SEMINAR NASIONAL TEKNIK TENAGA LISTRIK S E N A T R I K 2004

SEMINAR NASIONAL TEKNIK TENAGA LISTRIK S E N A T R I K 2004

7-8 DESEMBER 2004 HOTEL GRAND PREANGER BANDUNG

ISBN : 979-99069-0-3

KATA SAMBUTAN KETUA PANITA PELAKSANA Assalamu’alaikum wr. wb. Adanya sarana berkomunikasi, bertukar pengalaman, dan bertukar pengetahuan merupakan syarat penting untuk terus memajukan sains dan teknologi. Seminar Nasional Teknik Tenaga Listrik 2004 diselenggarakan sebagai kelanjutan dari Seminar Mesin Listrik dan Elektronika Daya (SMED), Seminar Sistem Tenaga dan Distribusi Elektrik (SSTDE), dan Seminar Nasional dan Workshop Teknik Tegangan Tinggi yang sebelumnya diadakan secara terpisah. Dengan berkembangnya teknik tenaga listrik, penggabungan ini diharapkan bisa semakin mendorong berkembangnya ketenagalistrikan di Indonesia yang cenderung multidisiplin. Walaupun seminar ini diselenggarakan oleh teman-teman dari departemen Teknik Elektro ITB, kami berkeinginan untuk menjadikan seminar ini sebagai seminar yang dimiliki bersama oleh seluruh para pakar ketenagalistrikan. Kami berniat untuk menjadikan seminar ini menjadi agenda tahunan yang diadakan di mana saja di Indonesia ini. Mungkin suatu saat, kalangan industri menjadi tuan rumah seminar ini. Walaupun belum sebanyak dan sebaik seminar teknik tenaga listrik tingkat internasional, banyaknya abstrak yang masuk dalam seminar ini menunjukkan tingginya minat para pakar ketenagalistrikan untuk mengikuti seminar. Jumlah makalah dari kalangan non akademis juga semakin meningkat. Idealnya, jumlah makalah dari kalangan industri sama dengan yang berasal dari kalangan akademis. Pada kesempatan ini, kami panitia sangat berterimakasih kepada para sponsor dan seluruh pihak yang membantu terselenggaranya seminar ini. Saya juga berterimakasih kepada seluruh panitia yang telah bekerja secara sukarela dalam seminar ini. Kami mengucapkan selamat berseminar, selamat berdiskusi, dan selamat berkarya. Wassalamualaikum W.W. Bandung, 7 Desember 2004.

Pekik Argo Dahono

KEPANITIAAN Organizer : Departemen Teknik Elektro Insitut Teknologi Bandung IEEE Indonesia Section Sponsor Nasional : MELDA (Masyarakat Mesin Listrik dan Elektronika Daya FOSTU (Forum Studi Teknik Tegangan Tinggi Antar Universitas PT PLN (Persero) PT INDOKOMAS PT SIEMENS INDONESIA PT ALSTHOM INDONESIA PT SCHNEIDER INDONESIA LPKEE (Laboratorium Penelitian Konversi Energi Elektrik) ITB Struktur Kepanitian SENATRIK’04 Panitia Pengarah Ketua : Isnuwardianto (ITB) Anggota : Ngapuli I. Sinisuka (ITB) Yanuarsyah Haroen (ITB) Sudjana Sapiie (ITB) Herman Darnel (PLN) Panitia Teknik Ketua : Suwarno (ITB) Anggota : Soebagio (ITS) Parouli Pakpahan (ITB) Tumiran (UGM) O. Penangsang (ITS) Iwa Garniwa (UI) Soetjipto (HALTI) Gibson Sianipar (ITB) Syarif Hidayat (ITB) Qamaruzzaman (ITB) M. Syamsuddin (PLN) Syafri Martinius (ITB) Hartono (PT KERETA API (Persero)) Amir Rosyidin (PLN) Marzan A. Iskandar (BPPT) Wisnu Kuncoro (KS) Hal Sembiring (TRANKA) Nanang Haryanto (ITB) Pekik A. Dahono (ITB) Syamsir Abduh (USAKTI) S. Falanu (PLN)

Panitia Pelaksana Ketua Sekretaris Bendahara Publikasi

: : : :

Pekik A. Dahono (ITB) Redy Mardiana (ITB) Nanang Haryanto (ITB) Tri Desmana Rachmildha (ITB)

TECHNICAL SESSION SESSION HARI WAKTU Moderator Co-Moderator

SENATRIK 1-1 Selasa, 7 Desember 2004 13.00 – 15.05 Ari Murtono Nanang Hariyanto

NO.

