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Sistem Informasi ¾ Sistem Informasi telah menjadi pondasi bagi model dan proses bisnis ¾ Sistem Informasi memungkinkan distribusi pengetahuan: suatu sistem komunikasi antara manusia satu dengan yang lainnya
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IT and IS ¾ What is Information Technology (IT)? Segala bentuk teknologi yang digunakan manusia untuk menangani informasi
¾ What are Information Systems (IS)? Kumpulan p y yang g teratur dari orang, g, informasi, proses bisnis dan teknologi informasi yang didesain untuk mengubah input menjadi output, untuk mencapai tujuan 16/10/2012 8:55
IT and IS ¾ Examples of IT • • •
Hardware (PC, server) Software (e-mail, Internet, Windows, Word) Consumer devices (mobiles)
¾ Examples of IS • • •
File systems e-commerce systems y Enterprise business systems, such as student record systems
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Data, Informasi, Informatika ¾ Data Aliran-aliran fakta kasar (raw facts)
¾ Informasi Data yang sudah diolah dan diinterpretasikan sehingga mempunyai arti
¾ Pengetahuan/Knowledge Di Diperoleh l hk ketika ik seseorang menggabungkan b k pengalaman dan penilaian dengan informasi
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An example of data?
a date
Ruler measurement 16/10/2012 8:55
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Examples of information
Sales prediction
Bank statement
Telephone directory 16/10/2012 8:55
Processing data
Data Data Data Data DataData
Transformation/ Processing
Information Information Information Information
Experience and Judgment
Knowledge
Knowledge
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Transformation
Rearranging or sorting • Grouping, Ordering
Aggregating • Averages, totals, sub totals
Selection Performing calculations
• Choose or discard based on selection criteria
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Knowledge Worker A knowledge worker is a professional who performs knowledge work. Examples of verbs associated with the activities of knowledge workers include describe, compile, consolidate validate, consolidate, validate illustrate, illustrate analyze, analyze clarify, clarify modify, evaluate, interpret, simulate and communicate.
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Knowledge work Knowledge work is the intellectual activity that is performed by people upon data, data information and knowledge in order to discover business options. ¾ Knowledge work produces mature content. ¾ Knowledge work differs from automated work, wherein the human element does not significantly contribute to the output of the process. ¾ From the top-down view of decision-makers, knowledge work is often referred to as decision support. 16/10/2012 8:55
Knowledge Workers As a manager or other knowledge worker, you will need to: ¾ accomplish knowledge work activities ¾ make sound business decisions ¾ solve problems ¾ communicate i t your d decisions i i tto others th ¾ coordinate the efforts of others.
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Becoming a Knowledge Worker According to Peter Drucker: knowledge workers are people who: ¾ are at the heart of the new economy ¾ require a good deal of formal education ¾ require the ability to acquire and to apply theoretical and analytical knowledge ¾ require a habit of continuous learning [Drucker, 1994, pages 53-80].
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Knowledge Work Knowledge work involves: ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾
Discovery Transformation Analysis Synthesis Communication
of data, information, and knowledge, and d using the h results l to make k sound d academic d and sound business decisions.
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Two Types of Knowledge Explicit knowledge - knowledge that is readily codified such as the knowledge in this textbook.
Tacit knowledge - knowledge that is within you that you gained through experience and through insight and discovery.
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Value of information Tangible value = Value of information Cost of gathering information Tangible value is measurable
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Value of information
IIntangible t ibl value l = Improvements in decision behaviour Cost of gathering information Intangible value is difficult or impossible to measure
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Management Information Systems (SIM)
¾ MIS (SIM) Studi sistem informasi dengan fokus bagaimana menggunakannya untuk bisnis dan manajemen
¾ Pendekatan (Approaches) Technical Behavioural Sociotechnical
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Kenapa IS penting? ¾ Agar bisa bertahan dan sejahtera, organisasi perlu: Informasi di lokasi yang berbeda (j (jaringan/networks) g / ) Dukungan untuk pengiriman produk dan jasa Peningkatan efisiensi dan pengurangan biaya untuk memenuhi batasan-batasan legislasi, etik atau moral ¾ Perubahan dunia: Global economy y Masyarakat berbasis pengetahuan atau informasi Perusahaan-perusahaan bisnis besar Teknologi
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Sistem Informasi - Hardware ¾ ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and C l l Calculator) ) ¾ UNIVAC I Æ 1st komputer terpasarkan secara luas : mampu melakukan < 2000 perhitungan per detik ¾ Smaller Computer MiniComputer (digunakan u/ perhitungan scientific, scientific small organization) MicroComputer (digunakan oleh perorangan.. IBM release Personal Computer(PC)
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Sistem Informasi - Hardware ¾ Moore’s M ’ Law L Gordon Moore, pendiri Intel, 1960 Æ kepadatan IC (kekuatan komputer) meningkat 2 x tiap tahun Æ meningkat 2x tiap 18 bulan
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Sistem Informasi – Tipe Software ¾ Transaction Processing System (TPS) POS, POS EDP
¾ Management Information System (MIS)
Data dari TPS di-olah menjadi laporan2, hasil simulasi
¾ Decision Support System
Digunakan membantu manager membuat keputusan (decision making) atas suatu masalah
¾ Enterprise p Resource Planning g System y
Sistem yang bisa menangani semua proses bisnis yang saling terkait di semua bagian perusahaan
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IS-Type: TPS Transaction Processing System (TPS) What do they do? - Capture and process transactions to make them available to the organization. How does this create business value? – Enables a business to efficiently and accurately track it’s the transactions that are at the heart of all business activities. Captured transaction data can then be used to support decision making.
