DAFTAR ISI
Lembar Pengesahan Dosen Pembimbing ............................................................... ii Lembar Pengesahan Dosen Penguji ...................................................................... iii Halaman Persembahan .......................................................................................... iv Abstrak ................................................................................................................. viii Design and Manufacturing of the Kinematics Props ............................................ ix Abstract.................................................................................................................. ix Daftar Isi ................................................................................................................. x Daftar Gambar ...................................................................................................... xii Bab 1 Pendahuluan ................................................................................................. 1 1.1
Latar Belakang ......................................................................................... 1
1.2
Rumusan Masalah .................................................................................... 2
1.3
Batasan Masalah ...................................................................................... 2
1.4
Tujuan Perancangan ................................................................................. 2
1.5
Manfaat Penelitian ................................................................................... 3
1.6
Sistematika Penulisan .............................................................................. 3
Bab 2 Tinjauan Pustaka .......................................................................................... 4 2.1
Alat Peraga Pendidikan ............................................................................ 4
2.1.1
Pengertian Alat peraga ..................................................................... 4
2.1.2
Jenis – Jenis Alat Peraga .................................................................. 5
2.1.3
Fungsi Alat Peraga ........................................................................... 5
2.1.4
Tujuan dan Manfaat Alat Peraga ...................................................... 6
2.2
Konsep dasar Kinematika dan Dinamika................................................. 7
2.2.1
Kinematika dan Dinamika ................................................................ 7
2.2.2
Diagram Kinematis ........................................................................... 8
2.2.3
Mekanisme ....................................................................................... 9
2.2.4
Sistem Rangkaian Batang Penghubung .......................................... 12
Bab 3 Metodologi Penelitian ................................................................................ 19 3.1
Alur Penelitian ....................................................................................... 19
3.2
Menentukan Konsep Desain Perancangan Alat ..................................... 20
x
3.3
Alat dan Bahan....................................................................................... 20
3.3.1
Alat ................................................................................................. 20
3.3.2
Bahan .............................................................................................. 21
3.4
Perancangan ........................................................................................... 21
3.4.1
Membuat Gambar Desain Alat ....................................................... 21
3.4.2
Pembuatan Alat .............................................................................. 26
Bab 4 Hasil dan Pembahasan ............................................................................... 27 4.1
Hasil Perancangan dan Pembuatan Alat ................................................ 27
4.1.1
Hasil Perancangan .......................................................................... 27
Keterangan gambar :..................................................................................... 28 4.1.2 4.2
Hasil Pembuatan ............................................................................. 32
Pengaruh Dimensi Terhadap Pola Gerakkan ......................................... 35
4.2.1
Mekanisme Engkol Peluncur .......................................................... 35
4.2.2
Mekanisme Roda Gigi Genewa ...................................................... 39
4.2.3
Mekanisme Scotch Yoke ................................................................. 43
4.2.4
Mekanisme Empat Batang Penghubung ......................................... 47
4.2.5
Mekanisme Jangka Batang Berbentuk Ellips ................................. 51
4.2.6
Mekanisme Membalik Cepat .......................................................... 55
4.2.7
Mekanisme Garis lurus (Watt’s Mechanism) ................................. 59
4.2.8
Mekanisme Ratchets ....................................................................... 62