JUDUL MAKALAH

SN-002

Karakteristik Tegangan Induksi Petir pada SUTM 20 kV dengan Metoda CORNFIELD

Mukhtaher, Anizar. I, Ari M. Jaya

SN-119

Reduction in Distribution Transformer Failures Using Improved Lightning Protection System

Werlin Sabar Nainggolan

SN-045

Penentuan Arus Hubung Singkat Akibat Ketidakstabilan Termal pada Kabel Bawah Tanah XLPE 12/20 kV

Syamsir Abduh

SN-050

Evaluasi Unjuk Kerja Saluran Transmisi 150 kV Terhadap Sambaran Petir

Ade R, A. Syakur, J. Windarto

SN-112

Improvement of Lightning Protection System on Distribution Lines: A Case Study at South-Jakarta, Indonesia

Reynaldo Zoro dan Hadi Suhana

SESSION HARI WAKTU Moderator Co-Moderator NO.

PENULIS

SENATRIK 2-1 Selasa, 7 Desember 2004 13.00 – 15.05 Hartono AS Yanuarsyah Haroen JUDUL MAKALAH

PENULIS

SN-010

Identifikasi Parameter Generator Sinkron yang Dibebani Dengan Penyearah

Qamaruzzaman

SN-018

PID Controller Setting in PLC Application for DC Motor Electric Drive Using OMRON C200HE – PID 03

Agusti Purusanto, Mochammad Facta

SN-093

Design and application of microcontroller in producing firing angle of SCR in Various Types of Controlled Rectifier for Permanent Magnet DC Motor Controller

Dinar Atika Sari, Kamilludin, Santoro, Ahmad Habibi

SN-076

Model Sistem Hibrid Motor Arus Searah Tanpa Sikat

Iyas Munawar, Yanuarsyah H, Yoga Priyana

SN-028

Penggunaan Algoritma Genetika untuk Penyelesaian Model d-q Motor Induksi untuk Mendapatkan Karakteristik

Era Purwanto,Hery Mauriddhi,Gigih Prabowo,Ainur Rofig,Maruli Tua


SENATRIK 3-1 Selasa, 7 Desember 2004 13.00 – 15.05 Lili Tjarli Tahlan Bambang Anggoro JUDUL MAKALAH

PENULIS

SN-060

On Site Tanget Delta Measurement of 20 MVA, 70/20 KV Power Transformer Using Automatic Insulation Test System Type 2818/5283™

Waluyo, Cep Hardi Ardiansyah, Sumarna, Sumanta

SN-070

Pengukuran Partial Discharge Pada Isolasi Resin Epoksi Dalam Aplikasi Trafo Arus Distribusi Pasangan Luar Pada Berbagai Kondisi Lingkungan

Suwarno, Satia Zaputra, Syarif Hidayat

SN-075

Sistem Manajemen Password Sebagai Basis Keamanan Sistem Meter Elektronik

Teddy Mulyadi H. , Taufiqur Rahman, Adharul Muttaqin

SN-069

Pembuatan dan ujicoba alat deteksi petir dengan teknologi broadband radio interferometry

Redy Mardiana

SESSION HARI WAKTU Moderator Co-Moderator

SENATRIK 1-2 Selasa, 7 Desember 2004 15.20 – 17.00 Syamsir Abduh Iyas Munawar

NO.

