GENETIC BREEDING AND CONSERVATION
GB-106
The Qualitative and Quantitative Characters Identification of Bali Cows Having Different Coat Color in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia Arnold C. Tabun, Ferdinan Suharjon Suek, Bernadus Ndoen, Thomas Lapenangga, Cardial L Leo Penu, Johanis A. Jermias, Sondang P. P. Leanak Kupang State Agricultural Polytechnic, Indonesia Correspnding author:
[email protected]
Abstract This research was aimed to identify the qualitative and quantitative characters of Bali cow in Kupang district, East Nusa Tenggara. For data collections, the research used some methods namely observation, measurement and also farmer interviews. About 191 Bali cows age 3-5-year-old were involved in this research. The cows were grouped in four groups based on their color coat characters. The cow groups were sorrel color, black color, white color and white-spot color group. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistic for qualitative data and one way ANOVA procedure for quantitative data using SPSS package (version 17). The results showed that the Bali cows in Kupang district was more dominant in sorrel color coat (76.27%) than black coat color (14.41%), white color coat (7.63%) and white-spot coat color (1.69%). The body length for the sorrel color, black color, white color and white-spot color group respectively 108,41±8,19cm, 111,14±6,34cm, 111,67±6,44cm, 107,50±8,81cm; heart girth respectively 142,51±9,74cm, 141,57±8,36, 149,42±7,18cm, 152,50±12,45cm; and height respectively 108,48±5,72cm, 108,49±5,37cm, 113,75±b1,14cm, 108,75±6,70cm. In conclusion, the linear size of the Bali cows in Kupang district were increasing. It might be caused by negative selection, in breeding pressure and traditional breeders. Keywords: Bali cow, coat color, selection, breed, traditional
Introduction Bali cattle (Bossondaicus) is Indonesian native cattle which is domesticated from bison (B. javanicus javanicus). The cattle are rapidly growing in Bali. Bali cattle are known as potential commodities in supporting the availability of meat and also to increase the incomes of the community in the East Nusa Tenggara province. Statistic shows that, beef cattle population in Kupang district is the second largest population in East Nusa Tenggara, for example in 2013 (151.112), in 2014 (149.244) and in 2015 (154.814) (BPS, 2015). Coat color differences in Bali cows is caused by pigmentation, which is affected by expressed the Melanocortin 1 Receptor (MC1R) gene, and is shown on the surface of melanocytes. Melanin is substance which controls and the skin color, hair and eyes. Eumelaninis responses to black/brown color and phaeomelanin responses to sorrel, red and yellow color. Tabun et al. (2013), the coat color pigmentation of Bali cow in Kupang district affected by the MC1R gene is monomorphic (99%) and Polymorphic (1%). Furthermore, the coat color in Bali cows are also affected by the breeding system of extensively and semiintensive, inbreeding pressure and color deviations. This study aims to identify the qualitative and quantitative characteristic Bali cows of different coat color in Kupang district. 136
Methodology The methods used in this research were measurement, observation and interviews. The qualitative data were analyzed with statistics descriptive. The quantitative data were analyzed by One Way Anova. If significant differences are found among the treatment, then, Duncan test using SPSS software version 17 is used.
Result and Discussion Qualitative characteristics of Bali cows Bali cows in Kupang district are characterized by the dominance of sorrel color (76.27%), black color (Injil) (14.41%), white color (7.63%) and white-spot color (1,69%). Coat color changes on Bali cows in Kupang district is as a result of mating Inbreeding, which increase recessive genes and cause changes/mutations in specific genes. Sukardono et al. (2009) states that deviations of coat colors is an indication of the decrease of quality of cattle in NTB. The deviations of coat color may be due to the influence of hormones to the formation of skin pigment and coat, in which they are decreased and unsmooth in the whole parts of the cattle body, as result of mutations in genes that control the hormonal system in the formation of pigmentation and perhaps also as a result of the emergence of recessive genes. The qualitative nature of Bali cows in Kupang district shows characteristics that can be seen in Figure 1 Sorrel coat color of Bali Cows
Black coat color of Bali cows (Injin)
White coat color of Bali cows
White-spot coat color of Bali cows
Picture 1. Sorrel, black, white and white-spot coat Color of Bali cows
The shape of the horns of Bali cows are grown in line with the forehead and the tip of the horns lead upward and downward. The observations shows that the horns lead upward 161 cows (68,22%), lead downward 74 cows (31,36%) and bend forward is 1 cow (0.42%). While the horns in black colors are 233 cows (98,73%) and brown colors are 3 cows (1.27%). Hardjosubroto (1994) states that, the shape the horns of Bali cow is called manggulgangsa, and the growth of the horn is in line with the forehead, downward and bend inside with black
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color. The horns for the Bali bull is called regakranjung, and the growth of the horn is from starting from the forehead, bend upward, and then, the tip of the horn is bend outward.
