THE ERRORS OF UNITY AND COHERENCE IN WRITING ENGLISH PARAGRAPH MADE BY THE SIXTH SEMESTER STUDENTS OF D-3 ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM OF USU : A CASE STUDY A THESIS
By :
NOVIKA PUJIASI REG.NO. 040705043
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA FACULTY OF LETTERS ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT MEDAN 2008
Universitas Sumatera Utara
THE ERRORS OF UNITY AND COHERENCE IN WRITING ENGLISH PARAGRAPH MADE BY THE SIXTH SEMESTER STUDENTS OF D-3 ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM OF USU : A CASE STUDY A THESIS By : NOVIKA PUJIASI REG.NO. 040705043 Supervisor,
Co - Supervisor,
Drs.Yulianus Harefa, MEd TESOL NIP. 131570483
Dra. Masdiana Lubis, MHum NIP. 131284311
Submitted to Faculty of Letters, University of North Sumatera in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Literature Department
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA FACULTY OF LETTERS ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT MEDAN 2008
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Approved by the English Literature Department of Faculty of Letters University of North Sumatera ( USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.
Headwoman,
Secretary,
Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis, MHum NIP. 131570487
Drs.Yulianus Harefa, MEd TESOL NIP. 131570483
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the English Literature Department, Faculty of Letters, University of Sumatera Utara (USU), Medan.
The examination is held on the Faculty of Letters, University of Sumatera Utara on Friday, July , 2008
The Dean of Faculty of Letters University of Sumatera Utara
Drs. Syaifuddin MA, PhD NIP. 132098531
Board of Examiners : Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis, MHum
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Drs. Yulianus Harefa, MEd TESOL
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Drs. Syahron Lubis, MA
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Dra. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum
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Drs. Muhizar Muchtar, MS
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Universitas Sumatera Utara
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I, the writer of this thesis, would like to give all honor and praise to the Lord Jesus, the Almighty God, who always gives me chance, courage, faith, strength, and health to do my activities and to walk through so many times in my life. So many things including the complicated ones I can solve because of His goodness. Without His help and best love, I do not have the ability to accomplish this thesis. Next, I would like to thank the Dean of Faculty of Letters of USU, Drs. Syaifuddin MA, PhD, both the Headwoman and the Secretary of English Literature Department, Faculty of Letters, Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis, MHum and Drs. Yulianus Harefa, MEd TESOL, and also to Bang Jumadi and Bang Samsul for the attention they give in completing this thesis. Then, I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to my supervisor, Drs. Yulianus Harefa, MEd TESOL, for the comments, corrections, motivations, and suggestions he has given until I accomplished this thesis, and also to my co – supervisor, Dra. Masdiana Lubis, MHum, for the knowledge, guidance, constant encouragement, and criticism given to me to write this thesis. I would like to express my thanks to the Headwoman and the Secretary of English Department, Faculty of Letters (D-3 Program), Dra. Syahyar Hanum, DPFE and Drs. Siamir Marulafau, MHum, and all my lecturers of English Literature Department, Faculty of Letters for giving their help and allowance to me to do my research for their department.
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My special gratitude is due to my beloved parents, my brothers and sisters (Frans, Agustina, and Tonovic Sianturi), my beloved uncles and aunty, and all families for the continous love, support, and praying. Being together with all my friends of English Literature Department, Febri, Noni, Venny, Saiful, Sri, Yoan, Novitri, Widya, Nova, Zahara, and all of boys and girls inculding Erni, Novi A. K., Erni, Shera’05, Ira ‘05, Ratih ‘05, Hendra ’06, Rances ’06, and another my juniors who cannot be mentioned in this part, I thank you for the right and good things I got from you all. The most important thing I also thank you for giving me advices and happiness during my study in this university. Later, I address many thanks for my seniors, Verawati ’02, Sylvia ’02, Yayang Naibaho ’02, Timbul ’02, Melyana ’03, Friska ’03, Eleazar, Tiur Situmorang, Elisabeth, Patar Sianipar., Masrina S., Dian Natalia, Agus Perangin - angin, Agus Alexius, Rio, whom I regard as my own brothers and sisters, and my old friends of Senior High School, Fajri, Iqbal, Winda Pardede, Mikha Yanti, Ahmad Ricardo, Romauli, Evitria Juliana, and others as my best friends. I hope our togetherness will last forever. Finally, I hope this thesis will be usefull for those who have something to do with the subject discussed in it, and anothers who have the opportunity to read it. Medan, June 2008
Novika Pujiasi
Universitas Sumatera Utara
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I, Novika Pujiasi declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. Except where reference is made in the text of this thesis, this thesis contains no material published else where or extracted in whole or in part from a thesis by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.
No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgments in the main text of this thesis. This thesis has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.
