THESIS
TRANSLATION OF INDONESIAN COMPLEX SENTENCES WITH CONCESSIVE CLAUSES IN THE NOVEL 9 SUMMERS 10 AUTUMNS: DARI KOTA APEL KE THE BIG APPLE
NI MADE ARIANI NIM 1490161007
MASTER PROGRAM LINGUISTICS PROGRAM TRANSLATION STUDIES POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM UDAYANA UNIVERSITY DENPASAR 2016
THESIS
TRANSLATION OF INDONESIAN COMPLEX SENTENCES WITH CONCESSIVE CLAUSES IN THE NOVEL 9 SUMMERS 10 AUTUMNS: DARI KOTA APEL KE THE BIG APPLE
Thesis for Obtaining Master Degree at Master Program, Linguistics Program in Translation Studies Postgraduate Program of Udayana University
NI MADE ARIANI NIM 1490161007
MASTER PROGRAM LINGUISTICS PROGRAM TRANSLATION STUDIES POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM UDAYANA UNIVERSITY DENPASAR 2016
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This thesis has been examined by the Board of Examiners on September 15, 2016
The Board of Examiners according to Decree of Rector of Udayana University No. 4660/UN14.4/HK/2016 September 15, 2016
Chairperson
:
Prof. Dr. N.L. Sutjiati Beratha, M.A.
Secretary
:
Dr. Ida Ayu Made Puspani, M.Hum.
Members
: 1.
Dr. Fransciscus I Made Brata, M.Hum.
2.
I Nyoman Aryawibawa, S.S., M.A., Ph.D.
3.
Dr. Ni Luh Ketut Mas Indrawati, TEFL., M.A.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First and foremost, I would like to thank the Almighty God, Ida Shang Hyang Widhi Wasa, for His blessings and guidance so that this thesis entitled “Translation of Indonesian Complex Sentences with Concessive Clauses in the Novel 9 Summers 10 Autumns: dari Kota Apel ke The Big Apple” could be finished on time. It has been such a great pride and joy for me to write a thesis on the topic discussion of translation after two years of studying in Udayana University. I, moreover; find myself very much indebted to many people for their genuine help and support received during the entire process of writing this thesis. I warmly thank Prof. Dr. N.L. Sutjiati Beratha, M.A. as my first supervisor for all of the valuable suggestions, supervision, encouragement and support during the entire process of writing – thank you for helping me so much at every stage. Enormous thank you also goes to Dr. Ida Ayu Made Puspani, M.Hum. as my second supervisor for being generous in coping so superbly with the ins and outs of my writing. With delight and awe I feel that I am blessed in so many ways and very grateful for it. Henceforth, I would also love to express my belated gratitude and appreciation for those who mentioned as follow; Prof. Dr. dr. Ketut Suastika, Sp. PDKEMD. as the Rector of Udayana University; Prof. Dr. dr. A.A. Raka Sudewi, Sp.S(K). as the Director of Postgraduate Program Udayana University; Prof. Dr. Ida Bagus Putra Yadnya, M.A. as the Head of Master Program in Linguistics Department; Prof. Dr. I Wayan Simpen, M.Hum. as the Secretary of Master Program vi
in Linguistics Department; and Dr. Fransciscus I Made Brata, M.Hum., I Nyoman Aryawibawa, S.S., M.A., Ph.D., and Dr. Ni Luh Ketut Mas Indrawati, TEFL., M.A. as the board of examiners for their valuable support and constructive suggestion. I would also like to thank all the very best staffs of Master Program in Linguistics Department for their outstanding help, suggestions of pure genius care and guidance. My sincere appreciation goes to I Ketut Ebuh, S.Sos., Nyoman Adi Triani, S.E., I Nyoman Sadra, S.S., and I Gusti Agung Ayu Supadmini. As always, countless gratitude and love go to both of my beloved parents, I Made Abiana and Ni Made Ratna – and as well my dear brother, I Wayan Januariawan. Thank you ever so much for believing in me first and for the freedom they have been constantly pouring in me to spread my „wings‟ to chase dreams that I have built up. I cannot thank them all enough for accompanying me to take the whole adventure of this 25 year „journey.‟ I lovingly dedicate this writing for them all. My beloved family – my very best friends in life. In addition, I also wish to deliver a very special thank you to friends who have shared, accompanied, supported and encouraged me in so many ways. Ni Ketut Setiawati, Ni Nyoman Hariawati, Talita Kum Taopan, Ida Ayu Kade Dwijati, Ni Nyoman Yuliastari, Ni Kadek Ari Armaeni, Evi Kurnia Ratri, Ni Wayan Cintya Surya Pratami, Ni Made Muliani, I Made Juliarta, and Putu Ayu Siska Pebryana. These beautiful people are among the greatest of the great. It has been wonderful to have the two years worn with. Last but not least, I am heartily thankful for everyone who has supported and helped me in writing this thesis. However, this thesis is still way too far from being vii
perfect, hence; all of the encouraging suggestion and as well the criticism are greatly welcome. After all, it is very much hoped that this thesis can be significantly beneficial for the readers, especially for all of my colleagues in Udayana University. May there be a lot more good opportunities to conduct research about Applied Linguistics of the translation studies.
