INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR “MARINE TOURISM DESTINATION MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENMT” 21-22 September 2011, Novotel Hotel, Bangka Beliting
UNDERWATER HERITAGE MANAGEMENT AND MARINE TOURISM IN INDONESIA: Potentials and Challenges by: Supratikno Rahardjo
Outline 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Introduction Actual Issues Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Indonesia Cultural Heritage for Marine Tourism Integrated Management
PART 1. INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND
The territory of Indonesia largely consists of waters (seas, straits, rivers, swamps, lakes) History of the formation of Indonesian nation was interrelated with the migration and marine activities of the ancestor throughout the Southeast Asian Islands from about 5.000 years ago. The important achievements of ancient Indonesian civilization were related with mastering the peoples in maritime activities. Collapse of the great kingdoms in Indonesia was related to the declining the people in mastering maritime activities. Archaeological evidence found underwater is one of important information for understanding the past and we can learn from that for the future. Underwater archaeological site can be developed as an interesting object for public education through marine tourism.
PART 2. ACTUAL ISSUES
Limited access of underwater cultural heritage for the benefit of general public. Maritime
history sources provide information about the existence of thousands of sunkenship in the Indonesian waters, many of which are not accessible for public interest due to the restriction of utilization allowed by the government. Underwater cultural sites in Indonesia are critically endangered. This phenomenon is not only due to various illegal activities, but also legal activities that can not be supervised effectively, such as exploration of valuables object from the sunkenship (known as BMKT) that has been done since 1989. The drive of economic interest is stronger than the interests of culture. The findings of VOS that have important values for the history, science and culture in general and also they have high economic values, therefore these items are highly vulnerable to the possibility of commercial use, whether done legally or illegally. In fact more exploration activities are conducted for commercial purposes rather than for cultural development
The ambiguity of the government in the management and utilization of underwater cultural heritage. On the one hand the government intends to protect, but on the other hand intends to commercialize them. Both can run with the different directions and often colored by conflict situation without significant solution,
The government has not been firm in addressing the UNESCO convention on the protection of underwater cultural heritage (PUH) . Until now, Indonesia has not been able to decide whether the UNESCO convention should immediately be ratified or not. 6. Various government institutions have proposed to build maritime museum. This enthusiasm does not only arise from the central government, but also form the local governments.
PART 3a.
MANAGEMENT OF UNDERWATER CULTURAL HERITAGE (UCH) (conducted by Dit Gen History and Archaeology
UCH is treated as cultural goods and being used for the benefit of cultural development (history, science, education) Focuses of the management are: conservation, development, and utilization Scope of utilization are for social, religious, touristic, educational, scientific, and cultural purposes. Technically conducted by the Directorate of Underwater Archaeology, Dit. Gen. Hist and Arch, Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Legally supported by State Law No. 5/1992, then replaced by State Law 11/2010 concernig the cultural heritage.
GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION RELATING TO RESEARCH AND PROTECTION OF UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY MINISTRY OF CULTURE AND TOURISM
Board of Research and Development for Culture and Tourism
Other RD Center
Archaeological Research and Development Center
Archaeological Research Agency
Directorate General of History and Archaeology
Directorate of CH
Directorate of UCH
CH Protection Agency
Other Directorate General
Other Directorates
Significance Values of of Underwater Cultural Heritage
Academic values (Information for scientific development). > It has potential as a source of data for solving scientific problems in various disciplines (archeology, history, technology, politics, economics etc.) Cultural/ideological values (Raising awareness as a maritime nation) > Maritime values: open minded, braveness, egalitarian, respect to cultural diversity etc. > Encourage for the citizen for mastering maritime affairs and issues: maritime technology, astronomy, navigation, maritime resources and its problems etc. Economic Values: resource of revenue (for profit orientation) > Indirect utilization (as tourism object/destination)
Underwater Cultural Heritage all traces of human existence having a cultural, historical or archaeological character which have been partially or totally under water, periodically or continuously, for at least 100 years such as: (i) sites, structures, buildings, artefacts and human remains, together with their archaeological and natural context; (ii) vessels, aircraft, other vehicles or any part thereof, their cargo or other contents, together with their archaeological and natural context; and (iii) objects of prehistoric character.
UNESCO CONV ON PUCH, 2001, Article 1: Definition
PART 3b. MANAGEMENT OF UNDER WATER CULTURAL HERITAGE (conducted by PANAS-BMKT)
UCH is treated as an economic asset known as Valuable Objects from Sungkenship (VOS/BMKT) Focuses of the management are surveys, removal from underwater, and economic utilization. Implementation of the management of UCH is under the National Committee for Salvage and Utilization of Valuable Objects from Sunkenship (PANNAS-BMKT/NCSU-VOS), headed by the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries. Legally supported by the Presidential Decree and Ministerial Decree .
