STUilIAISLAilIIKA
Volume 4, Number 3, 1997
ISLAM AND INDONESIAN NATIONALISM
THE POLITICAL THOUGHT OF HAJIACUS SNLIVI Erni HarYanti Kahfi
KYA\
AND
JnpRn
esr
M
t
ltrnnv
Kobayashi Yasuko
ItrtOOrurStRrrt lSLRHI BETWEEN
PnnrtCUmnlTY AND UrutVrRSRitrv
Johan Hendrik Meuleman
lssN
021 5-0492
STI]ilIA ISTAIIII|A lndonesian Journal for lslamic Sludies
Volume 4. Number 3, 1997 EDITORIAL BOARD:
Harun Nasution Mastubu M. Quraisb Sbibab A. Aziz
Dablan
M. Satria Effendi
Nabilah Lubis M. YunanYttsuf Komaruddin Hidal,at M. Din Syamsuddin Muslim Nasution \Vabib Mu'thi EDITOR-IN.CHIEF:
Azyumardi Azra EDITORS:
Saiful Mujani Hendro Prasetyo Joban H. Meuleman
Didin Syafruddin Ali Munbanif ASSISTANTS TO THE EDITOB
Arief Subban Oman Fathurrabman Heni Nuroni ENGLISH LANGUAGE ADVISOR: Kay Bridger
AMBIC LANGUAGE ADVISOR: Nursanacl
COVER DESIGNER: S.
Prinka
STUDIA ISLAMIKA (ISSN 0211-0492) is a journal published quarterly by the Institut Agama Islam
Negerl (IAIN, The State Institute tbr Islamic Studies) Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta. (STT DIPPEN No. 1291SK',DITJENfPG/STT/1976) and sponsored by the Department of Religious All.airs of the Republic oflndonesia. It specializes in Indonesian Islamic studies, and is intended to conrntunicate original researches and current issues on the subiect. This journal warmly welcomes
contributions liom scholars of related disciplines. All articles published do not necessarily represent the views of the journal, or other institutions to which it
is
afliliated. Theyare solely the views ofthe authors. The articles contained in this iournal have
been relereed bv the Board of Editors.
Mastuki HS
Tatawwur al-Ta'lim al-'AU bi IndrinisiyA Ab stract: I n d o n e si an H i gh er I n stituti o n of I s I am ic Learn i n g (P e r 7ur udn Tinggi Islam PTI) was born our of Islamic struggle uhich started frorn the end tbe Durch colonial period. Tbe strugle itself was triggered by the fact tbat in the 1930s the colonial government only esablisbed a Technical School (fechnische Hoogeschool), a Lau School (Rechts Hoogescbool) and a Medical School (Geneeskundige Hoogeschool)at tertiarT lewl. These bigher learning institutions were not public in tbat only indigenous stu' dents of high officers could enroll. The bulk of Indonesians did not baae dccess to this education system. In response to the existing situation, sorne Muslim proponents iniriated an efort to establish a Higher Institution of Islarnic Learning, wbich in part uas intended to prooide educational op' portuniryfor the commoners and to confirm the distinctiaeness of Islamic education from that of the Dutch education system. The idea of creating PTI uas first implemented by Muharnmadiyah, a rnodernist Muslim organization, in 1936 uhen it established tuo PTIs. Tuo years later, Dr. Satiman lf/irjosandjojo, a leadingproponent of PSI, proposed the idea of creating a Higher Instirution of Islamic Learning (Pesantren Luhur PL) ro facilitate the training of Islamic preacbers in both religious and general knouledge. Some Muslirn organizations re' sponded positirsely to this idea and rhen made a proposal to establish a PL in Jakarta, Solo and Surabaya. Unforrunately, this plan could not be fulfilled due to the outburst of World lYar II. Nonetheless, tbe struggle for creating PLs or PTIs was still going on, even until rhe period of Japanese occuparion, Ahhough MIAI, a federation of Muslirn organizations founded in the end of Dutch colonial era, did not succeed, effort was then carried out by anotber Muslirn organization, Masyurni (Majelis Syuro Muslimin Indonesia) Masyurni uas close to the Japanese governntent, and during the last years of the occupation this organization was granted certain freedorn to become inoolaed in political organs established by the Japanese colonial. Masyumi's dernands r.aere mostly accommodated by the colonial gorernment, and in July B, 1945 an STI was fficially inaugurated. Neverrbeless, this Jakarta'based
-
-
STI did not operdte for long, because the Allied and the Dutch Forces defeated the Japanese and took conrrol oflakarta in 1946. Tbis drow the 17I
Studia Islamika. Vol. 4. No.
-r.
