Prosiding Seminar Nasional XXI PBI 1

dapat mendukung upaya dalam pembangunan kompetensi negara

KATA PENGANTAR

melalui pemanfaatan sumber-sumber daya hayati berkelanjutan. Disamping itu untuk menyebarluaskan hasil-hasil penelitian, temuan Pelaksanaan pembangunan yang telah dan sedang dilaksanakan oleh pemerintah pusat dan daerah dalam segala bidang diharapkan dapat

meningkatkan

kesejahteraan

Masyarakat

Indonesia

dan

dan kajian ilmiah tentang berbagai aspek yang berhubungan dengan biologi, serta merupakan anjang kompetisi bagi para peneliti untuk mengetahui status penelitian biologi dan segala aspeknya di Indonesia.

berkelanjutan (sustainability) untuk anak cucu. Hal ini merupakan salah satu

dampak

positif

pembangunan.

pembangunan yang ideal

Selain

itu,

pelaksanaan

harus meminimalisirkan dampak negatif

misalnya kehilangan dan kelangkaan organisme dan habitatnya. Usaha

Kami berharap semoga prosiding ini dapat bermanfaat dalam menyumbangkan informasi ilmiah dalam bidang Biologi, sebagai bagian

dari

kerja

besar

meningkatkan

Riset

Biologi

dalam

pengembangan ilmu biologi di Indonesia.

mempertahankan kelestarian dan perlindungan dapat dilakukan oleh berbagai pihak termasuk masyarakat Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia (PBI) khususnya dengan memberikan kontribusi ilmiah dan teknologi

Banda Aceh, 2 Maret 2012

guna meningkatkan pemanfaatan dan pelestarian biodiversity terutama

Panitia Seminar Nasional XXI Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia Cabang Aceh

yang terdapat di Indonesia. Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia (PBI) sebagai salah satu perhimpunan para dosen dan peneliti dari berbagai Perguruan Tinggi, Lembaga Penelitian, dan Lembaga lain yang berkaitan dengan Biologi dari berbagai wilayah di Indonesia berusaha memberi sumbangan nyata dalam kemajuan riset di bidang Biologi. Seminar Nasional Biologi merupakan sarana yang memberikan sumbangan pemikiran, membuka kesempatan untuk bertukar informasi ilmiah, dan membangun jaringan kerjasama keilmuan antar peneliti. Seminar Nasional Biologi XXI Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia diselenggarakan pada tanggal 26 dan 27 November 2011 di Aceh, dengan

tema

“Peran

Biologi

dalam

Mengantisipasi

Dampak

Pemanasan Global Melalui Pelestarian Keanekaragaman hayati.” Para pemakalah hadir dari berbagai Perguruan Tinggi, Lembaga Penelitian, dan Lembaga lain yang berkaitan dengan Biologi dari berbagai wilayah di Indonesia, telah memberi sumbangan informasi tentang beragam bidang Biologi dalam seminar. Pada seminar tersebut, para peneliti mendiskusikan hasil temuannya dengan rekan sebidang dan dengan itu memperoleh manfaat secara bersama-sama. 104 judul makalah dipresentasikan dan didiskusikan

dalam Seminar Nasional

Biologi XXI Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia, dengan pemakalah utama terdiri dari Prof. Dr. Rochadi Abdul Hadi (KetuaUmum PBI), Prof. Dr. Abu Hasan Ahmad (Universiti Sains Malaysia), Prof. Dr. Djoko T. Iskandar (InstitutTeknologi Bandung), Ir. Antung Deddy Radiansyah, M. P. (Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup RI), dan Prof. Dr. Abubakar Karim, M.S. (Universitas Syiah Kuala). Pemakalah sesi paralel berjumlah 93 orang, pemakalah poter 11 orang, yang berasal dari berbagai perguruan tinggi, lembaga penelitian, dan lembaga lain yang berkaitan dengan Biologi dari berbagai wilayah di Indonesia. Jumlah peserta seluruhnya adalah 400 orang yang berasal dari kalangan dosen, guru, mahasiswa dan kalangan praktisilainnya. Melalui seminar ini, diharapkan terjadi pertukaran informasi antar peneliti dari berbagai bidang biologi, selain itu juga diharapkan dapat terbangun jaringan kerjasama antar peneliti dari berbagai instansi dalam bidang biologi maupun di bidang ilmu-ilmu terapannya. Untuk kemudahan dan penghematan sumberdaya alam, prosiding diterbitkan dalam bentuk paperless berupa file dalam CD. Prosiding ini diharapkan

Prosiding Seminar Nasional XXI PBI 1

SAMBUTAN KETUA UMUM PERHIMPUNAN BIOLOGI INDONESIA CABANG ACEH

SAMBUTAN KETUA UMUM PERHIMPUNAN BIOLOGI INDONESIA

Puji dan syukur dipanjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT yang telah

Puji syukur kami panjatkan ke hadirat Allah SWT atas nikmat

memberikan kesuksesan dalam penyelenggaraan Seminar Nasional

dan karuniaNya sehingga Prosiding Seminar Nasional Biologi ke XXI

BiologiXXI Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia yang diselenggarakan pada

yang diselenggarakan pada tanggal 26 & 27 November 2011, di

tanggal 26 dan 27 November 2011 di UniversitasSyiah Kuala Banda

kampus Universitas Syah Kuala, Banda Aceh, dengan tema “Peran

Aceh. Tema Seminar iniadalah “Peran Biologi dalam Mengantisipasi

Biologi dalam Mengantisipasi Dampak Pemanasan Global Melalui

Dampak Pemanasan Global Melalui Pelestarian Keanekaragaman

Pelestarian Keanekaragaman Hayati” dapat diterbitkan. Prosiding ini

hayati” yang menampilkan pemakalah utama dan pemakalah sesi

menyajikan 114 makalah yang membahas topik Biodiversitas, Biologi

parallel.

Fungsi, Bioteknologi Molekuler, Biologi Lingkungan, Biofarmaka dan

Pemakalah utama terdiri dari Prof. Dr. Rochadi Abdul Hadi (KetuaUmum PBI), Prof. Dr. Abu Hasan Ahmad (Universiti Sains Malaysia), Prof. Dr. Djoko T. Iskandar (InstitutTeknologi Bandung), Ir.

