PhD Lab course, students write a draft of the first paper of their dissertation. Their supervisors act as active teachers and referents of students work. Ten students in their first year of study at the University of Applied Sciences (HvA) in Amsterdam (all of them were teachers at HvA) participated in the first edition of the PhD Lab. They are now writing their first papers for presentation at the forum of specialists in their discipline during the closing celebration on 26 October. They will then receive a recommendation for their further studies. After a comprehensive evaluation we will start with the 2nd edition of the PhD Lab in January/February 2012. For more information please visit our website (in Dutch) www.uva-aias.net > onderwijs > PhD Lab. Or contact Martha Meerman: [email protected].

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GUESTS Guest Sep - Dec ‘11

Martin Bulla

Trnava University, Faculty of Law, Department of Labour Law and Social, Slovakia While at AIAS Martin Bulla will pursue research focused on the posting of workers in the framework of the provision of services under Directive 96/71/EC, with an emphasis on enforcement of guaranteed working conditions and workers’ protection. Another track of his research will be dealing with the issue of workers’ participation in multinational enterprises, especially with regard to the implementation of Directive 2009/38/EC and with international collective bargaining, in particular with International Framework agreements. He will write a report for the AIAS working paper series.

Guest Sep ‘11-’12

Haya Stier

Tel Aviv University, Israel While at AIAS she will work on her research: “Bases of inequality in job quality in a comparative perspective.” She will continue to work on her research on “Economic resources and family behaviour.” Furthermore she will write an AIAS working paper and give a lecture at the lunch seminars.

Guest September ‘11

Christine Ante

PhD with external funding At AIAS, I will work on my doctoral thesis, which looks at the Europeanisation of vocational education and training from a comparative political economy perspective. One of my case studies is on the Netherlands, on which I will conduct empirical research while based at Amsterdam. I would enjoy giving a lunch seminar and present the current stage of my Ph.D. My dissertation studies the impact of EU policies in initial and continuing vocational training on the member states’ skills regimes. Against the background of the Varieties of Capitalism approach, it analyses whether the developments on the EU level lead to changes of the member states’ institutions and whether occurring changes are path-dependent. It will contain three case studies on the most different cases within the European.

Guest March ‘11 - January ‘12

Aidan Regan

College of Human Sciences, University College Dublin The purpose of his stay is to continue working on his PhD research project. The PhD is examining the politics of social-wage pacts in the context of the EMU, using a diachronic case study on the construction of ‘Irish (neo) liberal corporatism’. It attempts to answer the specific question why, and under what conditions, government negotiate centralised wage agreements via social pacts with organised labour in liberal market economies. Given the association with the FP7 GINI project he hopes to produce a working paper on the relationship between centralised wage agreements, social pacts and earnings distribution. One specific question is whether social-wage pacts are framed to reduce earnings (and income) inequality. If not, what does this say about the contemporary relationship between trade unions and the politics of distribution? Furthermore, given that he is examining the conditions under which ‘corporatism’ is constructed one further possibility is to examine the variation between the Irish and Dutch case in the negotiation and policy outcome of social pacts.

Guest Aug ‘11- Apr ’12

Janna Besamusca

During her stay at AIAS she will assist in the SOLIDAR-project “Making Industrial Relations Work for Decent Work.” Basically this project is pinpointing the incidence of working poor and the representation of workers in “new services” on the labour market in the Netherlands. She will write an AIAS working paper and contribute with an article in the S&D journal.

Guest Apr ‘11- March’12

Antonio Firinu

Graduate School in Social, Economic and Political Science Antonio Firinu will work on his research on Flexicurity and Multilevel Governance. While at AIAS he has given a lunch seminar and is writing an AIAS working paper.

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PEOPLE AT AIAS Name

Ante, C. (Christine) Ballafkih, H.A. (Hafid) Beentjes, M. (Marieke) Beer, de P.T. (Paul)

