TEACHER’S QUESTIONING STRATEGIES IN TEACHING ENGLISH IN SMP PANGUDI LUHUR SALATIGA
THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan
Shirley Permata Sari 112006008
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE SATYA WACANA CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY SALATIGA 2014
COPYRIGHT STATEMENT This thesis contains no such material as has been submitted for examination in any course or accepted for the fulfillment of any degree or diploma in any university. To the best of my knowledge and my belief, this contains no material previously published or written by any other person except where due reference is made in the text. Copyright@ 2014. Shirley Permata Sari and Prof. Dr. Gusti Astika, M.A. All rights reserved. No part of this thesis may be reproduced by any means without the permission of at least one of the copyright owners or the English Department, Faculty of Language and Literature, Satya Wacana University, Salatiga. Shirley Permata Sari:
TEACHER’S QUESTIONING STRATEGIES IN TEACHING ENGLISH IN SMP PANGUDI LUHUR SALATIGA Shirley Permata Sari Abstract This study aimed to investigate teacher‟s questioning strategies. This research used descriptive method and the data were collected and obtained from observation of class activity and the recordings of teacher‟s talk. Furthermore, the findings show that most of the time in the classroom, the teacher used descriptive questioning strategies. From the data analysis, it can be concluded that compare contrast questioning strategies were suitable to be applied in teaching junior high school students. Keywords: Questioning strategies, Students‟ Skills, and Teacher‟s Talk.
Introduction It is believed that teachers play an important role in the students‟ learning process. Therefore, teachers need to consider some strategies when they teach their students. One of the teaching strategies is how teachers ask questions. Asking questions and leading classroom discussions can have a positive impact on student learning. However, the ways teachers ask questions to students in real classrooms in Indonesian settings await further attention. Shaunessy (2005) argues that questioning strategies are essential to the growth of critical thinking skills, creative thinking skills, and higher level thinking skills and can positively affect achievement, most classrooms are devoid of these types of questions as a regular part of learning . In reality,
there are many classrooms in which teachers rarely pose questions above the „read it and repeat it‟ level. Shaunessy (2005) says that most classrooms divergent thinking is a nontraditional concept and occurs infrequently in most classrooms. In fact, it has been documented that teachers typically ask the 96 percent of the questions in a classroom environment (Graesser & Person, 1994). According to Thompson (1989), both teachers and students should be caught up in a “mode of inquiry”. In other words, teachers should play a role as guide to learning rather than as an authority that dispenses questions and answers. Therefore, teachers are expected to be facilitators, which means they have to be able to support the students in learning progress, instead of being the only ones who in charge in classroom. The effect of the teacher as a learning guide will build students‟ confidence and bring comfort in a learning process. This study attempted to find out the questioning techniques that the English teacher used in SMP Pangudi Luhur Salatiga. Hopefully, this knowledge about questioning strategies, as well as the classroom observation activity, could help teachers become skillful in using questions effectively and productively. Literature Review Usually, a teacher will ask questions to the students for measuring the students‟ knowledge, or to find out whether or not the students understand the subject of the study. However, the teachers are expected to have appropriate methods for the students‟ progression in a learning process. Indeed, teachers need to make sure that the questions, which are generated to the students, are effective to stimulate students‟ involvements and to avoid students‟ confusions in the learning process
Furthermore, Hyman (1979) states that teachers develop a plan of action for strategic questioning. Educators should understand why they are asking particular questions so that the intended student outcome is considered when designing the questions. Because student teacher interaction is so complex and unpredictable, preliminary planning for a discussion or lesson is desirable. However, the teacher should not attempt to map out exactly which questions to pose at any specific moment. Rather, the teacher should be aware of the learning occurring, where the learning is headed based on student interaction, and how a specifically posed question may alter, enrich, or extend the situation. Thus, knowing when and why to ask the appropriate question is a skill to be honed by the teacher. Hyman (1979) recommends that teachers employ specific strategies when asking questions. Theories of questioning Dori and Herscovitz (1999) points out that questioning is a key to active and meaningful learning, and is the cornerstone of scientific enquiry. The formulation of a good question is also a creative act, and at the heart of what doing science is all about. Questions help us to make sense of the world, and to construct meaning from data and information. They are psychological tools for thinking as they help to explore and scaffold ideas, steer thinking in certain specific directions, and can advance students' understanding of scientific concepts and phenomena. Questions, particularly those asked in response to wonderment, stimulate students to generate explanations for things which puzzle them and to propose solutions to problems. These questions trigger the use of deep-thinking strategies which may not be invoked if the questions had not been asked; thus they play an
important role in engaging students' minds more actively. Such questions can help learners initiate a process of hypothesizing, predicting, thought-experimenting and explaining, thereby leading to a cascade of generative activity and helping them to acquire missing pieces of knowledge or resolve conflicts in their understanding (Chin , 2004). When students engage socially in talk and activity about shared problems or tasks, an individual's questions can also stimulate another group member to use these strategies and thinking processes. The questions embedded in the conversation of peer groups help learners‟ co-construct knowledge. Types of Questions There are several types of questions teachers can use to stimulate creative, critical, and higher level thinking. The most commonly recommended is the divergent thinking question that probes beyond the convergent, one correct answer question, thus allowing students to delve more deeply into an idea. Letzter (1982) says that teacher questions should be broad or open so that students will be free to respond with their own thoughts. Pollack (1988) argues, although the use of open ended questions may be somewhat threatening to the teacher because of the lack of guidelines in evaluating children‟s responses, teachers should still strive to find meaningful and purposeful opportunities regularly for this line of inquiry. The goal is to encourage a learning environment that values the process of learning to arrive at answers, rather than just the answers themselves. Chin (2004) classifies questioning strategies into the following: 1.