Bab 5 Penutup....................................................................................................... 65 5.1
Kesimpulan ............................................................................................ 65
5.2
Saran ...................................................................................................... 65
Daftar Pustaka ...................................................................................................... 67
xi
DAFTAR GAMBAR Gambar 2.1 Contoh alat peraga fisika .................................................................. 7 Gambar 2.2 Bagan Kinematika dan Dinamika ..................................................... 8 Gambar 2.3 Diagram kinematis ............................................................................ 8 Gambar 2.4 Binary link ........................................................................................ 9 Gambar 2.5 Ternary link .................................................................................... 10 Gambar 2.6 Quartenary link............................................................................... 10 Gambar 2.7 Contoh Pin Joint ............................................................................. 11 Gambar 2.8 Contoh cylindrical joint .................................................................. 11 Gambar 2.9 Contoh Quartenary link .................................................................. 11 Gambar 2.10 Batang penghubung empat batang .................................................. 12 Gambar 2-11 Empat batang engkol sejajar .......................................................... 13 Gambar 2.12 Batang engkol tidak sejajar............................................................. 13 Gambar 2.13 Mekanisme Engkol Peluncur .......................................................... 14 Gambar 2.14 Mekanisme pada mesin bensin dan mesin diesel ........................... 14 Gambar 2.15 Mekanisme Scotch Yoke ................................................................. 14 Gambar 2.16 Mekanisme Membalik Cepat .......................................................... 15 Gambar 2-17 Mekanisme Garis lurus................................................................... 16 Gambar 2.18 Mekanisme pada roda gigi Genewa................................................ 17 Gambar 2.19 Mekanisme pata Ratchets ............................................................... 18 Gambar 2.20 Mekanisme pada jangka batang berbentuk ellips ........................... 18 Gambar 3.1 Flowchart Penelitian...................................................................... 19 Gambar 3.2 Mesin Laser Cutting ....................................................................... 20 Gambar 3.3 Kayu Pinus ...................................................................................... 21 Gambar 3.4 Akrilik Lembaran ............................................................................ 21 Gambar 3.5 Desain Alat Peraga Kinematika ...................................................... 22 Gambar 3.6 Desain frame alat peraga kinematika.............................................. 23 Gambar 3.7 Desain mekanisme engkol peluncur ............................................... 23 Gambar 3.8 Desain Mekanisme roda gigi Genewa ............................................ 24 Gambar 3.9 Desain mekanisme scoth yoke ........................................................ 24 Gambar 3.10 Desain Mekanisme membalik cepat ............................................... 24 xii
Gambar 3.11 Desain Mekanisme empat batang penghubung .............................. 25 Gambar 3.12 Desain mekanisme Ratchets ........................................................... 25 Gambar 3.13 Desain mekanisme garis lurus ........................................................ 25 Gambar 3.14 Desain Mekanisme batang berbentuk ellips ................................... 26 Gambar 4.1 Desain alat peraga kinematika ........................................................ 27 Gambar 4.2 Desain alat peraga kinematika ........................................................ 28 Gambar 4.3 Desain frame alat peraga ................................................................ 29 Gambar 4.4 Desain mekanisme engkol peluncur ............................................... 29 Gambar 4.5 Desain mekanisme roda gigi Genewa ............................................ 29 Gambar 4.6 Desain mekanisme Scotch Yoke ..................................................... 30 Gambar 4.7 Desain mekanisme empat batang penghubung ............................... 30 Gambar 4.8 Desain mekanisme jangka batang berbentuk ellips ........................ 30 Gambar 4.9 Desain mekanisme membalik cepat ............................................... 31 Gambar 4.10 Desain mekanisme garis lurus (Watt’s mechanism) ....................... 31 Gambar 4.11 Desain mekanisme ratchets ............................................................ 32 Gambar 4.12 Rangka alat peraga .......................................................................... 33 Gambar 4.13 (a) Proses pemotongan kayu (b) Akrilik......................................... 