CHAPTER I PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

16 Tenses In English

CHAPTER I PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE 1.1 THE USE OF PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE We use The Present Continuous Tense when we talk about something which is happening at the time of speaking. Example : Please don’t make so much noise. I’m studying. We also use The Present Continuous Tense when we talk about something which is happening around the time of speaking, but not necessarily exactly at the time of speaking. Example : Silvia is learning English at the moment. We often use the Present Continuous when we talk about a period around the present. Example :You‟re working hard today. Yes, I have a lot of to do We use the present continuous when we talk about the changing situation. Example : The population without jobs is increasing very fast. 1.2. THE ADVERBS OF TIME USED The adverbs of time used in Present Continous tense are “NOW, RIGHT NOW, TOMORROW,ETC 1.3. THE PATTERN OF PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE The patterns of Present continous tense consist of : 1.3.A. Positive Pattern S + am/is/are + Verb 4…………………………………………….Now S + sedang + 4……………………………………..sekarang Examples : 1. I am studying English now. 2. We are going to Jakarta tomorrow (akan) 3. You are singing now. 4. He is making a cake now. 5. she is sewing a shirt now. Communicative English Course

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6. They are playing football in the field now. 7. Tom and Ani are doing their homework tomorrow. 8. The students are doing sport now. 1.3.b The Negative Pattern S + am/is/are + Not + Verb 4…………………………………… Now S + tidak sedang + 4 …………………………………….sekarang Example : 1. I am not studying now 2. He is not sleeping now 3. My father is not watching television now. 4. we aren‟t going to Jakarta Tomorrow. 1.3.c. The Interrogative Pattern Am/Is/Are + S + Verb 4…………………………………………..Now? Apakah + S + sedang + 4…………………………sekarang ? Examples : 1. Are you studying English now ? Yes, I am/ No, I am not 2. Is he eating fried rice now? Yes, he is/ No, he isn‟t 3. Is your father working in the office now? Yes, He is/No, He isn‟t 1.3.d. Qusetion-word Pattern QW + Am/Is/Are + S + Verb 4…………………………………...Now? QW + yang + S + 4……………………………………..sekarang? Examples : 1. what are you doing now ? studying 2. Where is he studying English now ? at school EXERCISE I : Translate these sentences into English. 1. Jack sedang tidur sekarang 2. Mary sedang mengerjakan tugas itu 3. Kami sedang menonton sebuah film di televisi 4. Mereka sedang bermain bola di halaman sekarang 5. Guru itu sedang menerangkan pelajaran itu. 6. Perusahaan itu sedang tumbuh dengan pesat sekarang. 7. Harga saham di bursa Efek Jakarta sedang naik sekarang 8. Pak Adi sedang mengajar bahasa Inggris di kampus sekarang 9. Polisi tersebut sedang mencari Ali sekarang. 10. Ana, Ani, dan Tom sedang berdiskusi sekarang. Communicative English Course

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EXERCISE 2 : Change the following sentences into (+), (-), and (?) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

They are speaking English now. We are not reading now. Is your mother frying rice now? No, she isn‟t. What is your father looking at now ? a picture. He is watching “Plan to kill” on TV now. The teacher is not explaining tenses to the students now. Is Maradona playing football in Argentina Now?

EXERCISE 3 : Write questions by using question words based on the underlined words in the following sentences. 1. John is eating a plate of rice in the dining room now. 2. The cat is eating fried chicken in the kitchen now. 3. Tom and Jerry are quarrelling about food now. 4. My father is teaching Biology at school now.

EXERCISE 4 : Answer the following questions with your own words. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Are you studying English now ? Is your father reading a newspaper now? Is your mother sewing a shirt now? Are They singing a song at home now? Is Mr.Adi teaching English at school now? What is your mother doing now? What is your brother doing now?

