$TMH INDONESIAN
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Volume 8, Number
sTUDTES
Trc Uuun
Acrn: A Bnrrr Hrstonrcnl SunvrY rru
Yusny Saby
A SuonruEsr Scnoun
tN THE
DrnspoRR:
LrE Rruo CnnErn or Aguno Mugrrluno Rl-Sunrrrri rN lruoorursrA (1e11-1 e43) Ahmed lbrahim Abushouk
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MrnrurNG INTERPRETED:
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lssN 021s-0492
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$TUDIA I$I,A]I[II(A Vol. B, no. 1, 2001
EDITORIALBOARD:
M. Quraish Shihab (IAIN lakarta) Taufik Abdullah (LIPI lakarta) Nur A. Fadhil Lubis IAIN Sumatra Utara) M.C. Ricklefs ( Melbourne Unioersity ) Martin oan Bruinessen (Utrecht Unittersity) John R. Bowen (Washington Unioersity, St. Louis) M. Atho Mudzhar (IAIN Yogyaknrta) M. Knmal Hnsan (Internationnl lslamic Uniaersity, Kuala Lumpur)
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Azywnardi Azra EDITORS lohan H. Meuleman lajat Burhanuddin Fuad labali Jamlwri Oman Fatlurahman ASSISTANT TO THE EDITORS
HeniNuroni ENGLISH LANGUAGE ADVISOR Richnrd G. Kraince
ARABIC LANGUAGE ADVISORS Nursamad
COVERDESIGNER S.
Prinka
STUDIA ISLAMIKA (ISSN 0215-0492) Center
for
the Study of Islam and Society
is a journalpublished
quarterly lry the
(PPIM), IAIN Syarif Hidayatullah, Jaknrtn
(STT DEPPEN No. 129/SK/DITIEN/PPG/STT/1976) and sponsored by the Department of Religious Afairs of the Republic of Indonesia. It specinlizes in Indonesian lslamic studies, and is intended to communicate original researches and current issues on tht subject. This journal utarmly welcomes contributions ftom scholars of related disciplines.
All articles published do not necessarily represent the aiews of the journal, or other institutions to which it is ffiliated. They are solely the aietas of the authors. The articles contained in this journal hnae been refereed by the Board of Editors.
STUDIA ISLAMIKA has
been accredited by The Ministry of National Education, Republic of Indonesia as an academic journal.
Mubamntad l[/ildan
Harakah al-TullAb wa al-SiyAsah: DirAsah fi Mauqif al-TullAb al-Muslimin al-Indrinisiyyin
min al-SivAsah bi Ind0nisiwA
Abstract: Since tbe aery beginning of Indonesian nationalism,
stwdents
bat;e been instrwmental in Indonesian politics. The proto-nationalist student organization, Budi Utomo, establisbed in 1908, ,@as one of the central proponents of the nationalist nTopernent at tbe turn of tbe century. Stwdents ako played a critical role in the political deoelopments since L965, uhen Orde Lama (Old Order) ended and the Orde baru (New Order) began. TIte present article focuses on tbose stwdents who were involaed in the Muslim youth organization PII (Pelajar Islam Indonesia, Indonesian
Mwslim Students'Association), particularly on its dynamic political attitudes during the Old Order and Neu., Order. Studies on the oolitical attitude of students in Indonesia haae been conducted by many scholars including Harsja W Bachtiar (1958), Stephen
A. Douglas (1970), Michael Fremerq (1976), Frangois Raillon (1983), M. Dazuam Rabardjo (1990), and Edruard Aspinall (1993) Horuever, the majority do not pay attention to tbe PII and do not epen consider it as a stwdent organization that played a leading role in politics. One of the main reasons for this is the fact that PII is not formally associated with university students, but with secondary scbool students. There are also some studies that particularly focus on PIL Altbough none of them comprebensioely defi.ne tbe political attitude of the PII, to' gether tbey provide enough information to outline the political attitude the PII. Most of these studies zuere uritten by former PII activists like Abmad A. Darban (1976), Abdul Q. Djaelani (1984), and most extensioely by A.M. Marzoeki (forthcoming). Some scbolars, i.e. Djam'annuri (1959) and Surjanto et al. (1959), utrite the history of the PII during a certain period of time and neglect its political behavior. Marzoeki, bora129
Studia klamika, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2001
110
Muhammad lVildan
