The Hungarian peacekeeping mission in Vietnam

SECURITY

AARMS Vol. 7, No. 2 (2008) 271–282

The Hungarian peacekeeping mission in Vietnam BALÁZS LÓDERER Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Faculty of Humanities, Piliscsaba, Hungary

The author introduces the brief history of Vietnam, and then turns his attention to the Hungarian peacekeeping mission during the Vietnam War, focusing on the members of the Hungarian mission, based on interwievs with veterans. Introduction Only few people know that the Vietnam War was an international conflict in which also Hungarian soldiers participated, therefore, let me start my analysis of the first peacekeeping mission of the Hungarian army by quoting Dr. János Pordán, deputy head of military contingent of the International Controller Committee (ICCS) from 1973 to 1974: “Numerous publications have appeared about the Vietnam War. The torture of the victims of the war has still been on people’s mind today. A lot of books and movies have been released about the battles, the warriors, their heroism, endurance and failures. Yet we must not forget about those Hungarian soldiers, generals and sergeants, diplomats and civilians, who were directly exposed to the fights among their people and with the foreigners for more than two and a half years.”1 The brief history of the Vietnam War and the path leading to the peacekeeping mission Vietnam is located in South-East Asia, and it is bordered by three countries: Laos and Cambodia on the West, and China on the North. The Eastern shore of the country is bordered by the South-Chinese Sea. As a result of its geopolitical situation, the country was being invaded frequently during the course of its history. In 111 B.C. the Chinese conquered the land.2 Their rule could only be wound up entirely in 938.3 The Tatars attacked the country in 1257, and the capital city was destroyed in 1258.4 The state had 1

PORDÁN János: Az elfelejtett légió, Magyar katonák Vietnámban, in: Új Honvédségi Szemle, LIX. évfolyam. 2005/4, 126. 2 SZABÓ Béla: Vietnámi háborúi, in: Bolyai Szemle, 2007. 1. szám, 190. 3 Ibid. 4 Ibid.

Received: March 10, 2008 Address for correspondence: BALÁZS LÓDERER E-mail: [email protected]

B. LÓDERER: The Hungarian peacekeeping mission in Vietnam

been named Da Vietre by this time. In the 16th century the country was split into North and South Vietnam due to internal inheritance conflicts and the fight for the throne. This was the period when the country got into the center of interest of the European colonization. “The Portugese were the first to show up from among the Europeans in South-East Asia.”5 Thank to them Catholic religion was spread in Vietnam.6 It was not too long after the arrival of the Portugese when Spanish ships showed up in the region. In the 18th century English and Dutch colonizers were contained by the joint Portugese and Spanish troops.7 But their ruling power could not be stabilized for a long period of time either. The country got in the focus of France’s aspirations to become a super power, since this territory was the gate to the Northern neighbour, China. The French colonizers influenced the internal political issues according their own interests. The Vietnamese did not approve of the presence of the ‘foreigners’ that brought about both social and economical changes. The situation became even worse because of the new religion. Peasant riots broke out.8 The most significant one was the 1771 Tay Son Upheaval, which was beaten down by the French and the local Feudal forces. Nguyen Anh – who can be considered a puppet governor – became ruler, and after his death the new ruler wanted to continue the politics of isolation. After the economic and diplomatic relations between France and Vietnam had stopped, the war broke out. “The Vietnamese resistance was highlighted by the fact that they fought a serious battle on sea in 1847, but it did not help [the Vietnamese] any more.”9 As a first step, France conquered South-Vietnam, i.e. Nam Bo, for which the French name is Cochinchina, between 1858 and 1867.10 The second phase of the annexation was the invasion of North-Vietnam, Bao Cai, in French, Tonkin, which lasted from 1872 to 1885.11 The country was divided into three parts. The Southern territories became colonies and the Northern ones became quasi-colonies. The middle part of the country, called Annan in French became protectorate. The people of the country protested several times, but all movements were beaten down by the ruling majority. The Indochinese Communist Party gained strength in the period between the two world wars.12