Signed : Date
: July , 2008
Universitas Sumatera Utara
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
Name
: NOVIKA PUJIASI
Title of Thesis : THE ERRORS OF UNITY AND COHERENCE IN WRITING ENGLISH PARAGRAPH MADE BY THE SIXTH SEMESTER STUDENTS OF D-3 ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM OF USU : A CASE STUDY Qualification
: S-1 / Sarjana Sastra
Department
: English
I am willing that my thesis should be available for reproduction at the discreation of the Librarian of University of North Sumatera, Faculty of Letters, English Department on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.
Signed
:
Date
: July
, 2008
Universitas Sumatera Utara
ABSTRACT Skripsi ini berjudul “The Errors of Unity and Coherence in Writing English Paragraph Made by the Sixth Semester Students of D-3 English Study Program of USU : A Case Study. Skripsi ini merupakan suatu kajian atau analisis tentang kesalahan berbahasa Inggris secara khusus dalam menulis satu paragraf berbahasa Inggris yang dibuat oleh mahasiswa – mahasiswa semester ke-6 kelas A dari Program Studi Bahasa Inggris (D-3) di Fakultas Sastra Universitas Sumatera Utara (USU). Yang menjadi objek kajian di sini adalah tulisan atau komposisi yang dikerjakan oleh para mahasiswa tersebut dan yang dicari adalah banyaknya error dalam menggunakan unity elements (unsur – unsur) kesatuan dan coherence (kekoherensian) dalam satu paragraf. Analisis ini memakai teori Oshima dan Hague dalam buku mereka yang berjudul Kemampuan Menulis secara Akademik (Academic Writing Skill) untuk menentukan syarat – syarat suatu paragraf ataupun essei asebagai paragraf atau essei yang baik tidak hanya dari segi struktur kalimat, penggunaan tanda baca (punctuation), dan semacam penggunaan bentuk gramatikal yang lainnya, tetapi juga dari segi kesatuan dan kekoherensiannya. Analisis ini memakai teori Corder yang tidak saja menekankan pada pengumpulan data namun juga pengenalan, mendeskripsikan, dan menguraikan kesalahan – kesalahan tersebut. Inilah yang menjadi dasar kerangka kerja penulis dalam menyelesaikan kajian tersebut. Analisis data – data yang telah diperoleh dari proses pengambilan data yang telah dilakukan sebelumnya dalam bentuk test dan kuesioner. Data diolah dengan menggunakan rumus, yaitu rumus Bungin) sehinggga diperoleh hasil yang disusun dalam bentuk tabel – tabel. Dari analisis yang dilakukan, didapat kesalahan atau error penggunaan unsur – unsur kesatuan (unity) sebanyak 24,03 % ( 37 kesalahan ) dan 75,97 % ( 117 kesalahan ). Dari analisis pengolahan data dilakukan secara bertahap dan diperoleh hasil yang dapat memberikan petunjuk kepada penulis untuk membuat suatu kesimpulan. Ini menunjukkan bahwa pembelajar bahasa target cenderung melakukan kesalahan secara tidak sadar karena belum memahami sepenuhnya aturan bahasa tersebut. Pada akhir kesimpulan dari proses pengerjaan skripsi ini akan didapatkan hasil data berupa angka – angka. Dari data – data tersebut saya sebagai penulis dapat membuat suatu kesimpulan dan saran – saran yang diharapkan dapat bermanfaat bagi semua pihak.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AUTHOR’S DECLARATION COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Analysis 1.2 Scope of the Analysis 1.3 Problems of the Analysis 1.4 Objectives of the Analysis 1.5 Significances of the Analysis
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Definition of Error and Error Analysis 2.1.1 Error, Mistake, and Lapse 2.1.2 Errors in Writing a Paragraph 2.1.3 Errors of Unity and Coherence 2.2 An Overview of Organization in Writing 2.2.1 Paragraph and its Three Parts 2.2.2 Unity 2.2.2.1 Topic and Controlling Idea 2.2.2.2 Relevant Sentences 2.2.3 Coherence 2.2.3.1 Repetition of Key Nouns 2.2.3.2 Consistent Pronouns 2.2.3.3 Transition Signals 2.2.3.4 Logical Orders
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2.3 Related Studies
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Method 3.2 Data Collecting Method 3.3 Data Analysis Method
CHAPTER IV ERRORS OF UNITY AND COHERENCE IN D-3 ENGLISH STUDENTS’ WRITING 4.1 Analysis of Unity 4.2 Analysis of Parts of Coherence 4.3 The Percentage of the Data Analysis 4.4 The Table of the Analysis Result
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions 5.2 Suggestions
BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES Appendix 1 : The Authorization Letter from the Faculty of Letters Appendix 2 : The Test Appendix 3 : The Copy of Students’ Writing Appendix 4 : A Survey Questionaire on the Students’ Profile
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