LAMPIRAN 1
60
LAMPIRAN 1
Perhitungan Fraksi Volume Komposit Perbandingan fraksi volume serat dan matriks 20% : 80% dengan variasi perbandingan fraksi volume serat kenaf/E-glass sebesar 70/30, 80/20 dan 90/10 adapun perhitungannya adalah sebagai berikut : Diketahui : Massa jenis serat kenaf
= 1.45 gr/cm3
Massa jenis serat E-Glass
= 2.42 gr/cm3
Massa jenis LDPE
= 0.9 gr/cm3
Dimensi cetakan : panjang ( p)
= 17 cm
lebar (l)
= 2 cm
tebal (t)
= 0.4 cm
Perbandingan fraksi volume serat dan matriks 20% : 80% Fraksi volume serat kenaf/ E-glass 70/30 Volume cetakan, V𝑐
=pxlxt = 17 cm x 2 cm x 0.4cm = 13.6 cm3 80 %
= 100 % x 13.6 cm3
Volume matriks, 𝑉𝑚
= 10.88 cm3 20 %
= 100 % x 13.6 cm3
Volume serat, 𝑉𝑓
= 2.72 cm3 70 %
= 100 % x 2.72 cm3
Volume serat kenaf, 𝑉𝑘𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑓
= 1.904 cm3 30 %
= 100 % x 2.72 cm3
Volume serat, 𝑉𝐸−𝐺𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
= 0.816 cm3 Massa matriks, 𝑚𝑚
= 𝑉𝑚 x ρ𝑚 = 10.88 cm3 x 0.9 gr/cm3 61
= 10.0096 gr Massa serat kenaf, 𝑚𝐾𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑓
= 𝑉𝐾𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑓 x ρ𝐾𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑓 = 1.904 cm3 x 1.45 gr/cm3 = 2.76 gr
Massa serat E-glass, 𝑚𝐸−𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
= 𝑉𝐸−𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 x ρ𝐸−𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 0.816 cm3 x 2.42 gr/cm3 = 1.9474 gr
Fraksi volume serat kenaf/ E-glass 80/20 Volume cetakan, V𝑐
=pxlxt = 17 cm x 2 cm x 0.4cm = 13.6 cm3 80 %
= 100 % x 13.6 cm3
Volume matriks, 𝑉𝑚
= 10.88 cm3 20 %
= 100 % x 13.6 cm3
Volume serat, 𝑉𝑓
= 2.72 cm3 80 %
= 100 % x 2.72 cm3
Volume serat kenaf, 𝑉𝑘𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑓
= 2.176 cm3 20 %
= 100 % x 2.72 cm3
Volume serat, 𝑉𝐸−𝐺𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
= 0.544 cm3 Massa matriks, 𝑚𝑚
= 𝑉𝑚 x ρ𝑚 = 10.88 cm3 x 0.9 gr/cm3 = 10.0096 gr
Massa serat kenaf, 𝑚𝐾𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑓
= 𝑉𝐾𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑓 x ρ𝐾𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑓 = 2.176 cm3 x 1.45 gr/cm3 = 3.155 gr
Massa serat E-glass, 𝑚𝐸−𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
= 𝑉𝐸−𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 x ρ𝐸−𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 0.544 cm3 x 2.42 gr/cm3 = 1.31 gr
62
Fraksi volume serat kenaf/ E-glass 90/10 Volume cetakan, V𝑐
=pxlxt = 17 cm x 2 cm x 0.4cm = 13.6 cm3 80 %
= 100 % x 13.6 cm3
Volume matriks, 𝑉𝑚
= 10.88 cm3 Volume serat, 𝑉𝑓
=
20 % 100 %
x 13.6 cm3
= 2.72 cm3 90 %
= 100 % x 2.72 cm3
Volume serat kenaf, 𝑉𝑘𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑓
= 2.448 cm3 10 %
= 100 % x 2.72 cm3
Volume serat, 𝑉𝐸−𝐺𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
= 0.272 cm3 Massa matriks, 𝑚𝑚
= 𝑉𝑚 x ρ𝑚 = 10.88 cm3 x 0.9 gr/cm3 = 10.0096 gr
Massa serat kenaf, 𝑚𝐾𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑓
= 𝑉𝐾𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑓 x ρ𝐾𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑓 = 2.448 cm3 x 1.45 gr/cm3 = 3.55 gr