Position

Email

Guest researcher [email protected] PhD [email protected] PhD [email protected] Professor by Special Appointment of [email protected] industrial relations at Henri Polak Chair Berg, M.C. (Maarten) Postdoc [email protected] Besamusca, J. (Janna) Guest researcher [email protected] Bogliacino, F. (Francesco) Postdoc [email protected] Braak, J.T. (Jacqueline) Project leader teaching [email protected] Brals, D. (Daniëlla) Student assistant [email protected] Buijs, L.J. (Laurens) PhD [email protected] Bulla, M.A.S. (Martin) Guest researcher [email protected] Coenen, M. (Mariëlle) Student assistant [email protected] Cremers, J. (Jan) Guest researcher/Project manager [email protected] Gielen, A.H.M. (Ad) Financial project leader [email protected] Graaf-Zijl, de M. (Marloes) Researcher [email protected] Griffith-Rozenblad, A.D.E. (Anüska) Management assistant [email protected] Grunell, M. (Marianne) Researcher [email protected] Gërxhani, K. (Klarita) Researcher [email protected] Haafkens, J.A. (Joke) Researcher [email protected] Heuvel, van den N.A. (Nick) Coordinator TLM network [email protected] Hogenhout, C. (Claire) Jr. researcher [email protected] Kaandorp, C.S. (Casper) Programmer [email protected] Kaar, van het R.H. (Robbert) Researcher [email protected] Keune, M.J. (Maarten) Professor of Social Security & Labour [email protected] Relations Klaveren, van M. (Maarten) Researcher [email protected] Koster, F. (Ferry) Researcher [email protected] Lancee, B. (Bram) Postdoc [email protected] Lepianka, D.A. (Dorota) Postdoc [email protected] Lieberton, A. (Angelique) Office manager [email protected] Maestri, V. (Virginia) Postdoc [email protected] Meerman, M.G.M. (Martha) Lecturer/Coordinator AIAS courses [email protected] Notten, N.J.W.R.. (Natascha) GINI researcher/Coordinator PhD LAB [email protected] Ramos Martin, N.E. (Nuria) Researcher/Lecturer [email protected] Regan, A. (Aidan) Jr. Researcher [email protected] Ruitenberg, J.F. (Justine) PhD [email protected] Salverda, W. (Wiemer) Director/Professor by Special [email protected] ment in Labour Markets and Inequality Schram, A.P. (Alexander) Student assistant [email protected] Sol, C.C.A.M. (Els) Researcher [email protected] Steinmetz, S. (Stephanie) Researcher [email protected] Stier, H. (Haya) Guest researcher [email protected] Tijdens, K.G. (Kea) Research coordinator [email protected] Trappenburg, M.J. (Margo) Professor by Special Appointment [email protected] Socio-Political Aspects of the Welfare State at Drees Chair Tros, F.H. (Frank) Researcher [email protected] Veen, van der T. (Timo) Student assistant [email protected] Visser, J. (Jelle) Professor of Sociology [email protected] Visser, M. (Matthijs) Coordinator Master HRM [email protected] Vries, de D.H. (Danny) Postdoc [email protected] Werfhorst, van de H.G. (Herman) Professor of Sociology [email protected] Williams, M.J. (Melanie) Researcher [email protected] Zwiers (Merle) Student assistant [email protected]

New Mariëlle Coenen Student Assistant GINI Timo van der Veen Student Assistant GINI Tahnee Ooms Student Assistant GINI Erika van Elsas Student Assistant GINI Natascha Notten Researcher GINI and Coordinator PhD Lab Francesco Bogliacino Researcher GINI Marianne Grunell Researcher Robbert van het Kaar Sr. Researcher Els Sol Sr. Researcher Frank Tros Sr. Researcher

Left AIAS Valkana Lesseva Student Assistant GINI Elwin Wolters Jr. Researcher Helen Kopnina Postdoc

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AIAS Natascha Notten

Elwin Wolters

New at AIAS

Left the AIAS-ranks

GINI Researcher / Coordinator PhD Lab 1 July 2011 - 2013 In July Natascha Notten started working as a postdoc researcher at the UvA, both at AIAS and the Department of Sociology and Anthropology. Her research interests include social stratification in various domains (e.g. educational, cultural, health), and her expertise (up until now) is on the intergenerational transmission of social inequality. This fits nice into her future work, since for the most part she will collaborate and conduct research within the GINI-project. Especially concerning the social and cultural impacts of inequality, and the Dutch country report. Finally, she’s looking forward to coordinating the PhD lab 2011-2012. PhD thesis & defense Title: Parents and the media. Causes and consequences of parental media socialization. Date: 6 September, Radboud University Nijmegen parents and the media

causes and consequences of parental media socialization

Media literacy is an important part of socialization and with media use becoming ever more essential in modern society, research on parental media socialization is vital. This study proposes the intergenerational transmission of parent’s media competencies, as a specific kind of cultural socialization, to be an influential component of the transmission of social inequality. Beneficial and detrimental long-term effects of parental media examples, guidance activities and media resources in the family home are scrutinized, as well as the social differences herein between families. This study’s first step is to find out the actual extent of social differentiation in parental media socialization depending on the parental social background and family composition. Next, long-term effects of parental media socialization are analysed on children’s educational success, media tastes and weight status (BMI). This study employs a life course perspective and investigates parental media socialization from a Dutch and international perspective by employing large-scale cross-sectional datasets. Multivariate and multi-level models are used to analyse differences between families and countries, structural-equation models provide more insight into the processes under lying parental media socialization. natascha notten

