STUDIAISLAIIIKA Volume 3, Number 1, 1996
IND0NESIAN JouRNAL FoR rsLAMrc sTUDTES
THTOIOEICAL RESPoNSES To THE CoNCEPTS OF DTUOCnRCY AND
THr Cnse or ConreupoRARy
INDoNESTAN MusltH,t
HUITIRITI
RICHTS:
lrurellrcruRts
Masykuri Abdillah
RTRCTIOTs AND ATTITUDES ToWARDS THE DnnUIAnOAM MOVEMENT IIrI SOUTHTRST
ASIA
Johan Hendrik Meuleman
IsI-RIrI AND THE
SrRuceIr
FoR RELIGIoUS PLURALISM IN IITIOOTrSN:
A POLITICAL READING OF THE RELIGIOUS THOUGHT OF MUKTIALI Ali Munhanif lssN 0215-0492
$TI]NIA ISTAilIII(A Indonesian Journal for lslamic Studies
Volume 3, Number 1, 1996 EDITORIAT BOARD:
Harun Nasution Mastubu M. Qurakb Sbibab
Azb Dablan
A.
M. SatrhEffendi
Nabilab Lubis M. YunanYusuf Komaruddin Hidayat M.
Din$amsuddin
Muslim Nasution Wabib Mu'tbi EDITOR.IN.CHIEF:
Azlumardi Azra EDITON: Sadul Mujani Hendro Prasetyo Joban H. Meuleman
Didin Syafruddin Ali Munbanif ASSISTANTS TO THE EDITOR:
Arief Subban Heni Nuroni ENGTISH LANGUAGE ADVISOR: Judith M. Dmt
ARABIC LANGUAGE ADVISOR: Fuad M. Facbruddin
COVER DESIGNER: S.
Pinka
STUDIA ISLAMIIG OSSN 0215-0492) is a lournal published quarterly by the Institut Agama Islam Negen (IAIN, The State Institute for Islamic Studies) Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta. (STT DEPPEN No. 1294K/DITJENiPPG/STTA976) and sponsored by the Depanment of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia. It specializes in Indonesian Islamic snrdies, and is intended to communi. cate original researches and current issues on the subject. This journal warmly welcomes contributions from scholars of related disciplines. All anicles published do not necessarily represent the views of the lournal, or other institutions to which it is affiliated. They are solely the vievrs of the authors.
Eri Rosatria
Islamization and Islamic Learning in the Sultanate of Aceh
Abstract:
The emergence of such
great'u\ami' in the Sultanate of Aceh,
north of Sumatra,as Hamzah Fansuri (Hamzah al-Fansilrfl, Syamsuddin Sumatrani (Shams al-Dtn al-Sumatrhnt), Nuruddin Ananiri (Nttr alDtn al-Rhniri) and Abdurrauf Singkel (Abd al-Ra'tt'f al'Sinkilt) could lead one to pose dn important questions. \Ylry thq ernerged in the Sulanate of Aceh and not in other pmt of Nusanara. This study argues that their emergence had closely to do with the fart that activiry of Islamic learningwas saongly supported by the Acehnese suhan* The Acehnese Suhznate rose as a cmer of Iskmic learning after Malaka fell into the reign of the Portuguese in 1511. At the time of Suhan Ali Ri'ayat Syah (Alt Ri'Ayat ShAh) 0571-1579), klamic learning reas aer! developed in the Sulunate of Aceh for the king himself engaged in that aniviry. He even propided a special place in tbe palace for deoeloping learning dctivities in uhich the'u\ami' were placed in higb regard wirh utell-paid salary. Tltis poliq was continously put in ffict by tbe consecutive rulers. As an imporant centre of klamic learning, Aceh visited by 'ulami's from the Middle East to teach Islam. It uas thanks to this condusiue intellectual atmosphere of Aceh there emerged some prominent'u\ami's like Hamzah Fansuri, Syamsuddin Sumatrani, Nuruddin Arraniri and Abdunauf Singkel. Hamzah Fansuri (iaed betueen of the 16th and 17th century) took his basic education at Fansur, then moved to Pahang, Kudus and Siam until returned to his country, Barus. He is uell-vqsed in tasawwuf, fi,qh, mantiq, h i st ory,
literatur e an d ph i lo s oplry. His ide as of w ahdat al-wu j 0 d (the un iry
of being) aryedrs throughout his uorks like Asr|,r alrArifin, Ashrib al' Ash iqin, Zinat al-Muwahhidin and al-Munt ah| Furth ermore, his teacb -
ing spread uider through
127
his
Strdia Isldmibd, VoL 3, No. 1, 1996
faithful student Syamsuddin Sumatrani.
I28 Ei Rostria
Syamsuddin Sumatrani a)ds not mereb regarded ds dn'uIami', but he uas an high fficial of tbe subanate of Aceh ds well. In theHikay^t of. Aceh, it uas told that in the time of Sulan Alauddin Ri'ayat Syah IV al-
Mukan'tmil (Al2'al-Dtn Ri'?yat
ShAh), he occupied the
position of Shaykh
al-Islam.
