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SOMATODIAGNOSTICS OF FEMALE, SECONDARY SCHOOL AGE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS Jarmila Riegerová, Jan Ryšavý Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic Submitted in April, 2001 We present in our paper the somatodiagnostic examination results of a group of 12-year old girls from the volleyball preparatory school in Olomouc. The examination was carried out in 1998. The selection was retrospectively evaluated, where the range of characteristics required for the sporting talent selection was not adhered to. We took the main criterion to be their interest in the mentioned sports domain. The principal factors that should govern the selection procedure for determining sporting talent are the stability and predictability of ontogenetic development, morphological-functional relation analyses, as well as the application of compensatory and, where appropriate, corrective measures. Keywords: selection of the sporting talents, somatotype, biological age, prediction, postural function and motion stereotypes.
RESULTS From the somatometric data, we concentrated on the parameters required for ascertaining the somatotype and biological-proportional age. We applied the functional diagnostics for postural function
and motion stereotypes examination by the classical Janda’s 1996 method. Basic statistical characteristics of the observed anthropometric parameters are enumerated in TABLE 1, its relation to the normal values for the Czech population (Bláha et al., 1986) is documented in Fig. 1.
TABLE 1 Basic statistical characteristics of the observed anthropometric parameters and Indexes (n = 26, average age 12.62 years) 6LJQ KHLJKW ZHLJKW DUPFLUFXPIHUHQFHWHQVHG PLGWKLJKWFLUFXPIHUHQFH FDOIFLUFXPIHUHQFHPD[ LFLF LVLV HSLKXP HSLIHP HQGRN PH]RN HNWRN .(, %,$ %,& %0, 5,
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Fig. 1 Normalized deviation of selected anthropometric parameters (n = 26)
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Body weight does not differ from the Czech population norm of 1986 and 1999. (Bláha et al., 1986; Bláha & Vignerová, 1999). Zero level of normalized deviation in relation with above – average levels gives an account of relative long proportionality and slenderness of the girls in the group. The pelvic and shoulder width dimensions in the form of indexes
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inform about the girls with narrow shoulders and pelvis, biepicondilar dimension indicates a more gracile limb constitution. Somatotype components in their average dimension tell us about balanced predominance of ectomorphs, which is documented in Fig. 2. Too large a skeleton gracility is predicative of lower exertion resistance.
Fig. 2 12-year old female volleyball players somatotypes (somatograph divided according to body constitution with relation to motion efficiency
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Fig. 3 Somatotype and proportional age relation
A – accelerated: P – average: 5 – retarded:
Fig. 3 documents the state of biological maturity of the examined group of girls. Girls with average index level of proportional age prevail, belonging to the lower level quadrant of the reference interval spectrum. According to the author’s longitudinal research results, girls with growing peak between 12 and 13 years, and up to 14 years have relevantly higher ectomorphy. Difference in significance was confirmed from 10–13 years. The earlier the PHV (higher biological age), the larger is the weight per 1cm of height during adolescence (Riegerová, 1985). The highest growing speed of the average maturing girls in puberty; in our case middle types (endomorphic ectomorphic, mesomorphic ectomorphic) starts between 11 and 12 years. Among the girls with late normal beginning of puberty, the highest growing speed appears between 12 and 13 years (balanced ectomorphic). The onset of menarchy was not investigated, nevertheless it is possible to show the relation between proportional age index level, PHV, constitution and middle age menarche (with decimal age division, menarche commencement is on average 0,7 years after the end of PHV implementation) (Riegerová, 1987, 1994). The method of Šrámková, Prokopec and Železný (1978) was used for adult body height prediction, the biological age data was used for prediction specification. Average predicted proband’s height is 173.4 cm with a relevant deviation of 4.29 cm. Current body height is related to lower relevant deviation (5.46) which together with low variational coefficient level (3.35 %) tells us about a considerably homogenous
n=3 n = 19 n=4
(11.5 %) (76.1 %) (15.4 %)
group (range from 166.2 cm to 182.2 cm). Fig. 4 documents the predicted body height configuration in relation with average and with relevant deviation. Only 23 % of girls have precondition to reach a height higher than 178 cm. Fig. 4 Distribution of predicted body height levels
FP
Fig. 5 shows a comparison between the average somatotypes in groups of female secondary school age volleyball players of Dostálová (1992) and Pecová (1999). Again, we can tell about the cumulative levels in distal category D and A part, with highest gracility in our group.