eeer,r!)rites an extensipe study on tbe PII\ rejection of tbe Asas Tunggal, internal dissension r.eitbin the PII duringperiods when tbey were illegal, and the process prior to becoming a legal organization. Based on PII\ aarious publications, periodicak, and daily nezaspapers, and on interpieuts zuith its actitsists and its former actiaists, the present article prorsides background to understand not only PII's rejection of Asas Tunggal but also its current position in Indonesian politics. Established in 1947, PII zuas formed in response to the educational situation in Indonesia. Since modern education zaas introduced by the Dutch Ethical Policy, Indonesia bad two types of education, i.e., Western and traditional education (pesantren). PII, along utitb other modernists, intended to bridge the gap betzpeen Muslim students from Western modern scltools and from Islamic traditional schook. Througb its rsarious informal trainingprograms, PII provides a sfficient leael of Islamic knozaledge for students of botb general and Islamic schools. Prior to tbe emergence of tbe PII tbere ,u.)ere ?rtany Muslim youtb organizations such as the
Pemuda Muhammadiyah (Mubammadiyah youtb groupr, GP Ansor Q,'lahdlatul Ulamayouth groupr, GPII (Masyumiyouth groups), HMI (an independent organization) etc. Houtever, sorne students of universities and colleges particularly in Yoglakarta, rohere PII uas originally established, zuere ofthe opinion tbat those organizations did not proaide secondary school students zaitb sfficient knozuledge of Islam. Tl'te situation rnotioated them to establkb a ne(e organization, PIL Some Muslim students percei'ued the establishment of PII as means of uniting all Muslim students of secondarT scbook and equippingtbem with adequate religious knozuledge.
PII
is an organization of students of secondary scbools, its existence and strengtb lies bqtond the secondary school boundaries. First of all it zaas founded by students from tbe unioersity leael. Many of its fficials and members are students of uniaersities and epen uniaersity graduates. Secondly, PII was inoolved in'aduh'politics (meaning politics zahicb '7.Dere too complicated for tbe students of the secondary schools), zaorked zuith adult organizations like HMI and Masjumi, against other aduh organizations like CGMI and PKL PII might not be the only
Altbough formally
secondary school organization rpith these cbaracteristics especially during to understand the crisis of OAS-[9AA, but it is -zaorthutbile to attemptzubat is unique about sucb an important organization as PIL The present
article k heffil in analyzingthe relationsbip betzaeen PII and other Muslim organizations, non-Muslim organizations, international organizations, and fi.nally tbe Old Order and Neza Order goverrnents. Studia Islanika, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2001
Mubammad lVildan
Harakah al-TullAb s/a al-SiyAsah: DirAsah fi Mauqif al-TullAb al-Muslimin al-Indtrnisiyyin min al-SiyAsah bi IndirnisiyyA
Abstraksi: Ti"dak diraguka.n lagi sejak, masapembmtukan Indonesia mmjad.i sebuab negara-bangv, mahasiszaa memzinkan peranan yang sdngat Pmting. Pada abun 1920 sampai 30-an, Budi Utomo, di.dirikan oleh mahasisraa kedokteran di Jakarta (STOVA) mmjadi gerakan nnsionalisme pertama di Indonesia. Begitu juga pada tabun 1955 dan sesudahnya, ketika Orde Lama berakbir dzn Orde Baru fudii. Artikel ini bm.rsaha menyaj ikzn pembahnan tentang gerakan mahasisua yang tergabung dalam organisasi pemudz Is' lam PII (Pekjar Islam Ind.onesia), denganfokus pembahasannya pada siknp dan pandangan politik mereka padz masa Ordc Lamz dan Orde Baru. Beberapa studi penting tsntang gerakan mahasiszpa di Indonesia sudab
dikkukan oleb sejumlah satjana, di antaranya Harsja lV. Bakhtizr (1968), StephmA. Doughs (1970), Michael FremerEt (1975), Frangois Raillon (1983), M. Dautam Rabardjo (1990), dan E&aard AEinnll (199, Namun, yang mmarik, adalab bahua tidak satu pun di antara studistudi di atas yang memberikan perhatian memadai pada PIL Bahkan, mereka tidak mmganggapnya sebagai gerakan mnhasisua yang pulrya peranan pmting dalam politik Ind.onesia. Hal ini tenltama didasarkan pada angapan babwa PII bu kanl ab organisas i y ang dias o sinikan d.engan mah asiszua, teap i dmgan s isruasisraa sekokh menmgah dan atas.