1997
Mastubi HS
172
neuly established Indonesian gol)ernment to move its cdpitalfrom Jakarw to Yogyakara. As a resuh, tbe Jakarta STI had to be closed and lnoped to the neu cdpital city along uith its organizers. Presented by the fi,rst Indonesian president, Soekarno, and vice-president Mohammad Hatta,uho acted as the head of the board organizers of STI, tbe Institute @ds reopened on April 10, 1946, in Yogyakarta. On March 10, 1948, this STI was transformed to become the Indonesian Is-
lamic Unipersity pniversias Islam Indonesia UIr. As aconsequence, the preaious idea to provide training for religious preacbers had to be broadened by esablishing osecular" facuhies such as technical college, medicine, laus, economics and so forth. Internally, such a shift uas intended to combine religious and secular knouledge, but externally it uas to cotnpete with Gadjah Mada Unioersiry (UGM)uhkh uas dominated
-
by
sec
ul ar-n ation alist gr o ups.
riaalry became more aryarent when the Indonesian goaernment ofered the UGM\ organizers the opportuniry to nationalize their institution, Tbq, agreed ti tbis ffir and, eaer since, the tlGM has been under the auspices of the Ministry of Education and Culture (MOEC). Meanuhile, the government also offered tbe Muslim group rhe opportunity to nationalize UII, but the ktter only agreed on the condition thdt the klamic institutc be put under the aegis of rhe Ministry of Religtous Afairs (MORA), instead of the MOEC. Because of this requirement, the government only nationalized its religious facuhies, uhile the others remained pritate. In The
the course of its deueloprnent, the religious faculry of {JII became the nurleus of the State klamic Higher karninglnstitution (Perguruan Tingi Agarna
Islarn Negeri -PTALN. In the rneantirne, the governmentestdblishedan Academy of Religious Knouledge (Akaderni Dinas llrnu Agarna -ADIA) on lune 1, 1957 in This zaas intended to train the government's ciztil seruants uho Jakarta. would resume their duties in MORA as uell as to prepare teaching stffi speciali2ing in Islarnic knowledge for the sate educational insritutions. Three years later, Yogyakarta's PTAIN and Jakarta\ ADIA uere rnerged to becorne the State Institute for Islarnic Studies (lnstitut Agarna Islant
Negeri
-IAIN)under the auspices of MORA. Beginninguith tuo faculries in Yogyakarta, Ushuluddin (lslarnic Theology) and Syari'ah (lslamic Lav,), and ruto faculties in Jakarta, Tarbiah (lslamic Education) and Adab (slamic Lexers), the IAIN deaeloped speedily througbout Indonesia. Up until 1972, MORA had succeeded in establishing about 13 rnain IAINs with rnany branches spread in aarious districts of Indonesia. Studia [slamiha, Vol. 1, No. -j, 1997
Mastuki HS
Tatawwur al-Ta'lim al-'Ali bi Ind0ntsivA
Abstraksi: Perguruan Tinggi kkm (PTI) lahir sebagai basil dari proses persejak dasawarsa wakhir rnasapemerinahan ko I on ial Belanda. Meskipun sampai 1 930-an sudah ada lunbaga pendidihzn tin ggi rni lik prnerinah Belan da, yaitu Seko kh Tinggt Teknik (Techn iscbe Hoogerchoo l), Sekolah Tin ggl Hukt'm (R.echts Hoogeschoo l) da.n Seko lah Tin ggi Kedokteran (Geneeskundige Hooguchool), kesempaan menikmati bagi rakyat priburni, khususnya anak-anak Muslim, amat sulit. Puguruan tinggi ini hanya terbuka bagt kakngan WyaN dan sebagian krcil dari rakyat gurnukn Islam yangdimuki
Indonesia' Keadaan itu rnendorong timbulnya gagdsan dari tokoh-tokob klarn untuk rnendirikan pergurtun tinggi Is/am, yang bukan saja untuk menyalurkan an ak-anak pribumi kc tingkat pen didikan tinggt, me lain kan juga gun a menegaskzn corak keislaman yangmembedakannya dari pendidikan kolo-
nial Belandayang hdtral' terhadap pendidikan dgdtnd Pada 1936 Muhamrnadiyah rnemutushzn untuk rnendirikz.n PTL Dua
altun kernudian, Dr. Satirnan lY/irjosandjojo, salah satu tokoh
PSI, mence-
tuskan ide rnendirikan Sekolah Tinggi klarn (Pesantren Luhur)sebagai tempar untuk rnen didik rnuballigh yan g muniliki k ualifi.kasi ilmu-i lrnu agarna dzn se kal i gus i I rn u-i I rn u um um. I de in i k em udi an dis arn but o I e h o rgan i s as i Islam yangsudah berniatrnendirikzn Sekolah Tingi Islarn diJakaru, Solo dan Surabaya. Namun rencdnd itu tidak dapat direalisasi karena meletus
PerangDunia IL Pada masa pendudukan Jepang, rencana mmdirikan PTI terus diusa-
MIAI, se buah fe derasi or gan isasi-or gan isasi I s I am, m en un t ut petn er intah Jepang untuk rtendirikan Perguruan Tingi Islam. Namun tuntutan
h akan.