Massa serat E-glass, 𝑚𝐸−𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
= 𝑉𝐸−𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 x ρ𝐸−𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 0.272 cm3 x 2.42 gr/cm3 = 0.65 gr
63
LAMPIRAN 2
64
LAMPIRAN 2
Hasil Pengujian Tarik Serat Tunggal Diameter (μm) Kenaf 1 2 4 5 7 8 9 Rata - rata Standar Deviasi Coefficient of Variation (%)
Kenaf 1 2 4 5 7 8 9 Rata - rata Standar Deviasi Coefficient of Variation (%)
Rata-rata Luas Area (mm2)
1
2
3
(μm)
(mm)
88.12 110.15 143.19 110.15 121.16 154.21 132.18
88.12 143.19 88.12 154.21 132.18 88.12 88.12
99.13 132.18 154.21 110.15 99.13 99.13 143.19
91.79 128.507 128.507 124.837 117.49 113.82 121.163
0.0918 0.1285 0.1285 0.1248 0.1175 0.1138 0.1212 0.118 0.0127887
0.006618739 0.012968691 0.012968691 0.012232608 0.010843403 0.010171252 0.011537059
Nilai Beban Pembacaan (Kgf) 0.155 0.234 0.235 0.254 0.198 0.235 0.262
10.84
F
𝜎 Tarik (Mpa)
1.521 2.296 2.305 2.492 1.942 2.305 2.570
229.73 177.01 177.76 203.70 179.13 226.65 222.78 202.39 24.31
(L) Standar ASTM (mm) 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00
12.01
65
Measurement travel end /ΔL (mm) 0.606 0.616 0.77 0.84 0.67 0.88 0.74
𝜖 (Tarik)
E
0.0121 0.0123 0.0154 0.0168 0.0134 0.0176 0.0148 0.0146 0.0021
18954.9587 14367.3946 11543.035 12124.7946 13367.9184 12878.0408 15052.6673 14041.26 2483.08
14.58
17.68
LAMPIRAN 3
66
LAMPIRAN 3
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
LAMPIRAN 4
78
LAMPIRAN 4 Perhitungan Teoritis Rule Of Mixture (Persamaan Cox-Krenchel), dimana persamaan Cox-Krenchel berlaku untuk randomly oriented discontinuous fiber composites. Keterangan perbandingan Kenaf/E glass 70/30
Perbandingan Kenaf/E glass 70/30 Keterangan Panjang serat kenaf, L f 10 Radius serat kenaf 0.059007143 Radius serat E glass 0.014246736 Radius serat hibrida 0.045579021 Tensile strength kenaf 202.39 Tensile strength E glass 3450 Tensile Strenght LDPE 31.4 Modulus elastisitas serat kenaf 16363.99 Modulus elastisitas serat E glass 72500 Modulus elastisitas LDPE 282 Poisson ratio LDPE 0.4 Fraksi volume serat hibrida 0.2 Fraksi volume matrik 0.8 Fiber orientation 0.2 Fiber length factor 0.345701515 Tensile strength komposit 41.39 Modulus elastisitas komposit 684.76 Regangan komposit 0.0604
Satuan mm mm mm mm MPa MPa MPa MPa MPa MPa
Sumber Pengujian Pengujian Pengujian Pengujian Pengujian Calliester (2014) Calliester (2014) Calliester (2014) Calliester (2014) Calliester (2014)
H. Krenchel (1964) MPa MPa
Perhitungan kuat tarik, modulus elastisitas tarik dan regangan tarik pada perbandingan serat kenaf/E glass 70/30. Kuat tarik komposit,
𝜎𝑡 = X1 X2 𝜎𝑓 Vf + 𝜎𝑚 Vm
Modulus elastisitas tarik, Et = X1 X2 Ef Vf + Em Vm Ef = (0.7 x 16363.99 MPa) + (0.3 x 72500 MPa) = 33204.793 MPa
79
𝐸𝑚
1
𝜻 =𝑟
1 𝜋 2 𝐸𝑓 (1−𝑣)𝐿𝑛( ) 4𝑉𝑓
1
𝜻 = 0.045579021
X1 = 1 -
X1 = 1 -
282 1 𝜋 33204.793 (1−0.4)𝐿𝑛( )2 4x0.2
= 0.265527272
𝜁𝐿𝑓 2 𝜁𝐿𝑓 2
𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ
0.265527272 x 10 2 0.265527272 x 10 2
𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ
