teylers in Haarlem Nomination by the Kingdom of the Netherlands for inscription on the unesco World Heritage List appendices

teylers in Haarlem

Nomination by the Kingdom of the Netherlands for inscription on the unesco World Heritage List appendices

Jan uary

2012

SUMMARY

1

Will of Pieter Teyler

2

Covenant Teylers Foundation (Teylers Stichting) en Foundation for the Management and Conservation of Teylers Museum (Stichting tot beheer en instandhouding Teylers Museum)

3

Monuments and Historic Buildings Act 1988 Short history of Monuments Act

4

Designation of Teylers as listed building

5

Grant under Dutch Conservation of Monuments Decree (Besluit rijkssubsidiëring instandhouding monumenten, BRIM)

6

Inspection report 2011 Monument Watch Noord-Holland (Monumentenwacht Noord-Holland)

7

Designation of Haarlem as an urban conservation area

8

Covenant Municipality of Haarlem and Foundation for the Management and Conservation of Teylers Museum Bufferzone Teylers

9

Financial documents

10

Comparative analysis: overview of other institutes

11

Support letter from the province of Noord-Holland

12

Speech Neil MacGregor (10 december 2009)

13

Committee of recommendation

14

Recommendations by visitors, neighbours, and council members of Haarlem and Noord Holland

15

Background articles about the Dutch Enlightenment: Wiep van Bunge, J.J.V.M. de Vet (2002), Netherlands. In: A.C. Kors (ed.): Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment. Oxford Wijnand W. Mijnhardt (1999), Les Provinces Unies. In: Vincenzo Ferrone et Daniel Roche (ed.): Le Mondes des Lumières. Paris

1

Teylers testament

1 will of pieter teyler

Van het testament van Pieter Teyler van der Hulst berust de op 17 mei 1756 uitgegeven grosse (met daarin de door Teyler eigenhandig aangebrachte wijzigingen en toevoegingen) onder Directeuren van Teylers Stichting. De grosse bestaat uit een katern van 39 (met potlood in een latere hand genummerde) bladzijden, waarvan de laatste twee blanco zijn gebleven. Toegevoegd is een los blad (p. 39bis) met aanvullingen door Teyler. De minuut van het testament (zonder die wijzigingen en toevoegingen) bevindt zich in het Noord-Hollands Archief, Notariële protocollen Haarlem 1570-1811, inv. nr. 1151, fol. 421 e.v. Na het overlijden van Pieter Teyler van der Hulst op 8 april 1778 zijn van de grosse notariële afschriften gemaakt; een ervan d.d. 18 april 1778 berust in het archief van Teylers Stichting, inv. nr. 80. Bij de uitgave hierna is de tekst van de grosse gevolgd; de tekst werd bezorgd door Eric Ketelaar. Overeenkomstig de Richtlijnen voor het uitgeven van historische bescheiden1 zijn in de grosse gescheiden woorddelen (daar van, hier mede enz.) naar hedendaags gebruik aaneengeschreven afgedrukt, zoals ook aaneengeschreven woorden (natelaten, natemelden enz.), waar nodig, gescheiden zijn afgedrukt. Afkortingen zijn stilzwijgend opgelost. Voorts zijn hoofd- en kleine letters, accenten en interpunctie genormaliseerd naar hedendaags gebruik. De in de tekst aangegeven doorhalingen en de in de noten vermelde toevoegingen zijn alle van de hand van Pieter Teyler van der Hulst.

4  teylers

5  appendices

2

3

genietten goederen, zooals hij Heer Testateur gemelte Heeren tot alle die respective qualiteijten is In den Name Godes Amen. Kennelijk zij eenen iegelijk, dien des behoord, dat op heeden den

verzoekende, committeerende en aanstellende bij deezen, ten dien eijnde aan dezelven en hunne

17en Maij l756, zijnde maandag, s' namiddags tusschen drie en half vier uuren, voor mij Nicolaas

successeuren tot recompens en belooninge van de moeijten, welken zij daardoor zullen komen te

Gallé, openbaar notaris, by den Hove van Holland geadmitteerd, binnen de stad Haarlem

hebben en van hunne te bewijzen diensten, toeleggende, maakende en bespreekende voor ieder

resideerende, ende voor de nagenoemde getuijgen in eijgen perzoon gecompareerd ende

een jaarlijks tractement van een duijzend guldens, derzelver leeven lang geduurende ofte

verscheenen is, de Heere Pieter Teijler van der Hulst, koopman, woonende in de Damstraat

zoolange als zij hen met de voorgemelte commissien zullen komen te belasten, zoals hij Heer

binnen deeze stad, zijnde aan mij notaris wel bekend, gezond van lichaam en zijn verstand en

Testateur ook nog neevens gemelte Heeren Directeurs en Administrateurs tot Boekhouder was

memorie wel magtig;

verzoekende, committeerende en [p. 4] aanstellende bij deezen den Heer Cornelis Elout4, mede woonende binnen deeze stad, op een gelijk tractement van een duijzend

dewelke verklaerde, in overdenkinge van de zeekerheijd des doods ende van de onzeekere tijd en

guldens s’jaars, ende met begeerte dat in cas van overleijden van den Heer Jan Olthoff (hetzij

uure van dien, geneegen te zijn van zijne na te laaten goederen te disponeeren op de navolgende

zulks voor, hetzij na hem Heer Testateur komt te gebeuren) gemelte Heer Cornelis Elout in

wijze.

desselfs plaatze ook nog zal moeten succedeeren als Directeur en Administrateur, mitsgaders Executeur en Voogd, zooals gemelte Heer Olthoff door hem Heer Testateur hiervoor is

Eerstlijk heeft hij Heer Testateur na Christelijke recommandatie van ziel en lighaam,

gecommitteerd en aangesteld en zulks met behoudinge van vijfhonderd guldens van het hiervoor

wederroepen [p.2] ende tenietgedaan alle testamenten, codicillen en andere actens van

aan hem geadsigneerde tractement als Boekhouder en met geniettinge daarenboven nog van het

laaste wille, bij hem voor dato deezes alleen ofte met iemand gepasseerd, niet willende dat

tractement aan ieder Directeur en Administrateur mede hiervoor geadsigneerd.

dezelven of een van dien eenige de minste kragt meer zal of zullen hebben, maar deeze teegenwoordige alleen.

Des zoo zal, na het overleijden van hem Heer Elout, nooijt een Directeur, Administrateur en Executeur tegelijk mogen zijn Boekhouder, maar in desselfs plaatse door de Heeren

Ende dan nu geheel en al wederom opnieuws disponeerende, zoo verklaarde hij Heer Testateur te

Directeurs en Administrateurs daartoe moeten werden gecommitteerd [p. 5] en aangesteld een

willen ende te begeeren, dat zijne gantsche nalaatenschap ende zulx alle de

ander bequaam perzoon, die (zooals ook hij Heer Elout, zoolange hij maar alleen Boekhouder

goederen, gelden en effecten, die hij met de dood zal komen te ontruijmen ende na te laten, geene

is),5 wel zal sessie hebben, zoo in het Collegie van die Heeren Directeuren, Administrateurs en

uijtgezonderd, dan alleen diegeenen waarover hij Heer Testateur hierna specialijk anders zoude

Executeurs, als in de na te melden op te rigten Collegien, doch alleenlijk, als minister, zonder

mogen komen te disponeeren, eeuwiglijk en altoos zullen moeten blijven onder d'administratie en

eenige authoriteijt of concludeerende stem te hebben, en zal zodanige successeur ook in plaatze

directie mitsgaders het opzigt en bestier van vijf perzoonen, waartoe hij Heer Testateur bij deezen

van een duijzend guldens alleen maar genietten een somma van vijfhonderd guldens s’jaers.

als de vijf eersten was benoemende de Heeren Jacobus Barnaart, Willem van der Vooren, Pieter Verhamme2, Jan Olthoff3 [p. 3] en Willem van der Vlugt;

Geevende hij Heer Testateur dan ook aan gemelte vijf perzoonen en derzelver successeuren in der tijd, niet alleen alle zodanige generale ende speciale magt en gezag, als aan

welke perzoonen en derzelver successeuren in die qualiteijt ook tegelijk zullen zijn executeurs

executeurs van testament mitsgaders voogden en administrateurs na regten eenigzints kan volgen

van zijn Heer Testateurs uijtterste willes dispositien, voogden over zijne minderjaarige en andere

en gegeeven werden, maar ook daarenbooven noch de macht en authoriteijt omme de

toezigt behoevende legatarissen, en administrateurs van derzelver van hem Heer Testateur te

nalaatenschap van hem Heer Testateur ten allen tijden zodanig te mogen dirigeeren en

6  teylers

7  appendices

4

5

administreeren als zij in gemoeden te raeden [p. 6] zullen werden, vaste goederen en obligatien te

alsmede de twee hierna gemelde lijsten der op te rigtene Collegien bij den Heer Testateur niet

koopen, penningen op intrest aan particulieren en societeijten, zoowel als aan 't Gemeene Land te

geformeerd te zijn mogten werden bevonden of dat dezelven bevonden wierden niet compleet te

verstrekken, 't zij met of zonder pand ter minne of hijpotheecq, met allen en een iegelijk te

zijn, dezelve lijsten aanstonds na zijn WelEdes overleijden door de Heeren Directeurs en

accordeeren, te compromitteeren en transigeeren, onder of zonder willige condemnatie, ook

Executeurs geformeerd ofte tot zes perzoonen gecompleteerd moeten [p. 9] worden.

desnoods ende bij gebrek van contante penningen, gelden op intrest te mogen neemen en negotieeren, en daarvoor effecten of vaste goederen te beleenen ofte te hijpothequeeren (als

Voorts verklaarde hij Heer Testateur dan wijders aan de na te melden perzoonen te maeken, te

begeerende hij Heer Testateur dat door gemelte Heeren Directeurs, Administrateurs en

legateeren ende te bespreeken als volgt.

Executeurs, nooijt dan in d'alleruijtterste noodzakelijkheijd eenige effecten zullen mogen werden verkogt of geälieneerd dan alleen zulke capitalen die zij bevinden tot nadeel te verstrekken,

Eerstelijk aan zijn Heer Testateurs naaste vrienden van moederszijde, zoals die volgene het

d’opstal van zijn WelEdeles plaisier thuijn aen ‘t Zuijder Spaarne buijten deeze stad ende de

versterfregt binnen deeze stad vigeerende op zijn Heer Testateurs overleijden, daartoe

stallingen, paarden en rijtuijgen, mitsgaders zijn WelEdeles fabricq van zijde stoffen met het gunt

gerechtigd zullen zijn, eene somma van eenhonderdduijzend guldens eens, te voldoen in

daartoe behoorende is, [p. 7] welke na zijn WelEdeles overleijden verkogt zullen moeten werden)

obligatien ten lasten van de Provincie van Vriesland, tot het volle capitaal gereekend, mits

ende voorts alles te doen dat de natuur en omstandigheeden van perzoonen, tijden en zaaken

dezelven ook gehouden zullen zijn het regt op de collaterale successien daarvan aan den Lande

zullen vereijsschen en medebrengen, niets uijtgezonderd en zonder eenige limitatie of bepalinge,

verschuldigt, zelfs te voldoen7 en daarvan zijn Heer Testateurs boedel en nalaatenschap te

alles ook zonder authorisatie of qualificatie van eenig hoog of laag collegie, rechter of iemand

bevreijden ende t'ontlasten, waarteegens dezelven ook wederom booven het capitaal zullen

anders wie het zoude mogen zijn, in eenigen opzichte nodig te hebben en zonder ook in de

profiteeren en genietten alle de intressen op die obligatien ten tijde van zijn Heer Testateurs

vergoedinge van eenige schaeden of banqueroeten gehouden te zijn, als ontlastende hij Heer

overleijden te goede zijn zullende, ende voorts onder deeze expresse conditie, dat gemelte zijne

Testateur dezelven daarvan bij deezen volkomentlijk en op d'allerkragtigste wijze; ende met

Heer Testateurs vrienden van moederszijde daarmede zullen [p. 10] moeten renuncieeren, afzien

begeerte, dat gemelte Heeren Directeurs, Administrateurs en Executeurs, bij overleijden of

en hun8 volkomentlijk hun voldaan houden van alle actien en pretentien, die zij ten lasten van

andere ongeleegenheijd van een van hen, uijt de perzoonen, die hij Heer Testateur bij aparte lijste

hem Heer Testateur zoude mogen hebben of sustineeren aan hen te competeeren, bedagt en

onder de hand zal komen te benoemen, aanstonds in des overleedens of ontbreekendens plaatze

onbedagt, geene uijtgezonderd en uit wat titul, hoofde of oorzake dezelven ook zouden moogen

den boovenste op die lijst neevens hen zullen moeten adsumeeren, en zoo vervolgens, die dan

spruijten, ende mits dat gemelte vrienden ten hunnen kosten daarvan behoorlijke notariale acte,

ook wederom gelijke magt zal hebben als aan de gemelte Heeren bij deezen gedefereerd [ p. 8]

gesterkt met willige condemnatie van den Hogen Rade in Holland, binnen zes weeken na zijn

ende gegeeven word, successivelijk ende zonder einde; Des dat binnen zes weeken nadat

Heer Testateurs overleijden, ofte nadat deeze dispositie tot hunne kennisse gekomen zal zijn,

sodanige successeur zal hebben sessie genoomen, zoals ook ingevalle iemand van de Perzoonen,

stellen in handen van de voorgemelte Heeren Executeurs van zijn Testateurs uijterste willes

op die lijste gemeld, mogte komen t’overleijden binnen zes weeken daarna des zodanigens

dispositien, en anders niet. Maar zullen inteegendeel diegeenen van dezelve vrienden, welken

plaatze door de gezamentlijke Heeren Directeurs en Executeurs bij meerderheijd van stemmen

hiermede niet tevreeden zouden mogen zijn en direct of indirect aan het niet nakomen deezes

6

wederom zal moeten werden vervuld met een ander bequaam Persoon , die vervolgens de

participeeren, voor altoos versteeken zijn van het hiervoor gemelte Directeur- en Executeur-

onderste op dezelve lijste zal worden geplaast, omme alzoo meede in der tijd wederom na order

mitsgaders Boekhouderschap, en alleen genoegen moeten neemen met hetgunt aan hen na

te succedeeren, daartoe altijd praefereerende bloedvrienden van den Heer Testateur en

scherpheijd van regten [p. 11] bevonden zal werden te competeeren.

Doopsgezinden, zo die daartoe bequaam zijn, voor alle anderen. Ende zullen indien zodanige,

8  teylers

9  appendices

6

7

Item aan den Heere Abraham Wijnands de jonge eene somma van vierduijzend guldens; ende aan

s’jaers ende zulx dan mede in’t geheel eene jaarlijkse rente van tweeduijzend guldens, zolange als

Mejuffrouwen Elizabeth Wijnands en Helena Wijnands ieder een somma van tweeduijzend

eenige descendent of descendenten van denzelve zijn Testateurs Neeff Isaac Brand gevonden zal

guldens; allen te voldoen in obligatien ten lasten van ’t Gemeene Land van Holland ende

of zullen werden.

Westvriesland, ten comptoire generaal in s’Gravenhage, tot het volle capitaal (zonder aanzien van prijs courant en zulx hetzij die onder of booven ‘t capitaal waardig mogten zijn) te reekenen, dog

Des zoo verklaarde hij Heer Testateur te willen ende te begeeren, dat, indien de gemelde zijne

zal het regt op de collaterale successien door de respective legatarissen, ieder van d’effecten aen

Nichte Jacoba van der Vooren en Neeff Isaac Brand, alsmede bij vervolg derzelver

hem of haar over te geeven, aan den Lande moeten werden betaald; waarteegens dezelven ook

kind of kinderen en verdere descendent of descendenten kwamen na te laaten minderjaarige kind

wederom zullen genietten en profiteeren alle d’intressen, die op zijn Heer Testateurs overleijden

of kinderen, in die gevallen de voorgemelte jaarlijkse rente of de portien der minderjarigen [p.

9

op dezelve obligatien te goede zullen zijn.

14] in dezelve zal of zullen moeten blijven onder de directie en administratie van de Heeren Executeurs van zijn Heer Testateurs uijtterste willes dispositien, omme door dezelven ten

Wijders aan zijn Heer Testateurs Neef den Heer Willem van der Vooren voorgemeld, booven en

behoeven van de minderjaarigen tot capitaal te werden aangelegt, ofte andersints aan derzelver

behalven hetgunt hem in zijne hiervoor gemelde qualiteijten jaarlijks zal competeeren, alle de

vader of moeder of voogden tot beeter alimentatie en educatie van dezelven voor ’t geheel of

manskleederen van [p. 12] zijde, linne, wolle en andere stoffagien, die op het overleijden van

tendeelen verstrekt en uijtgekeerd te worden, zoals die Heeren zullen oordeelen te behooren.

hem Heer Testateur in den boedel gevonden zullen werden, mitsgaders eene rente van tweeduijzend guldens s’jaers, desselfs leeven lang geduurende.

Noch legateerde en besprak hij Heer Testateur aan Juffrouw Maria de Vries, weduwe van den Heer Isaac van der Vooren, eene jaarlijkse rente van vijffhonderd guldens.

Aan Juffrouw Jacoba van der Vooren, huijsvrouw van den Heer Willem van der Vlucht, zijn Heer Testateurs Nicht, allen de vrouwekleederen van zijde, linne, wolle en andere stoffagien,

Ende aan de Heeren Agge Wijnalda en Jan Fijnje10, predikanten in de Doopsgesinde Gemeente

mitsgaders juweelen, paerlen en kleinodien, die op zijn WelEdeles overlijden in den boedel

binnen deeze stad, eene rente van driehonderd guldens s’jaers, ieder desselfs respective leeven

gevonden zullen werden ende tot vrouwelijk gebruijk en cieraed strekken zouden mogen; ende

lang geduurende, ofte zoolange dezelve heeren predikanten in deeze stad het predikampt zullen

voorts voor haar, ende na haer overleijden aan hare kind of kinderen, en die overlijdende aan

bedienen en langer niet.

derzelver descendenten successivelijk, eene jaarlijkse rente van een duijzend guldens, mitsgaders bij het overlijden van zijn Heer Testateurs voorn. Neeff

Wijders nog aan de nagemelde publicque collegien [p. 15] en godshuijzen binnen deeze stad de

Willem van der Vooren nog een gelijke rente van een duyzend gulden s'jaers, ende zulx alsdan

volgende eeuwigduurende renten, als

eene jaarlijkse rente van tweeduijzend guldens, zoo lange als eenige descendent of descendenten van zijn Heer Testateurs [p. 13] voorn. Nicht gevonden zal of zullen worden.

Aan de Doopsgezinde Gemeente vergadering houdende in de Peuselersteeg eene jaarlijkse rente van zeshonderd guldens ten behoeve der arme ledematen.

Aan zijn Heer Testateurs Neef Sr. Isaac Brand voor hem en na desselfs overleijden aan zijne

Aan de kas van dezelve Gemeente tot de predikdienst eene jaarlijkse rente van tweehonderd

wettige na te laeten kind of kinderen, en die overlijdende aan derzelver verdere descendenten

guldens.11

successivelijk, een gelijke rente van een duijzend gulden s’jaars, alsmede bij het overleijden van

Aan het Weeshuijs van dezelve Gemeente eene jaarlijkse rente van tweehonderd guldens. Aan

meergemelten Heer Willem van der Vooren noch eene gelijke rente van een duijzend guldens

het Wijnbergs Hofje binnen deeze stad eene rente van tweehonderd guldens s’jaers.

10  teylers

11  appendices

8

9

Aan het Aalmoesseniers- en Werkhuijs deezer stad eene jaarlijkse rente van vierhonderd

eenigzints behoorende en daartoe betrekkelijk gemaakt zoude kunnen werden, voor altoos ende

Guldens.

ten eeuwigen dage zal moeten blijven in zijn geheel en onverkogt, het huijs omme te dienen zoo

Aan het Diakoniehuijs van de Nederduijtsche Gereformeerde Gemeente deezer stad eene 12

tot een vergaderplaats van de gemelde Heeren Directeuren, Executeurs, Voogden en

jaarlijkse rente van driehonderd guldens.