Biomedis, serta Bioedukasi,

yang merupakan hasil penelitian

Biologiwan di tanah air. Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia sebagai wadah ilmuwan dan

Antung Deddy Radiansyah, M. P. (Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup

professional di bidang Biologi, bersama terus

RI), dan Prof. Dr. Abubakar Karim, M.S. (Universitas Syiah Kuala).

mendorong penyampaian informasi hasil penelitian Biologiwan tanah

Pemakalah sesi paralel berjumlah 93 orang, pemakalah poter 11 orang,

air, dengan harapan dapat meningkatkan kesadaran akan potensi luar

yang berasal dari berbagai perguruan tinggi, lembaga penelitian, dan

biasa yang kita miliki. Kekayaan sumberdaya alam yang selama ini

lembaga lain yang berkaitan dengan Biologi dari berbagai wilayah di

dianggap sebagai hal biasa, sering tidak disadari bahwa kekayaan

Indonesia. Sedangkan jumlah peserta seluruhnya adalah 400 orang

sumberdaya hayati kita, pada hakekatnya memiliki daya saing yang luar

yang berasal dari kalangan dosen, guru, mahasiswa dan kalangan

biasa. Apabila sumber daya ini didayagunakan secara lestari dengan

praktisilainnya.

menerapkan

kaidah-kaidah

ilmu

pengetahuan

terpanggil untuk

dan

teknologi,

Melalui seminar ini, diharapkan terjadi pertukaran informasi

kemandirian bangsa dapat tercipta, sehingga tidak perlu bergantung

antar peneliti dalam berbagai bidang biologi, selain itu juga diharapkan

pada dunia, tetapi justru sebaliknya. Indonesia yang merupakan paru

dapat terbangun jaringan kerjasama antar peneliti dari berbagai instansi

paru dunia menjadi pusat kebergantungan masyarakat internasional,

di dalam bidang biologi maupun di bidang ilmu-ilmuterapannya.

sebab jika hutan kita ditebang habis maka akan kiamatlah dunia ini.

Kesuksesan pelaksanaan seminar ini tidak lepas dari bantuan

Oleh karena itu kita harus selalu bersyukur karena apapun yang

dan kontribusi berbagai pihak yang telah membantu pelaksanaan

menyangkut kebutuhan masyarakat ada di negeri kita. Namun

seminar ini. Oleh karena itu dalam kesempatan ini kami mengucapkan

pertanyaannya kenapa Negara yang begitu kaya akan sumberdaya alam,

terimakasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada Perhimpunan Biologi

masih tertinggal dengan Negara tetangga yang notabene tidak memiliki

Indonesia Pusat.

sumberdaya alam. Sebagai contoh Singapura

yang tidak memiliki

Ucapan terima kasih disampaikan kepada semua penyaji

sumber daya alam, bahkan air bersih pun harus dibeli dari Malaysia,

makalah baik sebagai penyaji makalah utama maupun pemakalah sesi

namun dapat menjadi Negara yang kaya karena bertetangga dengan

paralel. Selanjutnya ucapan terima kasih disampaikan kepada

negara kaya SDA Indonesia. Dengan kreativitas dan inovasi yang terus

penyumbang dana,

maupun

dikembangkan serta kejelian melihat peluang ia mampu menyerap dana

perseorangan. Terima kasih dan penghargaan disampaikan kepada

Indonesia baik melalui industri wisata, kesehatan maupun real estatnya

panitia yang telah bekerja keras dalam mensukseskan pelaksaan

. Banyak pengusaha Singapura dengan didasari ilmu pengetahuan dan

seminar ini. Semoga hasil seminar yang ditampilkan dalam proseding

inovasi yang dikembangkan berusaha memanfaatkan peluang untuk

ini bermanfaat bagi pengembangan ilmu biologi di masa yang akan

mendayagunakan dan memberikan nilai tambah kekayaan alam

datang.

Indonesia. Kita sering tidak memahami dengan baik sehingga tidak

baik

yang berasal

dari

institusi

bisa memberikan nilai tambah, sehingga mampu merubah kekayaan Banda Aceh, 5 Maret 2012, Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia Cabang Aceh,

Dr. Samingan, M.Si. Ketua Umum

alam tidak hanya sebagai suatu keunggulan comparative. Akhirnya mari kita sebagai Biologiwan, peneliti, professional untuk terus mebaca dan menggali fenomena SDA karunia Illahi untuk membangun fondasi kemandirian bangsa. Banda Aceh, 5 Maret 2012 Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia,

Prof. Dr. Rochadi Abdulhadi Ketua Umum


15. Isolasi dan karakterisasi bakteri endofit asal tanaman jaloh (Salix tetrasperma Roxb.) Suhartono dan Risa Nursanty..................................................... 54

DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR................................................................... SAMBUTAN KETUA PBI ACEH ………................................. SAMBUTAN KETUA PBI PUSAT …........................................ DAFTAR ISI ................................................................................. UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH………….........................................

i ii ii iii vi

16. Keanekaragaman Flora Hutan Rawa Gambut di Desa Arongan Kabupaten Aceh Barat Provinsi Aceh Djufri .......................................................................................... 56 17. Keanekaragam Jenis dan Variasi Morfologi Hoya di Sumatra Sri Rahayu .................................................................................. 62

MAKALAH UTAMA 1.

2.

3.

18. Keragaman Mangga Cengkir di Kabupaten Indramayu Rita Handayani, Dorly, dan Alex Hartana................................ 66

Peran Mayarakat Ilmiah dalam Pemamfaatan Keanekaragman Hayati Secara Lestari Rochadi Abdulhadi dan W. Rosa Farida ....................................

1

Biodiversity of Insects in Oil Palm Plantations: Towards A Sustainable Management Abu Hassan Ahmad.....................................................................

19. Keragaman Kawista (Limonia acidissima L.) di Kabupaten Rembang Irwanto Adhi Nugroh Dorly dan Alex Hartana.......................... 70

5

Impact of human disturbances on the amphibian diversity in Borneo D. T. Iskandar, M. Kamsi, A. Rachmansah, A. Irawan, D Liswanto, U. Arifin & R. Stuebing ..........................................

20. Keanekaragaman Jenis dan Pemanfaatan Tumbuhan Paku (Pteridophyta) di Kawasan Alur Mancang Ekosistem Seulawah Aceh Besar Masykur ...................................................................................... 74

6 BIOLOGI LINGKUNGAN

4.

Keanekaragaman Hayati di dalam Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Provinsi: Studi Kasus Kabupaten Aceh Tengah dan Bener Meriah Abubakar Karim dan Elliyanti ....................................................

9

BIODIVERSITAS 5.

6.

