THESIS INDONESIAN V-V CONSTRUCTIONS IN “LASKAR PELANGI” AND THEIR TRANSLATIONS IN “THE RAINBOW TROOPS”
NI LUH GEDE LISWAHYUNINGSIH Reg. No. 0990161022
MASTER DEGREE PROGRAM STUDY PROGRAM OF LINGUISTICS POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM UDAYANA UNIVERSITY DENPASAR 2011
THESIS
INDONESIAN V-V CONSTRUCTIONS IN “LASKAR PELANGI” AND THEIR TRANSLATIONS IN “THE RAINBOW TROOPS”
Thesis is as a fulfillment to obtain a Master Degree in Translation Studies, Postgraduate Program Udayana University
NI LUH GEDE LISWAHYUNINGSIH REG NO. 0990161022
MASTER DEGREE PROGRAM STUDY PROGRAM OF LINGUISTICS POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM UDAYANA UNIVERSITY DENPASAR 2011
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APPROVAL SHEET
This thesis was approved on July 19th 2011
First Supervisor,
Second Supervisor,
Prof. Dr. Made Budiarsa, M.A. NIP. 19530107 198103 1 002
Dr. Frans I Made Brata, M.Hum. NIP. 19521214 198601 1 001
Approved by
Head of Master Program In Linguistics Department Postgraduate Program
Director of Postgraduate Program Udayana University
Prof. Dr. I Nyoman Suparwa, M. Hum. NIP. 19620310 198503 1 005
Prof. Dr. dr. A.A. Raka Sudewi, Sp.S(K) NIP. 19590215 198510 2 001
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This thesis has been examined by the Examining Board on July 19 th, 2011
The examiner committee according to the Decree of Rector of Udayana University, No: 1178/UN14.4/HK/2011, on June 30 th, 2011
Chairman
: Prof. Dr. Made Budiarsa, M.A.
Secretary
: Dr. Frans I Made Brata, M.Hum.
Members
:
1. Prof. Dr. Ida Bagus Putra Yadnya, M.A. 2. Prof. Drs. Ketut Artawa, M.A., Ph.D. 3. Dr. I Nyoman Sedeng, M.Hum.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Great thanks to Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa for His blessing that mean so much to me so this thesis finally can be completed as a requirement to obtain a Master Degree in Translation Studies of Applied Linguistics. My sincere gratitude and greatest appreciation to my first supervisor Prof. Drs. Made Budiarsa, M.A. and my second supervisor Dr. Frans I Made Brata, M.Hum. for their invaluable correction and advices in going through each chapter of this writing. My gratitude extends to the Rector of Udayana University, the Director of Postgradute School, Dean of the Faculty of Letters, Head and all staff members of the Master Program in Linguistics, for their support and assistance. I am deeply indebted to all my lecturers in Translation Studies who introduced me all about translation theories. My special thanks to my beloved parents Prof. Dr. I Nyoman Suparwa, M.Hum., and Dra. Ni Luh Komang Candrawati, M.Hum., for their love, support and care. And, for my beloved sisters, Intan, Gita and Veny who always give me much help in fulfilling all I need through my distressful days. For my beloved Wi Gus, thanks for your motivation and love, to be by my side sharing all the worst moments. Thanks also to Mbak Dwiyani, Mbak Diani, Mbak Heni, Moy, Eka Putrawan and all my friends in Translation Studies for their friendship and support. Thanks to Gung Gek, Eka, Mbak Diah, Pak Laba, Mbak
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Ayu Sulasmini, Purnawan, Agus, Swandewi, Liska and all my colleagues in office for their understanding, spirit and help. I do realize that this writing is far for being perfect, but I hope that this simple writing will give some contribution to the readers.