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Fig. 5 Average somatotypes of 12-year old female volleyball players. (Dostálová, 1992; Pecová, 1999; Riegerová & Ryšavý, 2000)
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Fig. 6 The frequency of muscles shortening – postural muscles, n = 26, l = 3.8 %
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The evaluation of the state of musculature in 12-year old female volleyball players is relatively satisfactory. In general, we aim to include, for volleyball, overstraining of shoulder joint rotators, muscles and joints of fingers and insertion points of the abdominal and back muscles. The most problematic muscle group in the postural muscles in our set were the hip joint adductors, with light disproportion on the right side. Thigh adductors guarantee static stabilisation of the stand and dynamic stabilisation while walking. They are nearly permanently active, with noticeable tendencies to shorten. Mainly small shortening of the double-joint adductors (m. gracilis, m. biceps femoris). The other high frequency of shortening appeared in the knee flexor which are also permanently engaged in the motion on flat terrain with the support of the synergic adductors. The correlation of the both muscle group handicap was significant. In general, long lasting ligamentum iliofemoral overstraining results in hip joint hyperextension. M. erector spinae is involved in the correction of occurred postural instability which leads to activation and stiffness of the lumbar part. The stated trend is indicated even in our results, it emphasizes the necessity of compensatory exercises. Fig. 7, where the muscles with tendency to weaken are introduced, indicates the tendencies to build substitutional motion stereotypes. The highest frequency of weakening was found in shoulder blade low fixators, meaning scapula alata (19.2 %). In the evaluation of substitutional motion stereotypes in the case of LE, extension was found to occur with simultaneous hamstring and paravertebral muscle activation in 15.4 % and 11.5 % cases. Fig. 7 Frequency of weakened muscles and substitutional motion stereotypes n = 26, l = 3.8 %
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REFERENCES Bláha, P. et al. (1986). Antropometrie československé populace od 6 do 55 let. Praha: 1/2. Bláha, P., Vignerová, J., Paulová, M., Riedlová, J., Kobzová, J., & Krejčovský, L. (1999). Vývoj tělesných parametrů českých dětí a mládeže se zaměřením na rozměry hlavy. Praha: SZÚ. Janda, V. (1996). Funkční svalový test. Praha: Grada Publishing. Dostálová, I. (1992). Typologická studie žáků sportovních tříd se zaměřením na volejbal. Diplomová práce, Univerzita Palackého, Fakulta tělesné kultury, Olomouc. Dylevský, I. et al. (1997). Pohybový systém a zátěž. Praha: Grada Publishing. Pecová, B. (1999). Příspěvek k hodnocení konstituce u dětí staršího školního věku. Diplomová práce, Univerzita Palackého, Fakulta tělesné kultury, Olomouc. Riegerová, J. (1985). Ověřovací studie predikce tělesné výšky podle Šrámkové, Prokopce a Železného (1978). Teor. Praxe Těl. Vých., 33(6), 357–366. Riegerová, J. (1987). Growth dynamics of selected anthropometric parameters of Olomouc 10–17 aged girls. AUPO, Fac. Rer. Nat., 90, Biol. 27, 237–251. Riegerová, J. (1994). A study of children somatotype changes at the age of puberty (a longitudinal observation). Olomouc: FTK UP.
In hypermobility evaluation and spasticity evaluation, we judged the thoracical and lumbar spine mobility and shoulder joint mobility. In the case of bending forward examination, we established a high percentage of hypermobile girls (46.2 %). The stiffness of paravertebral muscles in its lumbar part and related substitutional tipping in the hip joints was found in 19.2 % of probands only. High percentage of probands proved normal mobility in the shoulder joint part. (80.8 dex., 73.2 sin.), no more than 6 cases – 23.1 % were hypermobile.
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Doc. RNDr. Jarmila Riegerová, CSc. Palacký University Faculty of Physical Culture tř. Míru 115 771 11 Olomouc Czech Republic
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SOMATODIAGNOSTIKA VOLEJBALISTEK STARŠÍHO ŠKOLNÍHO VĚKU (Souhrn anglického textu) U 26 žákyň staršího školního věku z volejbalové přípravky (prům. věk 12,62 let) bylo zpětně provedeno somatometrické vyšetření zaměřené na vyhodnocení stability a prediktability ontogenetického vývoje, posturálních funkcí a pohybových stereotypů. Tělesná
42 hmotnost se neliší od normativu české populace z roku 1986 i z roku 1999. Tělesná výška je nadprůměrná a ve vztahu k hmotnosti vypovídá o relativní dlouhoproporčnosti a štíhlosti probandek. Komponenty somatotypu ve své průměrné hodnotě i v grafickém znázornění vypovídají o převaze vyrovnaných ektomorfů. Gracilita kostry je predikčním momentem menší odolnosti na zátěž. Vzhledem k biologickému věku převažují dívky průměrně zrající, s hodnotami indexu proporcionálního věku v dolním kvadrantu referenční škály. Pouze 23,08 % dívek má předpoklady k dosažení tělesné výšky větší než 178 cm. Hodnocení stavu
Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis svalového aparátu je poměrně uspokojivé, s nejvyššími frekvencemi zkrácení u adduktorů kyčelního kloubu a flexorů kolenního kloubu. Tyto svalové skupiny se synergně podporují při statické i dynamické stabilizaci stoje a chůzi na rovném terénu. Nejvyšší frekvence oslabení byla zaznamenána u dolních fixátorů lopatek ve smyslu scapula alata. Hypermobilita trupu byla poměrně vysoká bez substituce, v oblasti ramenního kloubu převažovala normální hybnost. Klíčová slova: výběr sportovních talentů, somatotyp, biologický věk, predikce, posturální funkce a pohybové stereotypy.