Biodiversitas, Distribusi dan Kelimpahan Serangga Wereng (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) pada Singgang-Singgang Tanaman Padi di Kabupaten Deli Serdang-Propinsi Sumatera Utara Binari Manurung ........................................................................ 12 Jenis dan Kelimpahan Hama pada Kawasan Rehabilitasi Mangrove di Sekitar Kawasan Aceh Besar dan Banda Aceh Irma Dewiyanti ........................................................................... 17

21. Puddling Behaviour: Preferensi Kupu-Kupu terhadap Berbagai Macam Umpan Suwarno, Ellena Yusti dan Dalil Sutekad .................................. 81 22. Hiptage benghalensis (L.) Kurzt di Indonesia Inggit Puji Astuti dan I Dewa Putu Darma ................................ 85 23. Distribusi Karang Indikator Resiliensi di Perairan Laut Natuna Bagian Selatan Edi Rudi ...................................................................................... 87 24. Kajian Pemanfaatan Tumbuhan oleh Masyarakat di sekitar Kawasan Karst Mata Ie Kabupaten Aceh Besar Irvianty ....................................................................................... 92 25. Perilaku Hewan pada Waktu Perubahan Siang Malam di Lingkungan Masyarakat Cot Jeumpa Kecamatan Lhong Aceh Besar M. Ali S ....................................................................................... 94

7.

Identifikasi Zooplankton pada Hutan Mangrove di Sungai Tallo Kota Makassar Cut Muthiadin ............................................................................. 22

8.

Populasi Juvenil Karang: Tiga Tahun Pasca Tsunami di Teluk Pelabuhan Pulau Rubiah Sabang, Provinsi Aceh Muhammad Nasir ....................................................................... 25

26. Kajian Keanekaragaman Hayati dan Ekosistem Kawasan Suaka Margasatwa Nantu sebagai Obyek dan Daya Tarik Wisata Alam di Provinsi Gorontalo Marini Susanti Hamidun ............................................................ 97

9.

Keanekaragaman Jenis Burung di Hutan Sekunder Kawasan Cot Jeumpa Kecamatan Lhoong Kabupaten Aceh Besar Provinsi Aceh Samsul Kamal ............................................................................. 28

27. Tingkah Laku Spesifik Anak Komodo (Varanus komodoensis) di Loh Buaya Pulau Rinca Taman Nasional Komodo Kabupaten Manggarai Barat Nusa Tenggara Timur Vinsensius M. Ati, Nicky W. Kause, Ike Septa .......................... 104

10. Keanekaragaman Aves pada Ekosistem Karaenta di Kabupaten Maros, Sulawesi Selatan Ambeng ....................................................................................... 32

28. Aktivitas Harian Komodo (Varanus komodoensis) Dewasa di Loh Buaya Pulau Rinca Taman Nasional Komodo Kabupaten Manggarai Barat Nusa Tenggara Timur Vinsensius M. Ati, Kresentia Wani C. Ilahi, Anselmus Jati, Mangadas L. Gaol ...................................................................... 110

11. Studi Populasi Ikan di Waduk Keuliling Kabupaten Aceh Besar Cut Nanda Defira ....................................................................... 36 12. Populasi Ikan Depik (Rasbora Tawarensis) di Danau Laut Tawar Terancam: Save Our Fish Righnow Z.A. Muchlisin ............................................................................ 40 13. Identifikasi Jenis Glass Eel Ikan Sidat (Anguilla sp.) yang Beruaya Anadromous di Sungai Palu Samliok Ndobe ............................................................................ 44 14. Isolasi Fungi Tanah dari Perkebunan Kopi Rakyat di Kabupaten Bener Meriah Aceh dan Kajian Potensinya Samingan, Sussana dan Hasanuddin .......................................... 51

29. Bioakumulasi Logam Berat Timbal (Pb) Pada Lamun (Enhalus acroides) di Peraira Waai dan Galala Ambon Muhammad Rijal ........................................................................ 116 30. Potensi Karbon Tersimpan pada Tegakan di Hutan Lindung Kabupaten Pakpak Bharat Retno Widhiastuti ....................................................................... 122 31. Upaya Konservasi Tanah di Sub Das Krueng Simpo Provinsi Aceh dengan Metode Vegetatif sebagai Solusi dalam Menghadapi Perubahan Iklim Rini Fitri ..................................................................................... 126


32. Aspek-Aspek Ekologi Tumbuhan Hoya di Sumatra Sri Rahayu .................................................................................. 129 33. Karakteristik sumur yang digunakan nyamuk Aedes aegypti dan Aedes albopictus sebagai habitat perkembangbiakan di Kecamatan Sumba Opu Kecamatan Gowa Sumsel Syahribulan................................................................................. 132 34. Pemanfaatan Strata Hutan oleh Orang Utan Sumatera (Pongo abelii) di Stasiun Riset Ketambe, Ekosistem Leuser Dalil Sutekad .............................................................................. 137 35. Analisa Dampak Lingkungan Waduk Keuliling di Desa Bak Sukon Kecamatan Cot Glie Kabupaten Aceh Besar Muslich Hidayat ......................................................................... 139 36. Aktivitas Pemetikan Ranting Cemara oleh Burug Pecuk Padi Hitam (Phalachrocorax sulcirostris) di Suaka Margasatwa Pulau Rambut Aida Fithri .................................................................................. 145 37. Studi Kesesuaian Habitat dan Pemetaan Kawasan Perlindugan Gajah (Elephant sumptuary) di Hutan Terganggu sebagai Langkah Mengurangi Konflik Gajah denga Manusia Abdullah, Djufri, Asiah MD ....................................................... 148

BIOLOGI FUNGSI 38. Pengaruh Dosis Iradiasi terhadap Kultur Daun, Tangkai Daun dan Ruas Batang Kentang Hitam (Solanostemon Rotundifolius (Poir) JK Morton) In Vitro Aryani Leksonowati dan Witjaksono .......................................... 152

48. Preferensi Elaeidobius kamerunicus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) dan Thrips hawaiensis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) terhadap Senyawa Volatil Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) Suci Rahayu ................................................................................ 188 49. Gambaran Kuantitas dan Kualitas Spermatozoa Mencit (Mus musculus L.) setelah Pemberian dan Penghentian Kombinasi Testosteron Undekanoat (TU) dan Ekstrak Biji Pepaya (Carica pepaya) Syafruddin Ilyas ......................................................................... 191 50. Pengaruh Metode Kriopreservasi Terhadap Daya Tahan Hidup Embrio Mencit Widya Sari .................................................................................. 194 51. Kandungan Nutrisi dan Unsur Logam Kerang semele sp. Berdasarkan Bulan Purnama Sjafaraenan ................................................................................ 198 52. Pengaruh Pemberian Infusa Daun Katuk (Saurupus androgynus) Terhadap Kadar Kolesterol Daging Itik Jantan Lokal Nuzul Asmilia ............................................................................. 202 53. Hubungan Antara Integritas DNA pada Sperma Pria yang Menjalani Program Reproduksi Berbantuan dengan Tingkat Keberhasilan Fertilitas In Vitro: Menggunakan Teknik Pengamatan “HALOSPERM” Suatu Studi Pendahuluan Eldafira ...................................................................................... 205 54. Persepsi Wanita Premonopaust Tentang Monofaust di Kopelma Darussalam Kecamatan Syah Kuala Banda Aceh Asiah MD, Noviarita .................................................................. 209