Administrateurs en derzelver successeuren, welken daarin en over zullen hebben de [p. 18] vrije

Aan het Luthersche Weeshuijs eene rente van een honderd guldens s’jaers.

en volkomen dispositie en schikkinge, en alles daarinne zodanig zullen moeten reguleeren en

Ende aan het Roomsche Armenhuijs genaamd St. Jacob eene rente van tweehonderd guldens

ordonneeren, als zij zullen oordeelen ter bereijkinge van des Testateurs oogmerk hiermede, en

jaarlijks. [p. 16]

hierna breeder uijt te drukken, te behooren en gevoeglijkst te kunnen geschieden, als tot een vergaderinge voor de twee na te melden Collegien, welken hij Heer Testateur daarinne door

Begeerende hij Heer Testateur dat alle de gemelde jaarlijkse legaeten of renten zullen ingaan en

deezen voorneemens is te fundeeren, op te richten ende te stichten, ende de bibliotheecq en

aanvang neemen met den dag van zijn Heer Testateurs overleijden en zulks dezelven voor

verzameling van medailles, prent- en teekenkonst tot gebruijk van de perzoonen de gemelte

d’eerste maal betaald en uijtgekeerd moeten werden een jaar daarna en zoo vervolgens, het

Collegien zullende uijtmaken, ende ten welken eijnde dat alles geenzints verminderd, maar wel

sterfjaer van de perzoonen aan wien dezelven gemaakt zijn mede vol uijtgereekend.

door gemelte Heeren Directeuren, met communicatie en overleg van de leeden van die Collegien, vermeerderd,

Des zoo zal niemand van de voorn. legatarissen, ’t zij publicque collegien en godshuijzen, of

uijtgebreijd en tot meerder volkomenheijd gebragt zal mogen worden; waartoe hij Heer Testateur

particuliere perzoonen voor de voldoeninge van de legaeten en jaarlijkse renten, zoo hier voor

ook begeerde, dat het zelve huijs altoos en voor zooverre die daartoe eenigzints gevonden zal

reeds gemaakt, als die hij Testateur hier achter en in ’t vervolg nog zal komen te bespreeken,

kunnen worden, zal moeten werden bewoond door een konstschilder of ander liefhebber van

mogen vorderen of pretendeeren eenige d’allerminste cautie ofte verzeekeringe, als zulx wel

kunsten en weetenschappen, welke door gemelte Heeren [p. 19] Directeuren daartoe zal werden

expresselijk verbiedende bij deezen; ende voorts nog onder conditie, dat jaerlijks op den 25en

gecommitteerd en aangesteld op een tractement van achthonderd guldens s’jaers, behalven de

maert door de regenten van ’t Wijnbergs Hofje aan de

vrije inwooninge, mitsgaders een honderd guldens s’jaers voor vuur en licht, en noch

oude luijden op 't zelve woonende een maaltijd op dezelfde wijze, als er eene door wijle

tweehonderd guldens s’jaers voor de kosten van het schoonhouden van ’t huis, en waertoe hij

Mejuffrouw Petronella Langedult is ingesteld en door de regenten van de verdere

Heer Testateur bij deezen voor d’eerste maal was nomineerende en verzoekende den

godshuijzen s’jaarlijks ten [p. 17] dage hiervoor gemeld aan derzelver respective inwoonders een

konstschilder Taco Jelgersma,13 en deeze komende te overleijden of ontbreekende Hendrik

vrije speeldag en verbeetering der op dien dag gewoone maaltijd zal moeten werden gegeeven,

Spilman, mitsgaders na deezen Cornelis van Noorde, allen woonagtig binnen deeze stad, den een

waarvan jaarlijks op ’t ontvangen der respective legaeten of renten bij declaratoir der regenten

omme in des anders plaatze te succedeeren respectivelijk, waarna de verkiezinge en aanstellinge

aan de Heeren Executeurs zal moeten blijken, op poene van daaraan manqueerende versteeken te

zal staan aan gemelte Heeren Directeuren, zooals hiervoor is gezegt; en welke bewoonder

zijn van ’t gelegateerde.

(booven de zorge van het in ordre houden van het huijs en huijshoudelijke ten zijnen kosten) goede toeverzigt en agt zal moeten geeven op de bibliotheecq en liefhebberijen en verzamelingen

Wijders verklaarde hij Heer Testateur zijne wille en begeerte te zijn, dat het huijs in de Damstraat

van medailles, prent- en teekenkonst, die allen en het gunt van tijd tot tijd daarbij zal komen in

by het Spaerne binnen deeze stad en teegenwoordig bij hem bewoond werdende, behoorlijk

[p. 20] behoorlijke ordre, schikkende, conserveerende en bewaarende, mitsgaders ten dien eijnde

gemeubileert, zooals hij Heer Testateur dat zal komen na te laaten, met zijn WelEdeles

van alles een nette catalogus of register houdende; alles onder de directie en ordres van gemelte

bibliotheecq en verzameling van medailles, prent en teekenkonsten en alles wat daaronder

12  teylers

13  appendices

10

11

Heeren Directeuren, mitsgaders onder opzigt ende na de schikkinge bij de gemelte Collegien, die

een permanent Collegie, weeklijks ook ten huijze van hem Heer Testateur op vrijdag of saturdag

daarvan bet gebruijk zullen moeten hebben, (desnoods) daarvan en over te maken.

zullen moeten vergaderen, mede ter onderlinge verhandelinge van zaken en stoffen, tot die faculteijten en kundigheeden specteerende en behoorende, en welken jaarlijks mede eenige stoffe

Ende zullen alle de boeken, brieven, chartres, papieren, effecten en gelden, tot zijn Heer

ter verhandelinge, te weeten het

Testateurs nalaatenschap behoorende, zoo ras na zijn WelEdeles overleijden als eenigzints

eene jaar in de natuurkunde, het tweede in de dichtkonst, het andere in de historien, het vierde in

mooglijk zal zijn, door de Heeren Directeurs en Executeurs met den Boekhouder moeten worden

de teekenkonst, en het vijfde jaar in de penningkunde, aan het gemeen zullen moeten voorstellen,

geligt uijt zijn Heer Testateurs comptoir en overgebragt, mitsgaders in behoorlijke ordre geschikt,

met offerte van een gelijke goude medaille, ter waarde als hiervoor in opzigte van de

op de eykenhouten agterkamer, waarvan de deur zal moeten werden geslooten met vijf bijzondere

verhandelingen over den [p. 23] Godsdienst is geordonneerd, voor dengeene, die naar het oordeel

slooten, van welken ieder Directeur een sleutel onder zijne bewaaringe zal hebben, zonder dat

van het meerder gedeelte der Executeurs en leeden zoo van dit als van 't voorgemelde Collegie,

ooit minder dan drie directeuren tegelijk op die kamer en bij het openen of sluijten van dezelve

onpartijdig en na rijp onderzoek over de ingeleeverd werdende verhandelingen te vellen, de beste

present mogen zijn, op poene dat die [p. 21] geene welken dit articul zullen bestaan te

verhandelinge over de opgegeeven stoffe zal hebben ingeleeverd.

contrarieeren, uijt hun eijgen privé beurs, telkens en ieder hoofd voor hoofd, zullen verbeuren een somma van een duijzend guldens ten behoeven van het Aalmoesseniers- en Werkhuijs deezer

Ende begeerde hij Heer Testateur opdat het oordeel over dezelve verhandelingen met alle

stad.

impartialiteijt zoude kunnen en mogen geschieden, dat geene der Executeurs of medeleeden van een der voorgemelte Collegien zal mogen mededingen na een der voorgemelte praemien, en dat

Verklaarende hij Heer Testateur voorts bij onderhandse geteekende lijste te zullen nomineeren

de verhandelingen over de voor te stellen stoffen, zoo van diegeenen aan welken de praemie is

zoveele en zodanige perzoonen als hij nader zal komen goed te vinden, welken hij wilde en

toegekend, met bekendmakinge van de naamen der autheuren, indien zij zulx begeeren, als ook

begeerde dat met den anderen zullen uijtmaaken een altoos duurend Collegie, weeklijks op

de geschriften der andere mededingers, indien de leeden van ’t Collegie zulks de pijne waardig

maendag ten huijze van hem Heer Testateur te vergaderen, die met den anderen dan zullen

oordeelen en de schrijvers derzelven zulx permitteeren, met of zonder derzelver namen, naer der

14

moeten verhandelen allerhande stoffen en materien tot de vrijheijd in den Christelijken

schrijveren verkiezinge, ten kosten van des Heer [p. 24] Testateurs nalaatenschap door de

Godsdienst en Burgerstaat specteerende en behoorende; dat het gemelte Collegie ook jaarlijks

drukpersse jaarlijks, of wanneer ieder Collegie oordeeld eene genoegzame verzamelinge daarvan

zeekere stoffe daertoe behoorende ende bij hen te verkiezen, aan het publicq ter verhandelinge zal

te hebben, neevens de geschriften, die over de materien tot ieder Collegie behoorende, door de

moeten voorstellen, en aan dengeene die hen (naer het oordeel bij meerderheijd van stemmen,

respective leeden zelfs ten diensten van het algemeen zouden mogen werden opgemaakt, zullen

zoo der Executeuren als van het Collegie, na een nauwkeurig en onpartijdig onderzoek op te

moeten werden publicq gemaakt; en dat een ieder, die na de gemelde praemie zal willen staan,

maken) de beste verhandelinge over zodanige stoffe laat toekomen, vereeren [p. 22] een goude

zijne verhandelinge sal moeten overzenden in beslooten forme, alleenlijk met eene spreuk of

medaille, booven de kosten van den stempel en anderen daarop vallende, ter intrinsique waarde

devies onderteekend,

van vierhonderd guldens courant geld.

met een apart gecachetteerd briefje daerneevens, inhoudende dezelve spreuk en devies, met zijnen naam en verder adres, en dat ook alleen het briefje van dengeene, aan wien de praemie

Dat hij Heer Testateur ook verders nog zoude benoemen mede bij onderhandse lijste een zodanig

word geadjudiceerd, zal mogen werden geopend, en d’overige zullen moeten werden verbrand,

getal van en zodanige perzoonen als hij zoude komen goed te vinden, liefhebbers van en ervaaren

ten waare dat de autheuren, nadat het oordeel der leeden voorgemeld zal zijn publicq gemaakt, in

in de natuur-, dicht-, historie-, teeken- en penningkunde, die mede met den anderen uijtmakende

d’opening van dezelven consenteerden opdat hunne naemen bij hunne werken zouden kunnen

14  teylers

15  appendices

12

werden gedrukt; alsmede dat zodanige schriftuuren welken tot de te [p. 25] stellen praemien in 15

consideratie zullen mogen komen, geschreeven zullen moeten zijn in de Nederduijtsche taale.

13

Heeren Directeurs, Administrateurs en Executeurs aan de gemelte twee Collegien gezamentlijk ende wanneer het verschil was in een van beijden of tusschen die twee Collegien alsdan aan welgemelte Heeren Directeurs, Administrateurs en Executeurs, welke Collegien of Heeren

Ende ten eijnde dezelve Collegien, welken drie maanden na zijn Heer Testateurs overleijden

Directeuren, Administrateuren en Executeuren zodanig different binnen den tijd van zes weeken,

hunne vergaderingen zullen moeten aanvangen, altoos duurende en permanent mogen zijn,

nadat zij daervan volleedige kennisse zullen hebben bekomen, finalijk zullen moeten afdoen en

verklaarde hij Heer Testateur voorts te begeeren, dat bij overleijden of ander ontbreeken van

parthijen in zodanige decisie volkomentlijk berusten en daarmede genoegen neemen, op poene

eenig lid van dezelven binnen zes weeken daarna door de Executeurs en d’overige leeden van

dat ieder van diegeenen welken zig daaraan niet willen onderwerpen, of zig op iemand anders

ieder Collegie, eerst volgens de lijst daarvan bij hem Heer Testateur te formeeren, te gaan van

zouden willen [p. 28] beroepen, telkens verbeuren zal uijt zijn eijgen privé beurs eene somma van

den eersten op dezelfde lijst en zoo in ordre volgende tot op den laatsten toe, zal werden

een duijzend guldens, ten behoeven van het Aalmoesseniers- en Werkhuijs deezer stad.

geadsumeerd zodanig perzoon als daarbij zal zijn genomineerd en dat vervolgens door hen Executeurs voorsz. en ieder Collegie in den haare, bij meerderheijd van stemmen, zal werden

Voorders verklaarde hij Heer Testateur bij deezen aan allen en een iegelijk die op het overleijden

geformeerd een nominatie van drie perzoonen omme daaruijt door de Heeren Directeuren en

van hem Heer Testateur bevonden zullen werden eenige gelden van zijn WelEdele op intrest te

Executeuren binnen drie weeken een ander bequaam perzoon in des overleedens of

hebben, zonder onderscheijd of dezelven daartoe eenig pand ter minne of hijpotheecq hebben

ontbreekendens plaatze te worden [p. 26] verkoozen, des dat daartoe geene andere perzoonen,

gegeeven dan of hetzelve door hem Heer Testateur aan hen alleenlijk op simpel crediet is

dan die binnen deeze stad, desselfs jurisdictie of anderzints in de nabuurschap woonagtig zijn,

verstrekt ende gegeeven geworden, te laaten de keuze en vrijheijd, voor zooverre die penningen

verkiesbaar zijn zullen; alsmede dat ieder Collegie tot een douceur of honorarium uijt zijn Heer

aan hun niet voor nog langer tijd zullen zijn verstrekt, omme zodanige penningen nog zes jaaren

Testateurs boedel jaarlijks zal hebben, trekken ende genietten eene somma van zeshonderd

na zijn Heer Testateurs overleijden teegen denzelve intrest als door hem Heer Testateur zal zijn

guldens, omme ieder in den haare daarover te disponeeren zooals de respective leeden met den

bedongen, te kunnen ende te mogen houden, ofte dezelven op de vervaltijden af te lossen, zooals

anderen zullen kunnen goedvinden en oordeelen te behooren.

hen [p. 29] zulx best zal convenieeren; alles ten waare nogtans aan de voorgemelte Executeurs en Directeurs oogschijnelijk voorquam, dat door het langer laaten gebruijken van zodanige

Ende laatstelijk dat alle de leeden van dezelve Collegien ten allen tijden zullen hebben de vrije

penningen door den een of ander van die perzoonen zijn Heer Testateurs boedel een notoire

toegang en acces mitsgaders de behandelinge en ’t gebruijk, dog alleen binnenshuijs, zonder iets

schade zoude komen te leijden, in welk geval hij Heer Testateur aan derzelver Heeren

het geringste te mogen daarbuijten medeneemen, tot, aan en van zijn Heer Testateurs bibliotheecq

bescheijdenheijd is overlaatende omme van zodanig iemand op den vervaltijd de uijtstaande

en andere verzamelinge van printkonst, medailles etc., zonder eenige uijtzonderinge ende zo voor

penningen in te vorderen of zodanige andere schikkingen daaromtrend te maaken, als zij buijten

hunne particuliere liefhebberije, als omme hen in staat te stellen tot het verhandelen en

schade van den boedel voor zodanige perzoon of perzoonen het facielste en gemakkelijkste zullen

beoordeelen der zaken ieder in zijn Collegie voorkomende als na behooren.16

oordeelen; des dat in alle gevallen gemelte Heeren Executeurs en Directeurs nooijt voor eenigen uijt dien hoofde opkomende schade verantwoordelijk veel min aenspraaklijk of tot eenige

Ende [p. 27] zo wanneer onverhooptelijk tusschen gemelte Heeren Directeuren, mitsgaders in een

vergoedinge van dien gehouden zullen zijn.

van beijden of tusschen beijden de gemelte Collegien, eenig verschil, hoe genaamd off van wat natuur het zoude mogen zijn, kwam te ontstaan, zoo verklaarde hij Heer Testateur te begeeren,

Ende legateerde en besprak hij Heer Testateur dan wijders nog aan desselfs koetsier Gerrit

dat hetzelve zal moeten werden verbleeven, te weeten indien verschil ontstond onder dezelve

Aengenendt eene somma van driehonderd guldens s’jaers. [p. 30]

16  teylers

17  appendices

14

15

besprooken legaaten en jaarlijkse renten) de bevorderingen van Godsdienst, aanmoedigingen van Ende aan ieder meijd die op zijn Heer Testateurs overleijden in zijnen dienst ende ten zijnen 17

huijze woonagtig zijn zal een somma van een honderd envijftig guldens s’jaers, mede derzelver 18

respective leeven lang geduurende.

kunsten en weetenschappen en het nut van ’t algemeen, allermeest bevordert en bereijkt worden kan; alles ter volkomen discretie, goedvinden en arbitrage en interpretatie van de gemelte vijf Heeren Directeuren, Administrateurs en Executeurs in den tijd zijn zullende, en zoals dezelven dat in gemoeden zullen oordeelen en vinden te behooren.

Ende laastlijk aan ieder werkman en weeversbaas, welke op het overleijden van hem Heer Testateur tot desselfs fabricq in zijde stoffen in zijn werk en dienst zal zijn, de somma van een

Sluijtende hij Heer Testateur dan ook met alle eerbiedigheijd voor altoos en in alle gevallen [p.

honderd guldens eens, te betaalen aan ieder bij het inbrengen van zijn laaste stuk, booven

33] uijt zijn boedel en sterfhuijs de Edele Achtbaare Heeren Weesmeesteren deezer stad, en alle

derzelver ordinaris arbeijdsloon.

andere weeskameren en geregten daar zijn Heer Testateurs sterfhuijs zoude mogen komen te vallen of zijn goederen geleegen zijn mogten ende generalijk alle anderen

Ende in opzigte van alle de verdere revenuen, renten, intressen en inkomsten, die jaerlijks (naer

die hen ampts- of bloedshalven met zijn Heer Testateurs sterfhuijs zouden kunnen of willen

aftrek en voldoeninge van de hiervoor door hem Heer Testateur gemaekte legaeten, jaarlijkse lijf-

bemoeijen.

en altoos duurende renten, tractementen, douceurs of honorariums, mitsgaders van de verdere kosten, lasten en reparatien op de voorgemelte administratie van zijn Heer Testateurs

Eindlijk verklaarde hij Heer Testateur wel expresselijk te willen ende te begeeren, dat de

nalaatenschap, [p. 31] huijs, Collegien en alles wat daartoe behoorende en daarvan

voorgemelte Heeren Directeurs, Administrateurs en Executeurs, mitsgaders alle anderen aan

dependeerende is) zuijver zullen komen over te schieten, verklaarde hij Heer Testateur te willen

welken, ingevolgen van deeze dispositien, derzelver inhoud bekend zal moeten werden, allen als

ende te begeeren, dat dezelven eerst en voornamentlijk zullen werden geëmploijeerd en besteed

luijden van eere, zooveel in hen is, denzelven inhoud zullen moeten geheijm houden en niets van

tot verder onderhoud, vergrootinge en verbeeteringe, mitsgaders (zij Heeren Directeuren en

alle 't zelve, dat niet volstrekt noodzakelijk aen ’t publicq moet werden bekendgemaekt, ’t geen

Executeuren zulx goedvindende) vertimmeringe van ’t hofje door hem Heer Testateur reeds

betrekking tot de gemaakte legaten is hebbende, zullen vermogen te divulgeeren en [p. 34]

gesticht in de Groote Houtstraat over het Vergroote Proveniershuijs bij de Groote Houtpoort

inzonderheijd niet aanstonds of kort na zijn WelEdeles overleijden ende ten welken eynde hij

binnen deeze stad ende tot verbeetering van de proven der oude vrouwen daarop woonende en

Heer Testateur bij aparte acte nader de tijd welken hij begeerd dat deeze na zijn overleijden

welk geheele Hofje mitsgaders de begeevinge der openvallende plaetzen geheel en volstrektelijk

geslooten zal moeten blijven en dat desselfs inhoud aan niemand zal mogen werden bekend

zal moeten blijven onder de regeeringe en directie van en aan de voornoemde Heeren

gemaakt, zal bepaalen, alsmede aparte acte van commissie op de gemelte Heeren Executeurs tot

Executeuren en Directeuren die als regenten van ’t zelve daarvan en over, naer hun volkomen

provisioneele verzorginge van zijn Heer Testateurs begraefnis als anderzints, omme hen daarvan

goedvinden en welgevallen, zullen mogen handelen en disponeeren; voorts tot aankoop van

geduurende dien tijd te kunnen bedienen, zal passeeren; waartoe hij Heer Testateur bij deezen de

boeken, medailles, print- en teekenkonst en alles wat verder van nut en noodzakelijk of tot

magt en vrijheijd is reserveerende en behoudende, gelijk mede omme deeze zijne dispositie ook

cieraad [p. 32] van en voor de gemelte twee Collegien zoude kunnen strekken en behooren;

nog in alle desselfs leeden en deelen te mogen amplieeren, veranderen of corrigeeren, ook nog

alsmede tot hulp en onderstand van armen en noodlijdende menschen ende laastlijk tot aankoop

meerdere legaeten en bespreekingen te mogen maaken en die, zoowel als de reeds gemaakten,

van meerdere effecten ende zulx tot verbeeteringe ende vergrootinge van het capitaal en fonds

wederom te mogen vermeerderen, verminderen of ook in ’t geheel te verniettigen, ook allen en

zelve; generalijk tot alles waardoor des Heer Testateurs intentie, zijnde (buijten de bezorginge

een of meer van de hier voor gemelte Heeren Executeurs, Directeurs, Voogden en [p. 35]

van eenigen zijner naestbestaande vrienden en andere particulieren door de hiervoor aan hen

Administrateurs, mitsgaders den Boekhouder en bewoonder van het huijs, van die respective

18  teylers

19  appendices

16

17

commissien te mogen excuseeren en anderen in derzelver plaats of plaatzen te committeeren en

legateere aan mijn tuynman Hendrik boven een dubbelde rouw, zoolang dezelve in leven is

aan te stellen, ook bij nadere en aparte lijsten zodanige successeuren aan ieder van dezelven,

s’jaarlyks eene zomma van vierhondert guldens, indien op mijn overlijden bij my woond en

zowel als de leeden, die het eerst de voorgemelte Collegien zullen uijtmaaken en derzelver

anders niet.

successeuren te nomineeren, ook die genomineerden te excuseeren en wederom anderen te benoemen, mitsgaders alle zodanige nadere en verdere dispositien en schikkingen te maken,

Aan Gerritje Pannekoek, mede als boven eene gelijke somma van vierhondert

mitsgaders ordres te stellen, specialijk ook omtrend zijn Heer Testateurs begraefnis, als zijn

guldens s’jaarlijks.