EXERCISE 5 : Write sentences by using the following verbs Writing, speaking, sewing, growing, discussing, doing, hunting,eating, drinking, dancing, singing, making, building, teaching, explaining, talking, watching, shopping, sleeping, typing, driving, riding, training, working

Communicative English Course

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CHAPTER 2 PAST TENSE 2.1. The Use of Simple Past Tense We use the past simple to talk about actions or situations in the past. 2.2. The Adverbs of time used The adverbs of time used in this tense are Yesterday, last….., a week ago, this morning , last night, yesterday morning, yesterweek, yestermonth, yesteryear, etc. 2.3.

The Patterns of Simple Past Tense

2.3.1. The Positive Pattern S + Verb 2…………………………………………………… Yesterday S + 2………………………………………………….. Examples : 1. John saw a crocodile in the river yesterday. 2. We studied English here last week. 3. They played football in the field yesteryear 2.3.2. The Negative Pattern S + didn‟t + Verb 1…………………………………… ……..Yesterday S + tidak + 1…………………………………kemarin Examples : 1. John didn‟t see a crocodile in the river yesterday. 2. We didn‟t study here last week. 3. They didn‟t play football in the field yesteryear. 2.3.3. The Interrogative Pattern Did + S + Verb 1……………………………………………..Yesterday? Apakah + S + 1…………………………………………kemarin? Examples: 1. Did John see a crocodile in the river yesterday ? Yes, he did/No, he didn‟t 2. Did you study here last week ? Yes, we did/ No, we didn‟t Communicative English Course

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3. Did they play football in the field yesteryear? Yes, they did/No, they didn‟t 2.3.4. The Question-word Pattern QW + did + S + Verb 1……………………………….………Yesterday?

Qw + yang + S + 1…………………………………….? Examples: 1. What did John see in the river yesterday ? a crocodile 2. When did John see a crocodile in the river? yesterday QW + Verb 2……………………………….………Yesterday? S + did

QW + 2……………………………..? Examples : 1. Who saw a crocodile in the river yesterday ? John did 2. What grew in the rice-field last year? A coconut tree did EXERCISE I : Translate these sentences into English ! 1. Kami menjual mobil kami kemarin 2. Apakah kamu pergi ke luar tadi malam ? 3. Dia tidak datang ke pesta itu minggu lalu 4. Apakah kamu tidur nyenyak tadi malam ? 5. Kami menjual rumah kami di Jakarta tahun lalu. 6. Manajer pemasaran tersebut melakukan penelitian minggu lalu. 7. Apakah perusahaan anda menjual kursi tahun lalu ? Ya. 8. Kapan anda menjalankan usaha anda di Jakarta ? tahun lalu 9. Siapa yang membuat kue itu kemarin ? ibu saya. 10. Apa yang jatuh di jalan kemarin ? Tas saya.

EXERCISE II. Change the following sentences into (+), (-), ( ?), Present Continous Tense. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Tom saw the cats having business under the tree yesterday They played cricket at school last week Did the policeman arrest the thief last night ? The teacher did not attend the meeting this morning


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Chapter 3 PRESENT FUTURE TENSE We often use will in this situation: Offering to do something: e.g. That bag looks heavy. I‟ll help with it. Agreeing and refusing to do something: e.g. I‟ve asked john to help me but he won‟t Promising to do something. e.g. I will come to your house tonight. I promise. Asking someone to do something. Will you close the window,please!

A. The positive pattern of Present Future tense is as follows: S + will/shall + Verb 1…………………………………… Tomorrow S + akan + 1 ……………………. Example: 1. John will run a restaurant in Jakarta Next month. 2. Mrs.Maria Eva will play badminton tomorrow B. The negative pattern of Present Future tense is as follows: S + won‟t/shan‟t + Verb 1…………………… ………… Tomorrow S + tidak akan + 1 ……………………………….. Example: 1. John won‟t run a restaurant in Jakarta Next month. 2. Mrs.Maria Eva won‟t play badminton tomorrow