JUDUL MAKALAH

SN-063

Beberapa Usaha Peningkatan Kualitas Proses Pembelajaran pada Konsentrasi Teknik Energi Elektrik di Perguruan Tinggi Tingkat Sarjana

Waluyo

PENULIS

SN-079

Kajian Kondisi Kelistrikan di Pulau-pulau Pemukiman Kabupaten Administratif Kepulauan Seribu

Qamaruzzaman and Agus Purwadi

SN-089

Kajian Penerapan Pajak Sulfur sebagai Pendorong Pemanfaatan Sumber Energi Terbarukan dalam Rangka Peningkatan Keandalan Pasokan Daya Sistem Jawa-Madura-Bali

Rasional Sitepu, Charles O.P. Marpaung, dan R. Soemarno

SN-106

Analisis Vektor dan Syarat Batas Elektromagnetik

Agung Harsoyo


SENATRIK 2-2 Selasa, 7 Desember 2004 15.20 – 17.00 Era Purwanto Qamaruzzaman JUDUL MAKALAH

PENULIS

SN-012

Three-Phase Three-Cell Converter to Improve Shunt Active Power Filter

Slamet Riyadi , Maurice Fadel, Yanuarsyah Haroen

SN-066

Transformator Phasa Banyak Hubungan Polygon untuk Penyearah 12 Pulsa

Syafri Martinius, Burhanuddin Halimi, dan Pekik Argo Dahono

SN-033

Sebuah Pengendali Arus Frekuensi Penyaklaran Maksimum Tetap Untuk Inverter Satu Fasa Jembatan Penuh

Ilham Setia Permadi dan Pekik Argo Dahono

SN-036

Teknik Pengendalian Penyearah Modulasi Lebar Pulsa Satu Fasa dengan Pendekatan Virtual Tiga Fasa

Leonardus Heru Pratomo dan Yanuarsyah haroen

SN-024

A Wider Range Automatic Electric Induction Motor Speed Controlling using Micro-controller

Andy Hartono, Lukman Hakim, Mochammad Facta


SENATRIK 3-2 Selasa, 7 Desember 2004 15.20 – 17.00 Mukhtaher Redy Mardiana JUDUL MAKALAH

PENULIS

SN-004

Karakteristik Elektrik dari Suatu Tanah dengan Berbagai Macam Treatment (Penambahan Air, Garam , Karbon ) dalam Tanah

Bambang Anggoro , Kudrat Sumintapura, Ngapuli I Sinisuka , Parouli M Pakpahan, Herry

SN-008

Korelasi antara Tegangan Tembus Listrik Terhadap Tegangan Antar Muka untuk Minyak Isolasi Shell Diala B dan RDBPO pada Variasi Kontaminasi Air

Ahmad Fali Oklilas, Ansyori, Amril Sudiono, Muhammad Hapiz

SN-051

Uji Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) untuk Mengetahui Kestabilan Thermal Material Isolasi Polimer

Suwarno, Salman

SN-118

Sistem Proteksi Petir pada Instalasi Telekomunikasi : Evaluasi Gangguan dan Perbaikan

Reynaldo Zoro, Ryan Mefiardhi


SENATRIK 1-3 Rabu, 8 Desember 2004 08.00 – 10.05 Salama Manjang Pekik Argo Dahono JUDUL MAKALAH

PENULIS

SN-046

Analisa dan Solusi Kegagalan Transfer Breaker 6 kV di PLTU SURALAYA

I Wayan Arimbawa YS, ST; M. Arief Rachman, ST; Marhan Saub

SN-071

Studi Karakteristik Arus Bocor dan Tahanan Permukaan Isolasi Polimer Resin Epoksi Dalam Aplikasi Trafo Arus Distribusi Pasangan Luar Pada Berbagai Kondisi Lingkungan

Satia Zaputra, Suwarno, Syarif Hidayat

SN-088

Partial Discharge Patterns in a Void on High Humidity Condition

Abdul Syakur and Suwarno

SN-108

Evaluasi Unjuk Kerja Jaringan Deteksi Petir Jepang

Syarif Hidayat, masasu Ishii, Akiko Sugita


SENATRIK 2-3 Rabu, 8 Desember 2004 08.00 – 10.05 Suherman Hilwadi Hindersyah JUDUL MAKALAH