5 HETEI Dávid: A Magyar Néphadsereg békefenntartó szerepe Vietnámban, Szakdolgozat, konzulens: Dr. Vizi László Tamás, Kodolányi János. 6 Ibid. 7 DOMONKOS László: Egy évszázad háborúban, Dokumentumkötet, Európa, Bp, 1975. 8 SZABÓ Béla: Vietnámi háborúi, in: Bolyai Szemle, 2007. 1. szám, 190. 9 SZABÓ Béla: Vietnámi háborúi, in: Bolyai Szemle, 2007. 1. szám, 191. 10 HETEI Dávid: A Magyar Néphadsereg békefenntartó szerepe Vietnámban, Szakdolgozat, konzulens: Dr. Vizi László Tamás, Kodolányi János F iskola, Székesfehérvár, 2006, 8. 11 Ibid. 8. 12 SZABÓ Béla: Vietnámi háborúi, in: Bolyai Szemle, 2007. 1. szám, 191.

272

AARMS 7(2) (2008)


In World War Two Japan gained rule over the country. “In 1940, the Japanese established a military base in Vietnam, surprisingly, with the apparent approval of the French.”13 Germany had previously occupied France, therefore the colony could not have possibly been kept by the French. 1942 saw the formation of the Vietnamese Independent Front with the leadership of Viet Min, Ho Si Minh. “On the thirteenth of August of 1945 Japan capitulated from the area.”14 Emperor Bao Dai, who was held on the throne by them resigned.15 Ho Si Minh declared the Vietnamese Democratic Republic.16 By the end of World War Two, the French wanted to regain their old colony, therefore they disembarked again with British assistance at Saigon in September 1945. In January, 1946 Viet Minh won the national elections with sweeping majority.17 The French recognized the Vietnamese Democratic Republic following the elections, but they were authorized to station their troops also in the areas north of the 18th latitude.18 Due to the ongoing tensions the first Indo-Chinese War broke out in 1946. The French could not achieve their goals during the lengthy battles. The eight-year war was ended by the capitulation of the French forces at Dien Bien Phu on May 7, 1954.19 The Geneva Conference started on May 7, which date also marked the fail of the French government. “The new government agrees to pull its troops out of the country and sign a ceasefire agreement.”20 On July 20, 1954 the French Republic and the Vietnamese Democratic Republic signed the truce.21 Pursuant to the agreement, the parties formed a demilitarized zone at the seventeenth latitude, and both parties were required to pull their troops back beyond this area within 300 days. France also agreed to pull their troops out of Indo-China within 300 days, and promised to assure the suvereignity and territorial integrity of these countries.22 “For the sake of the reunification the agreement called for an election to be held by 1956 on the entire territory of the divided country.”23 For the parties meeting the requirements of the treaty, a National controlling 13

Ibid. 191. Ibid. 192. 15 PORDÁN János: Az elfelejtett légió, Magyar katonák Vietnámban, in: Új Honvédségi Szemle, LIX. évfolyam. 2005/4, 126, 115. 16 20. századi egyetemes történet, Európán kívüli országok, 2. kötet, szerk.: Németh István, Osiris, Bp, 2005. 246. 17 Ibid. 246. 18 PORDÁN János: Az elfelejtett légió, Magyar katonák Vietnámban, in: Új Honvédségi Szemle, LIX. évfolyam. 2005/4, 126, 115. 19 20. századi egyetemes történet, Európán kívüli országok, 2. kötet, szerk.: Németh István, Osiris, Bp, 2005, 247. 20 SZABÓ Béla: Vietnámi háborúi, in: Bolyai Szemle, 2007. 1. szám, 193. 21 PORDÁN János: Az elfelejtett légió, Magyar katonák Vietnámban, in: Új Honvédségi Szemle, LIX. évfolyam. 2005/4, 126, 116. 22 PORDÁN János: Az elfelejtett légió, Magyar katonák Vietnámban, in: Új Honvédségi Szemle, LIX. évfolyam. 2005/4, 126, 116. 23 20. századi egyetemes történet, Európán kívüli országok, 2. kötet, szerk.: Németh István, Osiris, Bp, 2005, 247. 14

