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RICKETTSIALES AND CHLAMYDIALES
Gram-negative Obligate intracellular parasites Rickettsia
insect vector
Chlamydia
sexually transmitted
MYCOPLASMA
no rigid wall - soft skin triple layered membrane pleomorphic
Mycoplasma KRT-2010
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Rhizobium are symbiotic bacteria in root nodules Rhizobium fix nitrogen ( N2) into ammonium
Rhizobium and plants are species specific Legumes are crops with Root nodules – Clover, peas, alfalfa
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Figure 37.10x Nodules
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Viruses Viruses are the tiniest of the microorganisms
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Viruses cannot reproduce without taking over a host cell There is still discussion as to whether they are really living things Some are helpful to us, others cause disease
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Algae An Overview
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Algae • Algae are a type of protist that usually live in water and can produce their own food.
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Some algae can be large, others are microscopic
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Characteristics • Range in size from microscopic to single celled organisms to large seaweed • Autotrophic • Form the reproductive structures – gametangia or gamete chambers • Aquatic and have flagella at some point in life • Often contain pyrenoids, organelles that synthesis and store starch
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STRUCTURE • Thallus (haploid) • Four types of algae –Unicellular –Colonial –Filamentous –multicellular KRT-2010
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IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF ALGAE
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CLASSIFICATION OF ALGAE •
SEVEN PHYLUM/DIVISION BASED ON: – – – –
• 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
COLOR TYPE OF CHLOROPHYLL FOOD-STORAGE SUBSTANCE CELL WALL COMPOSITION
PHYLUM/DIVISION: CYANOPHYTA MONERA CHRYSOPHYTA PROTISTA Unicellular Eukaryote PYRROPHYTA PROTISTA Unicellular Eukaryote EUGLENOPHYTA CHLOROPHYTA PHAEOPHYTA RHODOPHYTA KRT-2010
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Algae can be Red Brown Yellow Or Green
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Algae are important to the ocean’s ecosystem They provide food for Fish Whales sea animals KRT-2010
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Protozoans Protazoans are microsopic organisms that usually live in water
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Movement Protozoans move through their environment in different ways
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Cilia Cilia are hair like structures that wave back an forth moving the protozoan back and forth
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A 3-d Image of cilia
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Flagela A tail like structure that propels and can capture prey
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Psudopods Little “ feet” that move and pull the creature as it moves
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Microorganisms Require food, air and a way to dispose of waste Are found everywhere
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REPRODUCTION MOST REPRODUCE BOTH SEXUALLY AND ASEXUALLY – Most sexual reproduction is triggered by environmental stress – Asexual Reproduction • Mitosis
– Sexual Reproduction • • • •
Meiosis Zoospores Plus and minus gametes Zygospore
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Reproduction in Multicellular Algae • Oedogonium reproduction – Antheridium-release flagellated sperm that swim to the oogonium – Oogonium-houses the zygote which is a diploid spore
oogonium
• The spore undergoes meiosis and produces 4 haploid zoospores. One of the four cells becomes a rootlike holdfast the others divide and become a new filament.
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holdfast
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Spirogyra reproduce sexually by conjugation
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Ulva Reproduces by Alternation of Generations • Two distinct multicellular phasesone is haploid and the other is diploid – Gametophyte is haploid – Sporophyte is diploid
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Algae mempunyai bermacam-macam bentuk tubuh: Bentuk uniseluler: bentuk uniseluler yang berflagela dan yang tidak berflagela. Bentuk multiseluler Reproduksi Vegetatif: fragmentasi, pembelahan sel, pembentukan hormogonia. Aseksual: pembentukan mitospora, zoospora, aplanospora, hipnospora, stadium pamela. Seksual: isogami, heterogami yang terdiri dari anisogami dan oogami, aplanogami, autogami. KRT-2010
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Protists – Unicellular eukaryotes • More complicated than any prokaryotes • Membrane-enclosed nucleus containing multiple chromosomes • Organelles characteristic of eukaryotes • Eukaryotic flagella and cilia • Classified into 5 kingdoms or more