PENULIS

SN-038

Implementasi Pengendali Arus pada Inverter Satu Fasa menggunakan Personal Computer (PC)

Palman, Tri Desmana R

SN-091

Design and application of microcontroller for producing programmed unidirectional and bidirectional single phase controller

Reza Fakhrizal , Rheni Dariati

SN-047

Pengaruh Perkembangan Teknologi Sistem Kendali Transmisi Daya pada Lokomotif dan Kereta Rel Listrik Terhadap Keandalan Operasional

Ir. Hartono AS, MM

SN-025

Pengaturan dan Sinkronisasi Kecepatan Dua Buah Motor Induksi Satu Fasa dengan Inverter yang Berbasiskan Mikrokontroller AT89C51

Andy Nugroho, Mochammad Facta

SN-058

Balast Elektronik Lampu TL Faktor Daya Tinggi dengan Integrasi Konverter Boost dan Inverter Resonan Pembebanan Seri

Syafri Martinius,Hafidh Hasan, Kuspriyanto

SN-015

The Optimal Solution of Two Area Interconnected Power System with Unmeasurable Variables via LQG (Linear Quadratic Gaussian) controller

Marwan Rosyadi dan Imam Robandi


SENATRIK 3-3 Rabu, 8 Desember 2004 08.00 – 10.05 Bb. Heru Migiantoro Syarif Hidayat JUDUL MAKALAH

PENULIS

SN-048

Pelapisan silikon untuk memperbaiki kinerja isolator keramik pasangan luar

Suwarno

SN-059

Simulation Analysis on Effect of The Ratio of Capacitances and Resistances, and Series Inductances on A Lightning Impulse Voltage Generator

Waluyo

SN-003

Analisis Tegangan Lebih Transien Akibat Sambaran Petir Langsung pada SUTET 500 kV Gandul Kembangan dengan Menggunakan EMTP

Mukhtaher, Arzul, Rahmat Thamrin

SN-006

Perbandingan Hasil Pengukuran dan Perhitungan Medan Magnetik di Bawah Transmisi SUTET 500 KV

Bambang Anggoro , Parouli M Pakpahan , Alex Priyo Pratomo

SN-068

Spatial And Temporal Distribution of Ligtning activity over indonesia observed From Satelitte TRMM/LIS

Redy Mardiana


SENATRIK 1-4 Rabu, 8 Desember 2004 10.20 – 12.00 Bogas L. Tobing Agus Purwadi JUDUL MAKALAH

PENULIS

SN-097

Aplikasi Analisis Frekuensi Sistem (AFS)

Victor Hadjon, William Randa Kasoa dan Abd. Salam Nganro

SN-120

Sistem Kendali Adaptif Kecepatan Motor dengan Metoda Gradien Studi Kasus : Implementasi pada Robot Mobil Tipe Skid Steering

Hilwadi Hindersah, Carmadi Machbub, Kukuh Karnanto

SN-027

Pengaturan Cahaya Lampu sebagai Fotosistesis PHYTOPLANKTON Buatan dengan Menggunakan Mikrokontroler AT89S52

Emak Pancar Sakti, M.Facta, Sudjadi, M. Zainuri

SN-026

Arm Robot Movement Control and Monitoring using PLC and IntellutionFix Programming for Displacement Metal Object in Conveyer

Azhardiaz Budiman, Mochammad Facta

SESSION HARI WAKTU Moderator Co-Moderator

SENATRIK 2-4 Rabu, 8 Desember 2004 10.20 – 12.00 Irhan Febijanto Syafri Martinius

NO.