39. Pengaruh Kolkisin terhadap Multiplikasi Tunas Anggrek (Dendrobium sp.) Secara In Vitro Christiani Tumilisar dan Febrina Ariyanti I .............................. 157

55. Pengujian Beberapa Konsentrasi Bioaktivator mikroba untuk menghambat pertumbuhan cendawan penyebab busuk umbi bawang merah (Fusarium oxysporum) in vitro Zaraswati D................................................................................ 212

40. Studi Histologi Regenerasi Tunas pada Inokulum Daun Kentang Hitam (Solenostemon rotundifolius) Eka Fatmawati Tihurua, Aryani Leksonowati, Witjaksono dan Sunaryo ................................................................................ 159

56. Evalution Of Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Antioxidant Activities of Extracts From Langenaria siceraria and Luffa acutangula Supriatno, Shaida Fariza Sulaiman ........................................... 215

41. Pengakaran Tunas Manggis (Garcinia mangostana L.) In Vitro dengan Pemberian berbagai Zat Pengatur Tumbuh Fauziyah Harahap ...................................................................... 162

57. Infeksi Virus pada Ikan Kerapu yang dibudidayakan di Karamba Jaring Apung di Sumbawa Besar, Nusa Tenggara Barat Zafran.......................................................................................... 219

42. Pengaruh Pemberian Pupuk NPK dan Biochar Terhadap Serapan Hara N, P, dan K pada Tanaman Padi Sawah Khairun Nisa .............................................................................. 166 43. Isolasi dan Kultur Protoplas Kedelai Budidaya Glycine max (L.) Merril dan Kerabat Liarnya Glycine tomentella Hayata Lina Rahmawati, Suharsono, Mutia Zahara ............................. 169 44. Kajian Kualitas Perairan dan Nilai Darah Ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus Linn.) yang ditemukan di Perairan Sekitar Buangan Limbah Pabrik Karet Sungai Batang Arau, Muhammad Syukri Fadil ............................................................ 172

58. Respons Juvenil Ikan Kerapu Bebek (Cromileptes altivelis) terhadap Vaksin Vibrio Polivalen yang diberikan melalui Perendaman Zafran, Des Roza dan Fris Johnny ............................................. 222 59. Histochemical Stem of Aquilaria Malaccensis Lamk. Induced by Fusarium sp. Zairin Thomy, Edy Batara Mulya Siregar Nezheria Nurza Harca ............................................................... 225 60. Aktivitas Penyingkiran Radikal Bebas dari Ekstrak Kasar Tumbuhan Familia Myrtaceae Ernawita dan Shaida Fariza Sulaiman ...................................... 228

45. Efek Pemajanan Medan Elektromagnet Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) secara Terus Menerus terhadap Konsentrasi Melatonin dalam Serum Darah pada Tiga Generasi Mencit Puji Sari ...................................................................................... 176

61. Penghambatan Pertumbuhan Anakan Akasia (Acacia niotica) (L.) ex. Del. dengan Air Laut dan Naungan Suji Hartini ................................................................................. 231

46. Viabilitas Kultur Sel Granulosa Folikel Setelah Distimulasi FSH Eksogen, dipantau dengan Mendeteksi Camp Sel Menggunakan Kromatografi Pertukaran Ion Purnomo Soeharso, Roselina P. dan Eldafira ............................ 180

62. Keragaman Fenotip Galur-galur Padi (Oryza sativa) Keturunan IR64 X Hawara Bunar Generasi F7 pada Kondisi Cekaman Aluminium Miftahuddin ................................................................................ 237

47. Penyakit Infeksi Vibriosis pada Calon Induk Ikan Kerapu Sunu, Plectropomus leopardus di Hatchery Roza Fris Johnny dan Des .......................................................... 185

63. Budi Daya Ikan Nila (Tilapia) serta Pengaruh Protein terhadap Pertumbuhannya Eriyusni ...................................................................................... 243


64. Perkembangan Preimplantasi Embrio Mencit dalam Kultur Bebas Serum, Kartini Eriani ............................................................................. 245

65. Potensi Kerang Darah Anadara Granosa L. sebagai Terapi Perbaikan Kualitas Spermatozoid Manusia Eddyman W. Ferial, Eddy Soekandarsih, Munif S. Hassan, Ahmad Muchlis ........................................................................... 248 66. Pengaruh Ekstrak Ampas Daun Nilam terhadap Kematian Larva Nyamuk Aedes aegypti Yekki Yasmin, Betty Mauliya Bustam, Lenni Fitri ...................... 251

BIOTEKNOLOGI DAN BIOLOGI MOLEKULER 67. Pengaruh Pemberian Tepung Cacing Tanah terhadap Kadar Enzim Transaminase Tikus yang Terinfeksi Salmonella typhi Bayyinatul Muchtaromah ........................................................... 255 68. Kejadian Penyakit Infeksi Jamur pada Ikan Capungan Banggai, Pterapogon kauderni di Hatchery Des Roza dan Fris Johnny .......................................................... 260 69. Pola Pita Isozim Burayak Hasil Pemijahan Lobster Air Tawar Asal Bogor dan Purwokerto, Dian Bhagawati dan Muh. Nadjmi Abulias ................................ 263 70. Analisis Molekuler Gen Azfc pada Pria Azoospermia dan Oligozoospermia Berat di Indonesia, Dwi Anita Suryandari ................................................................. 267 71. Asosiasi Kadar Srankl (Soluble-Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor [Kappa]B Ligan) dengan Penurunan Densitas Tulang pada Wanita Pascamenopause di Indonesia Dwi Anita Suryandari, Elza Ibrahim Auerkari ........................... 271 72. Karakterisasi Gen Spesifik Epididimis yang diregulasi oleh Androgen: Suatu Pendekatan untuk Pengembangan Kontrasepsi Pria Non Hormonal Dwi Ari Pujianto......................................................................... 276 73. Potensi LST Alga sebagai Penghasil Biodiesel melalui Reaksi Transesterifikasi Enzimatik Mikroba Joko Sulistyo, Yati Sudaryati Soeka, Rita Dwi Rahayu,Sri Purwaningsih, Elidar Naiola & Achmad Dinoto ....................... 282 74. Karakterisasi Benih Hasil Hibridisasi Tiga Strain Ikan Nilem Budidaya (Osteochilus sp.: Cyprinidae) dengan Penanda RAPD Muh. Nadjmi Abulias dan Dian Bhagawati ................................ 286 75. Morfologi dan Molekuler Identifikasi Trichoderma Asal Kakao Rina Sriwati ................................................................................ 290 76. Hybridisasi antara Ikan Kerapu Macan (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) dengan Ikan Kerapu Kertang (Epinephelus lanceolatus) Suko Ismi dan Yasmina Nirmala Asih ........................................ 293 77. Analisis Polimorfisme Gen Polymeric Immunoglobulin Receptor (PIGR) pada Penderita Karsinoma Nasofaring (KNF) di Indonesia Yurnadi, Dwi Anita Suryandari .................................................. 295 78. Respon Heat Shock Protein-70 (Hsp-70) pada Jaringan Paru dan Kadar Kortisol Serum Akibat Pemberian Ekstrak Jaloh yang Dikombinasi dengan Kromium pada Ayam Broiler yang Mengalami Cekaman Panas. Sugito, Erdiansyah R. dan M. Isa ............................................... 301 79. Ekspresi Relatif Gen Brlf1 Virus Epstein-Barr: Potensinya sebagai Faktor Prognosis Kanker Nasofaring Purnomo Soeharso ..................................................................... 305