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As of the 1st September 2011 Elwin Wolters has left the AIAS. Elwin worked for almost 2 years as a junior researcher. His stay was based on a contract between AIAS and the European Trade Union Institute (ETUI). Elwin Wolters worked as a member of the SE team (of the ETUI) and was dealing with research related to the European Company Statute (SE). He acted as the editor of the Worker Participation News Bulletin (http://www. worker-participation.eu/About-WP/What-s-new/NewsBulletin) He published as a co-author, with his supervisor Jan Cremers, in the Dutch quarterly Zeggenschap and in the ETUI Report series. He also has written a chapter about the Netherlands in Jan Cremers’ book ‘In search of cheap labour in Europe. Working and living conditions of posted workers’. Forthcoming is an ETUI handbook for practitioners about worker involvement in the European Company. Elwin has found a new challenge in the Dutch trade union “Unie Services” where he will work as a project manager. In this job he will manage in several projects, such as Future Fighters (in cooperation with MTV), a European youth conference in Amsterdam, participate in a project on European Works Councils and searching for new opportunities regarding worker representation. All these projects have their focus on work and income and will use modern communication technologies and innovative products. Publications of Elwin Wolters:

• Stollt, M. and Wolters, E.H.J. (2011) Worker involvement in the European Company (SE) – A handbook for practitioners, forthcoming.

• Cremers, J. and Wolters, E.H.J. (2011). EU and national company law - fixation on attractiveness. ETUI Report 120, ISBN: 978-2-87452224-6 (print version), ISBN: 978-2-87452-225-3 (pdf version). • Cremers, J. and Wolters, E.H.J. (2011). Vestigingsbeleid op drift? Europees onderzoek naar ondernemingsrecht . Zeggenschap, 22(2), 26-27. • Wolters, E.H.J. (2011) ‘Netherlands’, in J. Cremers, ‘In search of cheap labour in Europe. Working and living conditions of posted workers’, pp. 103-110. • Cremers, J. and Wolters, E.H.J. (2010). Kansen en risico’s voor medezeggenschap. Zeggenschap, 21(2-2010), 42-44.

AIAS Researchers HSI will move to AIAS

Four researchers, formerly affiliated to the Hugo Sinzheimer Institute will move to AIAS as of October this year.

Dr C.C.A.M. (Els) Sol

Dr F.H. (Frank) Tros

C.C.A.M. (Els) Sol is an senior researcher. Among others, Els is C programme leader of a major university research programme p 'Pathways to work' entailing ten research projects on welfare to 'P work, masterclasses and conferences (www.rvo.nl). w She coordinates the contributions of the institute to EU research program 'Meeting the challenges of economic uncertainty and sustainability through employment, industrial relations, social and environmental policies in European countries (GUSTO) coordinated by Colin Crouch (Warwick Uni) and another EU programme called 'Representation of Agency Workers', entailing five countries. She coordinates the Dutch part of an international research project 'Activating States' comparing employment services under NPM between Australia, United Kingdom and the Netherlands. Also Els coordinates an international research website concerning temporary employment (www.tempworkresearch.com). Her research focuses on the field of (international comparisons of) labour market and social security policies and law, policy evaluation, social policies and social protection schemes, a typical labour, labour market intermediairies. She is co-chair of an international research network on reform of employment services (RESq see www.resqresearch.org).

Dr R.H. (Robbert) van het Kaar Dr. Robbert H. van het Kaar (1957) studied Sociology and D rreceived e his Degree in Economics in 1998 from the University of Amsterdam. In 1993 he published his dissertation in the field of A LLaw and Industrial Relations. As of 1994 he has been affiliated to several se eve vera rall in ra iinterdisciplinary inte nte terrd rd research groups on Labour Law, Industrial Relations and Company Law, both at the Faculty of Law and the Faculty of Economics and Econometrics of the University of Amsterdam. Currently he is working as a senior researcher in the field of Socio-legal research on Labour and Social Security. Since 1997 he has been the Dutch correspondent of the European Observatory for Industrial Relations (EIROL www.eiro.eurofound.ie/) and since 2003 a member of SEEurope (www.seeurope-network.org/homepages/seeurope/home.html), a research network on employee participation at company level.