JUDUL MAKALAH

SN-090

The Application of Magnetic Coupling as Variable Speed Controller

Nyoto Susilo, Mochammad Facta

SN-056

Mengendalikan Kecepatan Motor DC dengan Menggunakan SMS

R.Sumarno,Rasional Sitepu,Yanuar

SN-053

Aplikasi Mikrokontroler Sebagai Pembangkit Modulasi Vektor Ruang Dalam Inverter Tegangan Berubah dan Frekuensi Berubah

Syahrial, Yanuarsyah Haroen

SN-035

Penggunaan Resistor Virtual Untuk Memperbaiki Kinerja Pengendali Arus Keluaran Konverter DC-DC Empat Kuadran

Pekik A. Dahono dan Aries S. Arifien


PENULIS

SENATRIK 3-4 Rabu, 8 Desember 2004 10.20 – 12.00 Waluyo Suwarno JUDUL MAKALAH

PENULIS

SN-072

Studi Ketahanan Tegangan Impuls Petir Pada Isolasi Trafo Arus Distribusi Pasangan Luar

Syarif Hidayat , Satia Zaputra, Suwarno, Mulyadi

SN-007

Prosedur dan Problematika Modifikasi Transformator Daya Tegangan Menengah 6 KV/20 KV Menjadi13,8KV/20KV

Bambang Anggoro, Parouli M Pakpahan , Toto Hadianto

SN-049

Evaluasi Besar Tahanan Kaki Menara 150 kV terhadap Arus Sambaran Kritis Minimum

Ade R, A. Syakur, J. Windarto

SN-104

Petir dan Gangguan pada Sistem Transmisi di Pulau Jawa

Syarif Hidayat, Nanang Haryanto, I Made Ro Sakya, dan Solida


SENATRIK 1-5 Rabu, 8 Desember 2004 13.00 – 15.30 M. Facta Gibson Sianipar JUDUL MAKALAH

PENULIS

SN-086

Faktor Rugi-rugi (Load Loss Factor) Sistem Kelistrikan Sumatera Bagian Utara

Bonggas L.Tobing

SN-109

Pembangkitan Listrik Berbahan Bakar Ampas Tebu di Lampung Tengah

Irhan Febijanto

SN-121

Menghemat Pemakaian Bahan Bakar Minyak dengan Mengoperasikan Coal Burner Lebih Awal

Hadi Priyatno Lucas, Suherman

SN-039

Sistem Islanding PLTU Suralaya 3400 MW

Andiek Tri Feriyanto, Wisnu Kurniawan

SN-098

Strategi Operasi Sistem Tenaga Listrik SULSEL

Dispriansyah, M. Tahir dan William Randa Kasoa


SENATRIK 2-5 Rabu, 8 Desember 2004 13.00 – 15.30 R. Sumarno Yanuarsyah Haroen JUDUL MAKALAH

PENULIS

SN-016

Penggunaan Transformator dan Induktor dalam Satu Inti pada Konverter DC-DC Step Down Konduksi Arus Kontinyu

Ari Murtono

SN-032

Analisis Arus Urutan Nol Akibat Distorsi Arus Harmonisa Ketiga Pada Generator Sinkron dalam Sistem Pembangkitan Energi Listrik Sendiri

Nana Heryana dan Pekik Argo Dahono

SN-085

Pemanfaatan Diode Tegangan Rendah untuk Pembangkitan Tegangan Tinggi Searah

Bonggas L.Tobing

SN-017

Sequensial Soft Start dan Soft Stop untuk Kendali Motor Universal Menggunakan Mikrokontroler AT89S51

Yunanda Raharjanto dan Mochammad Facta

SN-101

Perancangan Modul Praktikum Elektronika Daya Berbasis Switching Emulator

Arifian dan Pekik Argo Dahono

SN-077

Konsep Roda Motor Listrik

Iyas Munawar, Yanuarsyah H, Yoga Priyana


SENATRIK 3-5 Rabu, 8 Desember 2004 13.00 – 15.30 Reynaldo Zoro Suwarno JUDUL MAKALAH

PENULIS

SN-107

Karakteristik Petir dan GangguanPetir pada Sistem Distribusi Listrik di Jakarta

Syarif Hidayat, Nanang Haryanto, dan Eddy Sriyatmo

SN-110

Perbandingan Kinerja Mekanis Konduktor ACSR dan TACSR Terhadap Perubahan Arus Saluran pada SUTET 500 KV