Denpasar, September 15, 2016
Ni Made Ariani
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TRANSLATION OF INDONESIAN COMPLEX SENTENCES WITH CONCESSIVE CLAUSES IN THE NOVEL 9 SUMMERS 10 AUTUMNS: DARI KOTA APEL KE THE BIG APPLE
ABSTRACT This thesis presents the analysis on the translation of Indonesian complex sentences with concessive clauses found in the novel 9 Summers 10 Autumns: dari Kota Apel ke The Big Apple and in its English translation entitled 9 Summers 10 Autumns: from the City of Apples to The Big Apple. The analysis is conducted in order to cope with its three formulated problems. First, identifying how the Indonesian complex sentences with concessive clauses are translated into English. Secondly, the analysis is conducted in order to investigate what the translation procedures utilized by the translator and the third problem is to explain how the loss and gain of information occur in the translation process. Theory by Thomson and Martinet combined with the theory by Larson are utilized in responding to the first question. Meanwhile, the theory proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (in Venuti) combined with the theory by Newmark are utilized in coping with the second problem. The last problem is analyzed by utilizing the theory from Nida. Qualitative approach is utilized in conducting the entire analysis of this study. Meanwhile, the method of collecting the data in this study is observation method combined with the note-taking technique in order to collect the relevant data. The analysis is qualitatively described primarily referring to the formulated problems of the study and the theoretical framework being utilized. Furthermore, two methods are applied together in presenting the finding of this study, they are formal and informal methods. Finding of the research shows that there are 30 Indonesian complex sentences with concessive clauses collected and they are translated into English complex sentences with concessive clauses by utilizing varied subordinating conjunctions. As the second finding of the research, it is investigated that literal translation, transposition, modulation and equivalence are the translation procedures applied in the translation process. As the third finding, it is found that the occurrences of loss and gain of information are inevitable in translation works. Gain of information is mostly realized as the explicitation of the Source Language text in the process of translation. Meanwhile, loss is as a result of the cultural and linguistic disparities that occur between text in the Source Language and the Target Language. Keywords: translation procedures, complex sentences, concessive clauses
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TERJEMAHAN KALIMAT KOMPLEKS BAHASA INDONESIA YANG MENGANDUNG KLAUSA KONSESIF PADA NOVEL 9 SUMMERS 10 AUTUMNS: DARI KOTA APEL KE THE BIG APPLE
ABSTRAK Thesis ini membahas mengenai terjemahan kalimat kompleks bahasa Indonesia yang mengandung klausa konsesif pada novel 9 Summers 10 Autumns: dari Kota Apel ke The Big Apple serta terjemahannya dalam bahasa Inggris dengan judul 9 Summers 10 Autumns: from the City of Apples to The Big Apple. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memecahkan tiga permasalahan yang berhasil dirumuskan. Pertama, mengidentifikasi terjemahan kalimat kompleks bahasa Indonesia yang mengandung klausa konsesif ke dalam bahasa Inggris. Kedua, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi prosedur penerjemahan yang diaplikasikan oleh penerjemah serta permasalahan ketiga adalah untuk memahami proses terjadinya loss dan gain of information. Teori dari Thomson dan Martinet dikombinasikan dengan teori dari Larson untuk memecahkan permasalahan pertama. Teori dari Vinay dan Darbelnet (pada Venuti) beserta teori dari Newmark diaplikasikan untuk memecahkan permasalahan kedua. Permasalahan ketiga dianalisis dengan mempergunakan teori dari Nida. Pendekatan secara kualitatif dilakukan dalam proses penelitian ini. Metode yang diaplikasikan dalam proses pengumpulan data adalah metode observasi serta teknik catat. Proses pengkajiannya sendiri mengacu pada cakupan permasalahan serta kerangka berpikir yang dirumuskan. Dua metode diterapkan dalam menyajikan hasil penelitian, yakni metode formal dan metode informal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ditemukan 30 kalimat kompleks bahasa Indonesia yang mengandung klausa konsesif seluruhnya diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggris dengan bentuk konstruksi yang sama, yakni menggunakan klausa konsesif. Temuan yang kedua menunjukkan bahwa literal translation, transposition, modulation dan equivalence merupakan prosedur yang diaplikasikan dalam proses penerjemahan. Temuan ketiga mengenai loss dan gain of information, kedua hal ini tidak dapat dihindari dalam setiap proses penerjemahan. Gain of information dipahami sebagai tambahan (explicitation) terhadap teks di bahasa sumber. Loss of information merupakan hasil dari terdapatnya disparitas atau perbedaan secara budaya dan ilmu bahasa antara teks di bahasa sumber dengan teks di bahasa target. Kata Kunci: prosedur penerjemahan, kalimat kompleks, klausa konsesif
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER ....................................................................................................................
i
PREREQUISITE TITLE.......................................................... .............................
ii
APPROVAL SHEET .................................................................................... ..........
iii
THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS ........................................................................ ...
iv
SURAT PERNYATAAN BEBAS PLAGIAT .......................................................
v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................................................................
vi
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................
ix
ABSTRAK ..............................................................................................................
x
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................
xi
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLE ........................................................................
xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOL ....................................................
xv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION............................................................................