80. Optimasi Deteksi Dini Potato Virus Y (PVY) pada Kentang Solanum tuberosum L. varietas Kalosi dengan Teknik ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay) A. Masniawati, Tutik Kuswinanti, Risco B. Gobel, Indah Toyyibah........................................................................... 311 81. Peningkatan toleransi kentang hitam terhadap salinitas melalui seleksi in vitro dan induksi mutasi Trihandayani .............................................................................. 317 252 BIOEDUKASI DAN PTK 82. Memberdayakan Berfikir Metakoknitif Melalui Pembelajaran Reading Questioning and Answering Pada Mata Kuliah Taksonomi Tumbuhan Hasanuddin ................................................................................ 322 83. Pembekalan Kemampuan Rekonstruksi Konsep Anatomi Tumbuhan Mahasiswa Calon Guru Biologi melalui Strategi Perkuliahan Berbasis Inkuiri Muhibbuddin .............................................................................. 330 84. Penggunaan Model Picture and Picture pada Konsep Pencemaran dan Kerusakan Lingkungan Untuk Menuntaskan Hasil Belajar Siswa Kelas VII SMP Negeri 9 Banda Aceh Cut Nurmaliyah .......................................................................... 338 85. Pengaruh Pembelajaran Berstrategi Metakognisi Terhadap Hasil Belajar Mahasiswa Biologi FKIP UIR pada Mata Kuliah Profesi Pendidikan Sri Amnah S ................................................................................ 342 86. Relevansi SK, KD dengan Indikator Pembelajaran Biologi (Analisis terhadap RPP Guru Biologi Tingkat SMA pada Sekolah Mitra PPL Fak. Tarbiyah IAIN Ar-Raniry) Nursalmi Mahdi, Wati Oviana, Rina Wati, ................................ 345 87. Pengembangan Perangkat Concept Mapping Assesment (CMA) Bervisi Sets untuk Mengukur Pemahaman Konsep Siswa pada Materi Sistem Saraf Eva Nauli Taib ........................................................................... 351 88. Pengaruh Strategi Pembelajaran Berbasis Masalah terhadap Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Mahasiswa di Universitas Almuslim Bireuen Rahmawati.................................................................................. 358 89. Pemanfaatan Tempat Pembuangan Sampah sebagai Laboratorium Alami dalam Pembelajaran Biologi Qudwatin Nisak, Elita Agustina, Padlul Gazi ............................ 362 90. Jenis Tanaman Inang dan Siklus Hidup Kupu-Kupu Famili Nymphalidae sebagai Referensi Praktikum Entomologi Nursalmi Mahdi, Elita Agustina, Finta Yani Afrizal................. 366 91. Peningkatan Prestasi Belajar Biologi Melalui Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Make a Match pada Konsep Sistem Pernapasan Manusia di SMP Negeri 11 Banda Aceh Khairil ........................................................................................ 372

BIOFARMAKA DAN BIOMEDIS 92. Polimorfisme Gen Reseptor Sel T-Γ Daerah Konstan – 2 Genom Pejamu Kontribusinya pada Faktor Genetik Patogenitas Kanker Nasofaring (Knf) Daniel Joko Wahyono ................................................................ 377 93. Gambaran Histologis Paru, Hati dan Ginjal Mencit Jantan (Mus musculus) yang Terpapar Bioinsektisida Ekstrak Kulit Jeruk Rina Priastini dan Inggrid Osya Farfar..................................... 384 94. Comet Assay sebagai Salah Satu Uji Fragmentasi DNA Sperma pada Pria Infertil: Uji Pendahuluan Luluk Yunaini ............................................................................. 389


95. Characterization Of Matrix NAD (P)H Oxidation In Arabiopsi thaliana Supression Lines Of Atndal Wardiah ...................................................................................... 393

UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH

96. Mutasi Gen NPHS1 pada Manusia dengan Manifestasi Sindrom Nefrotik Kongenital Yulia Ariani, Purnomo Soeharso, Luluk Yunaini ....................... 399

BiologiXXI Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia ini tidak lepas dari bantuan

Kesuksesan

dalam

penyelenggaraan

Seminar

Nasional

dan kontribusi berbagai pihak yang telah membantu pelaksanaan seminar ini. Oleh karena itu dalam kesempatan ini kami mengucapkan

97. Evaluasi Aktivitas ATPase Membran dan ATPase Dinein Sel Spermatozoa pada Kasus Astenozoospermia Silvia W Lestari, Purnomo Soeharso, Dwi Ari Pujianto ............ 403 MAKALAH POSTER

terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada Perhimpunan Biologi Indonesia Pusat. Ucapan terima kasih disampaikan kepada semua penyaji makalah baik sebagai penyaji makalah utama maupun pemakalah sesi paralel dan poster.

98. Respon Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Garut (Maranta arundinacea L) dari 3 Provenansi terhadap Intensitas Naungan dan Umur Panen Yang Berbeda Albert Husien Wawo dan Ning Wikan Utami ............................. 405 99. Inovasi Teknologi Budidaya Tanaman Tomat Melalui Inverted dan Normaslly Gardening Bernasis Pemamfaatan Bakteri Indigenous Sri Widawati dan I Made Sudiana.............................................. 409

Ucapan terima kasih

kami sampaikan kepada penyumbang

dana, baik yang berasal dari institusi maupun perseorangan. Terima kasih dan penghargaan kami sampaikan kepada panitia yang telah bekerja keras dalam mensukseskan pelaksaan seminar ini. Semoga hasil seminar yang ditampilkan dalam proseding ini bermanfaat bagi pengembangan ilmu biologi di masa yang akan datang.