= 0.345701515 (fiber length factor)
𝜎𝑡 = 0.345701515 x 0.2 ((0.7 x 202.39 MPa + 0.3 x 3450 MPa) x 0.2) + (14.5 MPa x 0.8) = 41.39 (kuat tarik) Et = 0.345701515 x 0.2 ((0.7 x 16363.99 MPa) + (0.3 x 72500 MPa) x 0.2) + (282 MPa x 0.8) = 684.75 MPa (modulus elastitas tarik) 𝜎
ε𝑡 = 𝐸𝑡𝑡 =
41.39 MPa 684.75 MPa
= 0.0604 (regangan tarik)
80
Keterangan perbandingan Kenaf/E glass 80/20 Perbandingan Kenaf/E glass 80/20 Keterangan Panjang serat kenaf, L f 10 Radius serat kenaf 0.059007143 Radius serat E glass 0.014246736 Radius serat hibrida 0.050055061 Tensile strength kenaf 202.39 Tensile strength E glass 3450 Tensile Strenght LDPE 31.4 Modulus elastisitas serat kenaf 16363.99 Modulus elastisitas serat E glass 72500 Modulus elastisitas LDPE 282 Poisson ratio LDPE 0.4 Fraksi volume serat hibrida 0.2 Fraksi volume matrik 0.8 Fiber orientation 0.2 Fiber length factor 0.383691686 38.19 Tensile strength komposit Modulus elastisitas komposit 649.06 Regangan komposit 0.0588
Satuan mm mm mm mm MPa MPa MPa MPa MPa MPa
Sumber Pengujian Pengujian Pengujian Pengujian Pengujian Calliester (2014) Calliester (2014) Calliester (2014) Calliester (2014) Calliester (2014) Calliester (2014)
H. Krenchel (1964) MPa MPa
Perhitungan kuat tarik, modulus elastisitas tarik dan regangan tarik pada perbandingan serat kenaf/E glass 80/20. 𝜎𝑡 = X1 X2 𝜎𝑓 Vf + 𝜎𝑚 Vm
Kuat tarik komposit,
Modulus elastisitas tarik, Et = X1 X2 Ef Vf + Em Vm Ef = (0.8 x 16363.99 MPa) + (0.2 x 72500 MPa) = 27591.192MPa 1
𝜻 =𝑟
𝐸𝑚 1 𝜋 2 𝐸𝑓 (1−𝑣)𝐿𝑛( ) 4𝑉𝑓
81
1
𝜻 = 0.050055061
X1 = 1 -
X1 = 1 -
282 1 𝜋 27591.192 (1−0.4)𝐿𝑛( )2 4x0.2
= 0.29097551
𝜁𝐿𝑓 2 𝜁𝐿𝑓 2
𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ
0.29097551 x 10 2 0.29097551 x 10 2
𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ
= 0.383691686 (fiber length factor)
𝜎𝑡 = 0.539884544 x 0.2 ((0.8 x 202.39 MPa + 0.2 x 3450 MPa) x 0.2) + (14.5 MPa x 0.8) = 38.19 MPa (kuat tarik) Et = 0.383691686 x 0.2 ((0.8 x 16363.99 MPa) + (0.2 x 72500 MPa) x 0.2) + (282 MPa x 0.8) = 649.06 MPa (modulus elastitas tarik) 𝜎
ε𝑡 = 𝐸𝑡𝑡 =
38.19 MPa 649.06 MPa
= 0.058846387 (regangan tarik)
82
Keterangan perbandingan Kenaf/E glass 90/10
Perbandingan Kenaf/E glass 90/10 Keterangan Panjang serat kenaf, L f 10 Radius serat kenaf 0.059007143 Radius serat E glass 0.014246736 Radius serat hibrida, r 0.054531102 Tensile strength kenaf 202.39 Tensile strength E glass 3450 Tensile Strenght LDPE 31.4 Modulus elastisitas serat kenaf 16363.99 Modulus elastisitas serat E glass 72500 Modulus elastisitas LDPE 282 Poisson ratio LDPE 0.4 Fraksi volume serat hibrida 0.2 Fraksi volume matrik 0.8 Fiber orientation 0.2 Fiber length factor 0.443854474 Tensile strength komposit 34.48 Modulus elastisitas komposit 615.79 Regangan komposit 0.0560
Satuan mm mm mm mm MPa MPa MPa MPa MPa MPa
Sumber Pengujian Pengujian Pengujian Pengujian Pengujian Calliester (2014) Calliester (2014) Calliester (2014) Calliester (2014) Calliester (2014) Calliester (2014)
H. Krenchel (1964) MPa MPa
Perhitungan kuat tarik, modulus elastisitas tarik dan regangan tarik pada perbandingan serat kenaf/E glass 80/20. 𝜎𝑡 = X1 X2 𝜎𝑓 Vf + 𝜎𝑚 Vm