PP No. 10/1993 (Government regulation)
UU RI No. 5/1992 (State Law)
Keppres 19/2007 (Presdt decree)
BMKT Valuable object from Sunken ship
Values of history, culture, science, and economic
U T I L I S A T I O N
Note: Presidential decree No. 19/2007 replaced Presidential decree No. 12/2009. State Law No. 5/1992 replaced by State Law No. 11/ 2010 Concerning Cultural Property
CULTURAL GOODS: resource of nat education and culture (small part) ECONOMIC GOODS resource of national income
MODUS OPERANDI OF ILEGAL EXPLORATION AND COMMERCIALIZATION (SEARCHING, SPOT COMMERCIALITATION, LIFTING, SELLING)
FISHERMAN Lokasi BMKT didapat dengan Tidak sengaja, misal jaring Tersangkut BMKT
PENADAH/ PENAMPUNG BMKT
DUAL PROFESION (Fisherman & Treasure hunter Lokasi didapat dengan sengaja Menggunakan GPS
OTHERS
BIG COLLECTOR/ FOREIGNER
SMALL TRADER
SMALL & MEDIUM COLECTOR
INVESTOR OR SPOT BUYER
Sumber: BRKP
Sumber: BRKP
KEGIATAN SURVEI BENDA BERHARGA ASAL MUATAN KAPAL TENGGELAM PERIODE 2000-2010 PT. Marindo Alam Internusa Per. Gosong-gosong Bunga Kab. Serdang Bedagei, Prov. Sumut PT.Jasa Kelautan Sentosa, Per. P.Mantang, Kep.Riau 00º 43' 26" LS - 104º 29' 20" BT telah dilakukan survei tahun 2001
PT.Devatech Indonesia, Per. P.Numbing, Kep.Riau 00º 37' 40" LS - 127º 25' 20" BT telah dilakukan survei tahun 2002
PT.Adikencana Salvage, Per. Krg Heluputan, Kep.Riau 00º 36' 25" LS - 105º 08' 50" BT telah dilakukan survei tahun 2003
om Promosindo, Bintan Utara, Kep.Riau 00" LU - 104º 24' 00" BT akukan survei tahun 2001
PT. TORR Per. Utara Selat Karimata 01º 03' 00" LS - 108º 27' 40" BT Telah dilakukan survei tahun 2001
atra Satya Osiana, Krg.Savren (L.Natuna) 7' 00" LS - 106º 31' 00" BT dilakukan survei tahun 2002
ng Arta Salvage, njang, Babel 0" LS - 106º 19' 30" BT kukan survei tahun 2001
PT.Comexindo Usaha Mandiri Per. Sebelah Utara,Kep.Seribu 05°26’ 15” LS - 106°18’ 45” BT telah dilakukan survei tahun 2001
Tengah, Prov. ng
PT. Sula Gading Sakti Per. Selat Karimata 01º 42’738" LS - 108º409’881" BT Telah dilakukan survei tahun 2002 PT. Karya Prima Nusa Karimun Per. Laut Jawa,Kab Jepara,Jateng 05º 44' 20" LS - 110º 15' 08" BT Telah dilakukan survei tahun 2001
gka Global Mandiri, g Kapal, Babel 00" LS - 106º 12’00" BT akukan survei tahun 2001
ahari
PT. Paradigma Putra Sejahtera Per. Selat Karimata 01º 03' 333" LS - 108º 19' 373" BT Telah dilakukan survei tahun 2007
PT.Matra Satya Osiana, Per. Jepara, Jateng 06º 29' 03" LS - 110º 31' 40" BT Telah dilakukan survei tahun 2004 PT.Matra Satya Osiana, Per. Jepara, Jateng 06º 29' 03" LS - 110º 31' 40" BT Telah dilakukan survei tahun 2004
PT. Paradigma Putra Sejahtera Per. Utara Cirebon, Laut Jawa 05°14’ 55” LS - 108°58’ 39” BT telah dilakukan survei tahun 2004 PT. Paradigma Putra Sejahtera Per. Utara Cirebon, Laut Jawa
PT. Comexindo Usaha Mandiri Per. Pamanukan, Kab. Subang
PT.TORR Per.Sel.Mare Kab.Halmahera 00º 37' 40" LS - 127º 25' 20" BT Telah dilakukan survei tahun 2001 PT. Ake Lamo Pratama Per.Ternate, Maluku Utara 00º 53' 00" LS - 127º 20’00" BT Telah dilakukan survei tahun 2001
PT.Tricom Promosindo Per.Krg Koka, Sulawesi Tenggara 06º 05' 66" LS - 124º 19' 45" BT Telah dilakukan survei tahun 2001 PT.Intersatria Artha Samudra Raya, Per. Tile – Tile, Sulsel telah dilakukan survei tahun 2005
PT. Jasa Kelautan Sentosa , Per.Krg. Kait, tahun 2001 Koperasi Serba Usaha Biliton Undersea,Per.Tg.Pandan, tahun 2001 PT. Sena Dwisentosa, Per.P.Simedang, tahun 2001 PT. Bangun Bahari Nusantra, Per.Bangka Selatan, tahun 2007 PT.Paradigma Putra Sejahtera, Per.Timur Gosong Beting Raja, tahun 2002 PT.Paradigma Putra Sejahtera, Per.Belitung Timur, masih dalam tahap survei tahun 2008
KEGIATAN PENGANGKATAN BENDA BERHARGA ASAL MUATAN KAPAL TENGGELAM PERIODE 2000-2010
