PRESENT TENSE. 1. Simple Present Tense Tense ini untuk menyatakan fakta, kebiasaan, dan kejadian yang terjadi pada saat sekarang ini

PRESENT TENSE

1. Simple Present Tense Tense ini untuk menyatakan fakta, kebiasaan, dan kejadian yang terjadi pada saat sekarang ini. Rumus – Kata kerja: (positive) : S + V1 / S + V1 + O (Negative) : S + do (es) not + V1 (Interrogative) : Do (es) + S + V1 ? Rumus – Bukan kata kerja menggunakan to be. Affirmative (+) : S + Be (am, is, are) Affirmative (-) : S + Be (am, is, are) + not Affirmative (?) : Be (am, is, are) + S Contoh: (Positive) (Negative) (Interrogative) Passive Voice

: : : :

He drinks milk. He does not drink milk. Does he drink milk? Milk is drunk by him

2. Present Continuous Tense Tense ini untuk membicarakan aksi yang sedang berlangsung sekarang atau rencana dimasa depan. Rumus: (positive) (Negative) (Interrogative)

: S + Be (am, is are) + V ing (present participle) : S + Be (am, is are) + not + V ing : Be (am, is, are) + S + V ing ?

Contoh: (Positive) (Negative) (Interrogative) Passive Voice

: He is drinking milk. : He is not drinking milk. : Is he drinking milk ? : Milk is being drunk by him

3. Present Perfect Tense Tense ini digunakan untuk mengungkapkan suatu aktivitas atau situasi yang telah dimulai di masa lalu dan telah selesai pada suatu titik waktu tertentu di masa lalu atau masih berlanjut sampai sekarang. Rumus: (positive) : S + have (has) + V3 (past participle) (Negative) : S + have (has) + not + V3 (Interrogative) : Have (has) + S + V3? Contoh: (Positive) (Negative) (Interrogative) Passive Voice

: He has drunk milk. : He has not drunk milk. : Has he drunk milk ? : Milk has been drunk by him

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense Tense ini untuk mengungkapkan aksi yang telah selesai pada suatu titik dimasa lampau atau aksi telah dimulai di masa lalu dan terus berlanjut sampai sekarang. Rumus: (positive) (Negative) (Interrogative)

: S + have (has) + been + Ving : S + have (has) + not + been + Ving : Have (has) + S + been + Ving ?

Contoh: (Positive) (Negative) (Interrogative) Passive Voice

: He has been drinking milk. : He has not been drinking milk. : Has he been drinking milk ? : Milk has been being by him

PAST TENSE 1. Simple Past Tense Tense ini untuk menunjukkan bahwa suatu kejadian terjadi di masa lampau. Rumus: (Positive) (Negative) (Interrogative)

: S + V2 (preterite) : S + did not (didn’t) + V1 : Did + S + V1 ?

Contoh: (Positive) (Negative) (Interrogative) Passive Voice

: He drank milk. : He did not drink milk. : Did he drink milk ? : Milk was drunk by him

2. Past Continuous Tense Tense ini digunakan untuk mengungkapkan bahwa suatu aksi sedang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa lampau. Rumus: (Positive) (Negative) (Interrogative)

: S + was/were + V ing (present participle) : S + was/were + not + V ing : was/were + S + V ing?

Contoh: (Positive) (Negative) (Interrogative) Passive Voice

: He was drinking milk. : He was not drinking milk. : Was he drinking milk ? : Milk is being drunk by him

3. Past Perfect Tense Tense ini untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu aksi telah selesai pada suatu titik di masa lalu sebelum aksi lainnya terjadi. Rumus: (Positive) (Negative) (Interrogative)

: S + had + V3 : S + had + not + V3 : Had + S + V3?