Descriptive Questions
These questions encourage students to establish their own narrative and prioritize information. Usually these kinds of questions begin with such words or expressions such as: “tell”, “discuss”, “describe”, “illustrate”, and “show.” 2.
Analysis Questions
These questions provide basic facts and call for sustained answers involving critical thinking. These questions begin with such words as:“why”, “how would you explain the fact that”, “prove”, “what is the importance of”, “how do you account for”, and “what is the meaning of.” 3.
Evaluation Questions
These questions are structured like analysis questions but are based on quotations or statements. These questions begin with such words or expressions as “evaluate the statement that,” “what is meant by,” explain how.”
4.
Compare / Contrast Questions
These questions call attention to common elements or major differences between ideas or arguments. These questions begin with such words or expressions as “compare,” “contrast,” “What is the difference,” “What is the similarity.” 5.
Causal Relationship Questions
These questions may be used to show causal relationships or to determine whether such relationships exist.
These questions begin with such words or
expressions as, “what are the causes of,” “what connection is there,” “what are the results of.” Similar to Chin‟s descriptive question, Gall (1984) defines the term fact question, a question that requiring fact recall and demonstration of thinking skills.
Gall (1984) concluded that emphasizes on fact questions is more effective for promoting young disadvantaged children‟s achievement, which primarily involves mastery of basic skills; and emphasizes on higher cognitive questions is more effective for students of average and high ability especially when they enter high school, because they need to think independently. Furthermore, Gall (1984) states that both fact questions and higher cognitive questions are useful, but the purposes of those questions are different. Research Question This study was conducted to answer the following question:
What are questioning strategies that the English teachers use for the students?
Purpose of Research The purpose of this study was to analyze the questioning strategies that the English teachers used to the 1st and 2nd grade students of SMP Pangudi Luhur Salatiga. This study analyzed teachers‟ questioning strategies to find out problems that might appear when teachers asked questions to their students. Significance of the Research This study was important for teachers in general to develop their questioning strategies to their students so the students could have positive attitude toward the learning process. As a matter of fact, questioning strategies was one of teaching strategies that was very commonly used by teachers. Therefore, it was important for teachers to understand the important elements of questioning strategies.
The Study This study was a descriptive method. It described the teachers questioning strategies in class activities. This study applied several activities, for example recording the teachers‟ talk and taking notes for the class activities for the observation purpose. This study‟s basic interest was to monitor teacher‟s questioning strategies. The data gathered were analyzed descriptively. The Participants The participants of the study were two English teachers who taught the 1 st and 2nd grade students in SMP Pangudi Luhur Salatiga. The teachers had more than three years experience in teaching English, which meant they had enough experiences in teaching English and dealing with the students in the school. Research Instrument This study aimed to analyze the questioning strategies that the English teachers used to the 1st and 2nd grade students of SMP Pangudi Luhur Salatiga. in order to the aim of the study, I used a recorder as an instrument to record the conversation during the time of teaching and learning process, that was used to collect the data. Data Collection In gathering the data of this study, I recorded the teacher‟s talk with a recording tool and took notes for anything important related to the classroom conditions and teacher‟s talk. The ones that need to be paid attention to are the questioning techniques or methods that the teacher gave to the students. The data gathered were analyzed descriptively.