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C. The Interrogative pattern of Present Future tense is as follows Will/Shall + S + Verb 1………………………………….. Tomorrow? Apakah + S + akan + 1…………………………..? 1. will John run a restaurant in Jakarta Next month? Yes, He will/No,he won‟t. 2. will Mrs.Maria Eva play badminton tomorrow? Yes, She will/No, she won‟t D. The QW pattern of Present Future tense is as follows QW + will/shall + S + Verb 1…………………….………Tomorrow? QW + yang + S + akan + 1……………………….? 1. 2. 3. 4.

when will John run a restaurant in Jakarta? Next month who will run a restaurant in Jakarta Next month? John will where will John run a restaurant Next month? Next month what will John do in Jakarta Next month? Running a restaurant

We often use will to be going to when we say what we have already decided to do, what we intend to do in the future. e.g. A:There‟s a film on television tonight. Are you going to watch it? B: No, I am too tired. I am going to have an early night. The pattern : S + am/is/are + going to + Verb 1…………………………………… S +am/is/are + not + going to + Verb 1…………………… ………… Am/is/are + S + going to + Verb 1………………………………….. .? QW + am/is/are + S + going to + verb 1…………………………… ..?

4. PRESENT TENSE Present Tense is used to talk about something in general. And it is also used to talk about something which is happened repeatedly or habituallly activities. Communicative English Course

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e.g. + The earth goes round the sun - The earth doesn‟t go round the sun ? Does the earth go round the sun ?

+ I get up at 8 o‟clock every morning - I don‟t get up at 8 o‟clock every morning ? Do you get up at 8 o‟clock very morning? The pattern : S + Verb 1 (s/es)…………………………………… Everyday/today S + don‟t/doesn‟t + Verb 1…………………… ……Everyday/today Do/Does + S + Verb 1………………………………Everyday/today? QW + Do/does + S + Verb 1…………………….…Everyday/today? We use the present simple when wse say how often we do things: e.g. How often do you go to the dentist ? Mary doesn‟t often drink tea.


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5. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE We use past continuous Tense to say that someone was in the middle of doing something at a certain time. The action or situation had already started before this time but hadn’t finished: This time last year I was living in Brazil We often use the past continuous Tense and the past simple together to say that something happened in the middle of something else: When I was working in the garden, I hurt my back. The pattern : S + was/were + verb 4………………….When + s + Verb 2…….…… S + was/were + not + Verb 4…………….When + s + Verb 2………… Was/were + S + verb 4…………………. When + s + Verb 2 ……. ….? QW + was/were + S + verb 4……………When + s + Verb 2 …………?

e.g. + She was cooking rice when Tom came yesterday -

She wasn‟t cooking rice when Tom came yesterday

? Was she cooking rice when Tom came yesterday ?


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6. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE We often use the present perfect Tense to give new information or to announce recent happening: e.g. Do you know about Mary ? She‟s gone to Jakarta. We can use the Present Perfect Tense with already to say that something has happened sooner than expected : e.g. Don‟t forget to post this letter, will you? I‟ve already posted it. We can use the Present Perfect Tense with just (= a short time ago) e.g. Would you like something to eat? „No, thanks. I‟ve just had lunch‟. We talk about a period of time that continuous up to the present, we use the present perfect. e.g. Dave: Have you travelled a lot, Nora? Nora: Yes, I have been to 47 different countries. We often use ever and never with the present perfect: e.g. have you ever eaten caviar? We have never had a car. We have to use present perfect Tense with This is the first time…, It the first time… e.g. This is the first time he has driven a car. (not drives) We often use the present perfect with yet. Yet shows that the speaker is expecting something to happen. Use yet only in questions and negative sentences: e.g. Has it stopped raining yet ? (not „did it stop‟). The pattern: S + have/has + verb 3……………………….etc S + haven‟t/hasn‟t + Verb 3…………….….etc Have/has + S + verb 3………………….. ….etc? QW + have/has + S + verb 3………………..etc?