Contoh: (Positive) (Negative) (Interrogative) Passive Voice

: He had drunk milk. : He had not drunk milk. : Had He drunk milk ? : Milk had been drunk by him

4. Past Perfect Continuos Tense Tense ini digunakan untuk mengungkapkan suatu aksi (dengan durasi waktu tertentu) telah selesai pada suatu titik waktu tertentu dimasa lalu. Rumus: (Positive) (Negative) (Interrogative)

: S + had been + V ing : S + had not + been + V ing : Had + S + been + V ing?

Contoh: (Positive) (Negative) (Interrogative) Passive Voice

: He had been drinking. : He had not been drinking. : Had he been drinking ? : Milk had been being drunk by him FUTURE TENSE

1. Simple Future Tense Tense ini untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu aksi terjadi dimasa depan, secara spontan atau terencana. Rumus: (Positive) (Negative) (Interrogative)

: S + shall/will + V1 : S + shall/will + not + V1 : Shall/will + S + V1 ?

Contoh: (Positive) (Negative) (Interrogative)

: He will drink milk. : He will not drink milk. : Will He drink ?

2. Future Continuous Tense Tense ini untuk mengungkapkan aksi yang akan sedang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa depan. Rumus: (Positive) (Negative)

: S + shall/will be + V ing : S + shall/will + not + be + V ing

(Interrogative)

: Shall/will + S + Be + V ing?

Contoh: (Positive) (Negative) (Interrogative) Passive Voice

: He will be drinking milk. : He will not be drinking milk. : Will he be drinking milk ? : Milk will be being drunk by him

3. Future Perfect Tense Tense ini untuk mengungkapkan bahwa suatu aktivitas akan sudah selesai pada suatu titik waktu di masa depan. Rumus: (Positive) (Negative) (Interrogative)

: S + shall/will have + V3 : S + shall/will + not + have + V3 : Shall/will + S + have + V3?

Contoh: (Positive) (Negative) (Interrogative) Passive Voice

: He will have drunk milk. : He will not have drunk milk. : Will he have drunk milk ? : Milk will has drunk by him

4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense Tense ini untuk mengungkapkan bahwa suatu aksi akan sudah berlangsung selama sekian lama pada titik waktu tertentu di masa depan. Rumus: (Positive) (Negative) (Interrogative)

: S + shall/will have been + V ing : S + shall/will + not + have been + V ing : Shall/will + S + have been + V ing?

Contoh: (Positive) (Negative) (Interrogative) Passive Voice

: he will have been drinking milk. : he will not have been drinking milk. : Will he have been drinking milk ? : Milk will has being drunk milk PAST FUTURE TENSE

1. Past Future Tense Tense ini untuk menyatakan suatu aksi yang akan dilakukan, membuat prediksi, dan membuat janji di masa depan pada saat berada dimasa lalu. Rumus: (Positive) (Negative) (Interrogative)

: S + will + V1 : S + will not + V1 : Will + S + V1?

Contoh: (Positive)

: He will drink milk.

(Negative) (Interrogative) Passive Voice

: He will not drink milk. : Will he drink ? : Milk will be drunk by him

2. Past Future Continuous Tense Tense ini untuk membicarakan suatu aksi yang akan sedang berlangsung (berupa prediksi/rencana) di masa depan pada saat berada dimasa lalu. Rumus: (Positive) (Negative) (Interrogative)

: S + will be + V ing : S + will not be + V ing : will + S + be + V ing?

Examples: (Positive) (Negative) (Interrogative) Passive Voice

: He will be drinking milk. : He will not be drinking milk. : Will he be drinking milk ? : Milk would have been drunk by him

3. Past Future Perfect Tense Tense ini untuk membicarakan suatu aksi aktivitas yang akan telah dilakukan di masa lalu. Rumus: (Positive) (Negative) (Interrogative)

: S + will have + V3 : S + will not + have + V3 : will + S + have + V3?

Contoh: (Positive) (Negative) (Interrogative)

: he will have drunk milk. : he will not have drunk milk. : Will he have drunk milk ?

4. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense Mirip dengan future perfect continuous tense, namun realisasi aksi yang dilakukan dapat diketahui sekarang karena aksinya terjadi di masa lampau. Rumus: (Positive) (Negative) (Interrogative)

: S + will + have + been + V ing : S + will + have not + been +V ing : will + S + have been + V ing?

Contoh: (Positive) (Negative) (Interrogative)

: he will have been drinking milk : he will have not been drinking milk : Will he have been drinking ?

GERUND Gerund adalah kata kerja (Verb) yang digunakan tetapi fungsinya berubah sebagai kata benda (Noun). atau dapat juga dikatakan bahwa gerund adalah kata kerja yang dibendakan (Verbal Noun). Bentuk dari Gerund adalah: VERB 1 + ING Contohnya: swimming, shopping, talking, playing, sleeping, eating, etc. Fungsi dan Contoh Gerund 1. Menggunakan Gerund sebagai subject Apabila Gerund sebagai Subject, maka Gerund dapat berdiri sendiri atau berbentuk sebagai frase. Contoh: Playing football is my hobby. Bentuk dari kata “playing” pada kalimat di atas adalah sebagai Gerund, yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda (Noun). 2. Menggunakan Gerund sebagai object Ada dua kemungkinan jika Gerund digunakan sebagai Object, yakni Object of Preposition (Object Kata Depan) dan Object of Verb (Object Kata Kerja). -

Menggunakan Gerund Sebagai Object of Preposition (Object Preposisi) Formula: Preposition + Gerund (Verb + Ing) Contoh: We talk about going to Bali for our vacation. She is not interesting in looking for a new job. Thank you for helping me carry the bag. You Should take advantage of living here. The rain prevented us from completing the work. We will be happy by listening the music. Billy is not used to wearing a suit and tie everyday.

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Menggunakan Gerund Sebagai Object of Verb (Object Kata Kerja) Formula: VERB + Gerund (Verb + Ing) Kata kerja (VERB) yang lazim diikuti oleh Gerund adalah sebagai berikut:

3. Gerund sebagai kata majemuk (Compound Noun) yang mengandung arti alat Contoh: Swiming Pool, Swimming Suit, Shopping Centre, Drawing Book, Sewing Machine, Washing Machine, Writing Paper, Dinning Table, Shopping Bag, Racing Car, Waiting Room, Dinning Room, Living Room, Surfing Board, etc. 4. Gerund digunakan untuk membuat suatu larangan atau peringatan yang singkat Contoh: No smoking, no spitting, no parking, warning, etc.

Who Relative pronoun ini berfungsi menghubungkan noun berupa orang (subject/object of sentence) dengan verb pada relative clause. Contoh: The boy who is playing football on the yard is my neighbour. (Anak yang sedang bermain sepakbola di lapangan adalah tetanggaku.) I looked for the man who borrowed me money. (Saya mencari pria yang meminjami saya uang.) Which Berfungsi menghubungkan noun benda, binatang, atau kadang-kadang orang (subject/object of sentence) dengan relative clause. Contoh: The table which was made of oak wood has broken. (Meja yang dibuat dari kayu oak sudah patah.) Whose Relative pronoun ini berfungsi untuk menyatakan kepemilikan terhadap benda maupun orang yang diterangkan pada bagian klausa-nya. Contoh: The woman whose car I want to buy is my old friend. (Wanita yang mobilnya saya ingin beli adalah teman lama saya.) Whom Whom merupakan bentuk yang lebih formal dari who. Whom sering diawali oleh preposition (berfungsi sebagai object of preposition). Relative pronoun ini berfungsi sebagai objek pada adjective clause. Contoh: He is the one for whom I’m waiting. (Dia satu-satunya yang sedang saya tunggu.) The team whom you were watching has won three gold medals. (Tim yang kamu tonton telah memenangkan tiga medali emas.) Where Tempat Contoh: Nobody knows where she lives now. (Tidak ada yang tau dimana dia tinggal sekarang.) When Waktu Contoh: When I got home last night, someone was trying to break into my house. (Ketika saya tiba di rumah tadi malam, seseorang sedang mencoba masuk ke rumah saya).