100. Uji Laboratorium Azopirillum Sp yang Diisolasi dari Berbagai Ekositem Sri Widawati ............................................................................... 415 101. Ekstraksi Beta Karoten Sel Tunggal Yang Mempunyai Aktivitas Antioksidan Rita Dwi Rahayu dkk .................................................................. 422 102. Pemamfaatan Mikroba Dalam Mensintesis Metil Ester Berbasis Lemak Hasil Ekstrasi Biomasa Alga Yati Sudaryati dkk....................................................................... 426 103. Studi Stimulasi Perkecambahan Gayam (Inocarpus fagiferus) Ning Wikan Utami, Ninik Setiyowati dan A.H.Wawo ................ 431 104. Isolation Of Insect-Associated Fungi From Plant Rhizosphere and Peat by Using Coleoptera Larvae and Termites As Baits Suciatmih, Titik Kartika dan Sulaeman ...................................... 435 105. Kemampuan Bakteri 1 (dari Bali) Memproduksi PHB (Polyhydroxybtirate) Dalam Kondisi Lingkungan Yang Berbeda Dyah Supriyati ............................................................................ 440 106. Optimasi Isolassi DNA Genom 5 Varietas Jambu Biji (Psidiun guajava) Untuk Analisis Molekuler Dyah Subositi dan Fitriana ........................................................ 445 107. Uji Salinitas dari Bakteri Pelarut Fosfat yang Diisolasi dari Beberapa Ekosistem di Bali an Kemampuannya dalam Melarutkan Fosfat Suliasih ....................................................................................... 448 108. Infusa Biji Krangean (Listea cubeba L), Pegagan (Centella Asiatica) dan Temu Lawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) Serta Aktivitas Afrodisiaka terhadap Libido Tikus Jantan Nuning Rahmawati dan Harto Widodo ...................................... 452


ISBN: 978-602-19435-0-2

PROSIDING SEMINAR NASIONAL XXI PERHIMPUNAN BIOLOGI INDONESIA Peran Biologi dalam Mengantisipasi Dampak Pemanasan Global melalui Pelestarian Keanekaragaman Hayati Banda Aceh, 5 Maret 2012

EDITOR Dr. Samingan, M.Si. Dr. Djufri, M.Si. Dr. Suwarno, M.Si. Dr. Abdullah, M.Si. Dr. M. Ali S., M.Si. Dr. Zairin Thomy, M.Si. Dr. Ir. Aida Fitri, M.Sc. Dr. Khairil, M.Si. Dr. Mudatsir, M.Kes. Dr. Cut Nurmaliah, M.Pd. Dra. Asiah MD., M.P. Samsul Kamal, S.Pd., M.Pd.

PERHIMPUNAN BIOLOGI INDONESIA CABANG ACEH

Cover Design Created by: Safryadi A. & Wardinal

EVALUATION OF TOTAL PHENOLIC CONTENT (TPC) AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF EXTRACTS FROM Lagenaria siceraria AND Luffa acutangula

public to rank the healthy benefits of these vegetables and to select only those with higher antioxidant activity to be consumed. This study aimed (i) to evaluate the antioxidant activities and total

1,2

Supriatno 1

Shaida Fariza Sulaiman

2

Department of Biology, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia 2 School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800 USM Pulau Pinang, Malaysia E-mail address: [email protected] : [email protected]

phenolic content of extracts obtained from dried pulps of the selected species; (ii) to evaluate possible correlation between total phenolic content and antioxidant activities (evaluated using three different colorimetric assays) of extracts from seven different species and extracted using four different polarities of extracting solvents. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Abstract Dried pulps of Lagenaria siceraria and Luffa acutangula were sequentially extracted using four extraction solvents i.e. hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol. The extracts were analyzed for their total phenolic contents (TPC) and antioxidant activities (using 1,1diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), reducing power and metal chelating assays). The highest value of TPC (28.04 ± 0.37 µg GAE/mg extract) was obtained from the chloroform extract of Luffa acutangula and methanol extract of Lagenaria siceraria (20.85 ± 0.12 µg GAE/mg extract). The highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity was shown by the methanol extract of Luffa acutangula (698.14 ± 19.87 µM TE/mg extract) and Lagenaria siceraria ( 649.32 ± 17.70 µM TE/mg extract). The chloroform extract of Luffa acutangula demonstrated the highest reducing power activity (367.77 ± 9.97 µM AscAE/mg extract) whereas the chloroform extract of Lagenaria siceraria indicated the highest in metal chelating activity with EC50 value of 0.62 ± 0.09 mg/mL. The results obtained also revealed the potential value of ethyl acetate extract of Lagenaria siceraria with consistently higher TPC and antioxidant activities in DPPH and reducing power assays r = 0.94 and r = 0.95).

Plant Material The fruit vegetables were collected at their commercial maturity stages (unripe) from a farm at Teluk Kumbar Balik Pulau Penang, Malaysia. The identities were checked by morphological examination and comparison with authentic herbarium specimens. The pulps were cleaned and cut into small pieces before being dried in a hot air-blowing oven at 35oC to a constant weight. The dried samples were ground to yield a fine powder (40 mesh) in a mechanical blender. The powders were kept at room temperature prior to extraction. Chemicals The chemicals used in this study were of analytical grade. n-Hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and ethanol were purchased from R & M chemicals, England. Folin-Ciocalteu phenol reagent, 1,1 diphenyl-

Keywords : Chelating power, Cucurbitaceae, radical scavenging, reducing power, total phenolic content.

2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), ferric chloride hexahydrate, ferrous

INTRODUCTION

acetate, acetic acid glacial, 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetra-methylchromane-2-

Vegetable is defined as a succulent part of a plant which is consumed as

carboxylic acid (Trolox) and trichloroacetic acid were purchased from

a side-dish with the starchy staple. It is generally classified according to

Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals, USA. Potassium ferricyanide, aluminium

the edible plant parts, such as leaf, stem, flower or fruit (Grubben et al.

chloride, anhydrous sodium carbonate, potassium acetate and dimethyl

1994). In this study, two fruit vegetables from Cucurbitaceae family

sulphoxide (DMSO) were purchased from Fluka, Switzerland.

chloride hexahydrate, ferrozine, ascorbic acid, gallic acid, sodium

were selected. These selected vegetables are well-known worldwide as cooking vegetables and share a similar commercial stage of maturity. Moreover, they are rich sources of antioxidant constituents such as phytochemicals, vitamins, minerals and fibers (Grubben et al. 1994; Ong 2004). Dietary phenolic compounds represent a group of phytochemicals that are commonly found in fruit vegetables and exhibit biological activities such as protection against oxidative stress and degenerative diseases (Han et al. 2007). All of these vegetables are normally prepared as soup and best consumed during hot weather as they possess cooling property (Ong 2004).