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Protozoa – Protists that ingest their food • Giardia – flagellate that lives in the human intestine and can cause cramps and diarrhea • Trypanosoma – live in the blood stream of vertebrate animals cause African sleeping sickness • Amoebas – large group use pseudopodia to ingest food • Plasmodium – feeds on red blood cells and causes malaria
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Algae – photosynthetic protists • Dinoflagellate blooms can cause red tide • Diatoms are unicellular and very abundant in freshwater and marine environments. Important food source for marine animals • Green algae – cells resemble biflagellated gametes of many multicellular algae and some plants, have cellulose cell walls, use starch to store food and have chloroplasts
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Divisio :Chrysophyta (Termasuk Protista) Ciri-ciri :
- Bersifat uniselular, dinding sel terdiri atas pektin yang lunak - Selnya berinti, kromatofora mengandung klorofil a, karotin, santofil dan suatu karotenoid yang menyerupai fikosantin. - Sebagian besar bersifat autotrof, kecuali yang tidak berwarna : heterotrof. - Tempat hidup : air laut dan air tawar (sering melekat pada tumbuhan air). KRT-2010
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Phylum Euglenophyta • 1000 species of Euglenoids • Have both plantlike and animal-like characteristics • Fresh water
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Phylum Chlorophyta • Green algae • 7000 diverse species • Biologist reason that green algae give rise to land plants. • Both green algae and land plants have chlorophyll a and B as well as carotenoids and store food as starch • Both have walls made of cellulose KRT-2010
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Divisio: Chlorophyta Ganggang Hijau Ciri-ciri 1. Pigmen, khlorofil a dan b, serta karoten. Khlorofil terdapat dalam jumlah yang banyak sehingga ganggang ini berwarna hijau 2. Hasil fotosintesis berupa amilum dan tersimpan dalam khloroplas. 3. Khloroplas berjumlah satu atau lebih; berbentuk mangkuk, bintang, lensa, bulat, pita, spiral 4. Sel mempunyai 2 atau 4 flagela sama panjang. 5. Dinding sel mengandung selulose. 6. Perkembangbiakan: aseksual dengan Zoospora dan seksual dengan anisogami Tempat hidup Sebagian besar ( ± 90%) merupakan algae air tawar terdapat pula di tanah atau di dinding tembok yang lembab, di atas batang pohon dan dapat pula sebagai epifil (pada permukaan daun).
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Phylum Phaeophyta • 1500 species of Brown algae • Mostly marine and include seaweed and kelp • All are multicellular and large (often reaching lengths of 147 feet) • Individual alga may grow to a length of 100m with a holdfast, stipe and blade • Used in cosmetics and most ice creams
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Divisio: Phaeophyta Ganggang Coklat Ciri-ciri -Tubuh selalu berupa talus yang multiseluler yang berbentuk filamen, lembaran atau menyerupai semak/pohon yang dapat mencapai beberapa puluh meter, terutama jenis-jenis yang hidup di lautan daerah beriklim dingin. - Bersel banyak dan berwarna pirang (fikosantin) - Kromatofora mengandung klorofil a, karotin, xantofil, dan fikosantin. Tempat hidup Sebagian besar hidup di laut hanya ada beberapa jenis saja yang hidup di air tawar. KRT-2010
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Phylum Rhodophyta • 4000 species of RED Algae • Most are marine • Smaller than brown algae and are often found at a depth of 200 meters. • Contain chlorophyll a and C as well as phycobilins which are important in absorbing light that can penetrate deep into the water • Have cells coated in carageenan which is used in cosmetics, gelatin capsules and some cheeses KRT-2010
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Divisio: Rhodophyta (Ganggang Merah) Ciri-ciri 1. Sel mempunyai dinding yang terdiri dari selulose . Rhodophyceae tidak pernah menghasilkan sel-sel berflagela. 2. Pigmen Khlorofil: terdiri dari khlorofil a, karotenoid, fikoeritrin dan fikosianin yang sering disebut pigmen aksesoris. karoten Pigmen-pigmen tersebut terdapat dalam kloroplas 3. Cadangan makanan berupa tepung floride (hasil polimerase dari glukosa) dan terdapat diluar khloroplas. 4. Talus Hampir semuanya multiseluler, hanya 2 marga saja yang uniseluler. Talus yang multiseluler berbentuk filamen silinder ataupun helaian. Talus umumnya melekat pada substrat dengan perantaraan alat pelekat. 5. Habitat : laut yang dalam KRT-2010
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Other Phylum Representatives
Diatoms – used in detergents, paint removers, toothpaste
Dinoflagellates – red tides
Golden algae
Important in the formation of petroleum products KRT-2010
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Seaweeds are a multicellular marine algae • Lack true stems, leaves, roots and internal tubes that transport nutrients and water in most plants • Brown algae, red algae, and multicellular green algae may be members of 3 separate kingdoms
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Fungi (jamur, cendawan) Ciri-ciri: • Tidak berklorofil : tidak berfotosintesis • Tubuhnya mempunyai benang-benang hifa • Perkembangbiakan : vegetatif : dengan spora, generatif, dengan isogami, anisogami, oogami, gametangiogami dan somatogami • Hidup secara heterotrof sebagai saprofit atau parasit • Jarang hidup di air, kebanyakan di daratan.