MODAL AUXILIARIES Modal auxiliary adalah kata bantu kerja yang bentuknya bermacam-macam dan ini di gunakan sesuai keadaan yang ingin diungkapkan oleh sipembicaranya. Bentuk kalimat-kalimatnya dapat digunakan dengan kata kerja dan selain kata kerja, bisa digunakan untuk situasi sekarang ataupun yang memiliki arti untuk situasi yang akan datang. Modal auxiliaries itu adalah sebagai berikut: 1. Can : bisa, mampu, dapat, sanggup. 2. May : boleh, bisa. 3. Will/shall : akan, bakalan. 4. Must, have to, need, ought to, should : harus, seharusnya, mesti. 5. Could, would : sudi, ingin, berkenan. RUMUS 1. CAN. MUST, MAY, WLL/SHALL, SHOULD, COULD, WOULD, NEED, OUGHT TO: Penggunaannya sama dengan auxiliary will/shall pola III, baik untuk yang menggunakan kata kerja (Verb I) maupun selain kata kerja (Non-V). Menggunakan Verb I Rumus kalimat positif : S + Aux. + Verb I + O + Adv 1. I can speak English now. 2. I may sit beside you. 3. We must study English well. 4. She need go now. 5. I could help you. Rumus kalimat bertanya: Aux. + S + Verb I + O + Adv 1. Can you help me, friend? 2. Could you open the door? 3. Must he make you sad like this? 4. Ought they to help us? 5. Need they leave today? Rumus kalimat negatif: S + Aux. + Not + Verb I + O + Adv 1. I can’t come tomorrow. 2. They mayn’t distusb our friends. 3. I won’t hete you. 4. Rina mustn’t work today. 5. She ought to speak like that. Rumus kalimat bertanya menidakan: Aux. + Not + S + Verb I + O + Adv 1. Can’t you help me? 2. Won’t they invite us? 3. Oughtn’t they to realize it? 4. Myan’t I stand beside you?

Menggunakan selain kata kerja (Non-V) Rumus kalimat positaf: S + Aux. + Be + Non-V + Adv 1. I can be crazy about english. 2. It may be suitable to me. 3. You ought to be honest. 4. I could be here at 10.00 am. 5. I would be your friend. Rumus kalimat bertanya: Aux. + S + Be + Non-V + Adv 1. Must Dian be on time tomorow? 2. Can you be our leader on next hiking? 3. Could you be slowly, please? 4. Ought we to be committee? 5. Must Paul be here now? Rumus kalimat negatif: S + Aux. + Not + Be + Non-V + Adv 1. I can’t be an English teacher. 2. You mayn’t be proud, Joko. 3. They shouldn’t be here. 4. We shan’t be angry. 5. I oughtn’t to be difficult to do it. Rumus kalimat bertanya menidakkan: Aux. + Not + S + Be + Non-V + Adv 1. Can’t you be on time? 2. Won’t she be happy? 3. Mayn’t he be my patner? 4. Couldn’t you be frankly next?

JENIS TENSES Simple present tense continuous PRESENT Present tense Present perfect tense