WelEdele zal komen goed te vinden ende te raeden werden; ende dat alles bij geschrifte onder de hand, bij hem Heer Testateur zelfs geschreeven en onderteekend, ofte bij een ander geschreeven

Aan Jannetje20

en door hem Heer Testateur alleen onderteekend, in presentie van getuijgen of zonder dezelven,

mits op myn overlyden by my in dienst zynde, als ook een dubbele rouw.

s’jaarlijks, zoolang dezelve leeft, tweehondert guldens,

begeerende dat alles wat bij hem Heer Testateur [p. 36] alzoo gedaan en geordonneerd zal werden bevonden, mede volkomen effect zal moeten sorteeren ende van gelijken kragt en waerde

Haarlem 29 July 1777. P. Teijler v.d. Hulst.

gehouden werden alsof het ook in deezen geïnsereerd of anderzints voor notaris en getuijgen gepasseerd was.

[pp. 38 en 39 blanco]

Alle ’t welke voorschreven staat, den Heer den Heer Testateur duijdlijk voorgeleezen zijnde,

[p. 39bis21]

verklaarde hij dat te weezen zijn testament, laaste en uijtterste wille, begeerende dat het zelve met

Ingevolge de clausule reservatoir legateere nog boven het gelegateerde aan Nigte Elizabeth

ende na zijn WelEdeles overleijden alzoo zal moeten werden nagekomen en agtervolgd, hetzij

Wynands een somma van een duysend guldens ’s jaarlyks geduurende haar leven en langer niet.

dan als een testament, als codicille ofte als gifte ter zake des doods of onder de leevenden, zooals

Actum Haarlem, den 18 January 1765. Pieter Teyler van der Hulst.

dezelve best zal kunnen bestaan, schoon alle solemniteijten, na regten vereijscht, daarinne niet mogten weezen waargenomen, verzoekende daaromtrend het

Aan Nigte Helena Wynands Wed. Carel Bouman mede boven het gelegateerde een somma van

uijtterste beneficie te mogen genietten, en hier af acte.

vyffhondert guldens ’s jaarlyks geduurende haar leven. Haarlem den 18 January 1765. Pieter Teyler van der Hulst.

Aldus gepasseerd binnen Haarlem voornoemt, present Hendrik Pieter de Pauw ende Engbert Huijgens als getuijgen,

Aan Elizabeth Baartman boven hetgeen haar als dienstmaagt gelegateert hebbe, nog een gelyke somma van eenhondertenvijftig guldens sjaars, zoo lang bij mij in dienst is en anders niet, tot na

Nic. Gallé

myn overlyden, mede sjaarlyks geduurende haar leven; en zullen bovengemelte legaten aanvang

Nots.

neemen met de dag van myn overlyden, Actum Haarlem den 18 January 1765. Pieter Teyler van

17 5 56 Publ. 17

der Hulst.

[p. 3719] Ingevolge de clausule reservatoir

20  teylers

21  appendices

18

19

Noten

zullen moeten zorge dragen, dat voor hun vertrek het cabinet behoorlijk gesloten is en moet de

Richtlijnen voor het uitgeven van historische bescheiden samengesteld in opdracht van het

sleutel altoos in handen des outsten Directeurs verblijven. P.Teyler v.d. Hulst.

Nederlands Historisch genootschap en van de Rijkscommissie voor Vaderlandse Geschiedenis,

17 Bijgevoegd zijn de woorden: tweehondert en.

6

’s-Gravenhage 1988 .

18 Bijgevoegd zijn de woorden: als ook dezelve somma aan deszelfs tuijnman Hendrik

2 Bijgevoegd zijn de woorden: Anthoni Kuits

geduurende desselfs leven

3 Bijgevoegd is: Isaak Brand, Willem van der Vlugt, Antonij Kuits, Gerard Hugaart en Jacobus

19 Geheel door Teyler van der Hulst geschreven.

Barnaart ende ten teken mijner wil ende begeerte door mij ondertekend in Haarlem 17 Juny 1776,

20 Hierna is ruimte (voor de achternaam?) opengelaten.

Pieter Teyler van der Hulst. In de marge: verandert nu 17 Juny 1776.

21 Een los blad, geheel door Teyler van der Hulst geschreven

4 In de marge is bijgevoegd: Koenraad Hovens, Haarlem 17 Juny 1776 bij mij getekend Pieter Teyler van der Hulst. 5 In de marge is bijgevoegd: welke Koenraad Hovens. 6 Het woord Persoon is bijgevoegd. 7 In de marge staat: dezen making vernietigd ende ingetrocken den 17 Juny 1776, Pieter Teyler van der Hulst. 8 Het woord hun bijgevoegd. 9 In de marge staat: de legaten aan Abraham Wynands, Elisabeth Wynands ende Helena Wynands hiernevenstaande door mij ingetrocken ende vernietigd. Haarlem 3 feb. 1774. Pieter Teyler van der Hulst. 10 In de marge staat: Klaas van der Horst ende Cornelis Loosjes. 11 In de marge staat: N.B. Dezen vernietigd. Haarlem 3 Jan. 1758. P.Teyler v.d.Hulst. 12 Tussengevoegd zijn de woorden: Aan de Doopsgezinde Gemeente Vergadering houdende op het Klijn Heyligland een jaarlykse rente van driehondert gulden. Bovendien staat in de marge: N.B. Deezen vernietigd, P.Teyler v.d. Hulst ende in desselfs plaats aan de Doopsgezinde gemeente op het Klijn Heyligland Segge f. 300 gulden, P.Teijler v.d.Hulst Haarlem 20 April 1773. 13 Bijgevoegd is: Vincent van der Vinne 14 Tussengevoegd zijn de woorden: Waarheid en de. 15 Bijgevoegd is: ofte met kennisse van den autheur daarin vertaald 16 In de marge staat: N.B. Ten aanzien van de medailjes zal geen cabinet mogen geopent werden, dan ten overstaan van tenminsten vier leden van ‘t Collegie, ofte twee der Directeuren, die wel

22  teylers

23  appendices

2 Covenant Teylers Foundation (Teylers Stichting) and Foundation for the Management and Conservation of Teylers Museum (Stichting tot beheer en instand­h ouding Teylers Museum)

24  teylers

25  appendices

26  teylers

27  appendices

28  teylers

29  appendices

30  teylers

31  appendices

Disclaimer This is the English translation of the Naam Nederlandse Wet (jaartal) [Monuments and Historic Buildings Act (1988/2011)]. Please note that this English translation is not legally binding. It is the Dutch-language text of the Act that is legally binding. The most recent version of the text of the Act can be found, in Dutch, on the website: http://www.wetten.nl.

3

Further information can be obtained from the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (www.minocw.nl; e-mail address: [email protected]) or the Cultural Heritage

Monuments and Historic Buildings Act 1988

Inspectorate (www.erfgoedinspectie.nl; e-mail address: [email protected]).

Short history of Monuments Act

2011)

Monuments and Historic Buildings Act 1988 (text as valid from 1 July to 31 December

Act of 23 December 1988 replacing the Monuments and Historic Buildings Act We, Beatrix, by the grace of God Queen of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, etc., etc., etc. Greetings to all who see or hear these presents! Be it known: Whereas we have considered that it is desirable to enact new provisions for the preservation of buildings and sites of architectural and archaeological importance and to involve local authorities more closely in such preservation; We, therefore, having heard the Council of State, and in consultation with the States General, have approved and decreed as We hereby approve and decree: Chapter I. General provisions In this Act and the provisions based thereon, the following definitions apply: a. Our Minister: Our Minister of Education, Culture and Science; b. historic buildings/sites: 1o all structures of at least 50 years of age which are of public interest because of their beauty, their importance to science or their cultural and historical value; AVT11/OCW102688A

1

Auteursrecht vertalingen voorbehouden. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken, Directie Vertalingen (AVT)

32  teylers

33  appendices

2o sites that are of public interest because of the presence of structures as referred to

2.

at 1º;

Our Minister may designate on request immovable historic buildings/sites as listed historic buildings/sites, if they are:

c. archaeological monuments: the sites referred to at (b) (2º);

a. historic buildings/sites as referred to in section 1 (b) (1º) that date from after 31

d. listed historic buildings/sites: historic buildings/sites that have been entered in the

December 1939;

registers established pursuant to this Act;

b. sites as referred to in section 1 (b) (2º).

e. ecclesiastical historic buildings/sites: immovable structures that are owned by a religious

3.

Before Our Minister gives a decision on the matter, he must seek the advice of the

organisation, by an autonomous part of a religious organisation, by an association of

municipal executive of the municipality in which the historic building/site is situated

religious organisations or by another organisation with a spiritual basis and which are

and, if the historic building/site is situated outside the built-up area as defined by the

used solely or predominantly for collective worship or the collective profession of belief;

Road Traffic Act 1994, also of the provincial executive.

f. urban and village conservation areas: groups of buildings that are of public interest by

4.

Our Minister must give notice of the request for advice referred to in subsection 3 to

virtue of their beauty, their spatial or structural coherence or their scientific or

those who are entered in the land register database as the owners or limited title-

cultural/historical value, and that include one or more historic buildings;

holders and, if designation was requested, the person who submitted the request.

g. listed urban and village conservation areas: urban and village conservation areas which

5.

The municipal executive must afford the interested parties referred to in subsection 3

have been designated as such by Our Minister and Our Minister of Housing, Spatial

the opportunity to be heard and must consult with the owner as referred to in section

Planning and the Environment pursuant to section 35 of this Act, with effect from the date

2, subsection 2.

on which the designation is published in the Government Gazette;

6.

h. carrying out excavations: performing activities which disturb the soil with the aim of

the request for advice referred to in subsection 3 was sent, and the provincial

identifying or examining historic buildings/sites; i. the Council: the Council for Culture referred to in section 2a of the Cultural Policy

The municipal executive must issue its advice within five months of the date on which executive within four months of that date.

7.

(Special-Purpose Funding) Act.

Having heard the Council, Our Minister must give his decision within ten months of sending the request for advice to the municipal executive or, if designation was requested, within ten months of receiving the request.

Section 2 1.

The purpose for which the historic building/site is used is taken into account for the

Section 4

purposes of this Act. 2.

No decision will be taken pursuant to this Act in relation to an ecclesiastical historic

Our Minister must notify the municipal and provincial executives of his decision. If the

building/site except in consultation with the owner.

decision is in favour of designation, the municipal executive must deposit the decision at the municipal secretary’s office for inspection. The mayor must publish notice, in the usual way,

Chapter II. Listed historic buildings/sites

of the fact that the decision has been deposited for inspection.

§ 1. Designation

Section 5

Section 3

1.

Sections 11 to 29 and section 63, subsections 1 and 3 apply mutatis mutandis to an archaeological monument from the date of the notification referred to in section 3,

1.

Our Minister may designate ex proprio motu immovable historic buildings/sites as

subsection 4 to the date of entry in the register referred to in section 6, subsection 1

listed historic buildings/sites.

or section 7, subsection 4 or the date on which it is established that the

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2.

archaeological monument will not be entered in one of the registers.

the historic building/site is situated within the boundaries of a province, to the

During the period referred to in subsection 1,

provincial executive.

a. section 11, subsection 1 and section 63, subsections 2 and 3; and b. chapters 2, 3, 4 and 6 of the Environmental Permitting (General Provisions) Act in

Section 8

so far as they apply to a listed historic building/site as referred to in section 1.1 of that

1.

Act,

request. Sections 3 to 7 apply mutatis mutandis.

apply mutatis mutandis to a historic building/site that is not an archaeological

2.

monument.

Our Minister is authorised to amend the register, either ex proprio motu or on If the amendment is, in the opinion of Our Minister, of secondary importance or if it involves the deletion from the register of a historic building/site that has been destroyed, section 3 does not apply mutatis mutandis.

Section 6

Section 9 1.

Our Minister must maintain a register of listed historic buildings/sites for every municipality. He must enter in the register the historic buildings/sites that he

2.

1.

The keeper of the land and public registry agency must notify Our Minister within 14

designates, provided no application for review or appeal has been lodged against

days of any change in the description of a historic building/site in the land registry.

designation or provided such application or appeal has been dismissed.

Our Minister must enter this change in the appropriate register.

Our Minister must forward a copy of the entry in the register to both the municipal and

2.

Our Minister must notify the municipal and provincial executives of the change.

provincial executives. 3.

The copy forwarded to the municipal executive must be deposited for inspection at

Section 10

the municipal secretary’s office. Anyone may make a copy of an entry at his own expense.

If the copies of the entries in the register do not correspond to the register itself or if the copies differ, only historic buildings/sites entered in the copy of the register that is contained

Section 7

in the public registers referred to in section 1 (e) of the Immovable Property (Disclosure of Public-Law Restrictions) Act will be regarded as listed historic buildings/sites.

1.

If the historic building/site is not situated within the boundaries of any municipality, section 3, subsections 3 to 7, section 4 and section 6 do not apply.

2.

Our Minister must hear the Council before he gives a decision in respect of a historic building/site as referred to in subsection 1.

3. 4.

§2. Permits for alterations, demolition or removal Section 11

If designation has been requested, Our Minister must give his decision within five months of receiving the request.

1.

It is prohibited to damage or destroy a listed historic building/site.

Our Minister must maintain a national register of historic buildings/sites as referred to

2.

Without a permit or in contravention of a permit, it is prohibited:

in subsection 1, in which he enters the historic buildings/sites which he has

a. to demolish, disturb, move or in any way alter a listed archaeological monument;

designated, provided no application for review or appeal has been lodged in respect

b. to restore, use or cause to be used a listed archaeological monument in any way

of designation or provided such application or appeal has been dismissed. A copy of

that defaces or endangers it.

the entry must be forwarded to the body that administers the site in question and, if

.

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Act in cases as referred to in section 13. Subsections 2, 3 and 4 do not apply. Section 12

Section 15 1.

An application for a permit as referred to in section 11, subsection 2 must be made to

1.

the municipal executive. 2.

The municipal council must adopt a bye-law regulating in any event the

Section 3.1, subsection 2 of the Environmental Permitting (General Provisions) Act

establishment of a committee on historic buildings/sites which is responsible in any

applies mutatis mutandis.

event for advising on applications for an environmental permit for an activity as referred to in section 2.1, subsection 1 (f) of the Environmental Permitting (General Provisions) Act. Members of the municipal executive of the municipality in question

Section 13

may not form part of the committee. The committee must include several members who are experts in the preservation of historic buildings/sites.

Notwithstanding the provisions of section 12, an application for a permit in respect of an archaeological monument as referred to in section 7, subsection 1 must be made to Our

2.

The municipal executive must ask the committee on historic buildings/sites for an advisory opinion before:

Minister.

a. deciding on an application for an environmental permit for an activity as referred to in section 2.1, subsection 1 (f) of the Environmental Permitting (General

Section 14

Provisions) Act; or 1. 2.

b. issuing an advisory opinion concerning an application for or a draft of an

Our Minister must decide on an application for a permit as referred to in section 11, subsection 2.

environmental permit for an activity as referred to in section 2.1, subsection 1 (f)

Our Minister may require a report which, in his opinion, provides sufficient evidence

of the Environmental Permitting (General Provisions) Act.

of the archaeological value of the site that will be disturbed if the application is

Section 16 [Repealed as of 01-10-2010]

granted. 3.

Rules on the contents and structure of the report referred to in subsection 2 may be drawn up by or pursuant to order in council.

Section 14a

Section 17 1.

The municipal executive must forward the application referred to in section 12 to Our Minister immediately on receiving it. At the same time the municipal executive must

1.

Part 3.4 of the General Administrative Law Act applies to the preparation of a

forward a copy of the application to the provincial executive and notify the applicant

decision on an application for a permit as referred to in section 11, subsection 2

of the date on which this is done.

provided that the municipal executive applies sections 3:11 to 3:17 of that Act in

2.

respect of the draft decision drawn up by Our Minister.

If Our Minister does not comply with section 3:18 of the General Administrative Law Act, the permit is deemed to have been granted.

2.

Anyone may state his views.

3.

The municipal executive must immediately forward to Our Minister views that have

appeal has expired or, if an application for review or an appeal is lodged, until a

been stated in good time.

decision has been given. The permit holder may request the judge hearing

4.

Section 3:12, subsection 2 of the General Administrative Law Act does not apply.

applications for provisional relief or the president of the Administrative Jurisdiction

5.

Notwithstanding subsection 1, Our Minister must apply sections 3:11 to 3:17 of that

Division of the Council of State to lift the suspension. Title 8.3 of the General

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The operation of the permit must be suspended until the time limit for review or

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Administrative Law Act applies mutatis mutandis. 4.

date on which a permit is granted or is deemed to have been granted.

Our Minister must notify the municipal and provincial executives of his decision on

Section 21

the application for a permit. Section 18 [Repealed as of 01-10-2010]

1.

Without prejudice to section 5.19 of the Environmental Permitting (General Provisions) Act Our Minister may withdraw a permit as referred to in section 11, subsection 2 if the permit holder’s circumstances have changed such that greater weight should be attached to the interests of the listed historic building/site.

Section 19

2.

The municipal executive and the provincial executive must be notified of any decision to withdraw a permit.

1.

Our Minister may attach conditions to a permit as referred to in section 11, subsection 2 in the interests of the archaeological heritage.

2.

A permit may be granted for a limited period.

3.

A permit as referred to in section 11, subsection 2 may be made subject to at least

§3. Compensation relating to a decision on an application for a permit Section 22

the following conditions: a. a duty to take technical measures allowing the monument to be preserved in situ;

1.

If it becomes clear that an applicant for a permit as referred to in section 11,

b. a duty to carry out excavations; or

subsection 2 has, as a result of the decision refusing a permit or of the conditions

c. a duty to have the activity that disturbs the soil supervised by an expert in the

attached to the permit, suffered loss which should not reasonably continue to be

archaeological heritage who possesses the qualifications stipulated by Our Minister

borne or borne in full by him, Our Minister, having heard the loss assessment

in connection with the permit.

committee, must grant him at his request an amount in compensation to be fairly determined.

Section 20

Section 23 1.

The municipal executive and, in the case of historic buildings/sites as referred to in section 7, subsection 1, Our Minister must each maintain a public register in which

1.

environmental permits for an activity as referred to in section 2.1, subsection 1 (f) of

2.

Our Minister must appoint a loss assessment committee to advise on one or more requests for compensation.

the Environmental Permitting (General Provisions) Act and permits as referred to in

2.

The loss assessment committee has one or more members.

section 11, subsection 2 are entered.

3.

No member of the loss assessment committee may be a civil servant in the employ of

The following must also be entered in the register referred to in subsection 1:

the Ministry or of a service, company or agency carrying out work for which Our

a. the date of the permit;

Minister is accountable.

b. the number of the permit;

4.

c. the location of the historic building/site to which the permit refers and the relevant

For the purposes of this chapter, persons employed under civil-law contracts of employment are equated with civil servants as referred to in subsection 3.

land registry data; d. the nature of the activities. 3.

Section 24

Entry in the register as referred to in subsection 2 must be made within a week of the

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1. 2.

Our Minister must send the request for compensation, accompanied by all relevant

The costs incurred by the loss assessment committee are not charged to the person

documents, to the loss assessment committee within fourteen days of its submission.

requesting compensation.

Our Minister will render the loss assessment committee the assistance it requires.

