The Trace Minerals. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

The Trace Minerals

Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Besi (Fe) Skema perjalaanan besi di dalam tubuh 

Stages of iron deficiency  Iron stores diminish  Transport iron decreases  Hemoglobin production declines

Faktor yang mempengaruhi absorbsi Fe   

   

Bentuk besi Asam organik Asam fitat dan asam oksalat Tanin Tingkat keasaman lambung Faktor intrinsik Kebutuhan tubuh

Fungsi Fe

   

Metabolisme energi sistem kekebalan Kamampuan belajar Pelarut obat-obatan

Sumber Fe 





Makanan hewani (bioavailability tinggi): daging, ayam, ikan, telur Serealia, kacang (bioav. sedang) sayuran hijau (bioav. rendah)

Akibat defisiensi Fe





Penurunan kualitas SDM (kemampuan belajar & produktivitas kerja) Deficiency symptoms  Anemia: weakness, fatigue, headaches  Impaired work performance and cognitive function  Impaired immunity  Pale skin,, mucous membranes, and palm creases  Concave nails  Inability to regulate body temperature

Akibat kelebihan 



Jarang karena makanan (suplementasi besi) Gejala : mual, muntah, diare, denyut jantung meningkat, sakit kepala, mengigau, pingsan

Cara mengevaluasi 



Pengukuran jumlah dan ukuran sdm, nilai hb darah Feritin dalam serum darah (persediaan besi dlm tubuh)

Iron Absorption


Iron: Heme vs. Nonheme


Iron Recycling


Seng (Zn) 



Tubuh  2-2,5 gr seng tersebar di hampir semua sel Sebagian besar  hati, pankreas, ginjal, otot, tulang



Jaringan bagian mata, kelenjar prostat, spermatozoa, kulit, rambut, kuku



Significant sources



Toxicity symptoms 

Loss of appetite, impaired immunity, low HDL, copper and iron deficiencies

Protein-containing foods  Red meats, shellfish  Whole grains 




Enteropancreatic circulation




Fungsi Part of many enzymes  Associated with the hormone insulin  Involved in making genetic material and proteins, immune reactions, transport of vitamin A, taste perception, wound healing, the making of sperm, and the normal development of the fetus 

Kekurangan 



Pd golongan rentan (anak, bumil, busui, lansia) symptoms  Growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, impaired immune function, hair loss, eye and skin lesions, loss of appetite


Iodium (I) 







75% iodium ada di dlm kel.tiroid  sintesis hormon tiroksin, tetraiodotironin dan triiodotironin Chief functions in the body  A component of two thyroid hormones that help to regulate growth, development, and metabolic rate Deficiency symptoms  Underactive thyroid gland, goiter  Mental and physical retardation in infants (cretinism) Toxicity symptoms  Underactive thyroid gland, elevated TSH, goiter


Metabolisme Iodium 

Rerata asupan iodium harian di Amerika Serikat sekitar 500 μg dan sekitar 120 μg tiroid. Kelenjar tiroid mengeluarkan 80 μg per hari sebagai iodium dalam T3 dan T4 serta melepaskan 40 μg iodium ke dalam cairan ekstraseluler. T3 dan T4 akan dimetabolisir dalam hati dan jaringan lain dan akan melepaskan 60 μg iodium kedalam cairan ekstraseluler. Sebagian derivat hormon tiroid dikeluarkan ke dalam empedu dan sebagian iodiumnya akan diserap kembali (sirkulasi enterohepatik). Total iodium yang masuk kedalam cairan ekstraseluler adalah 500+40+60 atau 600 μg per hari, 20% dari iodium masuk ke dalam kelenjar tiroid dan 80% diekskresikan melalui urin.59

(Sumber : Barrett, et al., 2010)59



Significant sources  Iodized

salt, seafood, bread, dairy products, plants grown in iodine-rich soil and animals fed those plants



Deficiency disease  Simple

goiter  Cretinism


Selenium 

Chief functions in the body  Defends

against oxidation  Regulates thyroid hormone 

Significant sources  Seafood,

meat  Whole grains, vegetables (depending on soil content)


Selenium 

Deficiency symptoms  Predisposition

to heart disease characterized by cardiac tissue becoming fibrous (Keshan disease)



Toxicity symptoms  Loss

and brittleness of hair and nails  Skin rash, fatigue, irritability, and nervous system disorders  Garlic breath odor


Copper 

Chief functions in the body  Necessary

for absorption and use of iron in the formation of hemoglobin  Part of several enzymes


Copper 

Significant sources  Seafood  Nuts,



whole grains, seeds, legumes

Deficiency symptoms  Anemia,



bone abnormalities

Toxicity symptoms  Liver

damage


Manganese 

Chief functions in the body  Cofactor

for several enzymes


Manganese 

Significant sources  Nuts,



whole grains, leafy vegetables, tea

Deficiency symptoms  Rare



Toxicity symptoms  Nervous

system disorders


Fluoride 

Chief functions in the body  Involved

in the formation of bones and

teeth  Helps to make teeth resistant to decay


U.S. Population With Fluoridated Water


Fluoride 

Significant sources  Drinking

water (if fluoride containing or fluoridated)  Tea, seafood 

Deficiency symptoms  Susceptibility



to tooth decay

Toxicity symptoms  Fluorosis

(pitting and discoloration of teeth)


Chromium 

Chief functions in the body  Enhances



insulin action

Significant sources  Meats

(especially liver)  Whole grains, brewer’s yeast


Chromium 

Deficiency symptoms  Diabetes-like



condition

Toxicity symptoms  None

reported


Molybdenum 

Chief functions in the body  Cofactor



for several enzymes

Significant sources  Legumes,

cereals  Organ meats


Molybdenum 

Deficiency symptoms  Unknown



Toxicity symptoms  None

reported  Reproductive effects in animals


Other Trace Minerals 

Nickel



Silicon



Vanadium



Other Trace Minerals 

Cobalt



Boron



Arsenic

Contaminant Minerals 

Heavy metals


The Trace Minerals. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

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