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Utilization of Municipal Solid Waste into Environmentally Friendly Solid Fuel by Torrefaction Process Utilization of municipal solid waste (MSW) directly as a fuel has many obstacles, both technical and non-technical. Kendala teknis di antaranya adalah kandungan air yang tinggi, densitas energi yang rendah serta komponen yang heterogen dan bentuk yang beragam. Technical constraints include the high water content, low energy density and the components that a heterogeneous and diverse forms. Sedangkan kendala non-teknis adalah berupa bau busuk dan potensi sumber bibit penyakit.While non-technical constraints are a bad smell and the potential source of germs. Various constraints caused improper waste used as fuel. Conversely, if the waste management applied the right technology it will get two benefits at once, i.e., reduced significantly the amount of MSW and alternative fuel produced from garbage. Salah satu teknologi pengolahan sampah yang menjanjikan yang dapat menghasilkan bahan bakar padat adalah torefaksi.One of the MSW processing technologies that promises that can produce solid fuel is torrefaction. Torefaksi merupakan proses perlakuan panas pada temperatur tertentu (untuk biomassa biasanya antara 200-300 o C), yang dilakukan pada tekanan atmosfer tanpa kehadiran oksigen. Torrefaction is a heat treatment process at a given temperature (for biomass is usually between 200-300oC), which performed at atmospheric pressure in absence of oxygen. Torefaksi pada biomassa berhasil meningkatkan densitas energinya dan memperbaiki karakteristiknya sebagai bahan bakar.On biomass torrefaction managed to increase its energy density and improve its characteristics as a fuel. Torefaksi pada biomassa kayu berhasil menaikkan nilai kalornya dan menyisakan energi sampai 90% [1]. Wood biomass torrefaction successful in raising the value of energy density and leaving up to 90%. Di samping itu, sifat-sifat pembakaran kayu hasil torefaksi menghasilkan asap yang lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan kayu yang tidak ditorefaksi [2]. In addition, the combustion properties of wood torrefaction produced less smoke than the wood that was not torrefied.Hariadi dkk. Torrefaction on non-biomass materials, namely peat, successfully raise heating value (HHV) to the equivalent of coal sub bituminous C to high volatile C bituminous classification ASTM D 388. The objectives of this study to get the kind of waste components which can be improved fuel quality through the torrefaction process and get torrefaction temperature and residence time to produce maximum heating value.
From Research to Community Services ITB Contribution to the Nation Competitiveness http://www.lppm.itb.ac.id/research
Study on municipal solid waste in city of Bandung, Indonesia, shows that the largest mass fraction of MSW is organic component, which is 42%. The results are also informed that the mass fraction of MSW that can be used as fuel reaches 75%, after which 25% utilized by scavengers. This indicates that if in the waste management applied the right technology it will get two benefits at once, ie, reduced significantly the amount of waste and produced fuel from waste. Theoretically, the heat power generated from MSW in Bandung can reach 91.5 MW. Berdasarkan jenis materialnya, sampah padat perkotaan secara umum dapat dikelompokan menjadi dua komponen utama, yakni komponen organik dan anorganik.Based on the type of material, municipal solid waste in general can be grouped into two main components, namely organic and inorganic components.Dalam kaitannya dengan bahan bakar, komponen sampah tersebut dapat dibagi menjadi dua kelompok, yaitu komponen yang bisa dimanfataakan sebagai bahan bakar dan komponen yang tidak bisa dimanfaatkan sebagai bakar. Di samping itu, dalam prakteknya di lapangan, komponen sampah juga dapat dipisahkan menjadi dua kelompok, yakni komponen yang diambil oleh pemulung dan yang ditinggalkan. In terms of fuel, the waste components can be divided into two groups, namely the components that can be utilized as a fuel and components that cannot be utilized as fuel. In addition, in practice in the field, waste components can also be separated into two groups, the components taken by scavengers and the abandoned. Untuk pengujian torefaksi sampah ini, sampel pengujian dipilih berdasarkan pertimbangan kriteria pengelompokan di atas, yakni komponen yang bisa dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan bakar dan tidak diambil oleh pemulung.In InIn the waste torrefaction, testing samples were chosen based on consideration of the above grouping criteria, i.e., components that can be utilized as a fuel and not taken by scavengers. Dari komponen organik, sampel yang dipilih sebagai spesimen pengujian adalah sampah halaman (daun) dan sisa makanan (nasi), sedangkan dari komponen anorganik dipilih plastik bukan daur ulang, yakni plastik kemasan makanan dan
From Research to Community Services ITB Contribution to the Nation Competitiveness http://www.lppm.itb.ac.id/research
minuman serta karet sintetikFrom the organic component, the sample is selected as the test specimen is garbage yard (leaves) and food residues (rice), while the inorganic component is selected from plastic non-recycled, the plastic packaging of food and beverages as well as synthetic rubber.