Denpasar, July 2011
Ni Luh Gede Liswahyuningsih
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ABSTRAK
Dalam bahasa Indonesia, terdapat phenomena penggunaan konstruksi V-V sebagai predikat dalam sebuah struktur klausa tunggal. Sementara itu, dalam bahasa Inggris, penggunaan predikat pada sebuah klausa dapat terlihat dengan jelas karena tidak ada penggunaan konstruksi V-V dalam klausa tunggal. Biasanya digunakan bentuk gerund dalam penggunaan dua verba dalam klausa tunggal yang dikategorikan sebagai sebuah nomina sehingga menimbulkan terjadinya pergeseran dalam penerjemahan konstruksi V-V bahasa Indonesia ke dalam bahasa Inggris. Ada tiga masalah yang dibahas dalam studi ini, yaitu (1) Apa saja tipe-tipe konstruksi V-V bahasa Indonesia yang ditemukan di novel? Bagaimana mereka diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggris dan mengapa mereka diterjemahkan seperti itu?, (2) Apa saja pergeseran yang terjadi dalam penerjemahan konstruksi V-V bahasa Indonesia ke dalam bahasa Inggris yang ditemukan dalam novel?, (3) Faktor-faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi terjadinya pergeseran yang dilakukan oleh penerjemah dalam penerjemahan konstruksi V-V bahasa Indonesia? Data diambil dari novel bahasa Indonesia “Laskar Pelangi” dan terjemahannya “The Rainbow Troops”. Teknik pengumpulan data yaitu dengan membaca novel dan mencatat. Kemudian, data diklasifikasikan dan dianalisis berdasarkan theori-teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini, yaitu teori linguistik dan teori terjemahan. Berdasarkan makna semantik verba-verba penyusun konstruksi V-V, terdapat delapan kategori konstruksi V-V bahasa Indonesia yang ditemukan dalam novel Laskar Pelangi yaitu (1) sebab-akibat, (2) gerakan, (3) arah, yang dapat dibagi lagi menjadi (a) intransitive dan (b) transitive, (4) instrumen/ alat, (5) postur, (6) kecaraan, (7) sinonim, dan (8) aspek. Oleh karena tidak adanya konstruksi V-V dalam bahasa Inggris, penerjemahan konstruksi V-V bahasa Indonesia ke dalam bahasa Inggris menyebabkan munculnya pergeseran baik dalam struktur gramatikal maupun dalam sudut pandang. Transposisi dalam penerjemahan konstruksi V-V bahasa Indonesia terjadi dalam pergeseran verba menjadi berbagai struktur gramatikal. Pergeseran kategori yang ditemukan dalam sumber data dapat berupa pergeseran verba menjadi adjektiva, nomina maupun adverbia. Pergeseran unit dapat berupa pergeseran verba menjadi frase nomina, frase verba, frase adjektiva, frase preposisi maupun klausa. Pergeseran struktur dapat berupa pergeseran kalimat aktif menjadi kalimat pasif. Sementara, modulasi yang terjadi yaitu pemampatan makna teks dan perenggangan makna teks. Terjadinya pergeseran tersebut disebabkan oleh tiga faktor yaitu faktor linguistik, kebudayaan dan pilihan penerjemah. Kata kunci: Konstruksi V-V, terjemahan, pergeseran
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ABSTRACT
In Bahasa Indonesia, there is a phenomenon that use V-V constructions as a predicate in a monoclausal structure. Meanwhile in English, the predicate of a clause is clearly analyzed since there is no the use of V-V construction in a monoclausal structure. There is a gerund in the use of double verbs in a sentence, which is classed as the noun so it can result in the occurrence of shift in the translation of Indonesian V-V constructions into English. There are three problems to be analyzed in this study, (1) What types of V-V constructions are found in “Laskar Pelangi” and its translation “The Rainbow Troops”? How are they translated and why are they translated in that way?, (2) what shifts are employed in the translation of Indonesian V-V construction into English found in the novel “Laskar Pelangi” and its translation “The Rainbow Troops”?, (3)what factors determine the choice of the shifts made by the translator in the translation of Indonesian V-V constructions? The data were taken from Indonesian novel “Laskar Pelangi” and its translation “The Rainbow Troops”. The technique of collecting the data was by reading the novel and note taking. Then, the data were classified and analyzed based on the theories used in this study, such as linguistics theory and translation theory. Based on the semantic meaning of the verbs, there are eight categories of Indonesian V-V construction found in the data source. They are (1) cause-effect, (2) motion, (3) direction that can be divided into (a) intransitive and (b) transitive, (4) instrumental, (5) coincidence motion or posture, (6) manner, (7) synonymic, and (8) aspect. Since, there is no V-V construction in English, the translation of Indonesian V-V construction causes shifts in the grammatical categories and point of view. Transposition in the translation of Indonesian V-V construction comes from the verb into various grammatical structures. Category shift found in the novel can be verb-verb construction to verb-adjective, verb-noun, verbpreposition or verb-adverb. Unit shift can be verb-verb construction to verb-noun phrase, verb-adjective phrase, verb-prepositional phrase or verb-clause. Structure shift can be from active sentence into passive. Meanwhile, modulation can be lexical loose and lexical dense. The occurrence of shifts is influenced by three factors, such as linguistic differences, cultural differences and translator preferences. Keywords: V-V construction, translation, shifts
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TABLE OF CONTENT INSIDE COVER..........................................................................................
i
PREREQUISITE TITLE ………………………………………………..
ii
APPROVAL SHEET …………………………………………………….
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THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS ……………………………………….
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ……………………………………………….
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ABSTRACT ………………………………………………….…………..
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TABLE OF CONTENT………………………………………….………
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS …………………………………………..
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LIST OF FIGURES …………………..…………………………………
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION………………………………………… 1 1.1 Background ……………..…………………………………………….
1
1.2 Research Problems…...……………………………………………….
4
1.3 Aims of the Research….……………………………………………...
5
1.3.1 General Aims ……………………………………….………….
5
1.3.2 Specific Aims ………………………………………………….
5
1.4 Significance of the Study………………………………………………
6
1.4.1 Theoretical Significance…………………………………………...
6
1.4.2 Practical Significance………………………………………………
6
1.5 Scope of the Study……………………………………………………..
6
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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPTS, THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS, AND RESEARCH MODEL…………………………………………………….