Bb.Heru Migiantoro

SN-005

Kontur Garis Ekipotensial dan Sifat Penyebaran Arus dalam Tanah dari Suatu Sistem Pengetanahan Konfigurasi 2 (Dua) atau Lebih Elektroda Vertikal

Bambang Anggoro , Kudrat Sumintapura, Ngapuli I Sinisuka, Parouli M Pakpahan, Dranata

SN-044

Unjuk Kerja Isolator 20 KV Akibat Pengaruh Polutan Tak Larut (Studi Kasus Gardu Distribusi PT. SEMEN TONASA II)

Herman, Salama Manjang

PLENARY SESSION HARI WAKTU

Selasa, 7 Desember 2004 09.15 – 12.15

Judul Makalah “Visi IPTEK 2005 dan Landmark Litbangrap IPTEK untuk Ketersediaan Energi Tahun 2020.”

Plenary Session “Cranking 3400 MW Suralaya Coal Fired Steam Power Plants” “Besaran Tenaga Listrik : Definisi dan Masalahnya”

Pembicara/Penulis Neni Sintawardani ( Kementerian Riset dan Teknologi )

Gibson Sianipar (ITB) Lili. Tjarli Tahlan (PT. Indonesia Power) Pekik Argo Dahono (ITB)

SEMINAR NASIONAL TEKNIK TENAGA LISTRIK 2004 Bandung, 7 – 8 Desember 2004

THREE-PHASE THREE-CELL CONVERTER TO IMPROVE SHUNT ACTIVE POWER FILTER 1),3)

Slamet Riyadi 1) , Maurice Fadel 2), Yanuarsyah Haroen 3) LPKEE-Departement of Electrical Engineering-ITB-Indonesia 2) LEEI-ENSEEIHT-INPT-France email : [email protected]

Abstract: In this paper, the application of threephase three-cell converter as a shunt active power filter for three-phase three-wire system is described. This multicell converter is capable in keeping capacitor voltages balanced for better operation. It is also able to track the reference current with smaller ripple. By using Instantaneous Virtual Power Equality based control method, the active power filter can be implemented in the system with non-ideal source voltages. After the compensation currents are injected by the active power filter, source currents will be nearly sinusoidal and unity power factor. Simulation are done to verify analysis.

three-phase three-cell converter as a shunt active power filter to do better filtering. By using instantaneous virtual power equality based control method, this active power filter will have capability to operate under non-ideal main source. II. Three-Phase Three-Cell Converter Topology Fig-1 shows a three-cell converter with three pairs of semiconductor switches , two capacitors and a dc source. The output frequency will be three times of the switching frequency and also will fluctuate at one-third of the input dc voltage.

Keywords : Multicell, active power filter I. Introduction The rapid growth of the use of diode and thyristor rectifiers has been seriously caused harmonics in power systems. A conventional method to compensate for these harmonics by using shunt passive power filters has some disadvantages because these exhibit lower impedance at tuned frequencies than the source impedance to reduce the harmonic currents flowing to the source. Shunt active power filters that have been researched in the two last decades are alternative ways to compensate for the harmonics. These shunt active power filters use Conventional PWM converters that act as controlled current source to inject undesired currents to the systems [1], [2]. In the application of high voltage power conversion, it is sometimes difficult to implement power semiconductors because of their limit in voltage rating. A topology of multicell converter could be implemented to apply standard power semiconductors in high voltage power conversion. The general structure of multicell converter is to synthesize a high voltage waveform from a several voltages. It is also able to produce output waveform with higher frequency and lower ripple [3]-[5]. A shunt active power filter will improve power system quality by injecting undesired current. The higher frequency of injected currents, the better performance of this active power filter. In this paper, the authors will describe implementation of

ISBN 979-99069-0-3

Fig-1: (a) three-cell converter (b) Output voltage at duty cycle changes In three-cell multiconverter, the condition of duty cycle is devided into three types, these are - condition-1 : duty cycle less than 1/3 - condition-2 : duty cycle 1/3 - 2/3 - condition-3 : duty cycle 2/3 - 1