Waste torrefaction ePengujian torefaksi sampah ini dilakukan di Laboratorium Termodinamika PPAU-IR ITB menggunakan reaktor torefaksi skala bangku yang ada yang menggunakan media uap panas lanjut.EExperiment was conducted in Thermodynamics Laboratory PPAU-IR ITB using a bench-scale torrefaction reactor using superheated steam media. Massa awal dan ukuran spesimen tidak sama untuk setiap sampel, tergantung pada jenisnya.Initial mass and size of the specimens are not the same for each sample, depending on the type and density. Masing-masing sampel diuji secara terpisah dengan dua variasi temperatur dan waktu tinggEach sample tested separately with two variations of temperature and resident time of torrefaction. Variasi temperatur sama untuk semua spesimen, yakni 250 dan 300 ° C. Sedangkan untuk waktu tinggal, variasi pertama juga sama untuk semua spesimen, yakni 60 minit, dan variasi kedua adalah lamanya waktu yang diperlukan untuk mencapai laju penurunan massa konstanTT Temperature variation is same for all specimens, i.e. 250 and 300°C. While residence time, the first variation is the same for all specimens, which is 60 minutes, and the second variation is the length of time required to start the asymptotic mass loss. Solid product of waste torrefaction Produk padat hasil torekasi sampah secara fisik umumnya sama dengan produk torefaksi biomassa, yakni berwarna hitam keabu-abuan dan bersifat rapuh.results are physically similar to products of biomass torrefaction, namely black-gray in color and are fragile. Torrefaction products from all components of the waste like this character, except for the first type of plastic (plastic-1), gray color mixed with white. Material padat hasil torefaksi plastik dan karet lebih keras dibandingakn hasil torefaksi daun dan sisa makananSolid material results in plastic and rubber torrefaction harder than torrefaction results of leaves and food residues. Profiles of solids mass loss of the various components of the waste samples showed the same pattern, namely the rate of mass loss is relatively rapid at the beginning of the process, then slowed down and eventually tend to be asymptotic. For the same sample components with the temperature varying process, as visible on the leaves and food residues, the time taken until a constant mass of solid value more quickly to higher temperatures of torrefaction. Waktu yang dibutuhkan sampai massa padatan cenderung berharga konstan pada proses torefaksi daun adalah sekitar 20 menit untuk temperatur 300 ° C dan 25 menit untuk temperatur 250 ° C. Sedangkan untuk sisa makanan, waktu yang dibutuhkan adalah sekitar 25 menit untuk temperatur 300 ° C dan 35 menit untuk temperatur 250 ° C. Hasil ini sejalan dengan hasil percobaan torefaksi biomassa yang sudah banyak dilakukan, di mana pada temperatur proses yang lebih tinggi, laju penurunan massa padatan lebih cepat.The time needed to tend to a solid mass at a constant value of leaves torrefaction process is about 20 and 25 minutes for the torrefaction temperature 300°C and 250°C respectively. As for the food residue, the time
From Research to Community Services ITB Contribution to the Nation Competitiveness http://www.lppm.itb.ac.id/research
required is approximately 25 and 35 minutes for the torrefaction temperature 300°C and 250°C respectively. Pada plastik jenis kedua, material padat yang tersisa adalah aluminium foil saja, yakni sekitar 20%.In the second type of plastic, the remaining solid material is aluminum foil, namely approximately 20%. Hal ini mungkin disebabkan karena material plastik yang ada pada sampel plastik-2 ini didominasi oleh zat volatil ringan sehingga semuanya habis menguap ketika ditorefaksi. This is probably because the plastic material on a plastic sample-2 is dominated by light volatile matters that evaporate when they torrefied. Aluminium foil bukan material yang bisa dibakar sehingga produk torefaksi dari jenis plastik-2 ini tidak bisa dipakai sebagai bahan bakar. Aluminum foil is not combustible so that torrefaction products from plastic type-2 cannot be used as fuel. Sebagaimana telah disebutkan di atas, proses torefaksi pada plastik-1 dan karet menyebabkan ia meleleh dan melengket pada wadah spesimen.TTTThe torrefaction process of plastic-1 and the rubber causing it to melt and cling to the specimen container. Pori-pori wadah yang tertutup menyebabkan tekanan aliran uap pada permukaan bawah wadah (alas) menjadi besar sehingga mempengaruhi hasil pengukuran massa spesimen yang diambil setiap saat. The closed pores of the container caused the flow of steam pressure on the lower surface of the container (base) to be large and it affects the results of specimen mass loss measurements.