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7. PAST PERFECT TENSE We use the Past perfect to say that something had already happened before this time : Example : -

When I arrived at the party, Tom had already gone home When I got home, I found that someone had broken into my flat and had stolen my fur coat. George didn‟t want to come to the cinema with us because he had already seen the film twice. It was my first time in an aeroplane. I was very nervous because I hadn‟t flown before.

The pattern: S + had + verb 3…………when/before S + V2 S + hadn‟t + Verb 3……… when/before S + V2 Had + S + verb 3………… when/before S + V2 ? QW + had + S + verb 3……… when/before S + V2 ?

Translate these sentences into English ! 1. 2. 3. 4.

Rumah itu sangat sunyi ketika saya tiba. Semua orang sudah pergi tidur. Saya merasa sangat lelah ketika saya pulang, jadi saya langsung pergi tidur Saya tidak lapar, saya baru saja makan siang. To tidak bearada di rumah ketika saya tiba. Dia baru saja keluar.


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8. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE S + have/has + been + verb 4…………etc S + haven‟t/hasn‟t + been + verb 4……etc Have/has + S + been + verb 4……….etc ? QW + have/has + S + been + verb 4…etc ? Example : -

Pelajar pelajar tengah menyanyi sejak pagi ini

+ The students have been singing since this morning - The students haven‟t been singing since this morning ? Have the students been singing since this morning ?

Translate these sentences into English ! 1. Hari sudah hujan selama dua jam 2. Berapa lama kamu sudah belajar bahasa inggris ? 3. Saya sudah menonton acara TV tersebut sejak dua jam 4. Dia (pr) sudah bermain tenis sejak dia berumur 8 tahun 5. Berapa lama kamu suah merokok ? 6. Mereka sudah bermain PS selama tiga jam


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9. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE S + had been + verb 4…………when S + V2 S + hadn‟t been + Verb 4……… when S + V2 Had + S + been + verb 4………… when S + V2 ? QW + had + S + been + verb 4……… when S + V2 ?

Example : - Mereka tengah mengerjakan PR ketika saya datang kemarin + They had been doing the homework when I came yesterday - They hadn‟t been doing the homework when I came yesterday ? Had they been doing the homework when I came yesterday ?

Translate these sentences into English ! 1. Mereka sudah bermain bola selama satu jam ketika ada petir yang menakutkan 2. Ken sudah merokok selama 30 tahun ketika akhirnya dia berhenti 3. Orkestra itu sudah bermain selama sepuluh menit ketika seorang laki laki berteriak 4.

Saya sudah mengetik selama tiga puluh menit ketika listrik itu padam

5. Mereka sudah tidur selama 6 jam ketika kebakaran itu terjadi


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10. PRESENT FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE S + will be + Verb 4 + O + at…………..o‟clock S + won‟t be + Verb 4 + O + at………..o‟clock Will + S + be + Verb 4 + O + at……….o‟clock ? QW + will + S + be +Verb 4…………o‟clock ? Example : -

Kamu sedang akan pergi ke sekolah pukul 7 besok pagi

+ You will be going to school at seven o‟clock tomorrow morning - You won‟t be going to school at seven o‟clock tomorrow morning ? Will you be going to school at seven o‟clock tomorrow morning ?

Translate these sentences into English ! 1. George sedang akan meninggalkan Indonesia pada pukul 9 besok pagi 2. Saya sedang akan menyelesaikan PR itu sore nanti 3. Dia (pr) sedang akan menonton acara di stadion tersebut nanti malam 4. Mereka sedang akan makan malam di restauran itu nanti malam 5. Para karyawan sedang akan menyelesaikan pekerjaan itu pukul 9 nanti malam


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11. PRESENT FUTURE PERFECT TENSE S + will have + verb 3 + ……….by the end…… S + won‟t have + Verb 3 + ………..by the end…. Will + S + have + Verb 3 + ………by the end…. ? QW + will + S + have +Verb 3 +…………by the end… ? Example : - Kita sudah akan tiba di Jakarta besok sore. + We will have arrived in Jakarta tomorrow afternoon - We won‟t have arrived in Jakarta tomorrow afternoon ? Will we have arrived in Jakarta tomorrow afternoon ?