Section 29 Section 25

Our Minister must give a decision within two months of receiving the loss assessment 1.

The loss assessment committee must allow the person requesting compensation or

committee’s recommendations. Section 7:1 of the General Administrative Law Act does not

his authorised representative to explain the request at a public meeting with the

apply.

committee. 2.

The loss assessment committee may summon civil servants in the employ of the

§ 4. [Repealed as of 01-10-2010]

ministry or of a service, company or agency carrying out work for which Our Minister is accountable to appear and provide information at the public meeting. 3.

Section 30 [Repealed as of 01-10-2010]

If the loss assessment committee wishes to conduct a site visit it must inform the person requesting compensation and Our Minister in advance of the time of the site

Section 31 [Repealed as of 01-10-2010]

visit.

Section 32 [Repealed as of 01-01-1998] Section 26

Section 33 [Repealed as of 01-01-1998] The loss assessment committee must make recommendations to Our Minister within three months of the submission of the request for compensation. At the same time it must forward

Chapter III. Grants and special-purpose grants

a copy of its recommendations to the person requesting compensation.

Section 34 Section 27

1. 1.

2.

Our Minister may award grants for the maintenance of listed historic buildings/sites.

Our Minister must allow the person requesting compensation to make known his

Maintenance includes both normal maintenance work on a listed building/site and

views on the recommendations, either in writing or orally in the presence of the loss

work exceeding normal maintenance work which is necessary for the restoration of

assessment committee.

the listed building/site.

On request, the loss assessment committee must provide Our Minister with

2.

determined by Our Minister.

explanatory notes on its recommendations and its opinion of the views expressed by

3.

the person requesting compensation.

The grant consists of either a fixed annual amount or a percentage of the costs to be Rules will be laid down by or pursuant to order in council concerning the award of grants as referred to subsection 1. These rules may concern: a. the criteria for awarding grants;

Section 28

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3.

c. setting a grant ceiling; d. applying for a grant;

recommendations on applications for special-purpose grants as referred to in

e. the conditions on which a grant is awarded;

subsection 1. Sections 24 to 29 do not apply.

f. the obligations on the grant recipient;

4.

4.

The recommendation for an order in council to be adopted pursuant to subsection 1

g. determining the definitive amount of the grant;

must not be made until at least four weeks after the draft has been presented to both

h. the payment and recovery of the grant and the making of advance payments in

Houses of the States General. The recommendation must be made at a time such

respect of the grant.

that three quarters of this period falls outside a recess of both Houses.

Any provision made by or pursuant to order in council for a grant ceiling must be accompanied by rules governing the manner of allocation.

5.

Our Minister may ask the loss assessment committee referred to in section 23 for

Chapter IV. Listed urban and village conservation areas

The recommendation for an order in council to be adopted pursuant to subsection 3 must not be made until at least four weeks after the draft has been presented to both

Section 35

Houses of the States General. The recommendation must be made at a time such that three quarters of this period falls outside a recess of both Houses.

1.

Having heard the municipal council, the provincial executive and the Council, Our

6.

Our Minister may also award grants for the change of use of historic buildings/sites.

Minister and Our Minister of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment may

7.

Rules will be laid down by ministerial order concerning the award of grants as

designate urban and village conservation areas as listed urban and village

referred to in subsection 6. Subsection 3, second sentence applies and subsection 4

conservation areas and may withdraw such designation. 2.

applies mutatis mutandis.

Our Minister must forward the proposal for designation or withdrawal of designation simultaneously to the municipal council, the provincial executive and the Council. The municipal council must make recommendations via the provincial executive within six

Section 34a

months, the provincial executive within nine months and the Council within twelve 1.

a special-purpose grant to a municipality or province to cover the costs of carrying

3.

Our Minister and Our Minister of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment

out excavations, where such costs should not reasonably be borne in full by:

must decide on designation or withdrawal of designation within sixteen months of the

a. the person who is obliged to carry out the excavations;

forwarding of the proposal.

b. the municipality whose council or executive ordered the excavations to be carried

2.

months of the forwarding of the proposal.

Our Minister may, in accordance with rules to be laid down by order in council, award

4.

A decision on designation or withdrawal of designation must be published in the

out;

Government Gazette. Notice of the decision must be given in the appropriate daily or

c. the province whose council or executive ordered the excavations to be carried out.

other newspapers and to the municipal council, the provincial executive and the

The rules referred to in subsection 1 concern:

Council.

a. the criteria for awarding a grant; b. the way in which the amount of the grant is fixed;

Section 36

c. applying for a grant; d. the conditions on which a grant is awarded;

1.

The municipal council must adopt a land-use plan as referred to in the Spatial

e. the obligations on the grant recipient;

Planning Act for the protection of a listed urban or village conservation area. A time

f. determining the definitive amount of the grant;

limit for adopting such a plan may be set in the decision designating a listed urban or

g. the payment and recovery of the grant and the making of prepayments.

village conservation area.

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2.

The decision designating a listed urban or village conservation area must determine

municipal council must take account of existing or potential archaeological monuments in the

whether and to what extent existing land-use plans may be deemed to be protective

ground.

plans within the meaning of subsection 1 or whether an administrative ordinance as referred to in the Spatial Planning Act may be adopted after Our Minister has been

Section 39

heard. 3.

If a land-use plan as referred to in subsection 1 or 2 has to be adopted anew pursuant to section 3.1, subsection 2 of the Spatial Planning Act, the municipal

1.

In the interests of the archaeological heritage, an environmental permit for a non-

council, having heard Our Minister, may, notwithstanding section 3.1, subsection 1 of

building activity as referred to in section 2.1, subsection 1 (b) of the Environmental

the Spatial Planning Act, adopt an administrative ordinance as referred to in that Act

Permitting (General Provisions) Act may be made compulsory under a land-use plan.

for the area in question.

2.

In the interests of the archaeological heritage, a land-use plan may require an applicant for an environmental permit for an activity as referred to in subsection 1 to

Section 37 [Repealed as of 01-10-2010]

submit a report which, in the opinion of the administrative authority competent to grant the permit, provides sufficient evidence of the archaeological value of the site

Chapter V. Preservation of the archaeological heritage

that will be disturbed if the application is granted.

§1. Bye-laws, land-use plans, permits and dispensations

Section 40

Section 38

1.

In the interests of the archaeological heritage a land-use plan may require an applicant for an environmental permit for a building activity as referred to in section

1.

In the interests of the archaeological heritage the municipal council may adopt bye-

2.1, subsection 1 (a) of the Environmental Permitting (General Provisions) Act to

laws to:

submit a report as referred to in section 39, subsection 2.

a. lay down rules concerning the requirements that the municipal executive may

2.

2.

In the interests of the archaeological heritage, a land-use plan may determine that

impose on research in the context of excavations;

conditions established pursuant to section 2.22, subsection 3 (d) of the

b. determine cases in which the municipal executive may refrain from further

Environmental Permitting (General Provisions) Act may be attached to an

archaeological research or from imposing an obligation to conduct such research.

environmental permit for an activity as referred to in subsection 1.

If a bye-law as referred to in subsection 1 concerns an area for which a land-use plan as referred to in section 38a has been adopted, the bye-law remains in force to the

Section 41

extent that it is compatible with the land-use plan. 3.

Part 3.4 of the General Administrative Law Act applies to the preparation of a bye-law

1.

as referred to in subsection 1.

In the interests of the archaeological heritage, an applicant for an environmental permit for an activity as referred to in section 2.1 subsection 1 (c) of the Environmental Permitting (General Provisions) Act may be required to submit a

Section 38a

report that, in the opinion of the competent authority as referred to in section 1.1 of that Act, provides sufficient evidence of the archaeological value of the site that will

In adopting a land-use plan or an administrative ordinance as referred to in section 3.1 or

be disturbed if the application is granted.

section 3.38 of the Spatial Planning Act and in the use of the land covered by the plan, the

2.

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47  appendices

permit for a demolition activity as referred to in section 2.1, subsection 1 (h) of the

decision as referred to in subsection 1.

Environmental Permitting (General Provisions) Act may be required to submit a report that, in the opinion of the competent authority as referred to in section 1.1 of

§3. Excavation permit

that Act, provides sufficient evidence of the archaeological value of the ground on which the structure to be demolished stands. Section 41a

Section 45 1.

Carrying out excavations without or in contravention of an excavation permit granted by Our Minister is prohibited.

Sections 39, 40 and 41, subsection 1 do not apply to projects involving a surface area of less

2.

2

than 100 m ; the municipal council may set a different surface area. Section 42 [Repealed as of 01-10-2010]

An excavation permit will be granted if the applicant demonstrates that he is competent to carry out excavations.

3.

An excavation permit may be granted subject to restrictions.

4.

Our Minister may impose charges in connection with granting an excavation permit in accordance with rates to be set by him.

Section 43

Section 46 Rules may be laid down by or pursuant to order in council concerning the content and format of the report referred to in section 39, subsection 2, section 40, subsection 1 and section 41,

1.

subsections 1 and 2.

The holder of an excavation permit must notify Our Minister of the commencement of the excavation.

2. §2. Archaeological priority areas

No later than two weeks after the excavation is completed, the holder of the excavation permit must notify Our Minister of the initial findings.

3. Section 44

No later than two years after the excavation is completed, the holder of the excavation permit must preserve the movable objects of archaeological importance found during the excavation and surrender the preserved objects and the

1.

Where land-use plans have failed to take sufficient account of existing or potential archaeological monuments in the ground, the provincial executive may designate as

2.

No later than two years after the excavation is completed, the holder of the excavation permit must submit a report describing the results of the excavation to

archaeological importance.

Our Minister, the owner and the executive of the municipality where the excavation

The municipal council must adopt a land-use plan for a designated archaeological

took place. 5.

The provincial executive must notify Our Minister of designations as referred to in subsection 1.

4.

4.

‘archaeological priority areas’ areas of the province that are, or are likely to be, of

priority area within a time limit to be determined by the provincial executive. 3.

accompanying excavation documents to the owner.

subsections 1 to 4 may be attached to excavation permits. 6.

When adopting or revising a structure scheme as referred to in section 2.2 of the

In the interests of the archaeological heritage, conditions other than those set out in Our Minister may grant dispensation from the conditions referred to in subsections 2 to 4.

Spatial Planning Act, the provincial council must take account of designated archaeological priority areas. 5.

Section 47

Part 3.4 of the General Administrative Law Act applies to the preparation of a

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Our Minister may withdraw an excavation permit if, in his opinion, the permit holder is no

reasonable time;

longer competent to carry out excavations, does not observe the restrictions imposed or

c. the potential market-distorting effects of Our Minister’s decision are limited;

does not comply with the conditions set.

d. the potential adverse financial consequences for the person who is obliged to carry out the excavation are not disproportionate; and

Section 47a

e. a permit as referred to in section 45 has been granted to the institution. 2.

Before giving a decision as referred to in subsection 1, Our Minister must seek the

Sections 45 to 47 apply in the contiguous zone referred to in section 1 of the Contiguous

advice of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research referred to in section 2

Zone (Establishment) Act.

of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research Act.

Section 48

§5. Ownership

1.

Section 50

By or pursuant to order in council, rules may be laid down governing the standard of competence referred to in section 45, subsection 2 and the restrictions referred to in

2.

3.

section 45, subsection 3. Further rules may be laid down governing the conditions

Movable objects of archaeological importance which are found while carrying out

referred to in section 46, subsections 1 to 4.

excavations and to which no one can prove a right of ownership are the property of:

The order in council referred to in subsection 1 includes in any event rules on ways of

a. the province where they were found; or

guaranteeing that research in connection with and the carrying out of excavations

b. the municipality where they were found, if the municipality possesses a repository as

comply with standards of scholarly care and relevance.

referred to in section 51, subsection 2; or

The recommendation for an order in council to be adopted pursuant to subsection 1

c. the State, if the movable objects of archaeological importance were not found within the

must not be made until at least four weeks after the draft has been presented to both

boundaries of any municipality.

Houses of the States General. The recommendation must be made at a time such that three quarters of this period falls outside a recess of both Houses.

§6. Repositories

§4. University education

Section 51

Section 49

1.

The provincial executive must maintain a repository where movable objects of archaeological importance found in the course of excavations in that province can be

1.

At the request of an institution for university education as referred to in section 1.1 (c) of the Higher Education and Research Act or of an institution for university education

stored in a responsible manner in the interests of conservation and access. 2.

The provincial executive may, at the request of a municipal executive, designate a

established in a member state of the European Union or the European Economic Area,

repository in that municipality where movable objects of archaeological importance

Our Minister may decide that a particular excavation should be carried out by that

found in the course of excavations can be stored in a responsible manner in the

institution, if:

interests of conservation and access.

a. the excavation in question is of exceptional importance to the institution’s specific

3.

Our Minister must designate, for the storage of objects of marine archaeological

research programme;

importance found while carrying out excavations, one or more repositories which in

b. the institution possesses sufficient capacity to carry out the excavation within a

his opinion are particularly suited to such storage.

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4.

Standards may be laid down by order in council for responsible and accessible

Section 54a

storage of movable objects of archaeological importance and related documents and

Sections 53 and 54 apply in the contiguous zone referred to in section 1 of the Contiguous

reports.

Zone (Establishment) Act.

Section 52

§8. Central Archaeological Information System

1.

Section 55

Both movable objects of archaeological importance as referred to in section 50 and the related excavation documents as referred to in section 46, subsection 3 must be stored in repositories as referred to in section 51, subsections 1 to 3.

2.

3.

1.

Our Minister must maintain a Central Archaeological Information System in which the

Our Minister may determine that both objects of marine archaeological importance

following are in any event to be incorporated and made public:

found while carrying out excavations and related excavation documents must be

a. the registers referred to in sections 6 and 7, in so far as they concern

stored in a repository as referred to in section 51, subsection 3.

archaeological monuments;

Having heard the Council, Our Minister may, within six months of the notification

b. the decisions given on applications for a permit as referred to in section 11,

referred to in section 46, subsection 2, determine that a movable object of

subsection 2;

archaeological importance as referred to in section 50 (a) or (b) be loaned to a

c. the decisions referred to in section 44, subsection 1;

museum or similar institution for reasons of public interest.

d. the report referred to in section 46, subsection 4; and e. the notifications referred to in section 46, subsections 1 and 2, section 53,

§7. Duty of notification

subsection 1 and section 54. 2.

Section 53

results contained within them. 3.

1.

Copyright and database right as referred to in section 2, subsection 1 of the

Any person who, except while carrying out excavations, finds an object or site that he

Databases (Legal Protection) Act in the Central Archaeological Information System

knows or may reasonably assume to be of archaeological importance must notify Our

are reserved.

Minister as soon as possible. 2.

Copyright is reserved in the reports referred to in section 46, subsection 4 and the

4.

Any person with title to a movable object as referred to in subsection 1 must keep or

Fees may be charged for the provision of information from the Central Archaeological Information System in accordance with rates to be set by Our Minister.

make it available for research purposes for a period of six months, calculated from the date of the notification referred to in subsection 1. Section 54

§9. Special powers

Any person who, while engaged in a search for archaeological monuments which does not

Section 56

involve disturbing the soil, makes observations that he knows or may reasonably assume to be of relevance to the archaeological heritage must notify Our Minister of these observations

In the event of damage or imminent damage to archaeological monuments, Our Minister

as soon as possible.

may lay down requirements for the execution of the work that is causing the damage or imminent damage, or may order that the work be wholly or partly suspended for a limited or

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53  appendices

unlimited period.

Our Minister may draw up forms for the notifications referred to in section 46, subsections 1 Section 57

and 2, section 53, subsection 1 and section 54.

1.

Chapter VI. Enforcement and penalties

Our Minister may determine that, in the interests of archaeological research, a person with title to a site must allow entry onto that site and must allow measurements to be taken or excavations to be carried out on it.

2.

Section 61 [Repealed as of 01-10-2010]

The administrative authority responsible for preparing or implementing a land-use plan as referred to in section 3.1 of the Spatial Planning Act, an administrative

Section 62 [Repealed as of 01-10-2010]

ordinance as referred to in section 3.38 of that Act or an environmental permit for an activity as referred to in section 2.1, subsection 1 (c) of the Environmental Permitting

Section 63

(General Provisions) Act may determine that, in the interests of archaeological research, a person with title to a site must allow entry onto that site and must allow

1.

measurements to be taken or excavations to be carried out on it in so far as such research serves for the preparation or implementation of the plan, ordinance or

Our Minister is responsible for the enforcement under administrative law of the provisions laid down by or pursuant to this Act.

2.

permit in question.

The administrative authority that is competent to grant, with respect to a historic building/site, an environmental permit as referred to in the Environmental Permitting (General Provisions) Act is responsible for the enforcement under administrative law

Section 58

of section 11, subsection 1 with respect to a historic building/site that is not an archaeological monument.

1. 2.

Our Minister must pay reasonable compensation for damage caused by a measure

3.

Chapter 5 of the Environmental Permitting (General Provisions) Act, with the

as referred to in section 56 or section 57, subsection 1.

exception of section 5.2 and division 5.5, and with the exception of section 5.11 in the

The administrative authority referred to in section 57, subsection 2 must pay

case of an archaeological monument, applies to the enforcement of the provisions

reasonable compensation for damage caused by a measure as referred to in section

laid down by or pursuant to this Act

57, subsection 2.

Chapter VII. Transitional and concluding provisions Section 59

Section 64 [Repealed as of 01-01-2009] Legal actions for compensation for damage as referred to in section 58 must be heard by the district court in the district where the work or the research is carried out.

Section 65

§10. Forms

A government agency, an institution for university education, or a municipality which, at the time of the entry into force of the Archaeological Heritage Management Act, holds an open-

Section 60

ended excavation permit is authorised to carry out excavations, subject to the restrictions

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and conditions attached to the permit, for two years after the entry into force of the Act.

We order and command that this Act be published in the Bulletin of Acts and Decrees and that all ministries, authorities, bodies and officials whom it may concern diligently implement

Section 66

it.

1.

Done at The Hague on 23 December 1988

Movable objects of archaeological importance which are found in the course of excavations that have been begun but have not been completed at the time of the entry into force of the Archaeological Heritage Management Act and to which no one

Beatrix

can prove right of ownership are the property of the State. 2.

Movable objects of archaeological importance as referred to in subsection 1 found in

L.C. Brinkman

the course of lawful excavations by a municipality are the property of the municipality.

Minister of Welfare, Health and Cultural Affairs

Section 67

E.H.T.M. Nijpels Minister of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment

For two years after the entry into force of the Archaeological Heritage Management Act, movable objects of archaeological importance which are found in the course of excavations

Published on 30 December 1988

must be stored in the repositories of the municipalities holding permits as referred to in section 65.

F. Korthals Altes Minister of Justice

Section 68 Within a year of the entry into force of the Archaeological Heritage Management Act, the provincial executive must inform municipal permit holders, as referred to in section 65, how it will make use of the power referred to in section 51, subsection 2. Section 69 Decisions taken before the entry into force of the Archaeological Heritage Management Act on the basis of section 58, subsection 1, which was repealed by the latter Act, have been based on section 63, subsection 1 since the entry into force of the Archaeological Heritage Management Act. Section 70 This Act may be cited as the Monuments and Historic Buildings Act 1988.

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Short history of the listing of State monuments in the Netherlands:

Section 1 of the Monuments and Historic Buildings Act 1961 listed the following key criteria: •

general importance

•

man-made immovable object

In 1903 the government set up a special committee to catalogue and describe the Netherlands’

•

at least fifty years old

historic and artistic monuments. This committee laid the foundations for what would later be the

•

beauty

monuments and historic buildings list, producing what was known as the Preliminary List (1908-

•

folkloric value

33). The list was published in eleven parts – one for each province plus a separate one for

•

significance to academic learning

Amsterdam. This exercise would eventually culminate in a general handbook of architectural

•

objects and sites with a historic association

Different criteria are used over time.

history in the Netherlands, known as the Illustrated Description. When it was completed in 1933, the Preliminary List featured 12,000 structures, as well as many movable objects that were

The new statutory criterion of folkloric value opened the way for the protection of ‘small

regarded as important by virtue of their association with the churches, castles, town halls and

monuments’ such as historic homes, farmhouses and windmills, the majority of which had not

aristocratic homes that housed them. This was the first systematic, national inventory based on

been included in the Illustrated Description because, by pre-war standards, they had no artistic

a uniform definition of what was to be regarded as a monument or historic building. That

value. The growing appreciation of ‘small monuments’ was prompted not only by the rapidly

definition read: ‘all buildings and objects in the Netherlands dating from before 1850 that are

declining number of buildings representing old Dutch building traditions, but also by an

important as artistic expressions, or by virtue of their historic association’. The new criterion of

academic broadening of the terms ‘culture’ and ‘history’, blurring the distinction between ‘high’

before 1850 had been included on the basis of the idea that two generations, or fifty years, must

and ‘low’ culture.

have passed before the value of a monument or historic building could be properly judged. In 1970, partly in response to social pressure, which produced an unremitting flow of new After the Second World War, the Interim Monuments and Historic Buildings Act was introduced

applications for protected status, and to the ongoing demolition of many buildings, a start was

in 1950, and extended in 1955. The first Monuments and Historic Buildings Act proper was

made on expanding the list of monuments and historic buildings to include recent monuments

passed in 1961, protecting monuments and historic buildings from defacement or demolition.

dating from after 1850.