Data Analysis Procedure The analysis was based on Chin‟s questioning strategies (2004) that are covered in the discussion. First I recorded the teachers‟ talk and transcribed them. The second step was identifying the types of the questions. Then I put the questions into the table. The last step was analyzing the data and interpreting the data based on Chin‟s questioning strategies (2004). From the research, I found out the questioning strategies that were used by the teacher. It was probable that the teacher used various different questioning strategies, because the teachers had their own reasons for using those questioning strategies. Finding and Discussion This study attempted to find out the research question “What are questioning strategies that the English teachers used for the students?” I would analyze the data that have been obtained through observation class activity in SMP Pangudi Luhur Salatiga. Based on the observation class activity, the teacher‟s questions could be classified into five question categories based on Chin‟s questioning strategies (2004) as can be seen in table 1. Types of Question Table 1
No 1
Types of Questions
Frequency
Percentage
Descriptive Questions
54
85.71%
2
Analysis Questions
5
7.94%
3
Compare / Contrast Questions
3
4.76%
4
Evaluation Questions
1
1.59%
5
Causal Relationship Questions
-
-
Total
63
100%
According to the observation activities, most of the questions were the descriptive questions. As the Table 1 shows, there were 85.71% of descriptive questions used in the class during the observation. The rest of the questions were analysis questions, 7.94%, compare contrast questions, 4.76%, and evaluation question, 1.59%of the total questions. However, as seen in the table, the causal relationship questions did not appear in the class activities during observation. Descriptive Questioning Strategies In this questioning strategy, students were only asked to recall information. This strategy was the same as fact question categories from Gall (1984) which also required students to recall previously presented information, as in utterance 17, when the teacher asked “What is the meaning of nuclear family?” In utterance 17, the teacher wanted to measure the students‟ knowledge about the nuclear family. As it was suggested by Gall (1984), who categorizes the lowest question level of taxonomy as a cognitive memory question, which meant it required simple process such as recognition, rote memory and selective recall. Chin (2004) also had the same idea
with Gall, but Chin used different terms for this kind of question, descriptive questions. As it has been mentioned earlier, the knowledge level of questions only needs to recall students‟ answers. It can thus be suggested that the teacher used knowledge level questions not frequently, because they taught students in junior high school. Junior high school students were expected to think in higher cognitive level, unlike the students in elementary school. In other words, they should be given questions that stimulate students to think creatively and modify their answers. However, the knowledge level of questions was also necessary for the students, since it expected the awareness of students to pay attention to the teacher. The students only need to answer the question based on the knowledge that they have already known. For example, in utterance 11, the teacher asked “Plural and singular forms. Apa itu?” The students automatically recalled their memories based on their knowledge or their experiences. Based on the graphic bar below, it can be concluded that “tell” were used more frequently than the others. However, the further explanation with the differences among tell, discuss, describe, illustrate and show can be seen in appendix table 3 page 32. 25 20 15 10 5 0 Tell
Discuss
Describe
Show
Illustrate
Based on The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (2000), tell means express in words with the short explanation, as for example “Do you know speaking?” This means the speaker expects short explanation from the person he or she asks. On the other hand, Discuss means to talk with others in an effort to reach agreement. For example, “ Siapa yang tau simple present tense itu bentuknya seperti apa? Terdiri dari apa saja?” Describe is often used when we try to visualize something, for example “Today we are going to make a card. Do you know card? Card itu opo?” Furthermore, Illustrate means to clarify as by use of examples or comparisons, for instance “Dalam kondisi yang seperti apa verbnya tidak ditambah dengan s/es?” While Show can have the meaning of to point out to make it clear, as in this example “Mr. Smith itu siapa? Posisi yang paling atas itu posisimu apa orang tuamu?” Analysis Questioning Strategies The second questioning strategy found in this thesis study was analysis questioning strategies. In this questioning strategies, students were asked to put information in another form. It required using independently generated data or a new direction or perspective on a given topic. Chin (2004) called this kind of question as action questions, because the questions always ask the students to predict the outcome, as in utterance 2, when the teacher asked “Kalau misalnya cats (like) milk. Yang bener bagaimana?” By asking this question, the teacher expected the students to predict the outcome by changing the sentence into good sentence with good grammar. Another example of analysis questioning strategies could be seen in the utterance 6, “Kalau sisternya lebih dari satu bagaimana? Ditambah huruf apa?” The teacher was asking this question because she or he wanted the students to take a guess based on
the clue she gave. The students were expected to answer the question with a full sentence by using the proper grammar. It was the same with the utterance 3, when the teacher asked ”Kenapa kok bukan likes?” The teacher wanted to stimulate the students to be active in thinking process. Moreover, at this level of question, students were asked to apply known facts to solve a problem and it also had potential to stimulate higher level thinking. By using this kind of question, students would be stimulated to think in higher level thinking. Moreover, it required students‟ perspective on a given topic. Evaluation Questioning Strategies In this questioning strategy, the students were expected to reason their answers. It can be seen from utterance 1 from the evaluation questioning, “Sudah tau ya bedanya? Coba kalau yang ini bagaimana? “The sun (rise) every morning.”Yang bener bagaimana? “The sun is rising every morning” atau “The sun rises every morning?” Based on the previous question, it seems that teacher wanted to correct the students‟ answer. In other words, when the students answered the previous question inappropriately, the teacher gave clue to them by asking that question. Obviously, the teacher did not want to judge the answer as right or wrong. Instead, the teacher gave clue to the students by giving another question to think, so the students would be stimulated to think their answers again. The student might think a covert or overt response to the teacher‟s question depending on what happens next. If the teacher redirected the same question to someone else, some students would revise their response of their classmate‟s contribution.
Compare / Contrast Questioning strategies In this questioning strategy, the teachers asked the questions that call attention to common elements or major differences between ideas or arguments. The Cause and Effect strategy systematically analyzed and evaluated the relationship of two or more subjects. The comparison was a process that shown how subjects were alike (similarities), while the contrast was the process of showing how subjects were unlike (differences). In this situation, students were expected to think critically and to find out the differences, as in utterance 3 “Sebenarnya secara grammatical dua-duanya benar. Tidak ada yang salah.Tetapi yang benar tetap yang kedua.Kenapa?Ada yang bisa menjelaskan?” By analyzing the two similar things and finding the differences, the students could be stimulated to think the right answer. In addition, based on the observation, Chin‟s causal relationship questioning strategy did not appear in the classroom. The teacher did not ask this kind of question during the teaching learning activities.