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IS-Type: MIS Management Information System (MIS) Wh t do What d they th d do? ? - Provide P id ti timely l iinformation f ti to decision-makers through processing and reporting features. How does this create business value? – Timely reporting can enable managers to monitor critical processes and to avoid costly mistakes.
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IS-Type: DSS Decision Support System (DSS) What do they do? - Provide analytical and visualization tools to support and enhance decision making. How does this create business value? Enables decision-makers to make decisions based on data and to discover new business opportunities through the use of tools provided by the IS.
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Decision making ¾ Structured Rules and constraints known
¾ Unstructured Rules governing decision are complicated or unknown
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Model of decision making
I t lli Intelligence
Evaluation
Implementation
Design
Choice
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Tahapan Problem Solving ¾ Aktivitas Intelegensia
Mencari kondisi yang membutuhkan solusi di lingkungan
¾ Aktivitas Ak i i D Desain i
Menemukan, membuat dan menganalisis tindakan2 yang mungkin dilakukan
¾ Aktivitas Pemilihan
Memilih tindakan tertentu dari tindakan2 yg mungkin
¾ Aktivitas Pelaksanaan/Implementasi
Melaksanakan tindakan yang sudah dipilih
¾ Aktivitas Evaluation/Review
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Levels of decision making
STRATEGIC
Information flow TACTICAL
OPERATIONAL
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Decision characteristics Decision Level
Type
Timescale
Impact on organisation
Frequency
Strategic
Unstructured
Long
Large
Infrequent
Medium
Medium
Short
Small
Tactical
Operational
Structured
Frequent
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Information need for decisions Information Level
Time period
Frequency
Source
Certainty
Scope
Detail
Strategic
Wide
Infrequent
External
Less Certain
Wide
Summarised
Narrow
Frequent
Internal
More certain
Narrow
Detailed
Tactical
Operational
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IS-Type: ERP Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) What do they do? - Integrate and standardize processes and centralize and standardize the storage and management of data. How does this create business value? - Can reduce costs associated with duplication of processes and effort. Also, can reduce decisionmaking mistakes made due d e to multiple m ltiple versions e sions of the same data, information, and knowledge.
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Other systems ¾ Expert systems (ES)
Apply knowledge to problem Knowledge base Rules Draw conclusions
¾ End user computing systems Support individual activity
Create own electronic templates
¾ Strategic information systems Manage competitive environment
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Strategic information systems ¾ Business i h have to cope with ih
New entrants Bargaining power of suppliers Bargaining power of customers Substitute products or services Competition with like producers
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Strategic information systems ¾ Cost leadership Providing goods at lowest possible cost
¾ Product differentiation Make products distinct
¾ Innovation Finding Fi di new approach h to t organisational i ti l activity ti it Respond to market environment
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Strategic information systems
¾ Value chain analysis Series of connected activity that adds value to organisation products p p primary y and support pp activities Separate Identify areas where value can be added to product
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Using information for strategic advantage ¾ Improve operational efficiency E.g. Stock control
¾ Raising barriers to entry Investment in complex systems create entry barrier
¾ Locking in customers and suppliers Strengthening business relationships
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Using information for strategic advantage ¾ Promoting business innovation ¾ Increasing switching costs Discourage customers/suppliers from switching to other competitors
¾ Leverage Use information for other product/business
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Masa Depan Teknologi Informasi ¾ Akan dikendalikan oleh biaya yang semakin berkurang dan meningkatnya kemampuan komputer dan komunikasi ¾ Manager harus belajar untuk menerapkan sistem informasi f ke k dalam d l pembuatan b keputusan
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