Fig-2: Three-cell chopper operating with duty cycle less than 1

Fig-3: Three-cell chopper operating with duty cycle between 1/3 and 2/3


Fig-4: Three-cell chopper operating with duty cycle between 2/3 and 1

ª I ch « « C1 « B1 « 0 « « V C1 «¬ Lch ª v C1 º x ««vC 2 »» «¬ ich »¼

º 0 » » I ch » 0 » C2 » V Vs » C2 Lch Lch »¼ ª d 2 d1 º u ««d 3 d 2 »» «¬ d 3 »¼ 0

in the above equation, there is coupling phenomena. By using simplification, decoupled condition can be achieved and shown in Fig-6 where the values of matrices R and L described in equation (4).

Fig-5: output voltage of three-cell inverter

If the switching states are symbolized by S1, S2 and S3 which value can be 0 or 1. An instantaneous model can be obtained as stated in equation (1) i ch d >S 2 S1 @ v C1 (1a) dt C1 and

d vC 2 dt

d i ch dt

ich >S 3 S 2 @ C2 Rch V i ch s S 3 Lch Lch

v v C 2 >S 3 S 2 @ C 1 >S 2 S 1 @ L ch L ch

(1c)

Replacing the switching states S1, S2 and S3 with duty cycle d1, d2 and d3, an average model is obtained. If the duty cycle of d1, d2 and d3 are relatively equal, the voltages of capacitors C1 and C2 will be balanced. Then the average model in nonlinear state equation is given by dx A1 x B1 ( x).u dt (3) where

A1

Fig-6: State feedback decoupling applied to three-cell chopper

(1b)

º ª 0 » «0 0 «0 0 0 » « Rch » » «0 0 Lch »¼ «¬

R

ª C1 p1 « I cho « « 0 « « C pV « 1 1 C1o ¬« Vso I cho

L

ª C1 p1 « I cho « « 0 « « C pV « 1 1 C1o ¬« Vso I cho

0 C2 p2 I cho C pV 2 2 C 2o Vso I cho

0 C p 2 2 I cho C 2 p 2VC 2 o Vso I cho

º » » » 0 » Lch p3 Rch » » Vso ¼» 0

º » » 0 » » Lch p3 » » Vso ¼» 0

(4a)

(4b)

In application as a shunt active power filter, a PWM converter must be able to functioned as a controlled current source. Therefore, it must also have capability of reversible power flow, it means that a PWM converter must be able to operate as rectifier and inverter. Fig-7 shows a three-cell inverter that functioned as a controlled current source. It needs to measure the output current to be compared to a reference current. To keep the two capacitors’voltage balanced, it is necessary to detect the voltages on both capacitors.


To keep a balanced voltage over each capacitors, six voltage sensors are needed to detect the voltage of each capacitors and one voltage sensor is for dclink. The control scheme for this active power filter is shown in Fig-9 and Fig-10, this control method is based instantaneous virtual power equality. First, the main voltages are detected in order to get the phase information. (a)

(b) Fig-7: (a)three-cell inverter as a controlled current source (b)output voltage with harmonic output current III. Implementation of Three-Phase Three-Cell Converter as a Shunt Active Power Filter There are some methods that are used to control active power filter, they are based on frequency domain and time domain, but the later seems to be better for its ability in transient respond. A method called “p-q theory” that proposed by Akagi is often used in application time domain based control circuit, because of its superiority. In this paper, the author will decribe an implementation a control method of three phase shunt active power filter that capable in operation under non ideal main source. The active power filter will be implemented by three-phase three-cell PWM converter. Fig-8 depicts a three-phase shunt active power filter that implemented three-cell PWM converter. It needs six current sensor for detect load currents and output currents of PWM converter.