Conclusion From the observation class activities that were done it could be concluded that the teachers used descriptive questioning strategy most frequently in teaching. Theoretically, by using descriptive questions the teacher could dig into the students‟ thoughts. However, from the observation class activities, I found that the students only produced short answers when the teacher asked descriptive questions. This fact was rather disappointing, since the students were expected to think creatively.
After conducting this study, I would like to give some suggestions related to the questioning strategies. First, compare contrast questioning strategies should be applied more often in teaching students in junior high school, because it has the potential to stimulate higher-level thinking. For example, when the teacher asked the students about the differences between nuclear family and extended family, the students were forced to think about the two things which have a common thing. Basically, a nuclear family and extended family is the same, the only difference is the members of the family. Therefore, it should make the students to think harder about the differences of nuclear family and extended family. Second, the teachers should give students more chances to explain their answers because the first answers usually are superficial. For instance, from the observation class activity, the teacher asked the student “Do you know habits?” and the student answered “Yes.” However, the teacher did not give the student a chance to explain why he answered “yes”, instead they explained about the meaning of habits. Based on the observation of the class activity, the teacher did most of the talking and reasoning instead of the student. For the further research, I also suggest to interview the teacher related to the questioning strategies that the teachers used. It is important to know the reasons why the teachers use particular questioning strategies. However, this study is only limited only to investigate questioning strategies by junior high school teachers. Hopefully, this study could help teachers to develop their teaching strategies, so the students could gain the best learning process. As a matter of fact, questioning strategies is one of teaching strategies that is commonly used by teachers. Therefore, it is very
important to teachers to pay attention to their questioning strategies, because if they do not apply the best questioning strategies in their teachings, the students will not gain the best from learning process.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This thesis would not have been finished without the support of many people. I wish to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Prof. Dr. GustiAstika, M.A., who was abundantly helpful and patience in guiding me to finish this thesis. Deepest gratitude alsogoes to Rindang Widiningrum,
M. Hum, as my thesis examiner.
Without whose knowledge and assistance this study would not have been completed. I would like to thank the English teachers in SMP Pangudi Luhur Salatiga who were willing to give an opportunity to collect the data in that school for this thesis. I also wish to thank the students of SMP Pangudi Luhur Salatiga who were really cooperative and helpful in the process of taking the data, though I knew that you were all disturbed by me when I had to be closed to you to record the voice. Special thanks also go to my husband, my family, and all of my friends who also supported me with their prayers. All my best I give to God that I can finish this study.
References Ball, W., & Brewer, P. (2000). Socratic seminars in the block. Larchmont, NY: Eye on Education. Bloom,
B.
S.
(Ed.).
(1956).
Taxonomy
of
educational
objectives: The
classification of educational goals. Handbook I: Cognitive domain. New York: Longman. Callahan, C. (1978). Developing creativity in the gifted and talented .Reston, VA: Council for Exceptional Children. Chin, C. (2004). Questioning students in ways that encourage thinking.Teaching Science: The journal of the Australian Science Teachers Association, Vol.50 No.4. Page 16-21. Dori, J. and Herscovitz, O. (1999).Question posing capability as an alternative evaluation method.New York: Longman. Feldhusen, J. (1994). Thinking skills and curriculum development. In J. V. T. (Ed.). Comprehensive curriculum for gifted learners. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Gall, M. D. (1984).Synthesis of Research on Teachers’ Questioning. Illinois: Charles C Thomas Publisher. Gallagher, J. J. (1985). Teaching the gifted child . Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Gallagher, J. J., & Gallagher, S. A. (1994). Teaching the gifted child. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Graesser, A. C., and Person, N. K. (1994).Question asking during tutoring.American Educational Research Journal, Vol.31, No.9. 1-28.