The samples (50 g) were successively extracted by four different extraction solvents with ascending order of polarity (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol) as described by Kulkarni et al. (2004), using Soxhlet apparatus. The extracts were filtered and concentrated using rotary evaporator (EYELA, Japan). The dried extracts were stored at 4oC until further analysis. Determination of Total Phenolic Content Total phenolic content (TPC) were determined according to Folin-

To date, despite the existence of many published antioxidant evaluations of the fruit pulps of the selected vegetables (Erasto and Mbwambo 2009; Yagnik et al. 2009; Nara et al. 2009; Ansari et al. 2005; Horax et al. 2010; Adebooye 2008) there were mostly investigated on an individual basis. Several comparisons of

Extraction

antioxidant activity of the selected

vegetables (Chanwitheesuk et al. 2005; Saxena et al. 2007; Chandra et al. 2008; Sreeramulu and Raghunath 2010) were made within a limited number of samples. Data from literature reports are incomparable, due to the usage of different extraction and quantification procedures. Comparative antioxidants information of these vegetables is vital for the

Ciocalteau method (Singleton et al. 1999). In brief, 0.5 mL of of each extract (1.0 mg/mL in concentration) was mixed with 1 mL of 2 N (10% v/v) Folin-Ciocalteau reagent. After three minutes, 3 mL of 2% (w/v) sodium carbonate was added to previous mixture. The absorbance of reaction was measured at 760 nm using Genesys 20 spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, USA) after 2 hours of incubation at room temperature (27 ± 1oC) in the dark. The same procedure was repeated to all standard gallic acid solutions at different concentrations (0 – 200 µg/mL). The total phenolic content was calculated from the calibration curve of gallic acid and the results were expressed as microgram of gallic


acid equivalents per milligram dry weight of extract (µg GAE/mg Statistical Analysis

extract).

All data were expressed as means ± standard deviation (n = 3). Data DPPH Radical-Scavenging Activity Assay

were analyzed by means of the one-way ANOVA using SPSS 16.0 for

The free radical-scavenging activity of the fruit extracts was measured

Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Tukey’s honestly significant

using the method described by Brand-William et al. (1995) with slight

different (HSD) test was used to assess differences between means.

modification. The reaction mixture in each well of the 96 wells plate

Pearson’s correlation test was used for determination of correlation

consisted of 50 µL of extracts (4.0 mg/mL) and 150 µL of 300 µM

between the antioxidant activities of three independent tests (DPPH,

DPPH ethanolic solution. The plate was wrapped with aluminium foil to

reducing power and metal chelating) and total phenolic contents using

avoid exposure to light and was incubated at 37°C for 30 minutes. The

Prism 3.02 statistical software of GraphPadPrism (San Diego, CA). The

decrease in absorbance was determined at 515 nm using microplate

p-value less than 0.05 (p < 0.05) was considered as statistically

reader (Multiskan EX spectrophotometer, Finland). All tests were

significant. The values of total phenolic contents of four different dried

performed in triplicate. Trolox was also used as a reference in this assay.

extracts obtained from each vegetable; and seven dried extracts obtained

A standard curve was obtained using 32.25 and 1000 µM of Trolox

using the same extracting solvent were plotted against the values of

standard solution. The absorbance of the reaction sample was compared

antioxidant activities of three different tests in separate graphs.

to that of the Trolox standard curve and all results were expressed in terms of micromolar Trolox equivalent per milligram dry weight of

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

extract (µM TE/mg extract).

Total Phenolic Content The total phenolic content (TPC) of 8 different extracts of Lagenaria

Reducing Power Assay

siceraria and Luffa acutangula are shown in Table 1. The polarity of

The reducing power of crude extracts was determined according to the

extracting solvent and the solubility of chemical constituents to the

Shyu et al. (2009) with some slight modifications. An aliquot of each

extracting solvent might influence the extraction yields and TPC of the

sample (125 µL) was mixed with 125 µL of sodium phosphate buffer

extracts (Zhao et al. 2006). Therefore, in this study, the samples were

(0.2 M, pH 6.6) and 125 µL of 1% potassium ferricyanide, followed by

sequentially extracted using four different polarities of solvents in order

o

incubation at 50 C for 20 min. After adding 125 µL of 10%

to determine the recovery of TPC by the solvents. The highest value of

trichloroacetic acid, the mixture was centrifuged at 3000 g for 10 min

TPC was exhibited by the chloroform extract of Luffa acutangula (28.04

(Mikro 20 Hettich, Zentrifugen, Germany). The supernatant solution

± 0.37 µg GAE/mg extract). According to a comparative assessment of

(100 µL) was mixed with 100 µL of distilled water and 20 µL of 1%

TPC from 60% methanol extract of fresh vegetables commonly

ferric chloride hexahydrate to react for 10 min. Subsequently, the

consumed in India, the lowest value was obtained from the pulp of L.

absorbance was measured at 700 nm using micro plate reader (Multiskan

acutangula (Sreeramulu and Raghunath 2010). Meanwhile, another

EX spectrophotometer, Finland). Ascorbic acid was used as a standard

study found that the amount of antioxidant components in the 80%

antioxidant compound to produce a standard curve that is linear at

methanol extract of L. acutangula fruit prepared by boiling was higher

molarities between 1.95 and 1000 µM of ascorbic acid. All experiments

than those obtained by cold maceration (Ansari et al. 2005). In this

were performed in three replicates. Values are presented as micromolar

study, the heat treatment applied during Soxhlet extraction may increase

ascorbic acid equivalents (AscAE) per milligram weight of extract (µM

the extraction of phenolic compounds from the samples. Intense heat

AscAE /mg extract).

from boiling solvent is able to release cell wall phenolics or bound phenolics due to the breakdown of cellular components causing more