The first list of monuments and historic buildings was compiled on a very tight schedule, and with limited resources. It was based on the Preliminary List and, for convenience, the same

Besides selecting ‘top monuments and historic buildings’ a method was also developed for

criterion of ‘dating from before 1850’ was used, although the fifty-year point had since moved up

selecting a broad range of objects based on regional inventories. For the first time, the

to 1910. War damage, alterations, comprehensive inner-city restructuring and land parcelling

procedure was dominated by the cultural heritage perspective. This approach met the need

meant the Preliminary List had to be reviewed. More than 100,000 homes and over 15,000

among the public and academics for artefacts from the past to be viewed in a more integrated

farmhouses had been destroyed or badly damaged in the war, as well as a thousand ‘major

way, reflecting both high and low culture, architecture, urban planning, land development,

monuments’.

society and technology. As a result, non-traditional categories such as industrial heritage, cemeteries and cultural landscapes became part of heritage management. At the same time, the broadening of the concept of a monument or historic building gave rise to a need to refine the selection criteria and account for the choices made. Quality always took precedence over quantity (national interest). In this context, quality was interpreted on the basis of the new, broader definition that denoted a building worthy of preservation because of its

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architectural or cultural heritage value. A relatively small proportion of objects were selected in

In the late 1990s the National Heritage Agency began to prepare for the next phase: the

virtually every category of building.

reconstruction period. This led in 2007 to the drafting of Policy Rules on the designation of protected monuments and historic buildings 2007. These rules stipulate that ‘internationally or

The present Monuments and Historic Buildings Act was introduced in 1988. The definition of

nationally recognised monuments or historic buildings characteristic of Dutch architecture, urban

monuments and historic buildings includes the following criteria: Any objects produced at least

planning, land development, construction techniques or spatial art, which as such number

fifty years ago that are of general interest because of their beauty, their significance to academic

among the approximately 100 most valuable monuments or historic buildings from the period

learning or their cultural heritage value.

1940-1958’ qualify for protection. The policy rules also stipulate that the following criteria must be applied for the purposes

Interestingly, the criteria of ‘folkloric value’ and ‘historic association’ have made way for the

of selection:

broader concept of cultural heritage value.

a.

the monument or historic building should clearly represent a milestone in the development of architecture, urban planning, land development, construction techniques

The Monument Selection Project, or MSP, had a major influence on the development of criteria

or spatial art in the Netherlands, as evidenced among other things by its leading status

for conservation of the built heritage. The aim of the project was to protect examples of more

and by reference in the national and international specialist literature; or

recent architecture from the period 1850-1940. It ran from 1987 to 2005, eventually selecting 8,500 buildings from an inventory and description of 165,000.

b.

the monument or historic building should be a prime example of the main developments in the cultural or social heritage of the reconstruction period in the Netherlands.

The four main criteria used in this selection process were laid down in a circular drafted by the

Right now we are in the process of designating the Top 100 of architecture from the period

culture minister. They represent a more detailed working of the statutory criteria:

1940-1958.

•

national or international milestone in the history of Dutch architecture between 1850 and 1940 (‘benchmark value’)

•

RCE, September 2009

prime and intact example of a characteristic development in the same, in general terms or as an important local or regional variant (‘transition value’)

•

prime and easily recognisable example of a characteristic cultural heritage/social historical and/or typical regional development in same

•

nationally/regionally rare but characteristic and easily recognisable example of a key development in Dutch architecture or construction techniques between 1850 and 1940.

The project took a decentralised approach, with eleven provinces and four major historic cities collaborating on the inventories.

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4 Designation of Teylers as listed building

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5 Grant under Dutch Conservation of Monuments Decree (Besluit rijks­ subsidiëring instandhouding monumenten, BRIM)

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6 Inspection report 2011 Monument Watch Noord-Holland (Monumentenwacht Noord-Holland)

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7 Designation of Haarlem as an urban conservation area

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8 Covenant Municipality of Haarlem and Foundation for the Management and Conservation of Teylers Museum Bufferzone Teylers

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Inhoudsopgave Wat is een bufferzone

3

Teylers Museum en zijn omgeving

4

De bufferzone

6

Grote of st. Bavokerk Damstraat Spaarne Bakenessergracht Nauwe Appelaarsteeg

Beschermingsregime in de bufferzone

De monumentenwet Beschermd stadsgezicht Bestemmingsplan Adviescommissie Ruimtelijke Kwaliteit

Bebouwingsmogelijkheden bouwblok Teylers

2

Wat is een bufferzone

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6 6 6 7 7

8

8 8 8 8

Het Teylers Museum is in april 2011 samen met tien andere Nederlandse erfgoederen op de Voorlopige Lijst Werelderfgoed van UNESCO1 gezet. Het gaat hierbij om onvervangbaar erfgoed van uitzonderlijke universele waarde. Om de authenticiteit en de integriteit van het erfgoed te beschermen dient het object nationaal beschermd te zijn middels wetgeving, waarbij het niet alleen om het object zelf gaat, maar ook om de ruimtelijke kaders daarvan. De ruimtelijke begrenzing van het object moet zodanig worden gekozen dat de uitzonderlijke kwaliteiten hiervan afdoende wordt beschermd. Rondom het te beschermen object dient daarom een zogenaamde bufferzone te worden gelegd. De bufferzone ligt als een ring om het Teylers-museum heen en moet met name het vrije uitzicht garanderen. Dat betekent beperkingen aan het gebruik en de ontwikkeling van het gebied. Het gaat bijvoorbeeld om het voorkomen van belendende nieuwbouw van een geheel andere maat en schaal of karakter, waardoor de visuele integriteit van het erfgoed wordt aangetast. UNESCO legt zelf geen extra regels op en daarom moet de bestaande regel- en wetgeving in orde zijn op het moment dat de nominatie plaatsvindt.

10

1 De United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO, Organisatie van de Verenigde Naties voor Onderwijs, Wetenschap en Cultuur).

Bufferzone Teylers

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3

Teylers Museum en zijn omgeving Een opvallende karakteristiek van het Teylers Museum is het introverte karakter van het gebouw. Aan het Spaarne maakt de markante voorgevel een groot gebaar, maar het vertelt verder nog niets over het gebouw er achter. Verscholen in een bouwblok bestaat het museum uit een agglomeraat van bouwdelen; elk met een eigen (bouw-)geschiedenis. Tot hoever reikt nu de invloedsfeer van dit introverte gebouw? Startpunt bij de zoektocht naar de grenzen van de invloedsfeer van Teylers is het zicht vanaf het museum zelf. Het hoogste punt van het Teylers Museum is de sterrenwacht. Dit is een klein gebouwtje dat gebouwd is boven de ovale zaal. Vanuit de sterrenwacht is er een heel vrij uitzicht op Haarlem en zijn omgeving. Van de karakteristieke binnenstad van Haarlem tot de buitenwijken met meer grootschalige bebouwing daaromheen tot aan de duinen, de hoogovens van IJmuiden en Schiphol. Dit hele gebied is de ruimere context van het museum, zijn habitat. Dit is echter geen bufferzone. Het bepaalt de plaats van een object, maar is er niet direct van invloed op. Ontwikkelingen hier, hoe grootschalig ook, vormen geen bedreiging voor de cultuurhistorische waarden van het Teylers Museum.

de bufferzone

Bufferzone Teylers

bouwblok met daarin het Teylers

Maar hoe manifesteert Teylers zich in zijn omgeving; hoe zichtbaar is dit verborgen museum? Eigenlijk zijn alleen de expressieve voorgevel met beeldengroep en de koepel van de ovale zaal met de sterrenwacht vanaf de straat herkenbaar als het Teylers Museum. In werkelijkheid is het museum veel groter en beslaat een groot gedeelte van het bouwblok waarin het is gelegen. De bufferzone van het Teylers Museum wordt daarom gedefinieerd door twee belangrijke elementen. In de eerste plaats de directe omgeving van het museum, namelijk het bouwblok. En in de tweede plaats de zichtlijnen vanuit de omgeving naar het museum. 4

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5

Bakenessergracht

De bufferzone Het bouwblok rondom Teylers Museum wordt begrensd door het Spaarne; de Bakenessergracht, de Damstraat en de Nauwe Appelaarsteeg. Het bouwblok is gaaf bewaard gebleven en wordt onmiskenbaar gedomineerd door het museum met de karakteristieke koepel van de ovale zaal. Ook de in de binnensteedse bouwblokken zo schaarse groene ruimte met imposante Prent van Johannes Hendriks, 1925 bomen hoort bij het museum. De grenzen van de bufferzone worden bepaald door twee factoren. Het bouwblok waarin het Teylers is gelegen en de zichtlijnen vanuit de omgeving naar het Teylers. De zichtlijn vanaf het Teylers speelt hierbij geen rol van betekenis omdat vanaf de sterrewacht bijna de hele regio te zien is terwijl deze hierop niet direct van invloed is.

Grote of st. Bavokerk De zichtlijnen op het Teylers zijn verbonden met het zicht op de grote kerk. De Bavo is nu eenmaal het meest dominante gebouw van Haarlem en is door de hoge toren vanaf grote afstand te zien. Dit historisch beeld mag niet worden verstoord.

Damstraat De zeer gave gevelwand aan de Damstraat heeft een monumentale bebouwing met de Waag op de hoek. Naast de Waag ligt het Teylers fundatiehuis een belangrijk rijksmonument dat deel uitmaakt van het Teylerscomplex en op termijn ook een publiek toegankelijk deel van het museum zal worden. Dit deel van de Damstraat, gezien vanaf het Spaarne met de Bavo op de achtergrond is eindeloos vaak afgebeeld op foto’s, prenten en schilderijen en is een belanrijke zichtlijn. Dit deel aan het Spaarne, waar de oever zich iets verbreedt was een belangrijke plek voor de handel. Hier stond de Waag en vanaf de 15de eeuw tot 1872 stond hier een grote houten kraan. De plek werd eerst wel het Slepershoofd genoemd en later Kaasmarkt. De ingang naar parkeergarage de Appelaar is geen fraaie toevoeging in dit gebied, maar verstoort de belangrijke zichtlijn niet.

Spaarne Aan het Spaarne springt de gevel van Teylers, zowel wat schaal al verschijningsvorm betreft er onmiskenbaar uit. De openheid van het Spaarne zorgt ervoor dat de gevel ook vanaf grote afstand is te zien. Het Spaarne is zo’n belangrijke drager van de identiteit van Haarlem, met lange zichtlijnen, bruggen en de gevel historische bebouwing, waaronder het Hodshonhuis dat hier de invloed van het Teylers op zijn omgeving en vice versa het grootst is. Hier ligt het Teylers als een toonaangevend element in de gevelwand omringd door historische bebouwing met op de achtergrond de Bavokerk.

De gevelwand van de Bakenessergracht is kleinschaliger en minder imposant dan de Damstraat en het Spaarne. De Burgwal kent van oorsprong voornamelijk woonhuizen met wat kleinschalige bedrijfsbebouwing en is vrij gaaf bewaard gebleven. Een restant van het Enschede-complex op de hoek met de Nauwe Appelaarsteeg is in gebruik als kantoor en depot van het museum. Het is echter als zodanig niet herkenbaar vanaf de straat. Maar eigenlijk manifesteert het museum zich überhaupt niet aan de Bakenessergracht.. Het wordt aan het zicht onttrokken door een rijtje panden en alleen de grote boom is in de museumtuin goed zichtbaar. Zolang de historische karakteristiek van de Bakenessergracht niet aangetast wordt, kan er op kleine schaal goed sprake zijn van uitbreiding van panden zonder dat het Teylers daar invloed van ondervindt.

Nauwe Appelaarsteeg De Nauwe Appelaarsteeg is een steeg met grote contrasten. Juist hier is de koepel van de ovale zaal goed zichtbaar, maar tegelijkertijd is het een steeg zonder voorgevels, zeer gesloten op begane grondniveau en met grootschalige nieuwbouw aan de andere kant van de steeg. Het gebouw van de rechtbank wijkt sterk af van zijn directe omgeving wat betreft maatvoering, Aanvliegfoto Enschede complex vormentaal en materiaalgebruik. Het is een moderne toevoeging in de binnenstad van Haarlem die zich niet makkelijk voegt in zijn context. Het gebouw is echter in de plaats gekomen van een evenzo groot en afwijkend gebouw, namelijk het industriële complex van de voormalige drukkerij Enschede. Ondanks dit sterke contrast is het gebouw niet van negatieve invloed op het Museum. Hoewel verassende zichtlijn vanaf de Simon de Vrieshof de koepel goed zichtbaar is, opent het gebouw zich niet naar de steeg. Positief is de verrassende zichtlijn vanaf de Simon de Vrieshof; door het gebouw heen op de koepel van de ovale zaal en de sterrenwacht. De bebouwing van het Enschede-complex was niet alleen grootschalig, maar ook zeer gesloten, terwijl de huidige bebouwing van het rechtbankcomplex, hoewel ook grootschalig, toch veel meer openheid kent en de zichtlijn op het Teylers heeft hersteld.

zicht op het Teylers over het Spaarne 6

Bufferzone Teylers

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7

Beschermingsregime in de bufferzone De monumentenwet Het Teylers Museum zelf en een groot aantal panden in de bufferzone is door het rijk aangewezen als rijksmonument. Namens de minister van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap (OCW) wijst de Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed onroerende zaken aan die uniek en waardevol zijn voor ons land. De monumentenwet bevriest de panden niet, maar zorgt er wel voor dat alle wijzigingen aan het monument vergunningsplichtig zijn, waarbij telkens zorgvuldig wordt afgewogen of de plannen geen onevenredige schade toebrengen aan het pand.

de door de gemeenteraad vastgestelde Welstandsnota. Bij het beoordelen van monumentaanvragen ziet de commissie erop toe dat bij verbouwplannen geen monumentale waarden in het geding zijn. Uit de welstandsnota blijkt dat plannen niet alleen op zichzelf worden beoordeeld maar vooral ook in samenhang met de omgeving of te verwachten stedenbouwkundige of architectonische ontwikkelingen. Voor het beschermde stadsgezicht betekent dit dat het behoud of versterking van het bijzondere karakter van het historische stadscentrum uitgangspunt is. De bufferzone kent geen apart welstandsregime, maar bij het beoordelen van vergunningsaanvragen zal meegewogen worden of de bouwplannen van invloed zijn op het Teylers.

Beschermd stadsgezicht Een ander belangrijk beschermingsregime in de bufferzone is dat van het beschermde stadsgezicht. De gehele bufferzone valt namelijk in het beschermde stadsgezicht. De Monumentenwet 1988 omschrijft beschermde gezichten als ‘Groepen van onroerende zaken die van algemeen belang zijn wegens hun schoonheid, hun onderlinge ruimtelijke of structurele samenhang dan wel hun wetenschappelijke of cultuurhistorische waarde en in welke groepen zich één of meer monumenten bevinden. Net als de rijksmonumenten worden ook de beschermde gezichten aangewezen door het rijk. De bedoeling van de aanwijzing is om de eigenheid van het gebied te behouden en nadrukkelijk een plek te geven in ruimtelijke ontwikkelingen. De bescherming richt zich niet direct op individuele panden, maar vooral op de historische karakteristiek, de stedenbouwkundige structuur en op de inrichting van de openbare ruimte, de binnengebieden en het groen. De bescherming van het gebied vindt plaats door middel van beschermende bestemmingsplannen. In het bestemmingsplan staat welke gebruiksmogelijkheden voor panden en terreinen zijn toegestaan. Ook de maximale bebouwingsmogelijkheden en bouwvoorschriften zijn in het bestemmingsplan vastgelegd.

Bestemmingsplan De bufferzone valt binnen drie verschillende bestemmingsplannen die nu herzien worden, namelijk Bakenes (concept klaar december 2011), Burgwal (conceptfase) en een klein gedeelte in Oude Stad (concept klaar januari 2011). Uitgangspunt bij deze bestemmingsplannen is het consolideren van de historische karakteristieken van het gebied. Dat betekent dat ruimtelijke plannen in dit gebied worden getoetst en moeten voldoen aan bepaalde criteria die de gewenste kwaliteit garanderen. Om de historische structuur en de ruimtelijke kwaliteit in het gebied goed te verankeren in de bestemmingsplannen worden waarderingskaarten opgesteld. Op de waarderingskaart worden de afzonderlijke gebouwen gewaardeerd met een orde-aanduiding: 1, 2, 3 of nieuwbouw. Eveneens worden ensembles aangegeven en voorstellen voor herstel van de historische rooilijn. De waarderingskaart is door middel van de indeling in drie verschillende orden, ensembles en seriebouw gekoppeld aan een mate van bescherming in de planregels.

Adviescommissie Ruimtelijke Kwaliteit Tenslotte is er ook nog het beschermingsregime van de Adviescommissie Ruimtelijke Kwaliteit (ARK). De Woningwet en de Monumentenwet schrijven voor dat vergunningaanvragen voorgelegd moeten worden aan een commissie van onafhankelijke deskundigen. De ARK is een onafhankelijke commissie die het college van burgemeester en wethouders adviseert over bouwaanvragen en monumentenaanvragen. Bouwaanvragen worden door de commissie getoetst aan de welstandscriteria zoals genoemd in 8

concept waarderingskaarten

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Bebouwingsmogelijkheden bouwblok Teylers

Colofon: Uitgave van de gemeente Haarlem

_ T 023 511 30 00 _ F 023 511 34 40

De hoofdbebouwing van het bouwblok waar het Teylers onderdeel van uitmaakt bestaat voor ca. 60% uit orde 1 bebouwing. Deze bebouwing is op grond van de Monumentenwet beschermd en ligt vast qua volume. Bijna 40% van de hoofdbebouwing in het bouwblok heeft een orde 2 aanduiding. Voor deze bebouwing geldt dat de goothoogte gehandhaafd dient te blijven. Er is een uitzondering hierop voor de bebouwing aan de Bakenessergracht. De bebouwing hier met één laag en een kap mag volgens het vigerend beleid één laag uitbreiden. Het uitgangspunt voor het toekomstige bestemmingsplan is om deze bestaande rechten over te nemen. Ook zijn er bouwmogelijkheden voor aanbouwen, uitbouwen en bijgebouwen op de erfbestemming. Het is mogelijk deze gronden voor 50% te bebouwen met een maximum van 40 m2. De bouwhoogte mag de eerste 2,5 meter uit de achtergevel gelijk zijn aan de hoogte van de begane grondlaag van het hoofdgebouw met een maximale hoogte van 4 meter. Overige bebouwing mag maximaal 3 meter bedragen tenzij het bijgebouw wordt voorzien van een kap met een maximale hellingshoek van 45 graden. In dat geval mag de bouwhoogte van bijgebouwen maximaal 4,5 meter bedragen. Deze bebouwingsmogelijkheden worden in het in ontwikkeling zijnde bestemmingsplan overgenomen. Er is binnen het bouwblok beperkte vrijheid om het erf in te delen. Het plaatsen van Teylers op de Werelderfgoedlijst brengt geen nieuwe regels met zich mee. De bestaande regelgeving moet afdoende zijn om het museum en daaromheenliggende bufferzone te vrijwaren van ongewenste ruimtelijke ontwikkelingen. Er komen geen extra regels, maar de bestaande regels zullen verscherpt worden toegepast. Naast de afweging of een ontwikkeling in strijd is met de cultuurhistorische waarden van het beschermd stadsgezicht zal de afweging worden gemaakt of het van invloed zal zijn op het UNESCO- Werelderfgoed Teylers.

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Appendix 10

10 Comparative analysis: overview of other institutes

The comparative analysis (nomination file, paragraph 3.2) shows the results of the investigation into institutes that share similarities with Teylers. In the context of the Outstanding Universal Value of Teylers, the most relevant institutes were described in the nomination file. In this appendix we provide a description of the other institutions investigated. a.