8
2.1 Literature Review.…………………………………………………..….. 8 2.2 Concepts…………………………………………………………….….. 11 2.2.1 V-V Construction…………..………………………………….
12
2.2.2 Translation Equivalence …………………………………………. 12 2.2.3 Shift in Translation ………………………………………………. 13 2.3 Theoretical Framework………………………..………………..……...
13
2.3.1 Grammatical Theory of Verbs.…..…………………..………….
14
2.3.2 V-V Construction ……….………………………………………
20
2.3.3 Methods of Translation ………………….……..……………….
25
2.3.4 Shifts in Translation……………………………………………
29
2.3.4.1 Transposition …..…..……………………………..…..
30
2.3.4.2 Modulation …..……………………………………….
33
2.5 Research Model………………………………………………….……. 34
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD…………………………………
37
3.1 Research Approach….………………………………………………….
37
3.2 Data Source ……………………………………………………………
38
3.2 Method and Technique of Collecting Data…………………………….
38
3.3 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data……………………………..
39
3.4 Method and Technique of Presenting the Result…………………
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40
CHAPTER IV INDONESIAN V - V CONSTRUCTIONS IN “LASKAR
PELANGI”
AND
THEIR
TRANSLATIONS IN “THE RAINBOW TROOPS”..
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4.1 Types of Indonesian V-V Constructions and Their Translations in English ……………………………………………………………….. 4.1.1 Cause-Effect……………. ……………………………………….. 4.1.2 Motion …………….…………………………………………….. 4.1.3 Direction ……………….……………………………………… 4.1.4 Instrumental ……………….…………………………………… 4.1.5 Coincidence Motion or Posture …………….…………………. 4.1.6 Manner ……………..…………………………………………… 4.1.7 Synonymic ……………..……………………………………… 4.1.8 Aspect ………………………………………………………… 4.2 Shifts in the Translation of Indonesian V-V Constructions into English. 4.2.1 Transposition …………………………………………………….. 4.2.1.1 Verb-Verb to Verb-Adjective .……………………………. 4.2.1.2 Verb-Verb to Verb-Noun ………………………………… 4.2.1.3 Verb-Verb to Verb-Adverb …………….………………… 4.2.1.4 Verb-Verb to Verb-Preposition…………………………… 4.2.1.5 Verb-Verb to Verb-Noun Phrase ………………………… 4.2.1.6 Verb-Verb to Verb-Adjective Phrase…..……………….... 4.2.1.7 Verb-Verb to Verb-Prepositional Phrase ………………… 4.2.1.8 Verb-Verb to Verb-Clause ………………………………. 4.2.1.9 Active to Passive Form ……………………………..……..
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41 42 46 49 55 55 58 61 63 65 65 66 68 70 74 76 78 79 81 83
4.2.2 Modulation ………………………………………………………
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4.2.2.1 Lexical Loose …………………...………………………
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4.2.2.2 Lexical Dense …………………………………………….. 86 4.3 Factors that Determine the Shifts in the Translation of Indonesian V-V Constructions into English……………………………………………
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4.3.1 Linguistic Differences …………………………………………… 88 4.3.2 Cultural Differences ……………………………………………
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4.3.3 Translator Preferences …………………………………………… 90 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION …. ……………………………………….
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5.1 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………
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5.2 Suggestion ……………………………………………………………
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BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………………
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APPENDICES ……………………………………………………………..
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
V-V construction
: Verb-Verb construction
K
: Kalimat
SVC
: Serial Verb Construction
FN
: Frase Nomina
SL
: Source Language
FV
: Frase Verba
TL
: Target language
FAdj.
: Frase Adjektiva
S
: Sentence
FAdv.
: Frase Adverbia
V
: Verb/ Verba
FP
: Frase Preposisi
N
: Noun/ Nomina
Konj.
: Konjungsi
Pro
: Pronoun/ Pronomina
Adj
: Adjective/ Adjektiva
Adv
: Adverb/ Adverbia
P
: Preposition/ Preposisi
D
: Determiner
M
: Modal
I
: Inflection
NP
: Noun Phrase
VP
: Verb Phrase
Adj. P : Adjective Phrase Adv. P : Adverb Phrase S
: Sentence
Conj. : Conjunction
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1:
Research Model ………………………………………………… 35
Figure 3.1:
Triangle of Study Analysis ……………………………………... 40
Figure 4.1:
Typology of V-V Construction…………………………………. 41
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THESIS INDONESIAN V-V CONSTRUCTIONS IN “LASKAR PELANGI” AND THEIR TRANSLATIONS IN “THE RAINBOW TROOPS”
NI LUH GEDE LISWAHYUNINGSIH
POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM UDAYANA UNIVERSITY DENPASAR 2011
xv