Translate these sentences into English ! 1. John sudah akan selesai mengerjakan pekerjaanya menjelang akhir minggu ini 2. Menjelang minggu depan saya akan selesai membaca buku ini 3. Menjelang bulan depan dia akan membayar hutangnya 4. Kami sudah akan mendapat rumah baru menjelang akhir tahun ini


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12. PRESENT FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE S + will have been + verb 4………since………. S + won‟t have been + verb 4…….since………. Will + S + have been + verb 4……since……….? QW + will + S + have been + verb 4….since…..? Example : -

Mereka tengah akan belajar sejak pagi besok

+ They will have been studying since this morning - They won‟t have been studying since this morning ? Will they have been studying since this morning ?

Translate these sentences into English ! 1. Menjelang akhir tahun ini kami akan sudah mempelajari bahasa inggris selama tiga tahun 2. Menjelang hari natal saya akan sudah bekerja di kantor ini selama lima tahun 3. Menjelang liburan sekolah ini saya sudah mengikuti tes selama 5 kali 4. Menjelang hari raya idul fitri saya sudah akan dua kali pulang ke desa


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13. PAST FUTURE TENSE S + would + V1…IF + S + verb 2………….etc S + wouldn‟t + verb 1….+ object…………..etc Would + S + verb 1 ….+ object ……….…..etc ? Example : 1. Saya akan datang ANDAIKATA kamu mengundang saya I would come if you invited me 2. Tom akan melakukan perjalanan JIKAdia punya uang Tom would travel if he had more money

Exercise : Translate these sentences into English! 1. Jika saya jadi kamu, saya tidak akan membeli rumah itu 2. Saya akan keluar jika hari tidak hujan 3. Jika saya kaya, saya akan membeli sebuah villa 4. Jika saya dapat berbicara bahasa inggris, saya akan pergi keluar negeri 5. Saya tidak akan keberatan tinggal di Amerika jika cuacanya bagus


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14. PAST FUTURE CINTINUOUS TENSE S + would be + Verb 4……when S + verb 2……….etc S + wouldn‟t + be + verb 4….when S + verb 2………etc Would + S + be + verb 4 ….. when S + verb 2……etc ? Example : -

Sedianya mereka sedang akan pulang KETIKA kami datang

+ They would be going home when we came - They wouldn‟t be going home when we came ? Would they be going home when we came ?

Translate these sentences into English ! 1. Saya akan sedang menempuh ujian hari berikutnya pada waktu itu 2. Kami akan sedang membangun rumah itu pada waktu itu 3. Mereka sedang akan bermain babak kedua pada pertandingan sepakbola waktu itu.


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15. PAST FUTURE PERFECT TENSE S + would have + verb 3…..IF + S + had + verb 3……. S + wouldn‟t have + verb 3 ……object………..etc Would + S + have + verb 3 …….object………..etc ? Example : -

Ia sudah akan menjadi presiden ANDAIKATA partainya menang dalam pemilihan umum.

-

He would have become a presiden if his party had won in general election

Exercise : Translate these sentences into English! 1. Jika saya telah mengetahui bahwa kamu sakit, saya akan menemuimu 2. Tom tidak akan mengikuti ujian itu jika dia mengetahui bahwa soalnya akan begitu sulit. 3. Jika saya berjumpa dengan mu, saya akan mengatakan hello 4. Jika saya telah mengumpulakan uang, saya akan menikahi mu

5. Saya akan mengirim surat ini jika kamu telah selesai membuatmya


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16. PAST FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE S + would have + been + verb 4…..IF + S + had + verb 3……. S + wouldn‟t have been + verb 4…….object…………etc Would + S + have been + verb 4.. …….object………..etc ? Example : -

Sedianya rapat tengah akan dimulai sejak pagi ANDAIKATA walikota sudah datang tepat pada waktunya

-

The meeting would have been starting since this morning if Mayor had come on time.