Founded by the State

The Obere Belvedere (Vienna, Austria) was built in 1717-1723 for Prince Eugene of Savoy-Carignan (1663-1736), a celebrated military commander in the service of the Habsburg emperors. It was used for receptions and ceremonial activities. The design was the work of the baroque architect Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt. From 1781 on the public could see in this palace the imperial collection of paintings. This collection was moved to Kunsthistorisches Museum in 1891. The Untere Belvedere was built between 1712 and 1716 as the residence of the Prince. It contained his large collections of books and art. These were sold after his death. The building served as a museum for the imperial collections between 1811 and 1888. The Österreichische Galerie Belvedere has been housed in the palace since 1903. The Obere Belvedere is located in the part of Vienna that was designated a world heritage site in 2001. The Picture Gallery of Sanssouci Palace (Potsdam, Germany) was built between 1755 and 1764 specifically for King Frederick the Great’s collection of paintings. Between 1830 and 1929, parts of the royal – and later imperial – collection were shifted back and forth between this building and the Altes Museum in Berlin. As well as the paintings that formerly belonged to Frederick the Great, the current collection contains paintings from other Prussian castles. Ninety-nine others are still in Russian collections. The paintings are once again hung one above the other, in the traditional way. The Picture Gallery claims to be the ‘oldest royal museum building still in existence’. After being damaged during World War II, the building was extensively restored. The interior is a modern reconstruction of the original. The Small, Large, and New Hermitage (St. Petersburg, Russia) were built in the third and fourth quarters of the eighteenth century as palaces for Czarina Catherine the Great and as a museum for Czar Nicholas I. As well as being living quarters, the Small and Large Hermitage were also intended to house Catherine the Great’s art collection. In 1837 the somewhat older Winter Palace (which formed part of the complex) was damaged by fire, after which the interior was rapidly restored. Shortly afterwards, Czar Nicholas I invited Leo von Klenze of Germany – the architect of the Alte Pinakothek and the Glyptothek in Berlin – to design a new museum. In 1852 the Imperial Museum of the New Hermitage was opened as a public museum. Paintings were displayed in the upper parts of the building, and antiquities on the ground floor. Over the years, the rooms have been refurbished and redecorated more than once, and the complex has expanded into the former palaces named above; since the 1980s, it has also incorporated new buildings. The whole complex was damaged in World War II, meaning that the interiors required substantial reconstruction and restoration. In the course of the twentieth century, parts of the collections have been moved elsewhere while nationalised private collections were added to the museum. The Hermitage is situated in the part of St. Petersburg that was granted World Heritage status in 1990. The Fridericianum (Kassel, Germany) was founded by Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel in 1768. In the spirit of the Enlightenment, it was opened as a public museum in 1779. On the parapet of the building, which is in the Classical style, are six allegorical figures representing philosophy, astronomy, history, architecture, painting, and sculpture. Among other things, the museum housed a collection of classical antiquities, as well as natural history exhibits, a collection of architectural models, a weapons collection, wax figures, an observatory, and a library. It was conceived as an encyclopaedic museum. In the Napoleonic era, however, it was converted into Germany’s first parliament building. In the course of the nineteenth century all collections were moved elsewhere. It was not until after World War II – during which the building was severely damaged and the library that was still in situ was completely lost – that it was once again made into a museum. Since 1955 it has been an important centre for modern art and special exhibitions; the Dokumenta exhibition takes place there every five years.

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The Albertina (Vienna, Austria) is a palace built originally in the seventeenth century, which was considerably altered from 1745 onwards and designated a residence in 1776 by Prince Albert of Saxony-Teschen, who owned a large collection of prints and drawings..Later on, the palace became the residence of the imperial family. Interior alterations were carried out in 1802, 1822,and 1895. In 1919 the collections were brought together with those from the imperial library after which the building was named the Graphische Sammlung Albertina by the Austrian Republic. In World War II the building suffered very serious damage, but the art collection and the library had been removed to safety. Repairs were carried out after the war and the building was thoroughly modernised between 2000 and 2003. The Albertina is located in the part of Vienna designated a World Heritage site in 1996. The Universalmuseum Joanneum (Graz, Austria) was created in 1811 for Archduke Johan as a museum and a knowledge centre. In 1887 it was designated a ‘Landesmuseum’ (state museum) and the centre for education and research became a technical college, later Technische Universität Graz. A building at Rauberstrasse 10 dating from around 1670 was chosen as its first home. At that time, its collections included a coin cabinet, a mineralogical collection and the archduke’s private collection, which contained exhibits from nature as well as cultural objects. The various collections were then given a permanent home in the museum, which grew considerably. For this reason the New Joanneum was opened near to the original museum in 1895. Around 2010 substantial work was begun, in which the two buildings were connected via an underground passage and the entrance was altered. The renovation project will be completed in 2013 and the site will boast an extensively modernised multimedia museum of science and natural history, where geology, zoology, mineralogy and botany will take centre stage. The museum is located in the part of Graz that was awarded World Heritage status in 1999. Prince Willem V Gallery (The Hague, the Netherlands; part of the Buitenhof) was part of the ‘Cabinet of Art and Nature’, founded in 1766 by stadtholder Prince William V of Holland. Among other items, the collection included natural history, instruments, fossils, coins and medals, paintings, and a library. The cabinet’s gallery of paintings was opened to the public separately at the Buitenhof in The Hague from 1774 to 1795. It was the first public collection in the Netherlands. The buildings that were made available for it dated from the fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries, but these were adapted and extended up to the eighteenth century. During the period of French dominance, much of the collection was taken to France or was sold, either in France or the Netherlands. Some of the parts of the collection that were returned were dispersed to other collections and other locations, such as the Mauritshuis (in The Hague) and the University of Leiden. The gallery was recreated in 1977. While this bridged a gap of some 180 years in the existence of the museum, it was based on only a small part of the original interior and decoration that dated from the second half of the eighteenth century. In 2010 the building was modernized and now shares its entrance with the adjacent Museum de Gevangenpoort. The Louvre (Paris, France) was created as an art museum in 1793 and was a direct consequence of the French Revolution. The museum was in fact established in one of the palaces of the deposed and executed king, after plans to exhibit the royal collection had been put forward as early as 1750. The palace has medieval origins but was extended in the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, so that when it was made into a museum, it was a very large structure. For the first 75 years, its main function was as a place to study works of art. During the nineteenth century the collection came to include ever more areas of interest, including Egyptian, Assyrian and Mexican art. From then on, increasing numbers of rooms were brought into use and additional ones built – a process that continues until this day. Over time, the form of presentation has been adapted to changing requirements and practices. The Cabinet des Médailles (Paris, France) is an example of a royal coin cabinet. From the reign of King Charles IX (1550-1574), a special garde particulier des médailles et antiques du roi was always appointed. The collection consists of coins, medals and antiquities. During the French Revolution, religious treasures from Saint Denis and other monasteries and burial places were added to it. The collection was housed in various palaces. After nationalisation in 1793, it was placed in the Bibliothèque Nationale. Since then it has been moved a number of times, most recently in 1917. The collection is said to be the oldest national museum in France.

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The Royal Armouries Collection of the Tower of London (London, Great Britain) is also a renowned specialised royal collection. Weapons were manufactured and stored here from the Middle Ages, and visitors have been able to view weapons since around 1600. A museum arrangement was first set up here in 1660. In the nineteenth century, much of the collection was lost in a fire. The collections were regularly moved around within the complex. There are now three branches, one of which is in the United States. The nature of the exhibition evolved from a theatrical to an educational one. The Tower claims to be the oldest British museum and one of the oldest in the world. The Moravian Museum (Brno, Czech Republic) was founded in 1817 on the orders of Emperor Francis I, the focus on economics, agriculture, natural sciences, history and technology being determined by scholars from a range of disciplines. The museum was first (1818) housed in the Bishop’s Courtyard (built in 1588), where part of it is still located. Due to expansion of the collection and continuing specialisation in technology, this department was split off from the rest in about 1870 and moved elsewhere. As this process of specialisation and separation continued into the second half of the twentieth century, the only departments on the original site today are those of natural history and numismatics. The interior arrangement of the museum now known as the Bishop’s Courtyard site of the Moravian Museum has been modernised, and only the exterior of the building still retains its historical character. The National Museum of Brazil was founded as a royal museum in 1818 by the king of Portugal. One of the goals of the museum was to stimulate research on the natural history of Brazil and to discover and classify the plants and animals of the country. In the course of the nineteenth century the collections were expanded with archeological and ethnological objects. In 1892 the museum was moved to the palace of the disposed emperor, where it has been housed until this day. In 1946 the University of Brazil took over the management of the museum. The National Museum of Colombia (Bogotá) was founded in 1823. One of the first museums in South America, it was born of a desire to establish a national identity at a time when countries in the region were just gaining independence. Its first home, which was opened to the public in 1824, was replaced by another building in 1842. The twentieth century brought two more moves, when parts of the collection – such as a botanical section – were also split off from the rest. One of the old buildings is now used as a museum for colonial art, while the National Museum was moved in 1948 into a former prison built in 1874. In 1975 this building underwent restoration. The collection mainly covers history, art and culture. Although the Natural History Museum of Argentina (Buenos Aires) was founded in 1826, after Argentina gained its independence from Spain, plans for it dated from as early as 1812. The museum was first housed on a floor of the Convent of Santo Domingo. The Italian astronomer Ottaviano Fabrizio Mossotti founded the first observatory and a meteorological station, as well as a physics laboratory. With the return of the Dominican order, the museum was forced to move. In 1854 it found space in the former Temple of St. Ignatius, which had belonged to the order of theJesuits..Over subsequent decades buildings were added, but in the 1920s the situation became untenable due to the lack of space, and new premises were built between 1929 and 1937. In 1948 President Perón ordered the construction of a new annex, which was also to house the National Natural Sciences Institute. The Chilean Natural History Museum (Santiago de Chile) was founded in 1830 by the Chilean government. Its original brief was to establish a cabinet featuring biology and geography, and especially agriculture and mineralogy. The collection expanded from 1908 onwards. Before this, however, in 1906, there had been a severe earthquake, which destroyed large parts of the building and the collection. The same was to happen again in 1927. On both occasions, the building was subsequently restored, with the museum remaining at the same site. In recent years the museum has been considerably extended and modernised. The National Museum of Natural History (Montevideo, Uruguay) was founded in 1837 after a decree by the government calling for the creation of a library and a natural history museum. Initially housed in an existing building, the museum was moved in 1868 to the first floor of the building that contained the library and the national archive. It moved again in 1879, this time to premises where it would remain for some 120 years. Now known as the National Museum, it had three departments: 1. natural history,

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2. fine arts and 3. history. These were later separated, then brought back together again shortly after 2000. This was reversed once again in 2009, by which time the museum had moved to an eighteenthcentury building. b.

Founded by the Church

The Musei Capitolini (Rome) owe their existence to papal initiatives which began in 1471, when Pope Sixtus IV donated a number of ancient statues to the city’s inhabitants. Starting in the mid-sixteenth century and partly under the direction of Michelangelo, two buildings on a square were converted; under Pius V, a third building was added a century later, in 1654. This U-shaped complex made it possible to create a museum displaying a sculpture collection. In 1734, under Clement XII, the collection – now comprising statues and portraits – was made accessible to the public and later further expanded. Collections of porcelain, coins and earthenware were added in the nineteenth century, when what is known as the Octagonal Hall was built. There were further extensions in the twentieth century, which involved alterations to the internal arrangement and also to part of the collection. The Musei Vaticani (Rome, Vatican City, Italy) originated in 1506, when Pope Julius II began displaying Classical Roman and other statues in a purpose-built exhibition hall which became known as Cortile Ottagono. In subsequent centuries – especially the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries – later popes had new exhibition rooms and buildings added to the existing complex. In 1772 the PioClementino Museum was opened to the public. The collections were expanded to include Etruscan and contemporary sculptures and paintings, as well as Egyptology, Judaic art and artefacts, and other items. Although the structure of the original Cortile Ottagono remained essentially unaltered, the displays and interior arrangement changed over time. The original purpose of the museum did not extend beyond exhibiting objects. The complex belongs to the Vatican and as such has been World Heritage since 1984. c.

Founded by Universities or Academies

In 1750, the Observatory of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (Stockholm, Sweden) was built on the highest point outside the city as the first building of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (1739). In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and for the greater part of the twentieth century, astronomical, meteorological and geographical work was carried out there. One of the most prominent scholars and researchers was P.W. Wargentin (1717-1783), who was secretary general of the Academy for decades. Ownership of the building was transferred to the city of Stockholm in 1930, but in 1999 it came back into the hands of the Academy. Since then it has been a museum for the history of natural and other sciences. Most of the instruments and other objects from the collection that are exhibited in various rooms do not originate from the observatory. The dome on the room was built fairly recently. The Royal Society of Edinburgh was founded in 1783 on the basis of initiatives in that direction made decades earlier. Until 1810, members met in the library of the University of Edinburgh, then, until 1826, they assembled in the first building to belong to the Society. In 1826 there was another move, to the newly-built Royal Institution Building, where the Society remained for some eighty years. After that the Society moved to its present location . From the outset, the Society’s interests were not exclusively scientific, but also literary. Like Teylers, the Society was divided into two groups, with the difference that one was literary rather than theological. The other was devoted to the natural sciences. The publicatiobn of journals was an important activity of the Society. The Royal Academy of Ireland (Dublin) was established in 1785. Until 1851 it was located opposite the Royal Dublin Society. It then moved to the current building, which has been altered over time. In around 1857 the collection was moved internally, and in 1890 it was moved to the new Dublin Science and Art Museum (now the National Museum of Ireland).

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d.

Founded by Citizens

The Amerbach Kabinett in Basel was bought jointly by the city and the University of Basel in 1661. Already famous, this collection had belonged to the humanist and collector Basilius Amerbach (15331591). It was exhibited in his house on Kleinbasler Rheingasse, and contained works of art (drawings, prints and paintings), objects from natural history and ethnography, coins and medals, musical instruments, and a large library. Open to the public from 1671 in Haus zur Mücke, the collection was managed by the University. Around a century later, a paintings gallery was established in the attic, and in 1828 the collection was merged with the art collection of the Faesch Museum. In 1849 the collections were moved to a newlyconstructed museum building, where the Natural History Museum is still based. However, after that date the collections were split up, with the library, the exceptional art collection, and some other components being taken away separately. In 1894 parts of the Kabinett collections were incorporated into the collections of specialised museums in Basel. Important parts of the Amerbach Kabinett and the Faesch Collection are now displayed in a church, the Barfüsserkirche. The Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society( Manchester, Great Britain) was founded in 1781. Its initiators included doctors, pharmacists, chemists and physicists, but later merchants, engineers and manufacturers were also welcomed. The goals of the Society, which was originally private, were to encourage education and to broaden interest in literature, the arts, sciences and social affairs, without the involvement of any political or religious beliefs. From 1799 to 1940 the Society was based in premises built specially for it, but in 1940 this was destroyed by a German bomb, together with part of the collection. Part of the remainder is exhibited in the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester. Lectures are still given and books and journals published. The Felix Meritis Society was founded in Amsterdam in 1777 and from 1788 it was located in the building of the same name on the Keizersgracht. Characterised by a neoclassical style typical of the period of its construction, the building’s façade incorporates the colossal order and a fronton. This society was the result of a citizens’ initiative; inspired partly by ideals of the Enlightenment, it aimed to promote the arts and sciences. It included departments for music – with an oval concert hall – and for physics, trade and literature. After the society was disbanded shortly before 1890, the building was put to a variety of uses. It was seriously damaged by fire in 1932. Since around 1970 it has been used for cultural activities and includes a theatre. The Städel Museum (Frankfurt / Main, Germany) dates from 1817 and came into being thanks to an initiative of the Frankfurt single and childless banker and merchant J.F. Städel (1728-1816). He had been collecting paintings, drawings and imprintings from 1770 and possibly inspired by the opening of the Louvre Museum in 1793 he decided to found a public gallery. In his will he transfered his collection to the foundation 'Städelsche Kunstinstitut' and also gave birth to the so called 'Stadelschule', an artschool whithout discrimination between sexes or religion - the first of its kind. The collection, then mainly Flemish, Dutch and German, 17th and 18th century works - was exposed in his domicile at the Roßmarkt, but in 1833 it was transfered to a pre existing location on the Neue Mainzer Strasse. In 1878 the museum moved again, now to newly built premises (arch. O. Sommer) on the Schaumainkai, where it remained until this day. During the Second World War the building was severely hit, but the collections - that grew and also covered a wider range in space and time ever since the foundation of the museum - were safe. After restauration, it was reopened in 1966. In recent years the museum was enlarged, but the 1878 heart of the building remained relatively intact. The Yorkshire Museum (York, Great Britain) opened in 1830 and was founded by the Yorkshire Philosophical Society to house geological and archaeological collections. The classical Greek-style building was surrounded by a botanical garden, now known as the Museum Gardens. In 1833 a observatory was built in the garden. In 1912 an annex to the museum was built. After 1960, ownership of the buildings and gardens was transferred to the City of York Council. Nowadays the museum houses collections concerning biology, geology, astronomy and archaeology. In 2008 the project ‘Letting in the Light’ was launched. When the museum reopened in 2010, the collection of Roman archaeological finds from the area was put on display again. As a result, it exudes a feeling of modernity within a historical shell.

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The Sir John Soane’s Museum (London, Great Britain) was established in 1833, after a number of adjacent properties had come into the ownership of architect John Soane (1753-1837) between 18081812 and 1823-1824. During his lifetime – in 1833 – he designated one of these properties, which served as his home and his studio, as a museum and a theatrical showcase of his work, and left a bequest and easement for that purpose. Later in the nineteenth century the original museum was extended by connecting it to the other buildings. From the start there has been a Picture Gallery at the rear of the museum, where architectural drawings and other items are displayed. The museum also still has the model and fragment collection that belonged to Soane and others. The Gallery has a system of natural lighting from above, a system that Soane had already applied on a number of occasions and which was frequently imitated. Swansea Museum (Swansea, Wales, Great Britain) came into being in 1841 on the initiative of the Royal Institution of South Wales (RISW), which was founded in 1835 by a group of regional people interested in science, literature and history. As well as research and the dissemination and promotion of art, their objectives included collecting literature and sharing it with others. The museum was created in order to display the items collected, but it also contained a laboratory for scientific research and a public room for lectures whose main emphasis was scientific. In 1975 it became the property of Swansea City Council in 1991. Since then the building has undergone modernisation. From the very beginning, the collection has contained objects related to the history of Swansea and Wales, and also of other places. From its foundation, the museum’s collection has also included a library.

The South African Museum (Cape Town) was founded in 1825 and it is the second-oldest scientific institute in South Africa, after the Royal Observatory, which was created in 1820. In 1897 the museum moved to its present premises in the so-called Company Gardens, where it currently functions as a research and educational institute, and where its collections include African zoology, palaeontology and archaeology. It also has an exceptional anthropology collection. The museum building, to a Classicist design dating from colonial times, underwent substantial interior modernisation around 2000. Government Museum (Chennai, India) was founded in 1851 on the initiative of the Literary Society of Madras (1846). The museum was housed briefly in what was then the College of Fort St. George. A short time later, in 1854, it was moved to its current site, the Pantheon, which had been used for banquets, balls and performances since the end of the eighteenth century. The complex was greatly extended over the following century with new rooms, a zoo, an aquarium, a public library and a big lecture theatre. It now consists of six separate buildings, containing 46 galleries. The architectural styles of the buildings mirror the developments in Indian architecture between c. 1850 and 1960. The museum’s collection grew to cover many fields including art and archaeology,, anthropology, zoology, botany, geology, numismatics, and manuscripts. The museum is one of the largest museums in South Asia.

The Kulturhistorisches Museum/Physikalisches Kabinett (Görlitz, Germany)was created in 1804 on the basis of a library and collections of books, graphic drawings, scientific instruments, models, coins, and mineralogical collections,. Especially intesting is the collection of the Physikalisches th Kabinett and the library. In the course of the 19 century the broad aim of the society was changed into a focus of regional history..The house was used by the society until its disbandment under Soviet pressure in 1945, and then again after German reunification. In 1950 both the library and the scientific collection became the property of the town of Görlitz, which, in 1951, made the society’s premises into the second site of the current cultural history museum. In 2002 and again in 2010 extensive restorations and some alterations were carried out in the property. The Australian Museum (Sydney, Australia) is the oldest museum in Australia. It was officially founded in 1845, but earlier the Philosophical Society of Australasia had started lobbying for a museum from 1821. The museum came to focus on natural history and anthropology, as well as mineralogy and palaeontology. The museum’s current neoclassicist home, designed by the architect James Barnet, was constructed in 1842-1849, but did not open to the public until 1857. The main aspects of the presentation remained intact until far into the twentieth century; in the meantime, the collection continued to grow. From the 1920s, dioramas were shown, but in the 1950s large parts of the museum were fundamentally altered and new buildings were added. Although new topics were introduced when further modernisation started in the 1980s, the original main building remains largely intact, certainly with regard to the exterior. The Museum of the Batavian Society (Jakarta, Indonesia) was founded in 1778 together with the society of the same name on the basis of Radermachter’s collection of books, musical instruments, coins, plant specimens and herbaria. He made his house available for the purpose, opening to the public in 1779. In later years, archaeological finds and mammal, bird and shell specimens were added and shown. The society issued prize contests and a journal. The collection grew so rapidly that in 1843 the zoological collection was separated from the rest, some of it going to the Netherlands, and the rest being sold at auction. In 1850 there was another cull, when geological and mineralogical collections were given to the Natuurkundig Genootschap (Natural History Society). The Museum of the Batavian Society subsequently concentrated on history, archaeology, numismatics, ethnography and collections of manuscripts. In the mid-nineteenth century the original building was no longer thought suitable as a museum, and in 1868 it was succeeded by a new building, which is still in use. The museum continued to exist until 1962, when the collections became part of the National Museum of Indonesia and the National Library of Indonesia..