PAST

RUMUS TENSES Verbal Non- Verbal (Nominal) S + V(s/es) + O/Adv

S + tobe + Adj/Adv

S + Tobe + Ving + O/Adv

S + tobe + being + Adj/Adv

S + Have/Has + V3 + O/Adv

Present perfect continuous tense

S + Have/Has + been + Ving + O/Adv

S + Have/Has + been + Adj/Adv S + Have/has + been + being + Adj/Adv

Simple past tense Past continuous tense

S + V2 + O/Adv

S + Was/Were + Adj/Adv

S + Was/were + Ving + O/Adv S + Had + V3 + O/Adv

S + Was/Were + being + Adj/Adv S + Had + been + Adj/Adv

S + Had + been + Ving + O/Adv

S + Had + been + being + Adj/Adv

Past perfect tense Past perfect continuous tense

FUTURE

Simple future tense

S + Will/Shall + V + O/Adv

S + Will + be + Adj/Adv

Future continuous tense Future perfect tense

S + Will + be + Ving + O/Adv

S + Will + be + being + Adj/Adv

S + Will + Have + V3 + O/Adv S + Will + Have + been + Ving + O/Adv

S + Will + Have + been + Adj/Adv S + Will + Have + been + being + Adj/Adv

S + Would + V1 + O/Adv

S + Would + Be + Adj/Adv

S + Would + Be +Ving + O/Adv

S + Would + Be +being + Adj/Adv

S + Would + Have +V3 + O/Adv

S + Would + Have + Been + Adj/Adv

S + Would + Have + been + Ving + O/Adv

S + Would + Have + been + being + Adj/Adv

Future perfect continuous tense Simple PAST FUTURE

past

future

tense Past future continuous tense Past future perfect tense Past future perfect continuous tense

Social Conversation Waiter: Hello, Can I help you? Kim: Yes, I’d like to have some lunch. Waiter: Would you like a starter? Kim: Yes, I’d like a bowl of chicken soup, please. Waiter: And what would you like for a main course? Kim: I’d like a grilled cheese sandwich. Waiter: Would you like anything to drink? Kim: Yes, I’d like a glass of Coke, please. Waiter… After Kim has her lunch.: Can I bring you anything else? Kim: No thank you. Just the bill. Waiter: Certainly. Kim:I don’t have my glasses. How much is the lunch? Waiter: That’s $6.75. Kim: Here you are. Thank you very much. Waiter: You’re welcome. Have a good day. Kim: Thank you, the same to you.

Neither a Borrower Nor a Lender Be Both borrowers and lenders in the sub-prime mortgage market are wishing they had listened to the old saying: neither a borrower nor a lender be. Last year people with poor credit ratings borrowed $605 billion in mortgages, a figure that is about 20% of the home-loan market. It includes people who cannot afford to meet the mortgage payments on expensive homes they have bought, and low-income buyers. In some cases, the latter could not even meet the first payment. Lenders include banks like HSBC, which may have lost almost $7 billion. Both sides can be blamed. Lenders, after the 2-3 percentage point premium they could charge, offered loans, known as ‘liar loans’, with no down payments and without any income verification to people with bad credit

histories. They believed that rising house prices would cover them in the event of default. Borrowers ignored the fact that interest rates would rise after an initial period. One result is that default rates on these sub-prime mortgages reached 14% last year- a record. The problems in this market also threaten to spread to the rest of the mortgage market, which would reduce the flow of credit available to the shrinking numbers of consumers still interested in buying property. So, the housing market will remain weak; borrowers with weak credit histories will find the credit window closed; people with adjustable-rate mortgages will have to spend less so they can meet their increased payments; tighter lending standards and falling home prices will reduce consumers’ ability to tap the equity in their homes. But as long as the labour market remains strong, which it has done despite job losses in housing-related industries, and as long as real incomes continue to go up, consumers might complain, but they are unlikely to go on a buyers’ strike on a scale that will make this slowdown become a recession.Therefore, we should not be too worried, but, at the same time, we should be a bit cautious and watch closely how things develop. Q1 – Sub-prime mortgage loans were offered only to low income families. to people who wanted to by very expensive houses. to people with poor credit histories. Q2 – Who believed that rising house prices would cover them in the event of a default? Borrowers Lenders Both Q3 – Borrowers have been caught out because they lied when applying for the loan. because house prices have risen. because interest rates rise after a while. Q4 – According to the text, people with adjustable-rate mortgages will not be able to get credit. will have to economise. have weak credit histories. Q5 – The housing market problems could easily tip the counrty in recession. are unlikely to tip the country into recession. will cause a buyers’ strike. Q6 – The writer is a bit concerned about the housing market. very worried about the housing market. not worried about the housing market.