Bqond
palace, Syamsuddin Sumavani was a Shaykh of the mosque Bait al-Rahman in uhich he establisbed an circle $alaqah) uhere he himself involaed in it. tXlhat enabled his tboughts to dessiminate is that he tbe
ftom Arabic ziwiyah, intended to be Islamic learning circle provided to the eldest) by uhich the later prominent'ulamA' established dayah
Abdunauf Singkel became one of its graduate. Another outstanding'ulamX' of Aceh tbat has to be mentioned is Nuruddin Araniri (n. rcSA) uho is of Arab origin, born at Ranir and uell-knoun for his mastery of almost all of Islamic disciplines. As tbe follouer of Rtfa'iyah order uhich has a tied connection to Aydarilsiyah and Qhdiriyah, he attempted to harmonize mystics and sharl'ah and accused Syamsuddin Sumatani and Hamzah Fansuri of beingkiftr (infidel)for their doctrine of uniry of being(wahdat al-wuj0d/. Shaykh Abdunauf Singkel, born around 1615, is another prominent 'ulamA'. He studied at dayah of Hamzah Fansuri and Syamsuddin Sumatrani. Then, he roent to Arabia and told that he had studied to 19
around 27'ulami's in ooerseas for twenty years. Thereif he is uell-knoutn for being a gredt master of Islamic disciplines. In connection utith tariqah, Abdnauf Singkel uas ffiliateduith the Shaturlryah and tbe QAdirlryah order. He developed Aceh as a svong kingdom as ute/l as the centre of Islamic learning in Southeast Asia. There came 'u\ami's from surrounding regions like Shaykh Burhanuddin (BurhAn al-Dtn) from PariamanMinangkabau; Abdul Mulryi (Abd al-Mulryi) from tVbst Java and Abdul Malik ibn Abdullah (Abd al-MLlik ibn 'Abd Allilh)from Trenggano. It is due to those students in addition to his uorks, the id.eas of Abdunauf teachers and sau
fore, it
is undersundable
Singkel get larger audience. Tlte institution of Islamic learning like halaqah, meunasah (conupt form of madrasah/ and dayah in Aceh had a significant role. Houever, since rhe uar of Aceh (1873-1903), these institutions deteriorated. The reason is because in that battle, many'ulami's uere killed. The Dutcb colo-
nial goverment itself issued limitation to dayah and its'ulami's, introducing ELS, MULO and HIS. Studia Islamiha, Vol. -t, No. 1, 1996
Eri Rosatria
Hubungan Islamisasi dan Pendidikan Islam pada Masa Kesultanan Aceh
Abstraksi: Kemunculan ulama besar di Aceb seperti Hamzah Fansuri, Syamsuddin Sumatrani, Nuruddin Ananiri dan Abdurrauf Singkel mengundangpertd.nyaan besar. Mengapa mereka muncul di Kesultanan
Aceh, mengapa tidak
di uilayah Nusantdrd lainnya? Tulisan ini
mengemukakan argumen bahua hal itu terjadi karena pengislaman di ui layah ini berlangs ung ber samaan den gan pengembangan pen gai ar an Islam di mdna pura suhan sendiri sdngat rnenghargai ilmu pengeuhuan dan pendidikan.
Kerajaan Aceh sebenarnya baru diislamkan setelah Malaka jatuh ke
tangan Portugis tahun 1511 M. Pada mdsd pemerintahan Sultan Ali Ri'ayat Syah (tslt-t579), pendidikan agama di Kesuhanan Aceb sangdr menonjol. Hal ini disebabkan perbatian raia juga sdngdr besar. Ia, misalnya, menyediakan tempdt khusus di istana untuk kegiatan pengajaran Islam. Para ulama diberi kedudukan terhorrnat dengan p e n gh asi lan lum ay an. P erh ati an ser upd ter us di lanj ut kan o le h s u ltan s u l' tan berikutnya. Setelah Aceh menjadi pusdlpengembangan keilmuan Islam, banyak ulama daang dari Timur Tengab ke tempat ini untuk -
mengajar.
Berkat iklim keilmuan ydng kondusif seperti itulab di Aceb muncul ulama terkemuka seperti Hamzah Fansuri, Syamsuddin Sumatrani,
Nuruddin Ananiri dan Abdunauf Singkel. Hamzah Fansuri hidup antdrdpertengahan abad ke'16 dan aual abad 17. Ia memperoleh pendidikan pertama di Fansur, kemudian ke Pahang, Banten, Kudus, Siam, Mekkah lalukembali ke kampungnya, Barus' Selain tasauuf, ia menguasai fiqih, mantiq, seiarah, sastra dan filsafat. Pengaruh p e m i k i r a n u u i u diyy ah n y a te rs e b ar m e I a I ui kary a' kary an y a s epe r ti Asr ir al-'Ariftn, at'ntaU .t-' n.hiqin, Zinat al-Muwahhidin and al-Muntahi, dan melalui muridnya, Syamsuddin Sumatrani.