Exercise : Translate these sentences into English! 1. Sedianya concert itu tengah akan dimulai andaikata artis artis itu datang pada waktunya. 2. Sedianya saya tengah akan tidur andaikata mereka belum datang 3. Andaikata ayah saya telah selesai berbelanja, ibu saya akan memasak makanan itu


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17. Abbreviation (singkatan) 1. I am

= I‟m

2. You are

= You‟re

3. We are

= We‟re

4. They are

= They‟re

5. He is

= He‟s

6. She is

= She‟s

7. It is

= It‟s

8. Will not

= won‟t

9. Would not

= Wouldn‟t

10. Do not

= Don‟t

11. Does not

= Doesn‟t

12. Did not

= Didn‟t

13. Is not

= Isn‟t

14. Are not

= Aren‟t

15. Was not

= Wasn‟t

16. Were not

= Weren‟t

17. Have not

= Haven‟t

18. Has not

= Hasn‟t

19. Had not

= Hadn‟t

20. Can not

= Can‟t

21. Could not

= Couldn‟t

22. Must not

= Mustn‟t

23. Should not

= Shouldn‟t

24. Might not

= Mightn‟t

25. May not

= Mayn‟t


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18. PASSIVE VOICE (IN POSITIVE FORM) Penjelasan: 1. Kalimat pasif ialah suatu kalimat yang subjeknya dikenai oleh suatu perbuatan atau yang predikatnya berawalan di…/ ter… 2. Kata kerja yang digunakan harus kata kerja transitive, yaitu kata kerja yang bisa diikuti oleh suatu objek atau benda. 3. Rumus kalimat pasif dalam bahasa inggris adalah sebagai berikut: S + To be + V3…………………………………by… 4. To be berfungsi untuk menentukan Tenses dari suatu kalimat dan untuk membentuk awalan : di….atau: ter… 5. To be dapat dijabarkan dalam 16 Tenses (lihatlah 16 Tenses pada rumus kalimat aktif)

Pelajarilah Rumus dibawah ini : 1. Present Future Tense: S + will be + V3…by… 2. Present Future Continuous Tense: S + will be + being + V3…by… 3. Present Future Perfect Tense: S + will have been + V3 4. Present Future Perfect Continuous Tense: S + will have been + being + V3…. 5. Simple Present Tense: S + am/is/are + V3… 6. Present Continuous Tense: S + am/is/are + being +V3… 7. Present Perfect Tense: S + have/has + been + V3 8. Present Perfect Continuous Tense: S + have been/has been +being +V3… 9. Past Perfect Tense: S + had been +V3… 10. Past Perfect Continuous Tense: S + had been + being + V3… 11. Simple Past Tense: S + Was/were + V3… 12. Past Continuous Tense: S + was/were + being + V3… 13. Past Future Tense: S + would be + V3… Communicative English Course

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16 Tenses In English 14. Past Future Continuous Tense: S + would be being +V3… 15. Past Future Perfect Tense: S + would have been + V3… 16. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense: S + would have been + being + V3… Penjelasan : 1. Kata kerja yang dipakai dalam kalimat pasif ialah V3 (bukan V1, V2, V4) 2. Tenses dalam kalimat pasifditentukan aleh bentuk To be nya 3. TO BE bisa terdiri dari: a. Satu kata saja (am/is/are/was/were) lihat nomor 5 dan 11. b. Dua kata(will be,have been, has been, had been, would be) lihat nomor1, 7, 9, 13. (am being-is being-are being-was being-were being) no. 6 dan no. 12. c. Tiga kata (will be being, will have been, have been being, has been being, had been being, would be being and would have been) lihat nomor 2, 3, 8, 10, 14 dan 15. d. Empat kata (will have been being dan would have been being ) no. 4 dan 16. 4. Being dalam kalimat pasif menunjukan: Continuous.