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Funguslike Protist
Cellular Slime molds KRT-2010
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Cellular slime molds • Have both unicellular and multicellular life stages
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Plasmodial Slime Molds
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Plasmodial slime molds • Common everywhere there is moist and decaying matter • Large and branching, but not multicellular. The weblike form increases the surface area to contact food water and oxygen • When food is is scarce it addapts the reproductive structures at the bottom
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Water Molds
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THERE’S FUNGUS AMONG US
• Look into the eye. • Look deep into the eye. • There are no such things as molds. – All molds are actually fungi. KRT-2010
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That's a bunch of fungus.
• That is a bit surprising. We had always heard about mold in the shower or mold on the bread.
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. Mold is actually a type of fungus. • It has a shape called a zygote to be exact. While yeasts are single celled fungi, molds are multicellular fungi • Bread takes one kind of fungus (yeast) to make it rise. • If you leave the bread out, another type of fungus comes in (bread mold) to break it down. It's not amazing, but it's true. KRT-2010
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Let's look at Club Fungi Mushrooms!
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So what is a mushroom exactly? It is bunches of strands living underground called hyphae (pronounced hi-fah). Those strands are the basic fungus in action, decomposing leaves, or rotting bark on the ground.
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When it's time to reproduce, they develop a stalk and cap,the mushroom that you see popping out of the ground.
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• It's only one part of the fungus. On the bottom of that cap are a set of gills that have little clubs with fungus spores.
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ZYGOTES We already talked a little about mold. That is only one example of the Zygote Fungi. These have hyphae-like mushrooms but they reproduce in a different way. When it's time to make more fungi, they create a stalk and release something called zygospores (thus the name zygote).
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• When your bread gets old and green or black, you are seeing a type of zygote fungus in action. If you wait long enough, you will see the stalks develop and the zygotes released.
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SINGLE CELLS • Now lets look at Sac Fungi, simple, single celled fungi.
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Fungi • Heterotrophic – they cannot make their own food molecules • Some like mycorrhizae absorb essential minerals from the soil needed by plants • About 80% of plant disease is caused by fungi which are parasites • Many decompose organic matter
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Fungi absorb food after digesting it outside their bodies • Secrete powerful enzymes that digest their food externally then absorb the nutrient molecules • Multicellular except yeast • Mycelium is a feeding network of hyphae • Mushroom is just the above ground reproductive structure of a much more extensive underground mycelium • Not celllulose cell walls, but chitin which is a polymer of a nitrogen-containing sugar • No flagellated cells in their life cycle
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Lichens – fungi living mutualistically with photosynthetic organisms • The mutualistic merger is so complete they are actually named as a species • Gives the two organisms the ability to survive in habitats that are inhospitable to either alone • Can tolerate severe cold, withstand severe drought but sensitive to air pollutants
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Mycorrhizae are symbiotic / mutual fungi on roots Mycorrhizae: a) increase surface area of roots b) produce antibiotics to ward off competing plants c) Are specie specific to plants d) Helped plants evolve on land e) Seeds exposed to fungi spores grow better
The plant provides carbohydrates to the fungus
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,
I am not mold ! I am not rotting you! I am Mycorrhizae, I am a fun guy
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Fungi have enormous ecological
impact
• Decomposers and recyclers of organic matter • Used to ripen cheese • Yeasts used in baking, brewing and winemaking • Produce antibiotics • As well as the mutualistic partners in mycorrhizae and lichens
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Some fungi are beneficial. • Sugars are broken down in an environment without oxygen. It's called anaerobic fermentation. And voila, alcohol. Even though they are single celled, you may find them in colonies. They reproduce very quickly and hang out together. It takes a lot of them (because they are so small) to get a lot of work done
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Parasitic fungi • Corn smut, Dutch elm disease and botrytis • Some of the fungi that attach food crops are toxic to humans • LSD is from the toxin in ergots in grain crops • Mycosis – fungal infection (ringworm, athlete’s foot, vaginal yeast infections)
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Antibiotics • one of the first antibiotics was called penicillin. It was developed from a fungus (a fungus named Penicillium found on an orange, to be exact).
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