AARMS 7(2) (2008)

273


Committee was created. The treaty was not signed by either South-Vietnam or the United States, because neither of them believed that the planned countrywide elections could ever happen. The U.S. started to be concerned about the strengthening Communist influence in the region after the Vietnamese Democratic Republic won the Indochinese War. In case of an election, there would be a chance that the country chose the Communist ideology. This could have been the reason for Ngo Dinh Diem to go on ruling over the Southern part of the country, The Vietnamese Republic. “The United States established the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) – in 1954 –, which was the South-Asian alliance. The Manila document was signed by the U.S.A., France, the Philippines, Great Britain, Pakistan, Thailand, New-Zealand and Australia.”24 This way the cold war between the two super powers, USA and the Soviet Union expanded to the Asian interest sphere. The Vietnamese Democratic Party was supported by the Soviet Union, and the Vietnamese Republic by the USA. The two regions with differing ideologies were intently alert on each other’s movements, and tried to stop any territory gain of the other. The official truce did not bring about ceasefire on the front. Vietcong’s irregular forces attacked the Southern forces from the North. “In 1962 the Americans set up a military station in Saigon, in order to support the government troops.”25 It was the 1964 August attack of the Golf of Tonkin that actually marked the U.S. troops entering the war.26 “The U.S.’s troops got engaged in intensive Indochinese military activities, which can be grouped into two phases. The first one is the phase of escalation, lasting from 1964 to 1968, and the second, the phase of continuous decline took place from 1969 to 1972.27 In the first phase, the number of soldiers fighting in the SouthVietnamese army reached 1.200.000 men together with the allies, of this, the American army counted 540.000 soldiers.28 The bombing of North-Vietnam was equally unpopular in Vietnam and in the United States, and it did not result in the wanted military success either. In the U.S. several movements started to protest against the war, and they led to the slow pullout of the soldiers stationing in Vietnam, and burdening the local troops with the human supply needs of the war.

24

HETEI Dávid: A Magyar Néphadsereg békefenntartó szerepe Vietnámban, Szakdolgozat, konzulens: Dr. Vizi László Tamás, Kodolányi János F iskola, Székesfehérvár, 2006, 17. 25 HETEI Dávid: A Magyar Néphadsereg békefenntartó szerepe Vietnámban, Szakdolgozat, konzulens: Dr. Vizi László Tamás, Kodolányi János F iskola, Székesfehérvár, 2006, 17. 26 HORVÁTH Csaba: Az 1945 utáni legjelent sebb helyi háborúk és azok tapasztalatai, ZMNE, Bp, 1999, 11. 27 Hadtudományi lexikon, Magyar Hadtudomány Társaság, f szerk.: Szabó József, Bp, 1995, 1432. 28 PORDÁN János: Az elfelejtett légió, Magyar katonák Vietnámban, in: Új Honvédségi Szemle, LIX. évfolyam. 2005/4, 126, 117.

274

AARMS 7(2) (2008)


As a result of the huge losses and casualties the fighting parties started talks. The substantive talks started in 1969, although the Paris Agreement was not signed until January 27, 1973.29 The parties declared the end of the war, the unification of the two parts of the country, the restoration of peace, the fundamental national rights of the Vietnamese people, and the acknowledgement of the self-governing rights of the SouthVietnamese people.30 “The peace treaty had 9 chapters and 29 clauses.”31 “In the meantime, the parties asked four countries to assist with the tasks of the ICCS.32 The Commission included Canada, Indonesia, Poland and Hungary on the basis of the negotiating parties’ decision.33 The peacekeeping mission So far, there have been only few documents available about the Hungarian peacekeeping mission in Vietnam. A few articles and books have been published, but their number is trace. Therefore the main sources of the information below are the interviews and writings of the soldiers who served there. Hungary accepted the request to participate in the International Commission of Control and Supervision. The request had been submitted in 1972, so it was possible to send professionally trained soldiers to the Vietnam peacekeeping mission shortly after signing the treaty. “Between October 24 and 26 Hungary and Poland had already been leading talks in Warsaw about the task.”34 “The selection of the troops started on October 30. After thoughrough medical examinations and immunizations, the selected soldiers were trained for the presumed mission in the Anna Valley camp-site of the Department of Defense. The training was going on secretly, since Hungary’s participation in the mission had not been published yet.”35 The Hungarian soldiers were selected by contacting them in person, and the two main considerations were the professional knowledge and language skills. “They were regularly exposed to the evaluation of their physical condition.”36 “As a consequence of