Dr M. (Marianne)Grunell Marianne Grünell (1953) has studied journalism and sociology (UvA). PhDL Men and care. Change and continuity in care patterns, 2002. She writes on Dutch labour-relations for Internet Euronline – the European databank on industrial relations in the EU countries and Norway. With Margo Brouns and Mieke Verloo she co-edited an

F Frank Tros studied ssociology at the University of Groningen U ((Master 1992). He was PhD student at w the Utrecht University both in The Netherlands (dissertation: Decentralisation of the Dutch Industrial Relations, 2000). 1999 till July 2011 Frank participated in programmes which were financed by NWO, (20042008) and SIG (2009-2012). He was involved in many policy research projects that were financed by the Dutch Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment. Regarding the Evaluation of the Dutch Working Hours Act, Evaluation of the Dutch legislation against age discrimination, Employers costs of dismissals, etc. Frank is first author of a textbook on Industrial Relations in the Netherlands (2004, with Albeda and Dercksen). His article with Ton Wilthagen about the concept of ‘flexicurity’ is cited broadly by EU-policymakers and academics (2004). He is still developing and doing international comparative research on the concept and practices of flexicurity and participates in international academic networks. He is affiliated to ReflecT, the Research Institute for Flexicurity, Labour Market Dynamics and Social Cohesion at Tilburg University (www. tilburguniversity.edu/research/institutesand-research-groups/reflect/). Besides his academic career Frank Tros holds a Bachelor in Music in solo singing and vocal pedagogy (2006).

introduction in women’s studies Women’s studies in the Nineties (1995). She has published since the seventees, in more recent years on labour relations (Euronline), sexuality and violence and work and care arrangements (The Netherlands Journal of Social Sciences 35/2 1999) and has written several articles in the ‘State of the Art of Women’s Studies’ series in The European Journal of Women’s Studies.

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AANKONDIGING Werk leeft! Structurele veranderingen in de arbeid D½®Ä

Donderdag 6 oktober 2011 CBS Den Haag

3 april 20

Op donderdag 6 oktober vindt opnieuw de Nederlandse Arbeidsmarktdag plaats (NAD). Stichting Nederlandse ArbeidsmarktDag werkt dit jaar Prijs voor beste paper jongeren samen met het Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek om een geslaagde dag te Ben je als AIO of afstuderende student organiseren met de titel ‘Werk Leeft!’. Centraal staat het thema structurele met een onderzoek op het arbeidsm veranderingen in de arbeid. gebied? Jonger dan 30? Stuur je paper dan z op, want je maakt kans op € 1000. Naast De dag goede vermelding op je CV is je paper dus De dag biedt een podium voor Nederlandse en Vlaamse onderzoekers, beleidsmakers en waard. Meedingen? Upload je paper en HRM professionals die hun onderzoeken willen presenteren aan geïnteresseerden uit het aan dat je mee wilt dingen naar de prijs.

vakgebied. Vele verschillende invalshoeken ten aanzien van arbeid komen bij themasessies aan bod: stromen van en naar de arbeidsmarkt, sociale innovatie, arbeid en zorg, arbeid en specifieke doelgroepen en nog veel meer.

Jongerenprijs Dit jaar is er speciale aandacht voor jonge onderzoekers. AIO’s en afstuderende studenten onder de 30 jaar dingen mee naar de Jongeren prijs: 1000 euro voor de beste paper. Programma 09.30 u 09.35 u 09.45 u 10.30 u 10.45 u 12.15 u 13.15 u 14.30 u 14.45 u 16.00 u 16.15 u 16.45 u 16.55 u 17.00 u 18.00 u

Opening door dagvoorzitter Welkomstwoord door Directeur Generaal van het CBS Lezing door Prof. dr. Jaap de Koning Pauze + zaalwissel Sessies (CS1) Lunch Sessies (CS2) Pauze + zaalwissel Sessies (CS3) Zaalwissel Lezing door drs. Hans de Boer Uitreiking Jongeren Award Sluiting dagvoorzitter Borrel en reflectie Einde conferentie

Zie voor het uitgebreide programma inclusief de inhoud van de verschillende sessies de conferentiewebsite www.arbeidsconferentie.nl

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Keynotes Prof. dr. Jaap de Koning Hoogleraar Arbeidsmarktbeleid Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam en directeur van SEOR (Erasmus School of Economics) Drs. Hans de Boer Econoom, ondernemer en (president-)commissaris bij een tiental bedrijven. Eén van zijn ondernemersactiviteiten behelst de oprichting van een publiek-private keten van zeventig Vakcolleges (moderne ambachtscholen). Hans de Boer is oud-voorzitter van de Koninklijke MKB Nederland en van de Taskforce Jeugdwerkloosheid. Ook is hij lid van het Innovatie Platform van het Kabinet Balkenende IV.