33 Gambar 4.14 Hasil salah satu unit alat peraga ..................................................... 34 Gambar 4.15 Alat peraga kinematika ................................................................... 34 Gambar 4.16 Diagram kinematis mekanisme engkol peluncur............................ 35 Gambar 4.17 Mekanisme engkol peluncur ........................................................... 36 Gambar 4.18 Mekanisme engkol peluncur ........................................................... 36 Gambar 4.19 Produk alat peraga mekanisme engkol peluncur ............................ 37 Gambar 4.20 Gerakan mekanisme engkol peluncur............................................. 38 Gambar 4.21 Mekanisme engkol peluncur pada motor bakar 4 langkah ............. 38 Gambar 4.22 Diagram kinematis mekanisme roda Genewa ................................ 39 Gambar 4.23 Mekanisme roda Genewa ............................................................... 39 Gambar 4.24 Mekanisme roda Genewa ............................................................... 40 Gambar 4.25 (a) Desain sebelum diubah; (b) Desain setelah diubah ................... 41 Gambar 4.26 Gerakan mekanisme roda gigi Genewa .......................................... 42 Gambar 4.27 Produk alat peraga mekanisme roda gigi Genewa .......................... 43 Gambar 4.28 Mekanisme roda gigi Genewa pada jam tangan manual ................ 43
xiii
Gambar 4.29 Diagram kinematis mekanisme scotch yoke ................................... 43 Gambar 4.30 Mekanisme scotch yoke .................................................................. 44 Gambar 4.31 Mekanisme scotch yoke .................................................................. 44 Gambar 4-32 Gerakan mekanisme scotch yoke.................................................... 45 Gambar 4-33 Produk alat peraga mekanisme scotch yoke ................................... 46 Gambar 4-34 Aktuator .......................................................................................... 46 Gambar 4.35 Diagram kinematis mekanisme empat batang penghubung ........... 47 Gambar 4.36 Mekanisme empat batang penghubung .......................................... 47 Gambar 4.37 Mekanisme empat batang penghubung .......................................... 48 Gambar 4.38 (a) Gerakan dengan titik B – C, (b) Gerakan dengan titik B – D ... 49 Gambar 4.39 Gerakan mekanisme empat batang penghubung dengan titik B – C ........................................................................................................ 49 Gambar 4.40 Gerakan mekanisme empat batang penghubung dengan titik B – D ........................................................................................................ 50 Gambar 4.41 Produk alat peraga mekanisme empat batang penghubung ............ 50 Gambar 4.42 Sistem suspensi pada mobil dan truck ............................................ 51 Gambar 4.43 Diagram kinematis mekanisme jangka batang berbentuk ellips .... 51 Gambar 4.44 Mekanisme jangka batang berbentuk ellips.................................... 52 Gambar 4.45 Mekanisme jangka batang berbentuk ellips.................................... 52 Gambar 4.46 Gerakan mekanisme jangka batang berbentuk ellips ..................... 53 Gambar 4.47 Produk mekanisme jangka batang berbentuk ellips ....................... 54 Gambar 4.48 Pemotongan kayu berbentuk ellips ................................................. 54 Gambar 4.49 Diagram kinematis mekanisme membalik cepat ............................ 55 Gambar 4.50 Mekanisme membalik cepat ........................................................... 55 Gambar 4.51 Mekanisme membalik cepat ........................................................... 56 Gambar 4.52 Gerakan mekanisme membalik cepat ............................................. 57 Gambar 4.53 Produk mekanisme membalik cepat ............................................... 58 Gambar 4.54 Mesin sekrap ................................................................................... 58 Gambar 4.55 Diagram kinematis mekanisme garis lurus ..................................... 59 Gambar 4.56 Mekanisme garis lurus .................................................................... 59 Gambar 4.57 Mekanisme garis lurus .................................................................... 60 Gambar 4.58 Produk mekanisme garis lurus (Watt’s mechanism)....................... 60
xiv
Gambar 4-59 Gerakan mekanisme garis lurus (Watt’s mechanism) .................... 61 Gambar 4.60 Watts mechanism pada sistem suspensi mobil ............................... 61 Gambar 4.61 Diagram kinematis mekanisme ratchets......................................... 62 Gambar 4.62 Mekanisme Ratchets ....................................................................... 62 Gambar 4.63 Mekanisme Ratchets ....................................................................... 63 Gambar 4.64 Produk dari Mekanisme Ratchets ................................................... 63 Gambar 4.65 Produk dari Mekanisme Ratchets ................................................... 64
xv