29

HORVÁTH Csaba: Az 1945 utáni legjelent sebb helyi háborúk és azok tapasztalatai, ZMNE, Bp, 1999, 15. PORDÁN János: Az elfelejtett légió, Magyar katonák Vietnámban, in: Új Honvédségi Szemle, LIX. évfolyam. 2005/4, 126, 119. 31 HETEI Dávid: A Magyar Néphadsereg békefenntartó szerepe Vietnámban, Szakdolgozat, konzulens: Dr. Vizi László Tamás, Kodolányi János F iskola, Székesfehérvár, 2006, 25. 32 HAJDÚ T. László: Magyarok a Mekong partján, in: Regiment, Bp, 2005/3. 33 Ibid. 34 Ibid. 35 Ibid. 36 Interveiw with János Németh by Balázs Lóderer, Budapest, 2007. 30

AARMS 7(2) (2008)

275


the participation in the mission and the language problems that were detected around this time, the army started to offer intensive French and English language courses; partly in preparation for a potential similar situation in the future, and partly because in 1973 the potential drawning of the mission in the International Controlling Committee had to be also considered.”37 The tasks of ICCS were written down in the eighteenth clause of the sixth chapter in the Truce of Paris.38 The soldiers had to learn the content of the chapter by heart so that they could meet the requirements.39 “The International Commission of Control and Supervision had to control and supervise: The observation of the ceasefire by both parties The pullout of the American and the allying troops from south-Vietnam within sixty days The disarming of the American troops and their allies, and the pullout of the armaments within sixty days The exchange and giving back of soldiers and civilians in captivity.”40 “On February 4, 1973, within a week after the soldiers’ arrival, the regional commands headquarters were in operation.”41 525 Hungarian officers and sergeants, six civilian employees and 110 diplomats served in the peacekeeping mission.42 Saigon became the centre of the ICCS, and English was the official language. “The general staff developed a plan for the exchange of the soldiers. According to the plan, the generals, officers and deputy officers would be exchanged every eight to ten months. There was a one month overlap among the exchange periods.43 In this system, the Hungarians served in three groups, under three different leaderships in the peacekeeping.44 From the end of June on Canada did not participate any more, and their role was taken over by Iran. The International Commission of Control and Supervision decided about the operation of seven regional commands, twenty-six local teams and

37

HAJDÚ T. László: Magyarok a Mekong partján, in: Regiment, Bp, 2005/3. HETEI Dávid: A Magyar Néphadsereg békefenntartó szerepe Vietnámban, Szakdolgozat, konzulens: Dr. Vizi László Tamás, Kodolányi János F iskola, Székesfehérvár, 2006, 27. 39 Interveiw with János Németh by Balázs Lóderer, Budapest, 2007. 40 PORDÁN János: Az elfelejtett légió, Magyar katonák Vietnámban, in: Új Honvédségi Szemle, LIX. évfolyam. 2005/4, 126, 120. 41 HAJDÚ T. László: Magyarok a Mekong partján, in: Regiment, Bp, 2005/3. 42 PORDÁN János: Az elfelejtett légió, Magyar katonák Vietnámban, in: Új Honvédségi Szemle, LIX. évfolyam. 2005/4, 126, 120. 43 Interveiw with János Németh by Balázs Lóderer, Budapest, 2007. 44 PORDÁN János: Az elfelejtett légió, Magyar katonák Vietnámban, in: Új Honvédségi Szemle, LIX. évfolyam. 2005/4, 126, 121. 38