Harcourt, H. (2000). The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. New York: Houghton and Mifflin Company. Letzter, F. (1982). Meeting the special needs of the gifted and creative student in the world history classroom. New York: Mckay. Pollack, H. (1988).Questioning strategies to encourage critical thinking.NewYork: Wiley. Shaunessy, E. (2005). Questioning Strategies for Teaching the Gifted. Texas: Prufrock Press Inc. Strasser, B. (1967). The use of questions as an aspect of a teacher’s behavior. New York: Wiley. Thompson, R. (1989). Learning to question in R. A. Neff and M. Weimer (eds). Classroom Communication: Collected Readings for Effective Discussion and Questioning. London: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. Will, H. (1987). Asking good followup questions.New York: Longman. Wolf, D. (1987). The art of questioning. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
APPENDIX THE FIRST RECORDING
Date
: September 13th 2013
Grade
: 7th grade (7C)
Number of students
: 24 students
Teacher
: Mrs. X
Topic
: Daily Activities (Family)
•
Do you know daily activities? Apa itu? Aktifitas?Ke?Kegiatan.Daily?se? sehari-hari.. okay. (1)
•
Lalu kita juga akan belajar tentang speaking. Do you know speaking? Berbicara (2)
•
Talking about habits. Do you know habits? Kebiasaan. (3)
•
Language focus. Language focus itu struktur nya atau tata bahasanya? (4)
•
Talking about family life. Do you know family? (5)
•
Asking for information. Dou you know information? (6)
•
So asking for information? Menanyakan informasi. Okay. (7)
•
Now let‟s go to grammar points. Grammar itu apa? (8)
•
Simple present tense dulu waktu SD pasti sudah di ajarkan. Apa itu? Kalimat bentuk? Bi…? Biasa.. (9)
•
Adverb of frequency? Keterangan frequency.Pernah dengar dalam bahasa Indonesia? (10)
•
Sering, selalu, tidak pernah, apa lagi? Kadang-kadang, biasanya (11)
•
Plural and singular forms. Apa itu? Plural ki opo? (12)
•
Kalau singular? Apa? (13)
•
Countable and uncountable noun apa itu? (14)
•
Okay, now let‟s go to family words. Do you know family? (15)
•
Our lesson today is about family. There are two kinds of family. Apa saja? (16)
•
Yaaaa…. Extended family dan nuclear family. What is extended family? (17)
•
Siapa yang tau apa itu extended family? (18)
•
Ndak ada yang tau?
•
Extended family itu artinya keluarga besar. Lha kalau nuclear family itu apa? (19)
•
What is the difference between nuclear family and extended family? (20)
•
Heeee? Keluarga nuklir?ya bukan to ya. (21)
•
Nuclear family is keluarga inti. Keluarga inti itu terdiri dari siapa saja to? (22)
•
Ah mosok ndak ada yang tau to? Keluarga inti itu ya mother, father, and children
•
Lha kalau extended family tadi terdiri dari siapa saja?
Kok diem? Ya
selainnya mother, father, and children to ya.Siapa saja? (23) •
Iyaaaa… grandfather, grandmother, uncle, aunt, niece, cousin, nephew
•
Di sini, tugas kalian adalah mengkategorikan itu masuk di N or E. N itu opo? (24)
•
E itu apa? (25)
•
What do you think, grandmother? N or E? (26)
•
Brother? E or N? (27)
•
Mother? E or N? (28)
•
Grand children? E or N?grand children itu apa to? (29)
•
Son? What is son? (30)
•
Jadi son itu E apa N? (31)
•
Niece. What is niece? (32)
•
Niece itu E apa N? (33)
•
My brother‟s daughter is my …… itu berarti artinya gimana? Daughter itu apa? Kalau brother? “‟s” di situ artinya apa to? Jadi my brother‟s daughter itu artinya apa? Anak perempuannya kakak laki-laki saya. Lha anak perempuannya kakak laki-laki saya itu siapa?Apa namanya in English? (34)
•
Dah lainnya lanjutkan sendiri. Yang sudah selesai boleh come forward and write it in the black board. Buat yang maju, you will get the point. Iya iya aja. Opo jal artinya you will get the point?
•
Okay..lets check.lhooooo… wife itu artinya apa to? Lha kalau father? Berarti kalau my father‟s wife itu apa artinya? Papa nya istri saya apa istrinya papa saya? Ayo ah di cek lagi.Ndak asal ngerjakan. (35) (Then the students come forward to do the rest of the task and check it whether it is true or false and ask the students to write the correct answer in the blackboard)
•
Ini bener apa salah jawabannya? Yang bener apa? (36) (This session is reading the text. The students are given opportunity to read aloud the text, sentence by sentence (one student one sentence))
THE SECOND RECORDING Date
: September 13th 2013
Grade
: 8th grade (8C)
Number of students
: 23 students
Teacher
: Mrs. X
Topic
: Plants and Animals
(The students are already had the meaning of the text from the previous meeting. And now they are reading the text about proboscis monkey all together. The teacher‟s goal is just to make sure that the students can pronounce each word correctly, because they are the 8th grade students.)
•
No no no no..bukan “son” bacanya… tapi apa? (37) “soon” kalau bahasa Indonesia tulisannya “sun”. huruf double o itu kalau dalam bahasa inggris bacanya “u”
•
Bukan “monkey” ya bacanya..ndak dibaca plek sama hurufnya gitu.. gimana bacanya yg bener? (38) (in this session the students are given an opportunity to work in group to make a poster, and the theme is “go green”)
•
Okay students.. Please make a group of three. And choose your group member by yourself. Lha kok apa tu ma‟am? Buat grup, satu grupnya terdiri dari tiga orang. Dan anggota grupnya choose by yourself. Artinya apa tu? (39) Pilihen dewe. Ngono wae kok ya ra mudeng to cah-cah..
•
Sudah selesai buat grupnya. Do you still have spare paper to be submitted to me? okay, kalau gitu tulis ketua grup dan anggotanya in your paper and give it to me when you finish. Ki Mrs. X ngomong gini mudeng ga artinya apa? (40)
THE THIRD RECORDING Date
: September 16th 2013
Grade
: 8th grade (8B)
Number of students
: 24 students
Teacher
: Mrs. X
Topic
: Go Green Poster
•
Tugas kalian sama dengan kelas sebelumnya, yaitu make a poster, temanya go green. Berarti tugas kalian apa? Tentang apa? Sudah tau ya apa saja yang harus kalian lakukan? Pertama buat kelompok in a group of three.Berarti satu kelompok berapa orang?