1
1.1
Background of the Study........................................................................... .
1
1.2
Problems of the Study.................................................................................
6
1.3
Aims of the Study............................................................................ ..........
7
1.3.1
General Aim.................................................................. .............................
7
1.3.2
Specific Aim...............................................................................................
8
1.4
Significance of the Study............................................................................
9
1.4.1
Theoretical Significance.............................................................................
9
1.4.2
Practical Significance.......................................................................... .......
11
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPT, THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH MODEL ......................................................
13
2.1
Literature Review........................................................................... ............
13
2.2
Concept................................................................................. .....................
22
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2.2.1
Concessive Clause............................................................................ ..........
22
2.2.1.1
Indonesian Concessive Clause.................................................................. .
23
2.2.1.2
English Concessive Clause.........................................................................
24
2.2.2
Contra-Expectation............................................................................ ........
26
2.2.3
Equivalence in Translation.........................................................................
28
2.2.3.1
Baker‟s Approach to Translation Equivalence......................................... .
29
2.2.3.2
Nida and Taber‟s Approach to Translation Equivalence............................
30
2.2.4
Kinds of Meaning.......................................................................................
32
2.3
Theoretical Framework...............................................................................
36
2.3.1
Procedures of Translation......................................................................... .
36
2.3.2
Loss and Gain of Information.................................................................. ..
44
2.3.3
The Use of Componential Analysis in Translation.....................................
48
2.4
Research Model..........................................................................................
55
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ...............................................................
57
3.1
Research Approach........................................................................... .........
57
3.2
Data Source................................................................................. ...............
58
3.3
Research Instrument........................................................................... ........
60
3.4
Method and Technique of Collecting Data.................................................
60
3.5
Method and Technique of Analyzing Data.................................................
62
3.6
Method and Technique of Presenting Data.................................................
64
CHAPTER IV TRANSLATION OF INDONESIAN COMPLEX SENTENCES WITH CONCESSIVE CLAUSES IN THE NOVEL 9 SUMMERS 10 AUTUMNS: DARI KOTA APEL KE THE BIG APPLE ................................... 4.1
Translation of Indonesian Complex Sentences with Concessive Clauses into English.................................................................. ..............................
4.1.1
70
72
Translation of Complex Sentences with Explicit Concessive Subordinator......................................................................... ...................... xii
74
4.1.2
Translation of Complex Sentences with Implicit Concessive Subordinator......................................................................... ......................
4.2
80
Translation Procedures Applied in Translating the Indonesian Complex Sentences with Concessive Clauses into English .....................
98
4.2.1
The Application of Literal Translation................................................. .....
99
4.2.2
The Application of Transposition.......................................................... ....
101
4.2.3
The Application of Modulation..................................................................
107
4.2.4
The Application of Equivalence.......................................................... ......
112
4.3
The Occurrence of Loss and Gain of Information in Translating the Indonesian Complex Sentences with Concessive Clauses into English ....
117
4.3.1
The Occurrence of Gain of Information.....................................................
118
4.3.1.1
Additions: Amplification from Implicit to Explicit Status............. ............
118
4.3.1.2
Additions: Obligatory Specification ..........................................................
125
4.3.2
The Occurrence of Loss of Information.....................................................
127
4.3.2.1
Subtractions: Specification of Reference ...................................................
127
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS......................................
131
5.1
Conclusions........................................................................... .....................
131
5.2
Suggestions................................................................................. ...............
133
BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................................
134
APPENDIX (DATA) ...............................................................................................
139
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLE
Figure 2.4 ...................................................................................................
55
Figure 3.6.1 .................................................................................................
65
Figure 4.1.1.1. .............................................................................................
74
Figure 4.1.1.2 ..............................................................................................
76
Figure 4.1.1.3 ..............................................................................................
78
Figure 4.1.2.1 ..............................................................................................
80
Figure 4.1.2.2 ..............................................................................................
84
Figure 4.1.2.3 ..............................................................................................
88
Figure 4.1.2.4 ..............................................................................................
90
Figure 4.1.2.5 ..............................................................................................
92
Figure 4.1.2.6 ..............................................................................................
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Table 4.2.4.1 ................................................................................................
114
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOL
ABBREVIATIONS CA
:
Componential Analysis
LT
:
Literal Translation
NP
:
Noun Phrase
SL
:
Source Language
TC
:
The Cause
TEE
:
The Expected Effect
TL
:
Target Language
TUE
:
The Unexpected Effect
SYMBOLS :
To show how the language system in the Source Language is translated into Target Language
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