Manajemen Jaringan Komputer Routing JTI FTI UII, Genap 2009/2010, Sofyan Wijaya Ref APNIC Training Course 2008, Advanced Routing, Routing Principles
Indeks
Route Summarization / Agregation Routing Protocol
Route Summarization / Agregation
Route Summarization/Aggregation
Untuk mempresentasikan beberapa seri networks menjadi 1 buah alamat saja Keuntungan dari route summarization
Konvergensi lebih cepat Mengurangi ukuran routing table Mempermudah Menyembunyikan perubahan pada jaringan dalam Mengisolasi perubahan topologi
Contoh Summarization
Router C summarises its networks (2 x/24) before announcing to its neighbors (routers B and D) Router A combined the networks received from B, C, D and announce it as single /16 routing to Internet 193.168.128.0/20
B
193.168.128.0/20 193.168.0.0/16
193.168.0.0/24 193.168.0.0/23 193.168.1.0/24
A
C 193.168.64.0/20
193.168.64.0/20
D
Internet
Route Summarization
Subnet 193.168.0.0/24 and 193.168.1.0/24 combining then to become a bigger block of address “/23”
Network
Subnet Mask
Binary
193.168.0.0
255.255.255.0
x.x.00000000.x
193.168.1.0
255.255.255.0
x.x.00000001.x
Summary
193.168.0.0/23
x.x.00000000.x
193.168.0.0
255.255.254.0
x.x.00000000.x
Konfigurasi Summarization
Manual configuration is required with the use of newer routing protocols
Each of the routing protocols deal with it in a slightly different way
All routing protocols employ some level of automatic summarisation depending on the routing protocol behavior (be cautious about it)
Discontiguous Networks
A network not using routing protocol that support VLSM creates problem
Router will not know where to send the traffic Creates routing loop or duplication
Summarisation is not advisable to network that are discontiguous
Turn off summarisation
Alternative solution but understand the scaling limitation Find ways to re-address the network
Can create disastrous situation
Discontiguous Network
In classful routing those subnets are not advertised to different part of the network because of the automatic bit boundary assumptions Those network subnets are not visible to each other 172.168.0.0
Frame Relay 192.169.0.0 172.168.0.0
172.168.100.4
A
B
C 192.168.32.0 IP datagram DA=172.168.100.4 SA=192.168.32.4
Router C Routing Table Network Next Hop Outgoing
172.168.0.0 ????? 192.168.32.4
?????
Routing Protocol
Apakah itu Routing Protocol?
A set of rules defined to facilitate the exchanges of routing information between routers (Layer 3 device) inside networks Build routing tables dynamically to let the route find its path in a network having more than one path to a remote network. Maintains the devices connectivity within the network about the available network connections.
Perilaku Routing Protocol
Mechanism to update Layer 3 routing devices, to route the data across the best path Learns participating routers advertised routes to know their neighbors Learned routes are stored inside the routing table
Kebutuhan dalam Routing
Activation of the protocol suite from such device participating the network Knowledge of the network destination
Must have available entry in the routing table Must have valid and current route entry
Interface presenting the best route path
Outbound interface with the lowest metric path
Informasi dalam Routing Table
Network Field Outgoing Interface Metric Field Next-hop field
Network Field
Contains information of entries
Networks learned (destination logical network or subnets)
Manually (static or default routes) Dynamically (learned from routing protocol as dynamic routes)
Information recorded is the entry where to forward traffic to its destination when the datagram is received
Outgoing Interface Field
Interface to where the router sends the datagram Informs the administrator of interface where the update came through
Metric Field
To determinte which path to use if there are multiple paths to the remote network Provide the value to select the best path But take note the administrative distance selection process
Routing protocol metrics Routing protocol
Metric
RIPv2
Hop count
EIGRP
Bandwidth, delay, load, reliability, MTU
OSPF
Cost (the higher the bandwidth indicates a lowest cost)
IS-IS
Cost
Administrative distance
Is the method used for selection of route priority of IP routing protocol, the lowest administrative distance is preferred
Manually entered routes are preferred from dynamically learned routes
Static routes Default routes
Dynamically learned routes depend on the routing protocol metric calculation algorithm and default metrics values the smallest metric value are preferred
Next hop field
Destination address of the next forwarding router
Address of the next hop (outgoing interface) usually within the same subnet
Identify the next hop so that the router can create the layer2 frame with the destination address
Routing table updates
Routing table entry accuracy is required make sure of the following:
Table entry are current and correct New networks are inserted in the table Best path is available to reach the destination network Alternative routes are available to reach the destination network Networks that is no longer available should not be seen in the routing table
Depends on the routing protocol
Routing decisions
The main goal of the routing decision is to maintain a valid and free from routing loop to the destination network regardless of whether it is single path or multiple path The decision is made base on the metric value in the routing table
sum of the metrics associated with the default routing protocol value and the intermediate connections
Types of routing protocols
Routing protocol are essentially application inside the router to designed to ensure correct and timely exchange of information within the network IP routing protocol has several distinctions which can be divided into different groups
The first is the group is on how the routing protocol handles the subnet mask sent during the routing update The early routing protocol doesn’t support this but the newer one’s like (RIP2, OSPF, ISIS, BGP4) supports it, this distinction is called “classful and classless”
Classful routing protocol (obsolete)
Periodic updates is done by the routing protocol
This was obsolete for long time but for knowledge purposes there are two protocols design for it.
does not carry subnet or routing mask because the assumption is always based on network bit boundaries does not support VLSM which makes it inefficient for addressing the network
RIPv1 IGRP
It has created constrains to the IP network design due to its limitations
Classless routing protocol
Classless routing protocol was designed to overcome the constraint from classful
OSPF IS-IS EIGRP (Cisco) BGP leads also to the development of RIP2
Characteristics of classless
Support for different subnets mask value
Supports routes summarisation
Routers can be configured to have different subnet mask (VLSM) Manual configuration
Supports for Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR) architecture
Routing Protocol by AS
Interior Gateway Protocol
RIP OSPF GGP HELLO IGRP EIGRP
Exterior Gateway Protocol
BGP EGP
Kuis
Routing Table? Aggregate?
Problem Solving, Pemicunya…
Ibaratnya kalian adalah team it consultant yang diminta untuk mendesain jaringan komputer di kampus UII, kebutuhan dari UII adalah untuk memberikan fasilitas kepada mahasiswa Kondisi UII
Kebutuhannya berupa
Layanan SIM dan internet gratis dengan login Layanan jaringan baik menggunakan kabel dan hospot hingga ke fakultas Antara jaringan umum untuk akses internet dengan jaringan khusus untuk akses SIM, terproteksi Dilakukan filter juga untuk akses internet Dosen atau karyawan yang akan bekerja dari rumah diberikan jalur private agar dalam terhubung ke jaringan lokal UII Perlu pengaturan Alokasi bandwidth untuk akses ke internet
Identifikasi dan buatkan gambaran tentang
Belum terkon Terdiri dari fakultas FTSP, FMIPA, FTI, FK Ada kemungkinan pengembangan jaringan
Desain jaringan Alokasi IP Address Router dan Server-Server yang dibutuhkan Service yang harus ada
Dikumpulkan dalam bentuk file presentasi, dan dipresentasikan