Chelating Power Assay The chelating power on ferrous ions was determined according to the method of Shyu et al. (2009) with slight modifications. Each extract (1.0 mg/mL) in methanol (50 µL) was mixed with 5 µL of 2.0 mM/L ferrous chloride hexahydrate and 180 µL of methanol in 96 well plates. After 5 minutes of incubation, the reaction was initiated by the addition of 15 µL of ferrozine (5.0 mM/L). After 10 minutes of incubation at room temperature, the absorbance was measured at 562 nm using micro plate reader (Multiskan EX spectrophotometer, Finland). The chelating power activity (%) was calculated according to the following equation: chelating power activity (%) = (absorbance of negative control absorbance of sample)/absorbance of negative control) x 100%. EC50 value is the effective concentration that could chelate 50% of ferrous (Fe(II)) ions, which derived from a nonlinear sigmoidal dose response

polyphenols to be extracted (Toor and Savage 2006). The best solvent for extracting of TPC from L. siceraria was methanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate and hexane, respectively. Methanol is often used for extraction of medium polar and polar phenolic compounds such as flavonoid glycosides and phenolic acids (Harborne 1998). Moreover, hexane is used to extract the volatile phenylpropene (a lipid soluble phenolic compound) for aromatic plants (Gross et al. 2009). Thus far, no specific or appropriate extraction solvent is recommended for optimal recovery of total phenolic content from dried fruit sample matrix owing to their diverse chemical structures ranging from simple to polymerized forms that might consequently change their solubility behaviors (Prior et al. 2005). This finding verified the important role of extracting solvent in altering the recovery of TPC in different fruit matrixes obtained from the same ripening stage of Cucurbitaceae fruits.

curve (GraphPadPrism, USA). All experiments were performed in three replicates.


Antioxidant assessments

(intense red purplish in color). The extracts with the lowest EC50 value is

The antioxidant activities were evaluated using three different

considered having the highest in activity.

colorimetric assays, namely, DPPH, reducing power and metal chelating. The DPPH method is used to quantify the scavenging activity of the

Correlation between total phenolic content and antioxidant activities analyzed using different assays.

extracts on stable organic free radical (purple DPPH). The presence of antioxidant in the extract may enhance the conversion of DPPH radical to

a

stable

diamagnetic

molecule

(yellow-colored

diphenyl-

picrylhydrazine). As shown in Table 2, the significantly highest activity DPPH radical scavenging indicated by the methanol extract of Luffa acutangula (698.14 ± 19.87 µM TE/mg extract) and Lagenaria siceraria (649.32 ± 17.70 µM TE/mg extract). This is the first antioxidant evaluations using L. angulata dried fruit samples. Previous antioxidant studies on those one species was respectively more focused using fresh fruit sample (Ansari et al. 2005; Sreeramulu and Raghunath 2010). The radical scavenging activity of L. acutangula and L. siceraria was also influenced by the polarity of extracting solvent as the highest activity was observed in the most polar extract (i.e. methanol). The higher activity of the methanol extract of L. siceraria is also in line with its TPC (20.85 ± 0.12 µg GAE/mg extract; Table 1) and two flavonols i.e. isoquercitrin and kaempferol were previously isolated from the extract (Gangwal et al. 2010). In contrast, although the greatest TPC was detected in the chloroform extract of L. angulata, the extract exhibited lower activity than its ethyl acetate and methanol extracts.

The

effectiveness of phenolics as antioxidants in an extract is not only attributed by their total content but also by the degree of polymerization, concentration and interaction of their diverse chemical structures. Hence, the higher levels of TPC do not necessarily correspond to the higher antioxidant responses (Parejo et al. 2002). It is suggested that radical scavenging activity of the methanol extract of L. angulata might be elicited by a strong antioxidant compound in the extract that could adequately enhance the activity at a very low concentration. However, the compound has yet to be isolated from this fruit. Nevertheless, the activity might also be correlated with its total carotenoid content (Kandlakunta et al. 2008). In reducing power assay, the presence of antioxidant in an extract may lead to the reduction of Fe(III)/ferric cyanide complex to the ferrous form (Fe(II)) by donating an electron. As indicated in Table 3, most of the higher activities were shared by the methanol and ethyl acetate extracts. This might be due to the potential of the solvents to efficiently extract polar reducing power compounds as compared to the other two extracting solvents. The chloroform (367.77 ± 9.97 µM AscAE/mg

With a hypothesis that the contribution of TPC to the antioxidant activity estimated using different antioxidant assays is influenced by the type of plant and extracting solvent, all these parameters were separately analyzed. The highest correlation between TPC and chelating capacity was obtained from the extracts of L. acutangula with lower r value of 0.73. In contrast a consistent relationship (with r values of 0.94 and 0.95) between TPC in L. siceraria extracts and their radical scavenging activities and reducing powers, was observed. The highest correlation between TPC and reducing power was exhibited by the chloroform extracts of seven vegetables used in this study (r = 0.91). Thus, chloroform could be considered as the most appropriate solvent for extracting of phenolic compounds with reducing power property from these fruit vegetables.

TPC extracted by other extracting solvents,

exhibited moderate to low as well as inverse correlations with the antioxidant values. Different reports are found from the literatures, whereby some authors suggested correlation between TPC and antioxidant activities, others found no such association (Horax et al. 2010). Variations in their correlations could be due to the possible interaction (either synergistic or antagonistic) of diverse types and relative amounts of phytochemicals in the extracts that might lead to different responses in different antioxidant assays (Sreeramulu and Raghunath 2010). CONCLUSION The results obtained from this study unveiled the contribution of TPC to the free radical scavenging and reducing capacities of extracts obtained from L. siceraria fruits. However, due to the dissimilarity in mechanism of action of different assays and the different type of phytochemicals in each extract, the TPC in extracts of other fruits may selectively correlate with a specific assay. Although the fruit matrixes of these different species

of

vegetables

were

obtained

from

the

same

family

(Cucurbitaceae) at similar commercial maturity stage (unripe), different solvent systems are required to optimize the recovery of their TPC and antioxidant compounds. In addition, different assays may provide different results. For instance, the chloroform extract of L. acutangula exhibited the highest TPC, and high in reducing power values, while the methanol extract of L. siceraria with high TPC and DPPH values.

extract) and ethyl acetate extracts (348.19 ± 22.28 µM AscAE/mg extract) of L. acutangula with no significant differences. Moreover, in

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Values are mean ± standard deviation of triplicate analyses. Values followed by the same letter (a, b, c…etc), are not statistically different (p < 0.05) as measured by Tukey’s HSD test.

Table 2 DPPH free radical scavenging activity of dried extracts (µM TE/mg extract) obtained from the pulps of Lagenaria siceraria and Luffa acutangula


Table 3 Reducing power capacity of dried extracts (µM AscAE /mg extract) obtained from the pulps of Lagenaria siceraria and Luffa acutangula


Table 4 EC50 value (mg /mL) of dried extracts obtained from the pulps of the seven cucurbit vegetables in chelating power assay



Prosiding Seminar Nasional XXI PBI 1

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