Registratie Het is nog mogelijk te registreren voor de Nederlandse ArbeidsmarktDag 2011. Er zijn ook nog een enkele PhD tickets beschikbaar. U kunt zich registreren op de website: www.arbeidsconferentie.nl. OÙ¦Ä®Ýã®

AMSTERDAM INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED LABOUR STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM

Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek

ANNOUNCEMENTS Call for papers

Research seminar Solidarity and Social Distance Friday 18 November 2011-Amsterdam On Friday 18 November 2011, the research Group Solidarity in the 21st Century organizes its second research seminar. The theme of the seminar is ‘solidarity and social distance’. Social distance, either in an objective or an subjective sense, is often thought to be an important determinant of social cohesion and social solidarity. The greater the social distance between two individuals, the weaker their social bond. Objective social distance can refer to, e.g., physical proximity, socio-economic distance or religious difference, while subjective social distance can be affective (likability), cognitive (perceived difference in characteristics) or normative (in-group vs. out-group). By social solidarity we mean any act that benefits another person without immediately getting something in return. It refers both to formal solidarity (e.g., social transfers through the state) and to informal solidarity (e.g., voluntary work, neighbourly help). The central question we would like to address is: what is the causal relationship between social distance and social solidarity? This includes more specific questions such as: • How should social distance be measured? Is it a subjective or an objective phenomenon? • To what extent are different forms of social distance, e.g. physical proximity, cultural distance, socio-economic distance, normative distance, related to each other? • Does social distance affect all forms of social solidarity in the same way or does it have different effects on, for example, formal and informal solidarity or on one-sided (unilateral) and two-sided (reciprocal) solidarity? • Does greater social distance necessarily reduce solidarity, or might it also enhance solidarity? • Is there a reverse causal link, too, i.e. does solidarity also affect subjective social distance? • Which factors, such as the mass media, mediate the relationship between social distance and solidarity? We cordially invite researchers to submit an abstract of a paper which addresses one of these or other related issues, to be presented at the research seminar on November 18. Abstracts with a maximum of 250 words should be send to Merle Zwiers ([email protected]) no later than 30 September 2011. The research seminar will be held at the premises of the University of Amsterdam. Admission will be free. Further information can be found on the website of the research group www.solidariteit.info.

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AIAS

Amsterdam Institute for Advanced labour Studies UNIVERSITY

OF

AMSTERDAM

ANNOUNCEMENT 17 November 2011

Inaugural lecture Wiemer Salverda ‘The financial crisis is dragging on, increasing inequalities in the labour market’ Dr W. Salverda (1947) has been named Professor by Special Appointment of Labour Market and Inequality in the Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences at the University of Amsterdam (UvA). The chair was designated on behalf of the Political Economy Foundation (Stichting Politieke Ekonomie) and is affiliated with the Amsterdam Centre for Inequality Studies (AMCIS). His research focuses mainly on wage distribution from the ‘bottom’ to the ‘top end’ in the framework of the mechanisms driving the economy and labour market. Specific themes in his work are the immense change in the role of younger participants in the labour market and vast growth in the number of part-timers and two-income households. He has done extensive research into youth unemployment, older employees, low-wage employment and the effects of the Dutch

consensus, or ‘polder’, model. Currently he is studying the effects of labour market competition on work and income among the less educated, how the education levels of household partners (homogeny) impact wage inequality, and the relationship between public and private-sector incomes. Salverda’s teaching activities will forge a link between his work as chair and his research at the AMCIS. For more information on this subject, please contact Wiemer Salverda at +31 20 525 4231 or by e-mail [email protected].

6 oktober 2011

Werk leeft! Structurele veranderingen in de arbeid Op donderdag 6 oktober vindt opnieuw de Nederlandse Arbeidsmarktdag plaats (NAD). Stichting Nederlandse ArbeidsmarktDag werkt dit jaar samen met het Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek om een geslaagde dag te organiseren met de titel ‘Werk Leeft!’. Centraal staat het thema structurele veranderingen in de arbeid.

Meer informatie is te vinden op pagina 42 of ga naar de website (ook voor registratie): www.arbeidsconferentie.nl.

OÙ¦Ä®Ýã®

Photo by: Jeroen Oerlemans

AMSTERDAM INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED LABOUR STUDIES

Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek

UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM

UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM

AIAS. Retirement Professor Jelle Visser. Start new AIAS courses. New SOLIDAR project. Amsterdam Institute for Advanced labour Studies

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