Fig-9: Instantaneous Virtual Power Equality based control scheme of active power filter This information is used to generate three sinusoidal waveform with unity magnitute and displaced 120°. These three sinusoidal waveforms are then transformed into DE coordinate. By detecting load currents and transforming these quantities into DE coordinate and also multiplying these with generated sinusoidal voltages in DE, instantaneous real power will be obtained. Using the LPF to filter out unwanted components, dc component of instantaneous real power is determined. Source reference currents are obtained by multiplying three sinusoidal waveform with factor k, by the same way as the load power calculated, dc component of instantaneous real power of the source will also be determined. Comparing the dc components of the instantaneous real power of the load and the source will produce factor k.

Fig-8: Three-cell PWM converter implemented as an active power filter Fig-10: Scheme of current controller


IV. Simulation Results To verify analysis that has been done, simulated results are presented in this paper. The load currents that contained harmonics will be compensated by active power filter by injecting compensated currents in order to make sinusoidal source currents. By using additional current control, the capacitors’ voltages keep balanced. Application active power filter under unbalanced source and/or distorted source are also simulated with the following parameters Load Parameters (three-phase diode rectifier) L = 10 mH R = 30 Ohm Parameters of Three-phase Multicell Converter L = 0,05 mH C1 = 40 uF C2 = 40 uF C = 50 uF Parameters of control circuit for Multicell Converter depicted in Fig-25b p1 = -2000 p2 = -2000 p3 = -20.000

The following simulation results are done under different kind of source voltage condition. Fig-12 shows that the multicell converter injects the compensated currents smoothly to the system, so the source currents are forced to be sinusoidal. By controlling the capacitor’s voltages in the multicell converter, the smaller value of the capacitors can be used to get relatively contant voltages of these capacitors.

Fig-11: Source voltages and source currents under ideal main voltages after compensation

Fig-12: Load current, compensated current and source current under ideal main voltages

Fig-13: Voltage of DC-link, voltages of C1 and C2 under ideal source voltages Simulation under non-ideal source voltages are shown in Fig-14 untill Fig-19 that prove the control method applied in this shunt active filter has capability to make source currents always sinusoidal under any kind of source voltage condition. By using three-cell, each capacitors will has one third of the dc-link voltage, so the lower voltage-reted semiconductor switches can be used.

Fig-14: Unbalanced source voltages and source currents after compensation

Fig-15: Voltage of DC-link, voltages of C1 and C2 under unbalanced source voltages

Fig-16: Distorted source voltages and source currents after compensation


2.

Fig-17: Voltage of DC-link, voltages of C1 and C2 under distorted source voltages

3.

4.

Fig-18: Unbalanced and distorted source voltages and source currents after compensation

Fig-19 : Voltage of DC-link, voltages of C1 and C2 under unbalanced and distorted source voltages V. Conclusion Multicell converter gives output currents with higher frequency so this will make this currents have smaller ripple. It uses lower voltage- rated switches to reach higher voltage application. To make better operation, the capacitor voltages in multicell converter must be balanced, it means that all the switches will handle the same voltage. So the voltage controller is needed to control these capacitor voltages. The control method of active power filter that based on instantaneous virtual power equality is capable in operating under unbalanced and/or distorted source voltages. It can make the source currents always nearly sinuasoidal and with low THD. REFERENCE 1. S. J. Huang, J. C. Wu, “A Control Algorithm for Three-Phase Three-Wired

5.

Active Power Filter under Nonideal Mains Voltages”, IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, vol.14, no.4, pp.753-760, July 1999 M. Aredes, J. Hafner, K. Heufmann, “Three-Phase Four-Wired Shunt Active Filter Control Strategies”, IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, vol.12, no.2, pp.311318, March 1997 G. Gateau, M. Fadel, P. Maussion, R. Bensaid, T. A. Meynard, “Multicell Converters: Active Control and Observation of Flying-Capacitor Voltages”, IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol.49, no.5, pp.998-1008, Oct 2002 T. A. Meynard,H. Foch, P. Thomas, J. Courault, R. Jakob, M. Nahrstaedt, “Multicell Converters: Basic Conceptsand Industry Applications”, IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol.49, no.5, pp.955-964, Oct 2002 T. A. Meynard, M. Fadel, and N. Aouda, “Modeling of Multilevel Converters”, IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol.44, no.3, pp.356-364, June 1997

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