276

AARMS 7(2) (2008)


twenty-nine special supervisor teams. Twenty-four local temas had been left by the second turn. The members of the first turn had to assist the next turn in preparing for their task by taking pictures and providing them with maps.45 Although the responsibilities of the three groups were the same as stated in the Treaty of Paris, due to the circumstances the tasks during the three shifts of the 28-month mission can be differentiated as follows: Group 1: Pilot activities, establishing the working conditions, launching the activities, conducting the exchange of prisoners of war, providing the second group with information, controlling and supervision of the ceasefire , supervising the pullout of US troops and the disarmaments.46 Group 2: Executing the exchange of prisoners of war, controlling the observation of the ceasefire.47 Group 3: They were responsible for the dismantling of the mission, 14 people of this group lived through the attack of Saigon.48 According to the treaty the movements of the Hungarian delegation were supported by the American Army’s helicopter, operated by Air America.49 Three kilometre high and three kilometre wide air corridors had been provided for these activities, so it was possible to get to every single destination if needed either by plane or by car. “The transportation on the ground and in the air meant real danger. The soldiers had to choose transportation by air a lot and frequently.”50 The local troops covered the areas of South-Vietnam where conflicts or other problems were to be expected. There were American bases that had to be dismantled and soldiers had to be evaquated from the territory.51 Notwithstanding the ceasefire, the battles continued with a slowly growing intensity. The execution of different monitorings faced several challenges. “It was not always obvious who did what, and who fired the mines.”52 “The relationship with the Polish delegation was exceptional, there was communication almost on a daily basis, and there was perfect harmony on the military level. The relationship was very official with both of the other delegations though.”53 The members of the four-member Commission had to discuss every event, and only when they had all agreed on a decision could the 45

HAJDÚ T. László: Magyarok a Mekong partján, in: Regiment, Bp, 2005/3. Ibid. 47 Interview with Dr. János Pordán by Balázs Lóderer, Diósd, 2007. 48 HAJDÚ T. László: Magyarok a Mekong partján, in: Regiment, Bp, 2005/3. 49 Interview with Dr. János Pordán by Balázs Lóderer, Diósd, 2007. 50 HAJDÚ T. László: Magyarok a Mekong partján, in: Regiment, Bp, 2005/3. 51 Interview with Dr. János Pordán by Balázs Lóderer, Diósd, 2007. 52 Interview with Dr. János Pordán by Balázs Lóderer, Diósd, 2007. 53 Ibid. 46

AARMS 7(2) (2008)

277


proposal move on. “The International Commission of Control and Supervision executed a number of examinations, but they could only find the responsible people rarely.” In several cases the Commission found ‘prepared’ or rearranged scenes and selected witnesses. The on-site investigation usually started several days after the event, so no objective conclusions could be drawn.”54

Figure 1. Part of the Hungarian Peacekeeping Mission, Vietnam Photographer: Endre Kollar

“By 1974, 31.534 prisoners of war had been exchanged, and 588 American captives were given South from the North. The way of the exchange of the captives was that the two military parties agreed in a place where the exchange would take place. For instance they were carried by helicopters to an airport.55 The International Commission of Control and Supervision got off the plane, read out the names of the soldiers, and asked them if they wanted to go back or not. The locals went to the event and cheered. The relationship with the civilians was also good.

54

HAJDÚ T. László: Magyarok a Mekong partján, in: Regiment, Bp, 2005/3. PORDÁN János: Az elfelejtett légió, Magyar katonák Vietnámban, in: Új Honvédségi Szemle, LIX. évfolyam. 2005/4, 126, 125.