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11 Support letter from the province of Noord-Holland

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Speech Neil MacGregor, director British Museum 10 december 2009 [a recording of the speech has been converted to the following text by staff members of Teylers Museum]

12 speech Neil MacGregor (10 december 2009)

It is an enormous honour to be asked to be present today to celebrate the two hundred and twenty-fifth opening of the Teyler Museum. A museum, which has a long and very close relationship with the British Museum, and the two museums together stand in a very particular part of the Enlightenment tradition.

The connections between the British Museum and the Teyler Museum are very long standing and, indeed, the physical form of the British Museum owes a great deal to this house. In 1801 during that brief moment of peace on the continent when it was possible for British visitors to come to the continent, the young Robert Smirke, the architect, came to the Teyler Museum. He was so impressed by the Oval Room that he took it home in his head as the model of what a museum ought to be. And when, thirty years later, he designed the King’s Library, the Enlightenment Gallery for the British Museum, he took as his model the Oval Room of the Teyler Museum.

It was therefore very appropriate when the British Library moved out and we had to renew that building, Andrew Burnett my colleague, who is here, came back and signed in the same visitor’s book, in 2001, two hundred years later. When he came to decide how we would remodel the Enlightenment Gallery again on the pattern of the Oval Room.

You have in a very real essence shaped the physical experience of the British Museum. But also of course the intellectual experience. And that is more recently demonstrated by the wonderful partnership of the Michelangelo drawings which Michiel Plomp and my colleague Hugo Chapman have organised jointly.

We were both able to share in both houses, not only in the study and the research of drawings but in the unprecedented crowds that came to both exhibitions. We both had the wonderful problem of how to keep people out, which is not normally one of our difficulties.

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But these close links between Britain and the Teyler Museum were, of course, present at

All the museums in Latin Europe are of course, the big ones, princely, royal, papal,

that opening two hundred and twenty-five years ago. Whereas put in the invitation that

whatever. They are under control of the state and they are part of the apparatus of the

extraordinary moment when the electric spark that was struck from the great generator

state. And it is no accident that the state in France destroyed the printing presses on

downstairs. Because it was the machine, the generator itself had been built by

which the Encyclopédie was printed.

Cuthberson, the Scottish engineer who had come to live in Amsterdam. It was a demonstration of the extraordinary close links between the two countries intellectually

In Britain it is an different model. The prime collection of Hans Sloane is offered to the

at that time.

state. And so very like Teyler a very rich man, as you probably know, a doctor, who was born a generation before Teyler, at around 1700-1710, a very successful doctor in

But not entirely friendly links. You may know that the Oval Room had actually been more

London, who wisely and early in his career decided that he would choose patients who

or less ready since about 1780-81. It had to wait until 1784 to open because of an event

are not very ill but who are very rich. And on the process of that and then he then wisely

which you, to us rather strangely, called “The Fourth English War”, when you had sided

and early decided to marry a wife that was not very beautiful but was very rich, managed

with the French against us.

to put together his extraordinary collection which he wanted, which he had held at his

And the result of that was The United States of America, and that is why the Oval Room

house, open to everybody, exactly like Teyler, the collection was put together in

was late. So had you not done that, there might never have been a United States of

cabinets: materials for study, a great library, natural history, fossils, minerals, put

America and the Teyler Museum would have opened on time.

together and available for anyone who would come to the house to study. Both men had the problem after their death of how you keep this going, how does this

But it does make the point I think that right from the beginning that what we are talking

extraordinary generous notion of a private citizen who has created an amazing collection

about in the opening, the making of a museum like this one, is an event which has

for studying and understanding and to keep that idea alive after his death.

political, intellectual and social repercussions. These institutions are profoundly political Sloane is living of course in London and he naturally thinks of Parliament as the

in their intension. They are conceived to change citizens, to make a certain type of

mechanism to do this. Parliament buys the collection and makes it a public collection,

society and through these institutions that our societies have become what they are.

a national collection, the first national museum in Europe, but makes it in many ways

And it is through the similarities and the differences in our societies, in our museums

like a private collection. It is, like this collection, to be kept together, not to be sold,

and in our intellectual pattern we learn to understand why we are and what we are now.

and to be open free to everybody who is interested. It is called ‘The British Museum’, to make it clear, it is not ‘The Royal Museum’. This

I think it has always been a source of fascination that in the Enlightenment the French

would not be the galleries, this will be at a distance from government and will be free for

used the book, the Eencyclopédie, the Dutch and the British collected things. You could

studying. It will be a place where, as Kant says: “it will be possible for everyone to have

not have a clearer demonstration to different ways in thinking about the world. And you

the freedom to make public use of one’s reason in a world that matters”, that great

could, I think, argue, if we were going to be speculative, that four of the great surviving

dream.

monuments of the Enlightenment that still survive, are the Encyclopédie, The Teyler Museum, the British Museum and the constitution of the United States of America. They

It is also about something else, because what is the idea of a public, a totally public

are four surviving witnesses to that great, great moment.

museum, open to everybody, expresses is the idea of an intellectual and an emotional

The origins of all these museums were of course different in Latin Europe and in Northern Europe. It is very striking, I think, that the wording in the Romance languages always

optimism of what a society can become if it is rooted in learning. And that is what both the British Museum and the Teyler Museum in each case prefer to be a public museum in their countries. That is what they are both trying to achieve. Teyler did it in a very

indicates to me a state that exists and is permanent : la Lumière, la Lumininicaciòn.

different way, but in a perhaps even more remarkable way. The idea of keeping his

The northern languages, who have Aufklaering, Verlichting, Enlightenment, see this as

collection permanently together to be available for studying, he decides to achieve, of

a process, as an attitude, as work in which many people have to engage. And one of

course, through his trustees, by his testamentary will. Teyler’s will must be one of the

the ways of allowing things to happen, is, of course, the creation of a museum.

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great documents, I think of the protestant Enlightenment. This is one of the great

I think there is a real possibility of a connection, because we know that the links between

differences between Latin Europe and Northern Europe, that our Enlightenment is never

Scotland and Holland in the eighteenth century were particularly close in the intellectual

in opposition to the church as a principle. It was one of the striking things I found,

world for the reason that we in Scotland still practise and use your Dutch law from before

reading Teyler’s will, the mixing of the religious, the social, the money given for

the Napoleonic invasion. Because Scotland was extremely keen, of course, not to follow

charitable purposes, for the orphans, for the religious communities and for learning

the English model when Scotland eventually got at the stage of being civilized enough to

and above all for that wonderful notion that in learning people will enjoy themselves by

have a new system at all, which came quite late. It chose as its model the Roman law as

coming together. The phrase I found was moving, and I am afraid I am going to try to

taught at the University of Leiden, which is still the law of Scotland. So when I was

read it very slowly in Dutch from his will. He talks about the idea of gathering together:

training as a lawyer at Edinburg, we had to read Dutch texts, to understand the history

people who are liefhebbers van en ervaren in de natuur-, dicht-, historie-, teken- en

of our own law. We were told and still are that the only countries left that still practice

penningkunde.

Roman-Dutch law, apart from Scotland other countries are South Africa, Mauritius and Sri Lanka.

That notion of all these different scholarships coming together and that it’s people who are amateurs, liefhebbers, and who meet together in a social context, is what the

The links between Scotland and the Netherlands were extraordinary close in the

Enlightenment to all of us seems so appealing, that knowledge is an act of friendship

eighteenth century and I think you feel something of the Scottish Enlightenment in this

and enjoyment, as well as an act of shaping the citizen.

museum, not just in the instruments of Cuthberson but also, I think, in that very close connection between the traditions of protestant Christian thinking and potentially

What Teyler’s will also makes clear is a particular aspect of his collecting and his view of

revolutionary intellectual enquiry.

the world, which is different from Sloane and the creation of the British Museum, because Teyler was, as in some sense and in some measure from the Scottish descent of his

But of course it wasn’t all serious and it wasn’t all so earnest. As I said, one of the great

family, and he is in fact much closer to the Scottish Enlightenment than to the London

points of Teyler and the whole Enlightenment is the sociable side of learning. One of the

Enlightenment.

key excitements of the Oval Room when the electric generator was working was surely

This is not just because of a strong Christian basis of his scholarship, it is because I think

that it was one of the great spectacles of eighteenth century Europe of physique

in both cases the Calvinist tradition of both countries makes quite clear that the use of

amusante, that wonderful notion. The kings of France had their own professeurs de

reason is an essential part of the service of God. And in Scotland it’s the Society of the

physique amusante, people who designed little demonstrations, in order to divert the

Propagation of Christian Knowledge which had published bibles in different languages

court.

that is actually at the forefront of the new studies of geology, of fossils, of the long

You may remember in Candide that when doctor Pangloss, Candide’s tutor, is exploring

history of the earth, which will raise all the big questions about the real status of

the physical delights of one of the female servants in the castle, he says he is carrying

Scriptures.

out an experiment in physique experimentale et amusante. Who knows what kind of physique experimentale et amusante had taken place in the Oval Room over the

The real parallel, I think, with the Teyler Museum which is in so many ways unique in

centuries?

Europe, there is only one collection that I think really stands beside it, which is the collection formed by Hunter at the University of Glasgow, a few decades before.

What we know is that it caused a sensation when it opened with that generator, the

Hunter, another doctor - it is interesting that in Britain all people who do this are doctors,

largest in Europe, the largest in the world. It must have been almost like watching a

I was rather hoping that Teyler might have at a stage been a doctor, but I couldn’t find

nuclear power station… to watch it function. And it generally was used as a spectacle,

that anywhere in the book - Hunter puts together the same kind of collection of scientific

as Madame d’Aubigny, who comes in 1791, she actually sees an eel being held in the

instruments and geology and fossils to think about the world and that is part of the

electric current and killed, which was obviously very amusing for everybody present,

University of Glasgow. Strikingly, of course, here that is different.

less so for the eel of course. It was a constant phenomenon again in England for the same matter of killing animals to demonstrate the new power of physics.

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But out of this was to come forth something very serious, because this was to be open to

about thinking, training the mind, not making people more able to resist false argument.

the public, this was to make a new private citizen.

Paintings being, and obviously the process of its kind was rather dangerous, being about

In both museums, the British Museum and the Teyler Museum, the question is, how do

pleasure.

you decide which public is appropriate. Both museums go through the same system: that you must have a little card and you

So Parliament for a long time refused to buy paintings for the public and when it did,

must be approved by the direction. The cards said in the British Museum and I think also

decided to set it separate in Trafalgar Square, not to mix them with the [British] Museum

on some of the earlier ones in the Teyler Museum as well as allowing you in they make

as it happened on the Continent.

very clear that on no account must you give money to the servants. They were very clear

But even so, what nobody was prepared to do in Britain was to buy contemporary native

about the status of the visitor and of the staff.

art. There was no collection of nineteenth century modern British art. The National Gallery refused to buy British painters. The British museum was horrified when Turner

But what happens when the citizens have this kind of access? It is more than very

left his drawings to it and it was not until the late 1890’s that the Tate collection was

profound. This opportunity of using the big public use of your reason does, of course,

founded ready to allow British art to be looked at and studied. Nothing more different

change society in a big way, as it was always intended to do. It was meant to be a

from what happened here where in this house, the first collection of contemporary

guarantee of freedom, it was meant to be the way it would enable the citizen to resist

Dutch art was collected and presented in addition to the drawings collection which

the power of the state, to resist the false arguments of the threatening models of

left untouched and uncontaminated and undiminished the eighteenth century holdings

government. Obviously France is the key one, and behind France lurked the demon of

by adding this enormous new and important dimension.

Rome. But the point was that the citizen used to carry out his own research, her own research, in books, on things and would be, in a profound way, a free citizen.

But if that uniqueness is evident in the collection, it is no less evident in the intellectual standing of the museum. It always uniquely has remained a great centre for research

The extraordinary achievement of this museum is of course, as Marjan said, that it has

across the range of its activities. The first director, Martinus van Marum was in great

remained intact. There is no other museum in the world where you can still experience

correspondence with Goethe en Volta and, as we al know, in this century Hendrik Lorenz

physically the same objects in the same place as it was possible in the 1780’s. If we

was a Nobel prize winner. I think this is the only museum ever being directed by a Nobel

compare the phenomenon of the Teyler Museum and the British Museum it makes it all

prize winner.

the more remarkable the extent in which the Teyler Museum has been able to survive. The British Museum began with a very comparable kind of collection, but over the years

That great tradition of scholarship is continued, not only in the coins and drawings

the natural history collection was moved out, the scientific instruments were moved out,

and in the other areas of the museum’s activities. A great house like this is of course

the fossils and minerals were moved out and the library was moved out. So you may ask

a remarkable phenomenon. Just by its physical surviving but also because of what

what is left, but a little remains. But what was lost in the nineteenth century

represents. It stands for a set of ideals which are rarely more clearly articulated and

specialisations, above all, was that sense of the oneness of creation. You need to try to

which were unusually achieved, realised and preserved.

understand it all to be a scholar of the whole thing. Because only all together could it make sense. That is the real university of knowledge, universality of knowledge, which

It was very admirable I thought, that the book which appeared recently on Teyler was

everybody else in the nineteenth century, all general nineteenth century museums, broke

called ‘The ideals of Pieter Teyler’. There must be few institutions that so fully embody

it up, it is about here.

a set of ideals, ideals to which I think we would all still be happy to subscribe and which do still stand for a vision of what a society ought to be and how knowledge should take

But although it did survive intact here, uniquely again the museum was also enriched.

its place in society and not shape that society. I think that is why this moment is such

One of the great debates in Britain in the early nineteenth century was for the paintings

an important one, not just for Haarlem or The Netherlands but for the whole of Europe.

should be added to the British Museum or not. Paintings represented a what is a quite

Because we have rarely more needed this reaffirmation of the world of serious study in

different kind of social phenomenon. Paintings not being about knowledge, not being

our society. The museum is not a place for entertainment, it is a place where we can

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come to think about ourselves and the context of the past. A place where the boundary between public and private dissolves to the public world and the museum becomes the private possession of every citizen achieved here as almost nowhere else. One of the great, great distinguishing characteristics of this house.

In the archaeology of knowledge there are very few monuments that have survived intact. Most of the great collections of museums and galleries have been destroyed, modified or changed. This is one of the very, very few that has survived and that is why I hope it will be possible at some point for this museum to be designated a Wold Heritage site. Because this is a critical part of European heritage. This is one of the great things that Europe thought, believed in and in this place managed to achieve. And it is because of it you can here physically enter the world of thought. In the Oval Room, which is a cosmos of enquiry, of shared research, a community which is both local and world wide. A cosmos of scholarship and generosity which deserves to be recognised as of world importance.

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13 Committee of recommendation

Committee of recommendation World Heritage nomination of Teylers in Haarlem, The Netherlands

Heritage conservation Prof. Dr. A.L.L.M. (Fons) Asselbergs, former director of the National Built Heritage Service Drs. H.P.G. (Hildebrand) de Boer, ICOMOS advisor outside of the Netherlands Prof. Ir. P.B. de Bruijn, partner De Architekten Cie, chairman Vereniging Hendrick de Keyser Politics and public administration Drs. S. (Sascha) Baggerman, former Deputy of Culture Province Noord-Holland Mr. Drs. L.C. (Elco) Brinkman, chairman Bouwend Nederland Mr. R.J. (Rein Jan) Hoekstra, former member of the Council of State Prof. dr. K.H.W. (Klaas) Knot, president of the Central Bank of the Netherlands (DNB) Mr. B.B. (Bernt) Schneiders, mayor of Haarlem Dr. A.H.G. (Alexander) Rinnooy Kan, chairman Social and Economic Council of the Netherlands (SER) Culture and Science Prof.dr R.H. Dijkgraaf, President of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNWA), from 1 july 2012 Director of the Institute for Advanced Study, Pinceton Prof. Dr. E.J. (Eric) Fischer, Professor by Special Appointment in Business History, University of Amsterdam, Dr. Neil MacGregor, director British Museum C.R. (Kees) van Kooten, comedian and writer Dr. D.J. (Debora) Meijers, associate professor Art History University of Amsterdam Prof. Dr. H.W. (Henk) van Os, emeritus University Professor Art and Society University of Amsterdam, former director Rijksmuseum Amsterdam Prof. Dr. W.W. (Wijnand) Mijnhardt, Director Descartes Centre for the History and Philosophy of the Sciences and the Humanities, Utrecht University Drs. J. (Jan) Riezenkamp, former Director General, Ministry of Education, Science and Culture Drs. M. (Monika) Sie Dhian Ho, director Wiardi Beckman Stichting Drs. S. (Siebe) Weide, director Netherlands Museums Association

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14 recommendations from neighbours, visitors and council members of Haarlem and province of Noord Holland

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Wiep van Bunge, J.J.V.M. de Vet (2002), Netherlands. In: A.C. Kors (ed.): Encyclopedia of the Enlightement. Oxford

15 Background articles about the dutch enlightenment

An Overview The notion that there was ever a Dutch Enlightenment is relatively new. Until recently, Dutch historiography was so preoccupied with the Golden Age of the seventeenth-century Republic that it saw in the eighteenth century only a poor reflection of former glory. More recently, however, the Dutch eighteenth century has been studied vigorously, and although there is every reason still to consider it an age of economic and political decline, an increasing awareness of its importance both in relation to its European context and to the Netherlands in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries seems to be emerging. Most experts agree that it makes sense to distinguish a very early Dutch Enlightenment that had already taken off during the 1650s (marking the beginning of the “long” Dutch Enlightenment) from the late Enlightenment, which reached its first climax during the revolutionary 1780s. At present, the most comprehensive account of the late Dutch Enlightenment in particular is supplied by Kloek and Mijnhardt (2001). The 1650s witnessed the suspension of the political state based on the stadholderate (1650– 1672), only shortly after the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) had granted the Republic international recognition as a sovereign state. Following the sudden death of the highly ambitious William II, in 1650, the States General embarked on a policy that served the interests of the regents who owed their fortunes to trade. Domestically, the States now actively opposed calls by Calvinist hard-liners for a “further Reformation” of Dutch morals. This resulted in the perpetuation of the celebrated policy of religious toleration that, its supporters argued, had been the very cause of the revolt in the first place. Dutch foreign strategy was mainly concerned with protecting and furthering the commercial interests of the nation. This period of “True Freedom,” as it was also called at the time, came to an end in the summer of 1672. After the secret Pact of Dover (1671), England, France, the bishop of Munster, and the elector of Cologne jointly declared war on the Republic. Within weeks French armies had reached the city of Utrecht, threatening to invade Holland as well. Throughout the Republic, the populace erupted, demanding that William II's only son, the young William III, be called in to save the nation from the “treachery” of the States and the regents, who were thought to have willfully neglected the armed forces. In the Hague, in August 1672, the brilliant regent of Holland, Johan de Witt, together with his brother Cornelius, was lynched by an Orangist mob. However, once William III took over as the new Stadholder, he turned out to favor rather tolerant politics himself. His main objective was to curb the increasingly aggressive foreign policies of Louis XIV of France. Indeed, once William III also became king of England in 1689, he turned into a champion of the Protestant cause in western Europe. In 1702, when he died without an heir, the states of Holland again decided to suspend the stadholderate, leaving the House of Orange to content its political aspirants with supplying hereditary stadholders of Friesland and some of the eastern provinces. By the early eighteenth century, the Republic had become a highly urbanized and remarkably literate nation. With a fairly irrelevant and steadily dwindling aristocracy, who were mainly domiciled in the northern and eastern provinces, 40 percent of its two million inhabitants lived in the cities and towns. In 1795, in the province of Holland, which housed nearly a third of the entire population, urban inhabitants exceeded 60 percent. Throughout the century these percentages did not change significantly. Although the population of Leiden and Haarlem

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dropped heavily during the later decades of the eighteenth century, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and The Hague continued to prosper until the 1780s. The figures for literacy arguably testify even more to the modernity of the Dutch Republic. In 1650, 70 percent of grooms and 40 percent of brides signed their marriage certificates; in 1795 these percentages rose to 80 and 60 respectively. By the late seventeenth century, one out of every forty Dutchmen matriculated at one of the five Dutch universities that had been established since the beginnings of the revolt. By the end of the eighteenth century, the Republic had some three hundred booksellers. More than a third of these were located in Amsterdam, which had almost as many bookshops as the vastly larger Paris. From a cultural point of view, the latter half of the seventeenth century was particularly advanced. This was mainly because the Republic was the first European nation to embrace the philosophical and scientific insights of René Descartes, who had spent some twenty years in the Republic, leaving it only in 1649, just months before his death in Stockholm. During the second half of the seventeenth century, a host of professors in philosophy, mathematics, medicine, and even theology, managed to turn Cartesianism into the philosophical norm taught in the Republic, to the obvious chagrin of many Calvinist ministers. In fact, Cartesianism turned into something of a political party opposing the efforts of the so-called “further Reformation,” which was led by the Utrecht divine Gijsbert Voet, who felt that Cartesian philosophy would result in both skepticism and atheism. During the first suspension of the stadholderate, Cartesianism even inspired a number of nonacademic, republican political philosophers, who combined their pleas in favor of the sovereignty of the States with their brand of “Cartesianism.”The most important Cartesian republican was of course Baruch de Spinoza. However, his Tractatus theologico-politicus (1670) and Ethica (1677) were widely considered atheistic, and even in the “tolerant” Republic were soon forbidden. Although Spinoza never became so popular as Descartes continued to be until the early eighteenth century, quite a bit of evidence has been unearthed that points to a continuing semiclandestine tradition of Dutch Spinozism, which inspired the early, radical Enlightenment in France and Germany in particular. Unlike their foreign counterparts, however, these early Dutch Spinozists, such as the Zwolle minister Frederik van Leenhof, were often deeply religious. The kind of materialism that in France was to be associated with Spinozism was exceptional in the Netherlands, and much of the philosophical radicalism of the early Dutch Enlightenment was anticlerical rather than antireligious. The pyrrhonism rampant among the Parisian libertins érudits was equally rare; Dutch Cartesians and Spinozists more or less ignored the pyrrhonist challenge, and classical scholars, who continued the brilliant tradition of Dutch humanism, favored the pedagogical uses of antiquity over its skeptical inheritance.