•
Kira-kira buat poster isinya tiga orang butuh waktu berapa lama? Satu minggu apa dua minggu?
•
Sekarang move on the next page. Di situ ada bacaan yang punya banyak difficult words.Apa itu difficult words? (41)
•
Di halaman berapa Intan? Ngerti ndak kamu kita belajarnya sudah sampai mana?
•
Sampai halaman berapa? Sebelahnya Intan itu siapa?Kamu juga tau ndak kita belajarnya sudah sampai halaman berapa?
(The teacher mentions all of the difficult words and the students are announced to prepare their ruler and pencil to underline the difficult words mention by the teacher. After that the students are announced to find the meaning of the difficult words from the dictionary.)
THE FOURTH RECORDING Date
: September 16th 2013
Grade
: 7th grade (7A)
Number of students
: 26 students
Teacher
: Mrs. X
Topic
: Making Cards
•
Today we are going to make a card. Do you know card? Card itu opo? (42)
•
What is Easter card? Kartu apa? Easter tu apa to? Jadi Easter card tu apa? (43)
•
Okay terus ada anniversary card. Apa itu anniversary card? (44)
•
Condolences card. Apa itu condolences card? Kartu apa? Fungsinya buat apa? (45)
•
Ada lagi graduation card. What is graduation card? Kartu apa itu? ( 46 )
•
Naaaaa… dari banya kartu itu, please make one of them. Do you understand? (47)
•
I give you a week to do. Do you know a week? A week itu satu minggu.Cukup ya waktunya?
•
You may draw or download from internet. Do you know how to download from internet? (48)
•
Any question about your home work? Ada yang mau ditanyakan?
•
Iya, bisa cari di google. Tau google kan?
•
Terus tugasnya yang kemarin mana? Kok belum ada yang ngumpulkan?
•
Yang tentang family tree? Apa jangan-jangan belum pada buat ya?
•
Ya sudah, sekarang di buat dulu family treenya. Kemarin Mrs. X bilangnya suruh buat family tree yang nuclear family apa yang extended family hayo? Lupa juga ndak?
•
Kalau family tree itu posisi yang paling atas itu posisimu apa orang tuamu? Gitu aja kok tanya. (49) (The students have submitted their family tree. This is the next family tree reading based on the hand book.)
•
Mr. Smith tu siapa? Posisinya apa dalam keluarga? (50)
•
Lah kalau Mr. and Mrs. Smith itu parentsnya berarti ditaruh diposisi yang mana? (51)
•
Ayo ni dikerjakan dulu. Bisa ndak?
•
Yang ini masih belum bener. Ni siapa yang mengerjakan? Di betulkan dulu tu (go to the next page)
•
Sekarang waktunya kalian boleh jalan-jalan kesana sini. Tapi untuk asking for information ke teman-teman sekelas. Informationnya apa? (52)
•
How many……………? How many itu artinya apa? (53)
•
How many brothers do you have? Naaa gitu cara bertanyanya.
•
Kalau punya, jawabnya apa? (54)
•
Noooo bukan hanya one aor two saja. Harus lengkap. Bagaimana cara menjawab pertanyaannya? (55)
•
Siapa yang tau? Lha kok ndak ada yang tau?Mau dapet poin ndak?
•
Kalau yang punya jawabnya yes… yes apa? (56)
•
Kalau tidak punya jawabnya yes apa no? no apa? (57)
•
Do you understand?
•
Finish?
•
Ardi, do you want to try to read aloud the result in front of the class?
•
Who want to try?
•
Who else? Siapa lagi?
THE FIFTH RECORDING
Date
: September 17th 2013
Grade
: 7th grade (7A)
Number of students
: 25 students
Teacher
: Mr. Y
Topic
: Simple Present Tense
•
Simple present tense itu fungsinya untuk apa to? Untuk menjelaskan apa? Kejadian yang sedang terjadi atau untuk menerangkan kejadian yg biasa terjadi seperti itu? (58)
•
Siapa yang tau simple present tense itu bentuknya seperti apa? Terdiri dari apa saja? (59)
•
Simple present tense itu terdiri dari S + verb (+ s/es in third person)
•
S itu apa? Terdisri dari apa saja subjectnya? (60)
•
Dalam kondisi yang seperti apa verbnya tidak ditambah dengan s/es? Coba bandingkan dengan yang diberi s! (61)
•
Kalau ditambah s/es subjectnya in third person. Artinya apa itu? (62)
•
Orang ketiga tunggal itu siapa saja? (63)
•
Yang di tambah s kalau yang bagaimana verbnya? (64)
•
Kalau yang di tambah es kalau yang bagaimana? (65)
•
Itu pelajaran di SD ya saya kira. Di SD sudah perrnah di ajarkan to seperti itu?