Beberapa studi tmtang PII belakangan mulai muncul, zuakupun tidak, sepmuhrrya berkons mtras i pada sikap politik PII. Hampir s emua karya- kary a terebut dituli"s oleh aktiois PII seperti Abmad A. Darban (1975), Abdul Q.
Djaelani (1984), dan teru.rarna A.M. Manoeki (akan terbit). Semmtara rtu hberapa wrjana, dalam hal ini Djam'annuri (1959) dan Surjanto et al. (1989), mmulis sejarab Pn pada kurwn-kurun anktu tertentu dan terkesan meng' 131
Studia Islamika, VoL 8, No. 1,2001
Muhamnad IYildan
bindari pembahasan aspek politik PII. Manoeki memang membahas sikzp politik PII, teapi banya terkonssntrasi pada penolakan PII terbadap Asas Tungal. Berdasar pada publikasi-publikasi PII, surat kabar, dan zuaruancara dengan sejumlab aktivis dan bekas aktiais PII, artikel berikut ini memberikan latar belakang untuk memnhami bukan banya penokkan PII ter' badap Asas tunggal tetapi juga posisi PII dalam percaturan politik Indonesia.
Didirikan pada 1947, PII terutamn merupakan akibat dari sistim pmdidikan yang berkembang di Indonesia. Sejak Politik Etik Belanda memperkenalkan sistem pendi.dikan rnodern, sistim pendi.dikan di Indonesin menjadi dua: sistem pendidikzn Barat dnn sistem pmdid.ikan tradisional (pesantren). PII, bersamasama dengan kelontpok modenxis kin, berusaba menjembatani jarak antara mereka yang belajar di sekolahsekolah Barat modern dmgan yang belajar di sekolarsekolab klam tradisional. Melalui training-training informal, PII mampu membekali sisuta- sisuti di kedua sistim pmdidikan tenebut dengan pengetahuan agama yang cukup ?rtema dai. Sebelum PII memang ada organisasi-organisasi kepemwdaan dari organisasi sosial Mwslim, sepmi Pemuda Mubammadiyah, GP Ansor, GPII, Ill,fi dll. Namun bagi beberapa kalangan mzbasisr.eta terutafti.a di Yogakarta, teTnpat di mana PII berdiri, organisasi-organisasitersebut gagalmemberikan bekal pengetahuan Islam yang cukup kEada siswa-sisr.ei sekokh mmengah. Kesadaran inilah yang mmdorong mereka mendirikzn organisasi baru PII. Semenara kelompok Muslim kkm kin memandangpm.diri' an organisasi baru ini sebagai upaya rnenxpersatukan serltua sisrua-siszui sekolah mmmgab dan membekali mereka dengan prngeahuan agama yang cukup. lWalaupun secaraformal PII adakh organisai siszuasisrpi sekolab Trtenmgah, keberadaannya ada di luar batas-batas sekolab menmgah. Putama, organisasi ini tidak di"dirtikan oleb siswasisrai sekolah mmengab, tetapi oleb mnhasiswa-mabasiswa di tingkat unioersitas. Baik pmgtrus maupun dnggotanya banyak berasal dari kakngan mahasiswa, bahkan tanwtan uniaersitas. Kedua, PII terlibat intensif dahm aktifiras politik, bekerja sama dcngan organisai-organisasi Muslim seperti F{MI dan Masjumi, mekruan organisasi-organisasi non-Islam sEefti CGMI dan PKI. Bisa jadi PII bukan satu' satunya organisasi di tingkat sekolah menengah yang memiliki karakteristik unik seperti ini terutama pad.a mnsa-m.asa k*is seperti pada ne S'O55, tetapi justeru keunikan tersebut sangatlah rneTtantang untuk dikQi teruta.nl.a menyangkut organisasi yang sangat penting seperti PII. Artikel ini bisa menolong kita untuk memnhami hubungan antard PII dengan organisasi-or' ganisasi Muslim kin, organisasi-organisasi non-Muslim, organisasi'organisasi internasional, suta pemerinab yang berkuasa (Orla dan Orbo).
Studia
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Mubammad Vild.an
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