Kuat tarik komposit,
Modulus elastisitas tarik, Et = X1 X2 Ef Vf + Em Vm Ef = (0.9 x 16363.99 MPa) + (0.1 x 72500 MPa) = 21977.59 MPa 1
𝜻 =𝑟
𝐸𝑚 1 𝜋 2 𝐸𝑓 (1−𝑣)𝐿𝑛( ) 4𝑉𝑓
83
1
𝜻 = 0.054531102
X1 = 1 -
X1 = 1 -
282 1 𝜋 21977.591 (1−0.4)𝐿𝑛( )2 4x0.2
= 0.335313113
𝜁𝐿𝑓 2 𝜁𝐿𝑓 2
𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ
0.335313113 x 10 2 0.335313113 x 10 2
𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ
= 0.443854474 (fiber length factor)
𝜎𝑡 = 0.443854474 x 0.2 ((0.9 x 202.39 MPa + 0.1 x 3450 MPa) x 0.2) + (14.5 MPa x 0.8) = 34.48 MPa (kuat tarik) Et = 0.443854474 x 0.2 ((0.9 x 16363.99 MPa) + (0.1 x 72500 MPa) x 0.2) + (282 MPa x 0.8) = 776.20 MPa (modulus elastitas tarik) 𝜎
ε𝑡 = 𝐸𝑡𝑡 =
34.48 MPa 615.79 MPa
= 0.055991336
84
LAMPIRAN 5
85
LAMPIRAN 5 Tabel hasil pengujian spesimen komposit Fraksi Volume Matrik & Serat 80% / 20 %
Kenaf-E glass 70/30
Lebar rata- Tebal rataSpesimen rata (mm) rata (mm) 2 4 5 6 7
Rata-rata ( x̅ ) Standar deviasi
13.76 13.81 14 13.92 14.44 13.99
3.87 3.65 3.8 3.5 3.74 3.71
(ΔL) (L) Standar Measurement ASTM D travel end 638-02 (mm) (mm) 57.00 9.29 57.00 10.46 57.00 11.71 57.00 12.13 57.00 11.04 10.93
Nilai beban pembacaan (Kgf)
Nilai beban sebenarnya (Kgf)
100.92 96.02 99.04 97.79 105.42 99.84
98.37 93.52 96.52 95.28 102.83 97.30
G
F (N)
9.81 965.03 9.81 917.46 9.81 946.81 9.81 934.68 9.81 1008.74 954.55
Coefficient of Variation (%)
Kenaf-E glass 80/20
1 2 3 4 6
Rata-rata ( x̅ ) Standar deviasi Coefficient of Variation (%) 1 2 4 Kenaf-E glass 90/10
5
13.91 13.62 14.1 13.99 14.35 13.99
3.76 3.8 3.88 3.58 3.71 3.75
13.75 13.78 13.81
3.6 4.25 3.45
13.91
3.65
14.19
3.8
6 Rata-rata ( x̅ ) Standar deviasi Coefficient of Variation
13.89
57.00 57.00 57.00 57.00 57.00
10.54 10.79 9.21 13.71 10.79 11.01
57.00 57.00 57.00
9.54 9.63 9.46
57.00
10.46
57.00
10.79 9.98
3.75
86
115.53 112.04 107.19 104.62 101.96 108.27
112.84 109.38 104.58 102.03 99.41 105.65
9.81 9.81 9.81 9.81 9.81
1106.97 1073.03 1025.91 1000.96 975.19 1036.41
𝜎 (MPa)
𝜖
E (MPa)
18.14 18.18 17.80 19.21 18.67 18.40 0.55
0.1630 0.1835 0.2054 0.2128 0.1937 0.1917 0.0196
1648.774464 1767.851928 1637.945856 1885.209316 1694.336791 1726.82 102.24
2.98
10.20
5.92
21.67 21.26 19.24 20.49 18.80 20.29 1.25
0.1850 0.1890 0.1620 0.2410 0.1890 0.1932 0.0290
1910.737671 2029.444129 1935.517447 1758.876621 1892.899429 1905.495059 97.40
6.14
15.00
5.11
107.70 104.24 102.96
105.09 101.67 100.40
9.81 1030.95 9.81 997.34 9.81 984.88
21.37 17.49 21.20
0.1700 0.1700 0.1700
2497.560049 1726.76 2152.508254
114.47
111.80
9.81
22.10
0.1800
2062.146542
123.01
120.25
9.81
22.40
0.1900
1788.978116
20.91 1.98 9.45
0.1760 0.0089 5.08
2045.590487 309.63 15.14
110.48
107.84
1096.71
1179.65 1057.91
LAMPIRAN 6
87
LAMPIRAN 6 Data kuat tarik hasil pengujian 1. Perbandingan serat kenaf – E glass (70/30)
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
2. Perbandingan Serat Kenaf - E glass 80/20
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
3. Perbandingan serat kenaf-E glass 90/10.
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
LAMPIRAN 7
111
112