55

278

AARMS 7(2) (2008)


Figure 2. Exchange of prisoners of war, Vietnam Photographer: Endre Kollar

There was a considerable difference among the specific locations because of various circumstances. “There were control teams located on civil places at the sea which were less likely to be attacked. Although there were examples for the exact opposite of these circumstances, for example in Cu-Chi, where military fights were constant, additionally, we should not forget about the jungles either.”56 “The accommodation and the work conditions were usually harsher in the countryside.”57 Food and accommodation were crucial concerns.58 The average temperature exceeded the average temperature in Hungary by 15–20 degrees, therefore air conditioning was needed.”59 The different climate with two seasons as opposed to the Hungarian four seasons was not the only problem, but also the high percentage of humidity even in the dry season was hard to cope with.60 The humidity is around 90 percent in the area. It was hard for the group to get accustomed to the eight-hour time difference that tried their bodies.61 Considering the emotional issues, the lives of soldiers in the mission changed in several aspects. In every local controlling teams two soldiers served from each nation.62 There were personal issues in the Hungarian group, for example, one of the soldiers was

56

Ibid. HAJDÚ T. László: Magyarok a Mekong partján, in: Regiment, Bp, 2005/3. 58 Interview with Dr. János Pordán by Balázs Lóderer, Diósd, 2007. 59 Ibid. 60 Ibid. 61 Interveiw with János Németh by Balázs Lóderer, Budapest, 2007. 62 Ibid. 57

AARMS 7(2) (2008)

279


a smoker and the other did not smoke, and personal conflicts started to elaborate. It was hard to get accustomed to one another. Since the official language of the committee was English, it was the most needed language too. The professional soldiers could get used to the circumstances and the regulations flexibly, whereas the reserve service members found it harder to tolerate all these circumstances.63 In order to ease the tensions, the leadership of the contingent decided to introduce a rotation. This meant that the soldiers were exchanged among the local controlling teams every two or three months. If someone served in a dangerous and hard location, or if personal conflicts started to develop between two people, these soldiers were relocated in other controlling teams, and with this measure they could start resolving the problems. Those soldiers who were worn out during their service were sent to Vung Tau, located by the sea to get some rest.64

Figure 3. Regional Headquarters, Vietnam Photographer: Endre Kollár

The information supply needs of the soldiers were met notwithstanding the considerable geographical distance. “They were given newspapers and electronic news services too. Due to the mutual good relationship with the Vietnamese, the soldiers regularly got updates on the internal political, economical, military news there; they 63 64

Ibid. Ibid.

280

AARMS 7(2) (2008)


could also get access to the American reports, diplomatic news and the daily papers.”65 These news had to be delivered to the soldiers. Also, the soldiers had to be informed about their families and vice versa.66 A number of freetime activities and events were organized for the soldiers. They were also encouraged to get to know Vietnam; for instance, if a soldier was serving in Hue, he was introduced to the remains of the ancient city of the emperors, and those who served in Delta were acquainted with the characteristics of the Vietnamese agriculture.67 The soldiers published a newsletter titled Vietnámi Híradó, which they illustrated with numerous photographs and graphics. The newsletter was published every month, so it informed the public regularly. “The Hungarian holidays were observed in Vietnam too, they would lift the Hungarian flag in the camp.”68 [The soldiers] arranged for English language courses in seven districts, the ones with more advanced language skills were the teachers. The common language of the Hungarians and the NorthVietnamese soldiers was Russian. The Vietnamese spoke French best. The Vietnamese habitat meant real danger for the Europeans. The primary problem was malaria, but there were numerous other infectious illnesses that could have been caught.69 The soldiers were medicated against malaria every week. They had to take the medicine weekly, and if someone forgot to take the pill, they could catch the illness. Fortunately only few Hungarian peacekeepers caught either malaria or other infectious illnesses, because the vaccine acted as safeguard against other illnesses with fever too. “In March 1975 the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam’s (NLF) forces started their general attack.”70 The third turn of the peacekeepers could not execute any substantial work by this time.71 The local teams slowly started to dissemble. Finally the evacuation of the soldiers serving in Vietnam started. As the armed fights started to be more frequent, the soldiers serving in the countryside were taken back to Saigon. The peacekeepers were exposed to constant life threats, because of the continuous war activities and also as result of the completely different life circumstances compared to home. Here we have to mention the tragedy that happened to two Hungarian peacekeepers: As their helicopter headed towards Gio Link during service, they crashed