PT. Comexindo Usaha Mandiri Per. Pamanukan, Kab. Subang PT.Adi Kencana Salvage, Per. Tl. Sumpat Bintan Utara, telah dilakukan pengangkatan Tahun 2005 PT.Adi Kencana Salvage, Per. Kr. Heliputan, Kep. Riau 00°36’-25’’ LU - 105°08’-50’’ BT telah dilakukan pengangkatan tahun 2004
PT. Paradigma Putra Sejahtera Per. Karawang, Jawa Barat 05°30’200’’ LS- 107°44’200’’ BT telah dilakukan pengangkatan Tahun 2008
PT. Paradigma Putra Sejahtera Per. Belitung Timur Prov. Bangka Belitung Tgl 4 Mei s.d 15 Juli 2009
PT.Tuban Oceanic Research & Recovery (PT.TORR), Per.Krg Cina Selat Karimata telah dilakukan ppengangkatan Tahun 2001, hasil pengangkatan 11.000 buah PT.Intersatria Artha Samudra Raya, Per. Tile – Tile, Sulsel Belum dilakukan pengangkatan Karena alasan cuaca & teknis
PT. Paradigma Putra Sejahtera Per. Utara Cirebon, Laut Jawa 05°14’ 55” LS - 108°58’ 39” BT telah dilakukan pengangkatan Tahun 2004 yang seluruhnya berjumlah 232.672 pcs
PT.Adi Kencana Salvage, Per. Jepara, Jawa Tengah telah dilakukan pengangkatan Tahun 2007
Lifting of the Artifacts Auction
PART 4.
UNDERWATER CULTURAL HERITAGE FOR MARINE TOURISM: Utilization Models
Site-base model. Museum-based model. Open air-based model. Maritime/underwater heritage trail model. Combination model.
BENDA TEMUAN DI DALAM SITUS KAPAL TENGGELAM •
Cultural items from shipwreck site
• Ships and their parts • Navigation equipment • Other equipment in a ship that is absolutely necessary during the journey (cookware, lighting, etc.) • Weapons for security • Cargo (goods, ceramics and other items) • Cargo other than goods that are intended to be derived in a particular place • Crew’s personal items • Personal items of the passengers • Remnants of the activities during the journey etc.
Tulamben Site: “USAT Liberty”
SITE-BASE MODEL.
This model is the most ideal for marine tourism. By this model, the object should be placed at the original location, which is under water. The disadvantage of this model is that the objects are usually only be enjoyed by limited visitors who have the ability to dive with the diving instrument (SCUBA)
MUSEUM-BASED MODEL. This
model can be divided into two category, namely (1) museums that put the underwater cultural heritage as the main collection, and (2) museums that put the underwater cultural heritage not as the main collection, but as a part of other collections as a whole.
MARITIME MUSEUM, JAKARTA
VASA MUSEUM, SWEDEN
SUBMARINE MONUMENT, SURABAYA
OPEN AIR-BASED MODEL.
Generally, the main object of this model is a real ship from the past, or a model of famous ship or boat from the living tradition.
OPEN-AIR Wrecksite of traditional boat from the 7th century at Rembang beach, Northern Coast of Central Java.
MARINE HERITAGE TRAIL MODEL. This model include more
than one sites and need more complex organization. Usually involves many stakeholders.
VOC-SHIPS GRAVEYARD TRAIL?
COMBINATION MODEL.
Open-air
presentation at museum garden.
MILITARY MUSEUM (MUSEUM KEPRAJURITAN, TMII, JAKARTA)
PART 5.
INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF UNDERWATER CULTURAL HARITAGE
EXPLORATION Base on practical problems (eg. salvage, total removal) Base on scientific (theoretical problems, selected removal, stricted to scientific standard) DATA-DEVELOPMENT Documentation (visual & audio visual); research reports; registration, data-base management CONSERVATION Preservation, consolidation, protection. UTILIZATION > Academic (research & development); cultural/ideological (public education); economic indirect (marine tourism).
INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF UNDERWATER CULTURAL HERITAGE EXPLORATION
Practical Problem Base
Scientific Problem Base DATA DEVELOPMENT
UTILIZATION
CONSERVATION
ECONIMIC / TOURISM
ACADEMIC / CULTURAL
LAND BASED
UNDERWATER BASED
LAND BASED
UNDERWATER BASED
MARITIME TRAIL BASED