The Impact of French Immigration

Another major factor that helped to shape the early eighteenth century scholarly and literary culture in the Netherlands was the huge influx of French immigrants following the revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685). Within a short period of time, thousands of highly skilled and very literate French Protestants settled in the Netherlands, mainly in Holland, where they set up important publishing houses that became crucial to the distribution of enlightened thought all over Europe. Many of the most important scholarly journals of the time, including, for example Pierre Bayle's Nouvelles de la République des Lettres (1684), were produced and printed in Holland. In the eyes of the Dutch, this French invasion was not just an asset, and several influential Dutch authors reflected the increasing uneasiness among their contemporaries over the spreading of “French” morals.

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Justus van Effen, who, during the early decades of the eighteenth century, had made a name for himself as a journalist and author who published exclusively in French, launched his De hollandsche spectator (1731–1735), a journal in Dutch largely devoted to the effort of defining the Dutch roots of a civil morality that should protect his compatriots from the corrupting influence of the French way of life. According to van Effen, the moral and cultural decline he perceived during the 1730s could be reversed only by a return to the moral standards that had once laid the foundations of the Republic's greatness and had been the product of reasonableness, virtue, belief in the future, and, of course, in a benevolent creator. Van Effen's concerns were voiced during the second suspension of the stadholderate (1702– 1747) that started after the death of William III. During this period, the Republic was no longer able to steer an independent course in the European political arena. Fear of the French had turned into subservience to the British. Although many of the wealthier families managed to secure their fortunes by clever investment abroad, the Dutch economy became just as defensive as Dutch foreign policies had become. It was hampered by a demographic decline from the late seventeenth century and burdened by the massive interest payments on public debts accumulated as a result of the expensive political ambitions of William III and the part played by the Republic in the War of Spanish Succession (1702–1713). Moreover, a shift in economic activity from trading goods to the capital market not only hit the lower classes badly, but also affected the large middle class, leading to a dramatic increase in costs for poor relief after 1770. In 1747, during the War of Austrian Succession and after another French invasion in the south, the stadholderate was reinstated, and the Friesian stadholder William IV became stadholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, and Overijssel. The political structure of the Republic, however, remained largely intact. William IV died in 1751 and his widow, Anne of Hanover, daughter of George II of England, took over as regent during the minority of their son, in an attempt to continue the legacy of her husband. This did not stop the Amsterdam regents from regaining their hold on Dutch policy-making. In 1780, in the wake of the American Declaration of Independence, the division between Orangists and their opponents reached a new climax, when critics of the stadholderate dragged the Republic into a disastrous war with Britain (1780–1784). By this time the Republic, whose finances had been steadily dwindling throughout the century, was facing a complete economic breakdown. This did not stop the anti-Orangists, who, during the 1780s, reorganized under the banner of so-called “Patriotism.” William V's prerogatives were being dismantled step by step, and the States of Holland acted as if no stadholder was in place. In 1787, after a particularly embarrassing incident involving the arrest of the Gouda militia of Princess Wilhelmina, William V felt forced to call in the help of his brother-in-law, the king of Prussia, to stem the tide. Patriot militias were effectively taking control over much of the country. The Prussian king quickly responded by sending a 25,000 strong army, which restored the stadholderate and caused several thousand patriots to flee the Netherlands for France. It was clear that the Republic had become defenseless, and in 1795 it was simply abolished when the French decided to invade their northern neighbors, establishing a Batavian Republic. At first, patriot radicals governed the newly established National Assembly, but by this time, their ideological direction had changed considerably. Under the influence of the French, they no longer emphasized the sovereignty of the States, but, rather, the need to erect a single state. They only ruled until 1798, however, when they in turn were toppled by moderate supporters of the French. In 1806, Napoleon installed his brother Louis as first king of Holland. This was a crucial step toward the establishment of the unitary kingdom of the Netherlands, a process that was completed in 1815.

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From a political perspective, the “long” Dutch Enlightenment—which took off after the sudden demise of William II in 1650 with the triumphant ascendancy of the States of Holland as leaders of the Dutch Republic—was completed with the crowning of William I as king of the Netherlands in 1815. It will come as no surprise, then, that the very concept of a Dutch Enlightenment has baffled historians, who look for similarities with the French Enlightenment in particular. Furthermore, the fragmentary political structure of the Republic and its astonishing religious pluralism from the sixteenth century onward have led specialists to identify many different Enlightenments, once they started to investigate the specific nature of the Dutch Enlightenment. Recently, attempts have been made to identify an early, a late, a moderate, a radical, a Reformed, or a conservative Enlightenment, and so on.

Although not every “enlightened” Dutch person was prepared to go as far as Spinoza and Noodt in their defense of religious pluralism, there was general and quite natural agreement on the need to be tolerant, which was to be Dutch, as many came to feel. Despite the ferocity of some of the quarrels between Newtonians and Wolffians, there was also a widely shared common understanding of the providential nature of God's design and maintenance of the universe at large. Following the huge success of Bernard Nieuwentijt's Het regt gebruik der wereltbeschouwingen (The Right Use of Philosophy, 1715), specifically intended to stop the rise of Spinozism, physico-theology became a flourishing industry, which produced many dozens of learned treatises, according to which the detailed wonders of nature all testified to the benevolence of its creator.

Natural Philosophy and Toleration

Leiden was not only famous for its lawyers and its philosophers, Cartesian or Newtonian. Its medical reputation was also secure, and Hermann Boerhaave in particular added to its luster. Initially, he upheld Cartesian mechanism, but during his professorship at Leiden he came to endorse Baconian empiricism. His foreign visitors included Peter the Great, and one of his pupils, the Catholic Gerard van Swieten, was appointed personal physician to Empress Maria Theresa. During the 1740s, van Swieten was invited to reorganize the University of Vienna, a position he used to turn it into a bastion of the natural sciences. Quite apart from Boerhaave's professional achievements as a physician—his own research was mainly in the emerging discipline of chemistry—he was the first to launch Newtonianism at Leiden.

The fact that no particular thought dominated the Dutch Enlightenment is another contributory factor to this rich diversity of interpretation. It is true that Cartesianism was very important, at least until the early eighteenth century. It even penetrated the Leiden faculty of theology, where well into the eighteenth century, the disciples of the German professor Johannes Cocceius were generally perceived as supporters of Descartes. From the 1670s however, many Leiden natural philosophers, such as Burchard de Volder, became aware of the limits of Cartesian physics, and during the 1720s Willem Jacob ’sGravesande, editor of the Journal Littéraire, made Newtonian natural philosophy the norm at Leiden. His international prestige was considerable, as was the fame of his younger colleague Petrus van Musschenbroek, who after having held chairs at Duisburg and Utrecht, in 1740 joined ’sGravesande at the university of Leiden. 'sGravesande was a lawyer by training, but after having spent two years in England, where he befriended Isaac Newton and became a member of the Royal Society, he was appointed to the Leiden chair of mathematics and astronomy in 1717, and immediately began to lecture on Newtonian natural philosophy. He attracted scores of foreign students, including, most famously, Voltaire. Van Musschenbroek followed ’sGravesande's example and did much to popularize physics, publishing, for example, a Beginselen der Natuurkunde, beschreven ten dienste der landgenooten (Principles of Physics, Described for the Benefit of My Compatriots, 1736). Later physicists such as Pieter Camper and J. H. van Swinden, however, though successful as popularizers, no longer belonged to the international avant-garde in the natural sciences. Gradually, the disadvantages of the essentially didactic purpose of the university began to make themselves felt. Poorly equipped to do original research, even Leiden and Utrecht found it increasingly difficult to keep up with the latest developments in the natural sciences. Meanwhile, from the 1730s onward, Wolffianism, essentially based on the views of Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, also met with considerable support, especially at Groningen University, among both natural and moral philosophers, who turned much of their attention to the study of natural law. Gerard Noodt, arguably the greatest lawyer of the Dutch Enlightenment, was in many ways still a Cartesian, however. His natural law rationalism coupled with his enormous erudition—steeped in the humanist tradition of classical philology—turned him into a major representative of the early Enlightenment within the Dutch academy. Noodt became something of a European celebrity after the publication, in 1706, of a forceful plea in favor of religious toleration that was based on the strict separation of civil affairs from religious matters. He relegated the latter to the individual conscience in a manner reminiscent of the earlier arguments in favor of toleration developed by Spinoza, Locke, and Bayle, whose works on the matter were incidentally all composed and published in the Dutch Republic.

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Dutch Cultural Societies

According to the Encyclopédie, Leiden was still “the first academy of Europe,” and during the first half of the eighteenth century, the Netherlands was indeed much more than the printshop of European Enlightenment, in particular on account of its advanced universities. What is more, the much quoted fact that during the last quarter of the century the numbers of foreign students dropped dramatically does not necessarily imply any substantial loss of intellectual prowess. Dutch science had a structural problem, however, that increasingly undermined its development throughout the course of the century, namely, its lack of a national research academy. The Dutch Republic never had any equivalent to the Royal Society or the Académie Royale. This did not stop Christiaan Huygens from becoming the first president of the French Academy, nor did it prevent Dutch universities from keeping up with scientific developments in England and France for a long time. In the course of the eighteenth century, all sorts of scientific clubs, Masonic lodges, literary and broadly cultural societies, and reading associations sprang up all over the Republic, in an attempt to make up for the growing backwardness, or so it was perceived, of a once great Republic, now suffering acute decline. By the end of the century, some five hundred of these societies were active. They became the framework in which the cultural elite of the time attempted to define its own enlightened selfconsciousness. Research into the constitution of the Dutch reading public of the time has revealed that it largely coincided with membership of these societies. During the second half of the eighteenth century, the line of thought first expressed by Justus van Effen's Hollandsche spectator inspired a fierce debate in all sorts of “spectatorial” journals on the essence of citizenship. This eclipsed the classical vocabulary of political republicanism that was directed only at a regent class whose virtues had to be enhanced. Van Effen and his successors addressed all citizens, not only those in power. It also invoked a continuous reflection on the history, the present state, and the possible future of Dutch civilization. In 1778, at Leiden, the ardent Orangist Adriaan Kluit was appointed to the first chair in Dutch history. It was only fitting that his inaugural lecture addressed the legitimacy of the Dutch Revolt. Several experts have pointed out that this eighteenth-century obsession with the

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glories of a national past tended to lead to a certain isolation within the European context— although it also furthered the awareness of national unity, the lack of which had always been a cause for anxiety in these not so United Provinces. Traditionally, the literary efforts in particular of the societies that supplied Dutch enlightened discourse have suffered a bad press. In spite of the attempts of many spectatorial authors to invoke a wide variety of literary genres, their exhortations to cultivate a sober, virtuous, and reasonable lifestyle, which they presented as “Dutch,” no longer makes for thrilling reading today. More often than not, their overriding concern with the necessity of turning men, women, and children into useful members of a national community borders on the tedious, to say the least. Nonetheless, the sheer volume of journals, poems, plays, and even novels involved goes to show that the significance of these texts is not primarily artistic. Even major poets such as Hieronymus van Alphen and the young Willem Bilderdijk, who did much to emphasize the need for literary quality, shared many of the pedagogical assumptions of their less-talented colleagues. The same holds for the remarkable female duo of Betje WolffBekker and Aagje Deken, authors of the celebrated Sara Burgerhart (1782), conventionally considered to be the first original novel in the Dutch language. As Mijnhardt has shown (1988), these societies were largely apolitical. One of the virtues high on the agenda of Dutch enlightened sociability was concord. Time and again, the unity of Dutch family life was presented as the model for the nation as a whole. As a consequence, it would be a serious mistake to regard the patriots as defending the “true” heritage of the Dutch Enlightenment. Moreover, several of the most gifted enlightened thinkers in the Republic were staunch Orangists. Apart from Elie Luzac, the political economist Isaac de Pinto should be mentioned, as well as Rijklof Michael van Goens, professor at Utrecht before being forced to give up his chair in history under Voetian pressure, and who was one of the few Dutch intellectuals who knew philosophes, such as Denis Diderot, personally. The single, truly important Dutch philosopher of the time, François Hemsterhuis was no patriot either. Hemsterhuis, though very well versed in the classics, studied mathematics with ’sGravesande, and served for several years with the corps of engineers of the States army. In 1755, after a failed attempt to get a chair at Franeker University, he became a civil servant with the Raad van State (council of state) in the Hague, where he lived for the rest of his life, amid Orangist politicians and foreign diplomats. Not unlike Luzac—the publisher of Julien Offray de La Mettrie's L'homme machine (1747)—Hemsterhuis detested French materialism, and sought to complete Newton's philosophy of nature with what he held to be “Socratic philosophy.” This led him to aesthetics and ethics, and to the composition of a series of Platonic dialogues such as Sophyle ou de la philosophie (1778), Aristée ou de la divinité (1779), and Simon ou des facultés de l'âme (1787). Toward the end of his life, he became involved in the German Pantheismusstreit on the nature of Spinoza's “atheism.” Once again, he fiercely attacked the left wing of the French Enlightenment in his Lettre sur l'athéisme (1787).In the Dutch Republic of the eighteenth century, however, science and religion were rarely at loggerheads with one another, or so it would seem. The Cartesian separation of philosophy and theology— which even Spinoza subscribed to—coupled with the ubiquitous argument from design apparently remained an attractive solution for both philosopher and theologian. However, the appeal to reason—identified as being God's gift to humankind—gradually became more prominent among professional theologians and Protestant ministers as the century progressed. Whereas seventeenth-century Dutch authors had been quick to respond to foreign developments in the arts and sciences, however, latter-day eighteenth-century and early nineteenth-century Dutch people seem to become hesitant to import new ideas from abroad. This is illustrated, for instance, by the apparent lack of interest in French materialism, but also

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by Johannes Kinker's failure to raise any substantial interest for the writings of the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, who had launched a “Copernican revolution” that was largely ignored by Dutch philosophers. Although it has been shown that by the early nineteenth century, Kinker had managed to rally quite a number of radical Freemasons behind his calls for a Kantian Aufklärung, Dutch philosophers became seriously interested in German Idealism only during the latter half of the nineteenth century. One should bear in mind, however, that until now research into the Dutch eighteenth century has been dominated by literary and cultural historians. The history of eighteenth-century political thought has also been dealt with quite impressively, but historians of philosophy have all but ignored the Dutch eighteenth century. At the moment, there are no histories available of Dutch Newtonianism or Dutch Wolffianism, let alone of Dutch Kantianism. Serious research into the writings of Hemsterhuis has only just started. What is more, the question of the wider significance of eighteenth-century academic philosophy has hardly been addressed. This is all the more unfortunate in view of the self-assessment of many eighteenthcentury Dutch people, who saw themselves as living in an eminently “philosophical” age—a remarkable self-perception in view of the absence of a professional class of Dutch philosopher. The size of the Dutch reading public simply did not allow for profitable literary careers. Even a highly productive author such as Luzac could not make a living from his literary efforts. The most popular early nineteenth-century professors of philosophy, including Daniel Wyttenbach and Philip Willem van Heusde, went so far as to congratulate themselves on their intellectual xenophobia. It would seem that once the Republic, whose domestic history was so much at odds with the history of its surrounding neighbors, more or less fell apart during the 1780s, it saw little value in what its neighbors had to offer. Instead, it chose to reinvent its own identity by creating a national past from which a future nation was to emerge that in its insistence on reasonableness and frugality, on the need for its people to be Protestant, virtuous, and proud to be Dutch, owed more to its late-eighteenth-century Enlightenment than it cared to admit.

Bibliography

Berkel, Klaas Van, Albert Van Helden, and Lodewijk Palm, eds. A History of Science in the Netherlands: Survey, Themes and Reference. Leiden, Netherlands, 1999. Bergh, G. C. J. J. Van Den. The Life and Work of Gerard Noodt (1647–1725): Dutch Legal Scholarship between Humanism and Enlightenment. Oxford, 1988. Berkvens-Stevelinck, C., H. Bots, P. G. Hoftijzer, and O. S. Lankhorst, eds. Le Magasin de l'Univers: The Dutch Republic as the Centre of the European Book Trade. Leiden, Netherlands, 1992. Bosma, Jelle. Woorden van een gezond verstand: De invloed van de Verlichting op de in het Nederlands uitgegeven preken van 1750 tot 1800. Nieuwkoop, Netherlands, 1997. Bunge, Wiep Van. From Stevin to Spinoza: An Essay on Philosophy in the SeventeenthCentury Dutch Republic. Leiden, Netherlands, 2001.

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Grijzenhout, F., W. W. Mijnhardt, and N. C. F. Van Sas, eds. Voor Vaderland en Vrijheid: De revolutie van de patriotten. Amsterdam, 1987. Hanou, A. J. Sluiers van Isis: Johannes Kinker als voorvechter van de Verlichting in de vrijmetselarij en andere Nederlandse genootschappen, 1790–1845. 2 vols. Deventer, Netherlands, 1988. Israel, Jonathan I. The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477–1806. Oxford, 1995. Israel, Jonathan I. Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity, 1650– 1750. Oxford, 2001. Jacob, Margaret C. The Radical Enlightenment: Pantheists, Freemasons and Republicans. London, 1981. Jacob, Margaret C., and Wijnand W. Mijnhardt, eds. The Dutch Republic in the Eighteenth Century: Decline, Enlightenment and Revolution. Ithaca, N.Y., and London, 1992. Kloek, Joost, and Wijnand Mijnhardt. 1800: Blauwdrukken voor een samenleving: Nederlandse cultuur in Europese context. The Hague, 2001. Mijnhardt, Wijnand W. Tot Heil van't Menschdom: Culturele genootschappen in Nederland, 1750–1815. Amsterdam, 1988. Ruestow, E. G. Physics at Seventeenth and Eighteenth-Century Leiden: Philosophy and the New Science in the University. The Hague, 1973. Schama, Simon. Patriots and Liberators: Revolution in the Netherlands, 1780–1813. New York, 1977. Velema, Wyger R. E. Enlightenment and Conservatism in the Dutch Republic: The Political Thought of Elie Luzac (1721–1796). Assen, Netherlands, 1993. How to cite this entry: Wiep van Bunge, J. J. V. M. de Vet "Netherlands" Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment. Ed. Alan charles Kors. © 2002, 2005 by Oxford University Press, Inc.. Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment: (e-reference edition). Oxford University Press. 13 October 2009

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