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19. PASSIVE – VOICE IN NEGATIVE FORM 1. Present Future Tense S + Won‟t be + V3……….(by him)………

= S tak akan di…………………

Example : Engkau tak akan dimarahi olehnya. 2. Present Future Continuous Tense S + Won‟t be + being + V3…(by them)….

= S tidak sedang akan di……….

Example : Rapat tidak sedang akan dimulai oleh mereka pukul 9 besok pagi. 3. Present Future Perfect Tense S + Won‟t have been + V3….(by her)

= S belum akan di…………

Example : Nasi belum akan dimasak olehnya sore ini 4. Present Future Perfect Continuous Tense S + Won‟t have been + V3….(by the Bank)……… Example : Rumah itu belum lagi akan disita oleh Bank pada akhir tahun ini. 5. Simple Present Tense S + (am not/isn‟t/aren‟t) + V3….(by the Judge) Example : Pengacau-pengacau itu tidak dikenakan hukuman oleh Hakim. 6. Present Continuous Tense S + (am not/isn‟t/aren‟t) + being + V3… (by……) Example : Mobil saya tidak sedang direparasi sekarang 7. Present Perfect Tense S + (hasn‟t/haven‟t) + been + V3….(by ……..) Example : Saya belum diajak dalam percakapan bahasa Inggris oleh kawankawan saya.


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8. Present Perfect Continuous Tense S + (hasn‟t/haven‟t) + been + being + V3…by….. Example : Korupsi masih belum diberantas oleh pemerintah sejak bertahun-tahun yang lalu. 9. Past Perfect Tense S + hadn‟t been + V3…by….. Example : Tomy belum dituduh sebagai penghianat, sebelum Jaksa Agung terbunuh. 10. Past Perfect Continuous Tense S + hadn‟t been + being + V3…(by……….) Example : Buchary masih belum dicalonkan Walikota, ketika otonomi dilimpahkan ke-propinsi. 11. Simple Past Tense S + (wasn‟t/weren‟t) + V3…(by……….) Example : Tindakan keras tidak dilakukan oleh pemerintah terhadap para koruptor. 12. Past Continuous Tense S + (wasn‟t/weren‟t) + V3…(by……….) Example : Pasien tidak sedang dioperasi ketika ia meninggal kemarin. 

No. 13 s/d No. 16, hanya menambahkan kata Not, pada kata bantu yang pertama. Lihat pada 16 Tenses kalimat pasip bentuk berita.

Note : Keterangan pelaku (by me, by us, by him, dst) dan keterangan waktu, bisa dipakai bila diperlukan. Tergantung kepada : kondisi dan situasi dari tiap kalimat yang diucapkan.


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20. PASSIVE VOICE IN INTERROGATIVE 1. Present Future Tense Will + S + be + V3…(by..) few years from now ?

= Yes/No,………

Example : Apakah Bahasa Inggris akan dipakai di Pontianak ? When + ……………………………… ? = Few years from now. 2. Present Future Continuous Tense Will + S + have been + V3…………… ?

= Yes/No,………………...

Example : Apakah rapat sedang akan diadakan pukul 9 besok ? What time + ………………... ? = At 9 o‟clock. 3. Present Future Perfect Tense Will + S + have been + V3……………?

= Yes/No,………………...

Example : Apakah pekerjaanmu sudah akan diselesaikan sore ini ? What + …………………….. ? = Your job. 4. Present Future Perfect Continuous Tense Will + S + have been + being + V3………… ?

= Yes/No,……………….

Example : Apakah norma-norma hukum tengah akan diberlakukan sesudah negara bangkrut ? Why + …………………………... ? = Because none is hones in government. 5. Simple Present Tense (Am /Is/Are) + S + V3……………. ?

= Yes/No,………………

Example : Apakah saya diminta untuk menemani kamu ? By whom + …………………………. ? = By our director.