•
Sekarang kalau verb nya “have”. Apa itu have? Artinya apa? (66)
•
Kalau I? have apa has? (67)
•
Kalau we? (68)
•
Kalau they? (69)
•
Kalau she? (70)
•
Kalau he? (71)
•
Kalau misalnya cats (like) milk. Yang bener bagaimana? (72)
•
Kenapa kok bukan likes? (73)
•
Sudah tau ya bedanya?
•
coba kalau yang ini bagaimana? “The sun (rise) every morning.”Yang bener bagaimana? (74)
•
“The sun is rising every morning” atau “The sun rises every morning”? (75)
•
Sebenarnya secara grammatical dua-duanya benar. Tidak ada yang salah.Tetapi yg benar tetap yang ke dua.Kenapa?Ada yang bisa menjelaskan? (76)
•
Baik kalau sudah mengerti perbedaannya, sekarang coba dikerjakan sendiri latihan soalnya. Nanti kita bahas bersama-sama.Mengerti ya?
THE SIXTH RECORDING
Date
: September 17th 2013
Grade
: 7th grade (7C)
Number of students
: 24 students
Teacher
: Mr. Y
Topic
: Daily Activities (Family)
•
Kemarin sama Mrs. X pelajarannya sudah sampai mana?
•
Siapa yang mau membaca paragraph pertama?
•
Paragraph kedua siapa ini?
•
Kita kerjakan family tree nya bersama-sama ya..Mr. Smith nya kita letakkan dimana anak-anak? (77)
•
Mrs. Smith?
•
Harry?
•
Jody?
•
July?
•
Mr. Edward?
•
Mrs. Edward?
•
Sekarang tugasnya kalian bertanya kepada teman kalian tentang berapa banyak jumlah saudara dari teman kalian. Tidak usah jalan-jalan kesana-sana, kalian hanya berdiri dan bertanya kepada teman kalian, lalu laporkan kepada saya out loud ya. Tapi tetap dari tempat duduk kalian.Gitu ya?Sudah mudeng ya? Any question?
•
Siapa yang mau duluan? Atau urut nomor aja ya, biar semuanya dapat giliran.
•
Lha kalian sudah tau belum bagaimana cara bertanyanya?
•
How many sister do you have, Siska? (78)
•
Lalu Siska harus menjawab bagaimana? (79)
•
Kalau Siska hanya punya one sister, Siska harus menjawab “I have one sister” understand?
•
Na ini Kiki tugasnya melaporkan kepada saya, bagaimana
cara
melaporkannya? •
Siska has one sister and no brother. Begitu ya?
•
Tau ga kenapa has kok bukan have? (80)
•
Kalau sister nya lebih dari satu harus bagaimana? Ditambah huruf apa? (81) Baik. Let‟s start. Number one Intan… (…till the last number)
Table 2
Descriptive Questions
Analysis Questions
1. Do you know daily activities? 2. Do you know speaking? 3. Do you know habits? 4. Language focus itu struktur nya atau tata bahasanya? 5. Do you know family? 6. Dou you know information? 7. Grammar itu apa? 8. Simple present tense dulu waktu SD pasti sudah di ajarkan. Apa itu? 9. Adverb of frequency? Keterangan frequency. Pernah dengar dalam
1. Bagaimana cara menjawab pertanyaann ya? 2. Kalau misalnya cats (like) milk. Yang bener bagaimana? 3. Kenapa kok bukan likes? 4. Tau ga kenapa has kok bukan have?
Evaluation Questions
Compare / Contrast Questions
Causal Relationship Questions
1. Sudah tau ya 1. What is the bedanya? difference between X coba kalau nuclear family and yang ini extended family? bagaimana? 2. Dalam kondisi “The sun yang seperti apa (rise) every verbnya tidak morning.” ditambah dengan Yang bener s/es? Coba bagaimana? bandingkan “The sun is dengan yang diberi rising every s! morning” atau 3. Sebenarnya secara “The sun rises grammatical duaevery duanya benar. morning”? Tidak ada yang salah. Tetapi yg
Descriptive Questions bahasa Indonesia? 10. Sering, selalu, tidak pernah, apa lagi? 11. Plural and singular forms. Apa itu? 12. Kalau singular? Apa? 13. Countable and uncountable noun apa itu? 14. Do you know family? 15. There are two kinds of family. Apa saja? 16. What is extended family? 17. What is the meaning of nuclear family? 18. Keluarga inti itu terdiri dari siapa saja to? 19. Lha kalau extended family tadi terdiri dari siapa saja? 20. What do you think, grandmother? N or E? 21. Brother? E or N? 22. Mother? E or N? 23. Grand children? E or N? grand children itu apa to? Descriptive 24. Son? What is son? 25. Niece. What is niece? 26. Lha anak perempuannya kakak laki-laki saya itu siapa? Apa namanya in English? 27. Berarti kalau my father‟s wife itu apa artinya? Papa nya istri saya apa istrinya papa saya? Descriptive 28. bukan “son” bacanya… tapi apa? 29. gimana bacanya yg bener? 30. Dan anggota grupnya choose by yourself. Artinya apa tu? 31. Di situ ada bacaan yang punya banyak difficult words. Apa itu difficult words?