Quantitative characteristics of Bali cows The results of the analysis of body size (length, the height of hip, hip width and length of the head) indicate that there is no noticeable difference (P > 0.05) of Bali cows. It is assumed that the presence of genetic similarity caused by natural breeding in the grazing and extensive and semi-intensif of breeding system are the caused. The body size of Bali cows in Kupang district can be seen in the Table 1 below Table 1. Statistic of female Bali cows of different coat color at the age of 3-4 in Kupang District body size N (191) age Body lenghtns heart girth Higth Hip heightns Hip widthns Length of headns Width of head Head indexes
Different Coat Color of Female Bali Cows sorrel coloor black color white color 140 35 12 4,14 ± 0,76 4,11 ±0,93 4,00 ±0,47 108,41 ±8,19 111,14 ±6,34 111,67 ±6,44 142,51 ±9,74 b 141,57 ±8,36 b 149,42 ±7,18 108,48 ±5,72 b 108,49 ± 5,37 b 113,75 ±1,14 106,16 ± 108,46 ± 5,35 113,75 ±1,14 13,08 29,26 ± 10,18 28,29 ±3,28 29,83 ±3,41 37,54±2,41 37,54 ±1,96 39,17 ±3,27 15,95 ± 2,07 ab 14,94 ±1,19 b 15,88 ±1,45 42,54 ± 4,95 b 39,90 ±3,70 b 40,59 ±2,53
ab a
Spotted 4 4,00 ±0,82 107,50 ±8,81 152,50 ±12,45 a 108,75 ±6,70 b 108,75 ±6,70
ab ab
33,75 ±3,59 38,75 ±3,20 17,50 ±0,58 45,37 ±3,51
a a
The Average of body length, heart girth, and height of Bali cows in Kupang is 109.95 cm; 146.50 cm; 109.87 cm; 109.27 cm. The results of the measurement of the body's vital statistics has been decreased in the size compared to Jan (2000) who states that the average body length, heart girth and height of Bali cows is 115.06 ± 4.73; 160.19 ± 7.38; 110.236 ± 112.21 ± and 4.46 4.37. Hartati et al, (2007) reports that the size of the morphology of adult Bali cows in breeding center of body length is (119.6 cm), the height is (114.4 cm) and heart girth is (74.2 cm) while in P3 Bali, the body length is (118.7 cm), the height is (113.8 cm) and heart girth is (166.1 cm). The average of heart girth, the height of the cow back of Bali cows indicates a real difference (P < 0.05). This difference is likely due to the fact that white Bali cow has bigger size of body compared to sorrel and black Bali cows. The body size of Bali cows is influenced by its’ environment which is closely related to the breeding management in East Nusa Tenggara, the height of the cow back is 105-114 cm height, body length is 117-118 cm and heart girthis 158-160 cm (Pane, 1990 in Sampurna, 2013). The decrease in the body's vital statistics of female Bali cows in Kupang district is caused by negative selection of breeders, and also the extensive and semi-intensive breeding system. Tonbesi et al (2009) suggest that the decrease in body weight and body size of Bali cow in the North Timor Tengah Regency and West Timor because of the decrease of genetic quality due to inbreeding and negative selection process, environment, management, availability of food and disease. 138
Head size parameters include head length, head width and the head index. The length of the head of different colors Bali cows have no noticeable difference, but the width of the index and the head index show the difference (P < 0.05) between the white spot color cow and black color but no noticeable difference between sorrel and white color. This is likely caused by the presence of genetic similarity.
Conclusion 1. Bali cows population, raise by the breeder in Kupang rengency with sorrel color (76.27%), black color (14%), white color (7.63%) and white-spot coat color (1.69%) 2. The average of body size of different coat color of Bali cows in Kupang regency is body length 109.95 cm; 146.50 cm; height 109.87 cm and height 109.27 cm.
Acknowledgement A big thanks is given to DIKTI who has given support and fund through compete grant research fund in the year of 2015. A special thanks also given to all the breeders in Kupang regency.
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