65

Ibid. Ibid. 67 Ibid. 68 Interveiw with János Németh by Balázs Lóderer, Budapest, 2007. 69 Interview with Dr. János Pordán by Balázs Lóderer, Diósd, 2007. 70 HAJDÚ T. László: Magyarok a Mekong partján, in: Regiment, Bp, 2005/3. 71 Interview with Dr. János Pordán by Balázs Lóderer, Diósd, 2007. 66

AARMS 7(2) (2008)

281


and they passed away, and so did the rest of the crew.72 “By the end of April 140 people travelled home from the Hungarian delegation, only 14 soldiers stayed on the Tan Son Nhut airbase.”73 The soldiers who stayed there witnessed the Northern troops marching in, while they were executing the windup.74 “On May 8, 1975 the last group took off to Hungary.”75 After their arrival home, they underwent a one-week re-adaptation. Medical examinations were conducted for one week in quarantaine.76 Conclusion The peacekeeping operation in Vietnam ended with the end of the war on May 5, 1975. Both fighting parties suffered huge losses. In summary, it can be stated that the Hungarian peacekeeping forces met the requirements stated in the Peace Treaty of Paris during their more than two-year long period of service, notwithstanding the hardships of the circumstances. The soldiers of the Republic of Hungary still serve as peacekeepers, although considering the scope of the professionals, their work has become more differentiated, and it has been expanded by numerous special activities like the CIMIC the PSYOPS, securing an even more effective defence for the soldiers and the civilians. References NÉMETH István (Ed.): 20. századi egyetemes történet, Európán kívüli országok, Vol. 2. Bp, Osiris, 2005. GY RI Sándor, SZARVAS Péter: Harcok és gy zelem Vietnám 1945–1975. Kossuth, 1977. SZABÓ József (Ed.): Hadtudományi lexikon. Bp, Magyar Hadtudomány Társaság, 1995. HAJDÚ T. László: Magyarok a Mekong partján. In: Regiment, 2005/3. Henry KISSINGER: Diplomácia. Bp, Panem-Grafo, 1997. HETEI Dávid: A Magyar Néphadsereg békefenntartó szerepe Vietnámban, Szakdolgozat, konzulens: Dr. Vizi László Tamás. Kodolányi János F iskola: Székesfehérvár, 2006. HORVÁTH Csaba: Az 1945 utáni legjelent sebb helyi háborúk és azok tapasztalatai. Bp, ZMNE, 1999. Jacques GERNET: A kínai civilizáció története. Bp, Osiris, 2005. Paul JOHNSON: A modern kor, A 20. század igazi arca. XX. Század intézet, 2007. PORDÁN János: Az elfelejtett légió, Magyar katonák Vietnámban. In: Új Honvédségi Szemle, LIX. évfolyam. 2005/4, 126. PORDÁN János: Küldetés a Mekong partján: egy pártmunkás visszaemlékezése. 1984. SZABÓ Béla: Vietnám háborúi. In: Bolyai Szemle, 2007/1 72

HETEI Dávid: A Magyar Néphadsereg békefenntartó szerepe Vietnámban, id.: Dr Pordán János, Szakdolgozat, konzulens: Dr. Vizi László Tamás, Kodolányi János F iskola, Székesfehérvár, 2006, 42. 73 HAJDÚ T. László: Magyarok a Mekong partján, in: Regiment, Bp, 2005/3. 74 Interview with Dr. János Pordán by Balázs Lóderer, Diósd, 2007. 75 HAJDÚ T. László: Magyarok a Mekong partján, in: Regiment, Bp, 2005/3. 76 Interview with Dr.János Pordán by Balázs Lóderer, Diósd, 2007.

282

AARMS 7(2) (2008)

The Hungarian peacekeeping mission in Vietnam

Recommend Documents