129
Stsd;4 Isldmihd, VoL 3, No. 1, 1996
lJO Ei Rostia
Syamsuddin Sumatani selain sebagai seorang ulaffid, id jugd menjadi orangyangberkedudukan tinggi di Kesulatanan Aceh. Menurut hikayat Aceh, pada masa Sultan Akuddin Ri'ayat Syah IV al-Mukammil, ia menjabat sebagai Syekh Islam dan di rndsd pemerintahan Suhan Iskandar Muda ia juga mejabat sebagai qAdi mllik al-'Xdil, yang merupakan j abaun tertin ggi n egara s ete I ah s u lun. A I uar is an a, i a j uga m e m p uny ai kedudukan tinggr sebagai syekb di mesjid Bait al-Rahman dan aktif di halaqah mesjid tersebut. Syamsuddin Sumatani mendirikan dayah sehingga pemikiran-pemikirannya makin tusebm secara luas. Abdunauf Singkel adalah salah seordngydng pernah belajar di tempat tersebut. Ulama Aceh terkenal yang harus disebut ialah Nuruddin Ananiri (M. 1658), seorang keturunan Arab yang lahir di Ranir. Ia dikenal menguasai sejumlah cabang ilmu. Sebagai pengikut tarekat Rtfo'rWoh ydng metnpunyai silsilah Aydartrsiyah dan QAdiriyah, Nuruddin Araniri
sdngat menekankan harmonisasi antara mistik dan syari'ah. Ia mengkafirkan Syamsuddin Sumatrani dan Harnzah Fansuri karena pah am u uj udlry ah m er e ka. Syekh Abdunauf Singkelyang lahir kira.kira 1615 adalah di anara ularna terkenal lainnya. Ia belajar di dayah Hamzah Fansuri dan Syarnsuddin Surnatrani. Kemudian iaberangkat ke Arabia dan pernah belajar ke 19 guru dan mmemui 27 ukma. Abdunauf Singkzl menguasai semua cabang ilmu. Ia pun sempdt mengih,uti tarekat Syatarfiryah dan Qhdirirydh. Ia berhasil menjad.ikan Aceh menja.di kerajaan kuat dan menjadi pusat keilmuan di Asia Tengara. Berbagai ulama dari berbagai penjuru datang ke Aceh seperti Syekb Burhanuddin dari Pariaman, Minangkabau; Abdul Mulryi dari Jaua Barat, Abdul Malik ibn Abdullah dari Trenggano. Melalui rnurid dan karya-karyanya, Abdurrauf berhasil mengembanghan aj arannya. Pengajaran Iskm yang telah memungkinkan lahirnya ulama-ulama besar di Aceh berkngsung dakm bentuk halaqah atau zauiyah. Bentuk ini lalu dilembagakan dan populer dengan sebuun meunasah (berasal dari kaa madrasah) untuk tingkat pemula dan dayh (dari kaa ziwiyah) untuk tinghzt knjutan. Namun, lunbaga ini mengakmi pmurunan sejak PerangAceb berlangsung (1573-1903) kzrendpara ulama banyak meninggal. Semenara pemerintah Beknda menerapkdn pengetatzn atas dayah. Gerak ukma juga dibaasi. Pemerinrah kolonial sendiri mempukcnalkzn ELS,MULO, HIS.
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Sndia klamiba, Vol. 3, Na 1, 1996
JK, j \j; u*l ^:1.- ;l1l
138 Ei Rostrit
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Studia Islamiha, Vol. 3, No.
I,
1996
Islamiztion and Islamic Ledming
t---:r rrl.p,," (Ikan TongkotlJ$i.i,filJ'-t uriJf
CF)
139
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Studia Ishmiba, Vol. 3, No, 1, 1996
l4O Ei Rostia
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Sttdid Islamiha, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1996
Ishmiztion
d)t
6l'Jt
and Isldmic Letming
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(Sultanah Sri Ratu Nurul Alam Naqiatuddin)
Sndid Islamiha, VoL 3, Na 1, 1996
142 Ei Rostia
(Sultanah
Sri Ratu Zakiatuddin ot-i
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Sttdia Islamiha, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1996
Islamiztion and lsldmic Leaming
.',lrFl .--att!S (Ahmad Qusyasyi) .,-lL:.i rj-f iFCl o-r;1-1,*1 tly"' *pt plJt LJ-p ,F 1*t'J lii ojr c1- ..41 .(brahim Kurani) i.*!l J* .-.UUt fJJt jl e--"rlt1 +i:it1 c+a,iJl ,p, d-r^UJt l1'lJt .+1:LiJl1 arrbL:Jl
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Studia Islamiha, Vol, 3, No. 1, 1996
e))l ,*
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u*l criit bin Agha Ali al- Rumi) .,-j-c :a j jy)t + el cltfr
u-jt;
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Stadia Islamiha, Vol, 3, No. 1, 1996
t45
Islamiution and Ishmic Leaming
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khmiLd,
Vol. 3, No.
l,
1996
146 Ei Rostia
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