Conclusions of the research are: 1. Dari beberapa jenis komponen sampah padat perkotaan yang dijadikan sampel dalam penelitian ini, hanya dua komponen saja yang bisa ditorefaksi yaitu daun dan sisa makananFrom several types of municipal solid waste components that are selected to be sampled in this study, only two components that can be torrefied, namely the leaves and food residue. Torefaksi pada plastik kemasan makanan instan (plastik-1) dan karet sintetik tidak bisa dilakukan karena material komponen ini meleleh dan melengket pada wadah spesimen sehingga pengukuran massa selama proses tidak akurat.Torrefaction on instant food packaging plastic (plastic-1) and synthetic rubber could not be done because this component materials to melt and cling to the specimen container so that the measurement of the mass during the process is not accurate. Sedangkan torefaksi pada plastik kemasan minuman instan (plastik-2) hanya menyisakan material padat yang tidak bisa dibakar (aluminium foil). Whereas in the torrefaction on plastic packaging instant drinks (plastic-2) leaving only a dense material that cannot be burned (aluminum foil). 2. Nilai kalor maksimum poduk torefaksi daun diperoleh pada temperatur proses 300 ° C dan waktu tinggal 20 minit, yakni sebesar 5397 kkal/kg, atau mengalami kenaikan sebesar 27% dibandingkan nilai kalor awalThe maximum heating value of the product of leaves torrefaction obtained at a process temperature 300°C and resident time 20 minutes, namely 5397 kcal/kg, or an increase of 27% compared to the calorific value of raw material. 3. Nilai kalor maksimum poduk torefaksi sisa makanan diperoleh pada temperatur proses
From Research to Community Services ITB Contribution to the Nation Competitiveness http://www.lppm.itb.ac.id/research
250 ° C dan waktu tinggal 30 minit, yakni sebesar 6889 kkal/kg, atau mengalami kenaikan sebesar 46% dibandingkan nilai kalor awal.The maximum heating value of the product of food residues torrefaction obtained at a process temperature 250°C and resident time 30 minutes, namely 6889 kcal/kg, or an increase of 46% compared to the calorific value of raw material. 4. Dari berbagai variasi temperatur proses dan waktu tinggal torefaksi, nilai kalor yang dihasilkan tidak mempunyai perbedaan yang signifikan, yaitu berselisih antara 0,03-01 untuk daun dan 0,01-0,04 untuk sisa makanan, dari nilai kalor maksimum untuk masingmasing sampel.From the variations of process temperature and resident time, calorific value produced no significant difference from the maximum heating value for each sample, which is at variance among 0,03-01 and 0,01-0,04 for leaves and food residues respectively. HEAD OF RESEARCH TEAM: Dr. Ir. Toto Hardianto TEAM MEMBERS: Prof. Dr. Ir. Aryadi Suwono, Dr. Ari Darmawan Pasek OFFICIAL ADDRESS: Thermodynamics Laboratory, Engineering Center for Industries, Bandung Institut of Technology, E-mail adress:
[email protected]
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