Analysis Questions 5. Kalau sister nya lebih dari satu harus bagaimana? Ditambah huruf apa?
Evaluation Questions
Compare / Contrast Questions benar tetap yang ke dua. Kenapa? Ada yang bisa menjelaskan?
Causal Relationship Questions
Descriptive Questions 32. Today we are going to make a card. Do you know card? Card itu opo? 33. Okay terus ada anniversary card. Apa itu anniversary card? 34. Condolences card. Apa itu condolences card? Kartu apa? Fungsinya buat apa? 35. Ada lagi graduation card. What is graduation card? Kartu apa itu? 36. Do you know how to download from internet? 37. Kalau family tree itu posisi yang paling atas itu posisimu apa orang tuamu? 38. Mr. Smith tu siapa? Posisinya apa dalam keluarga? 39. Lah kalau Mr. and Mrs. Smith itu parentsnya berarti ditaruh diposisi yang mana? 40. Simple present tense itu fungsinya untuk apa to? Untuk menjelaskan apa? 41. Siapa yang tau simple present tense itu bentuknya seperti apa? Terdiri dari apa saja? 42. S itu apa? Terdiri dari apa saja subjectnya? 43. Dalam kondisi yang seperti apa verbnya tidak ditambah dengan s/es? 44. Kalau ditambah s/es subjectnya in third person. Artinya apa itu? 45. Orang ketiga tunggal itu siapa saja? 46. Yang di tambah s kalau yang bagaimana verbnya? 47. Kalau yang di tambah es kalau yang bagaimana?
Analysis Questions
Evaluation Questions
Compare / Contrast Questions
Causal Relationship Questions
Descriptive Questions
Analysis Questions
Evaluation Questions
Compare / Contrast Questions
Causal Relationship Questions
48. Sekarang kalau verb nya “have”. Apa itu have? Artinya apa? 49. Kalau I? have apa has? 50. Kalau we? 51. Kalau they? 52. Kalau she? 53. Kalau he? 54. How many sister do you have, Siska?
Table 3 No 1
Tell Do you know daily activities?
Discuss Simple present tense itu fungsinya untuk apa to? Untuk menjelaskan apa? Siapa yang tau simple present tense itu bentuknya seperti apa? Terdiri dari apa saja?
Describe Today we are going to make a card. Do you know card? Card itu opo?
Illustrate Keluarga inti itu terdiri dari siapa saja to?
Show Language focus itu struktur nya atau tata bahasanya?
Condolences card. Apa itu condolences card? Kartu apa? Fungsinya buat apa?
Dalam kondisi yang seperti apa verbnya tidak ditambah dengan s/es?
Kalau singular? Apa?
Ada lagi graduation card. What is graduation card? Kartu apa itu? Grand children? E or N? grand children itu apa to?
Lha kalau extended family tadi terdiri dari siapa saja? Kalau ditambah s/es subjectnya in third person. Artinya apa itu? Do you know how to download from
S itu apa? Terdiri dari apa saja subjectnya?
2
Do you know speaking?
3
Do you know habits?
Grammar itu apa?
4
Do you know family?
There are two kinds of family. Apa saja?
5
Dou you know information?
What is extended family?
What do you think, grandmother? N or E?
Mr. Smith itu siapa? Posisinya apa dalam keluarga?
Kalau family tree itu posisi yang paling atas
No
Tell
Discuss
Describe
6
Plural and singular forms. Apa itu? Countable and uncountable noun apa itu?
What is the meaning of nuclear family? Son? What is son?
8
Do you know grandmother?
9
Simple present tense dulu waktu SD pasti sudah di ajarkan. Apa itu?
10
Adverb of frequency? Keterangan
Berarti kalau my father‟s wife itu apa artinya? Papa nya istri saya apa istrinya papa saya? Di situ ada bacaan yang punya banyak difficult words. Apa itu difficult words? Kalau family tree itu posisi yang paling atas itu posisimu apa orang tuamu?
Orang Ketiga tunggal itu siapa saja? Okay terus ada anniversary card. Apa itu anniversary card? Kalau Mother? E or N?
7
11
12
13
frequency. Pernah dengar dalam bahasa Indonesia? Niece. What is niece?
Lha anak perempuannya kakak laki-laki saya itu siapa? Apa namanya in English? Adverb of frequency? Keterangan frequency. Pernah dengar
Lah kalau Mr. and Mrs. Smith itu parentsnya berarti ditaruh diposisi yang mana? Yang di tambah s kalau yang bagaimana verbnya?
Kalau yang di tambah es kalau yang bagaimana?
What do you think brother? E or N?
How many sister do you have, Siska?
Illustrate internet?
Show itu posisimu apa orang tuamu?
No
14
Tell dalam bahasa Indonesia? bukan “son” bacanya… tapi apa?
Dan anggota grupnya choose by yourself. Artinya apa tu? 16 Kalau I? have apa has? 17 Kalau we bagaimana? 18 Kalau they? 19 Kalau she? Have apa has? 20 Kalau he? total 20
Discuss
Describe
Illustrate
Show
10
5
5
Sekarang kalau verb nya “have”. Apa itu have? Artinya apa?
15
14