MIAI
tidak dikabulkzn. Usaha MIAI dilanjutkan organisasi federattf baru g yaitu Masyurni (MQ e lis Syuro Mus I irnin In don esia). Masyurni lebih 'beruntung" karena memiliki kedpkaan dengan pengudsd Jepang yang pada uhun-ahun terakhir pendudukannya rnernberi peluang bagi federasi ini untuk terlibat dalam orgd.n-organ polirik yang dicipukannya Tuntutan-tuntutan Masyuni banyak didengar o/eh pernerinuh Jepang. Aus usalta Masyurni, pa.da ungal I Juli 1945 Sekolah Tingt Islam (STI) dibukz secara resrni di laknru. Namun keberadzzn STI ini tidzk berlanpyan g diben t uk lepan
173
StHdid kl4mikd, l/ol. 1, No. -i, 1997
Mastuhi HS
aual ahun 1 946, pasukan sekutu Q,{|CA) bersarn a Belanda datang ke Indonesia dan menguasai Jakzrta" Situasi ini memaksa prnerinah RI rnengarnbil kngkzh untukhijrah ke Yogtakara Hijrahnyapemerintah RI secara langsung mempengdruhi keberkngsungan STI karena beberapa pengurus ih.ut pindah kn Yopakaru. Makn untuk sernenara STI di Jokoru ditutup dan ikut boyongan ke Yogahzru. Pada 10 April 1946, STI dibukz kembali di Yogtakara dengan dibadiri Presiden Soekarno dzn Moh. Hara (lVakil Presiden sekaligus Ketua Deuan Peng,nus STI). Di Yogyakarta STI berubab rnenjadi Universius hlam Indonesia (UII)pada 10 Maret 1948. Dengan perubahan kelembagaan ini, tujuan yang semula untuk mmdidik calon-calon ulama bergeser titik beratnya ke arah pembenrukzn fakulas-fakuhas \ekulu' seperti teknik, hukum, ekon omi dan kedokteran. Secara internal, perubahan itu baran gkali dikkukan dzlam rangkz rnernadukan ihnu-ilmu agdmd dzn ilmu-ilrnu urnuTlt. Sedangsecara eksternal,perubahan tersebut wrnpaknyaterjad.i karena riaalsun g larnd. Pada
itas dengan Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) yang dikelola golongan 'sekuler'.
Faktor 'rir;alitas' sernakin je/as atka/a prnerintah RI rnenauarknn
ke-
pada pen ge Io la U GM un tuk menegerikan uniaeritas tersebut. Tauaran tme-
but diterima dengan baik. Pengauasannya berada di angan Kernenterian sekarang). Sementara itu kepada golongan Islam yang mm gelo k UII, panerinuh juga rnmawmka;n untuk rnmegerikan UII. Tawaran wsebut diterima kelompok hlam asal tidak di bauah pengauasan Kernenterian PP14K, rnekinkzn Kernenterian Agama (Depag sekzrang). Oleh karena syarat itulah maka hanyafakultzs agama UII wjayangdapat dinegerikan. Fakultzsfakuhas UII lainnyatery berstatus swasti- Fakultas agarna UII kernudian rnenjadi Pergtuan Tinggi Agama Islarn Negeri (PTAIN), Sernentara itu, di Jakarta pada anggal t Juni 1957 didiriknn Akadenti Dinas llrnu Agarna (ADIA). Akademi ini dirnaksudkan untuk lnempersiapkan para pe gauai yan g ahzn berdinas di Kem enterian Agam a dzn pen gajar agarna di sekolah negeri. Tiga ahun kprnudian,tepatnya 1960,PTAIN
PP|'K lDepdikbud
di Yogtakara dan ADIA di lakzra dilebur jadi satu dengan narna Institut Agarna Islarn Negm (AIN) dengan nama Al-Jami'ah alJslarniyah al-Hukurniyah yang berada di bawah pengawasdn Kementeran Agarna. Berrnula dari duzfakultas di Yogahzra (Ushuluddin dan Syariah) dan
IAIN dengan cepat berhernban g men jadi institut di berbagai dderah di Nusanura. Sampai 1972, sudah berdiri 13 IAIN induk lengkap dengan fakuhasfakultn cabangyangtersebar di berbagai kou. dua di lakarw (farbiyah dan Adab),
Studia Isldn,ihd, l/al. 1, No. -i, 1997
Tataawur al-Ta'lim
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