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6. Present Continuous Tense (Am/Is/Are ) + S + being + V3………. ?

= Yes/No,………………...

Example : Apakah penari-penari itu sedang dijemput sekarang ? Where + ……………………. ? = At the airport. 7. Present Perfect Tense (Has/Have) + S + been + V3 ………… ?

= Yes/No,………………...

Example : Sudahkah tiket-tiket itu dibeli olehmu ? How many tickets + ……….. ? = 5 tickets 8. Present Perfect Continuous Tense (Has/Have) + S + been + being + V3………. ?

= Yes/No,………………

Example : Apakah Budi tengah diopname di rumah sakit ? How long + …………………. ? = For 3 days. 9. Past Perfect Tense Had + S + been + V3………. ?

= Yes/No,………………

Example : Apakah perampok-perampok itu sudah tertembak dikakinya sebelum mereka menyerahkan diri ? Who + ………………… ? = The robbers. 10. Past Perfect Continuous Tense Had + S + been + being + V3……………. ?

= Yes/No,………………

Example : Apakah ia tengah diperbantukan sebelum kepada Departemen Pendidikan sebelum ia menjadi Menteri ? How long + …………………. ? = More than 3 year. 11. Simple Past Tense (Were/Was) + S + V3 …………. ?

= Yes/No,………………

Example : Apakah masalah Tomy dibicarakan di DPR ? What + ………………………. ? = Tomy‟s problem. Communicative English Course

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12. Past Continuous Tense (Were/Was) + S + being + V3………… ?

= Yes/No,………………

Example : Apakah proyek perumahan sedang direncanakan di kota ini ketika saya ada di luar negeri tahun lalu ? By whom + ………………… ? = By the mayor. 13. Past Future Tense

: Hanya mengubah : Will dengan Would dan keterangan waktu

14. Past Future Continuous Tense

: sama di atas (kalimat dikarang sendiri)

15. Past Future Perfect Tense

: sama di atas (kalimat dikarang sendri)

16. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense : sama di atas (kalimat dikarang sendiri)


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21. CAUSATIVE Dengan HAVE Dan GET Fungsi : I. Menyuruh sesorang untuk mengerjakan sesuatu. II. Menyuruh agar sesuatu dikerjakan oleh orang lain. Bandingkanlah kalimat-kalimat berikut: 1. Tono mengecat rumahnya hari ini. 2. Rumah Tono dicat sendiri olehnya. 3. Tono menyuruh tukang cat mengecatkan rumahnya. 4. Tono mengecatkan rumahnya.

Rumus-Rumus Causative: A.

S + to have + someone + V1 + … etc Eg: 1. He has a mechanic repair his car today 2. He will have a mechanic repair his car tomorrow 3. He is having a mechanic ………etc now

B.

S + to have + something + V3 Eg: 1. I had my tooth pulled out yesterday 2. Ali has had his hair cut since yesterday

Note : Perubahan Tenses hanya terjadi pada kata kerja to have. (have (has) – had – had – having)

C.

S + to get + someone + to + V1 + … etc

Eg : 1. He will get me to help him tomorrow 2. He doesn‟t get me to come to his house today 3. He has get me to bring a dictionary

D.

S + to get + somthing + to + V3 + … etc Eg : 1. The girl gets her face made up (dihias) 2. I won‟t get my hair cut short.


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3. Budi is getting his tooth pulled out now Catatan penting : Something = (sth) = sesuatu benda Someone = (so) = seseorang (object): me, him, … One‟s (kepunyaan) = my…, your…, her…, our…, their… Eg = example = contoh. (Eg = example gratia)


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THE 16 TENSES Perhatikan perubahan yang terjadi dari Rumus umum ke – TENSES TERTENTU: S + TO HAVE + SOME ONE + V1 + …DST S + will + have + S.O + V1 + … S + will + have had + S.O + V1 + … S + have (has) + S.O + V1 + … S + had + S.O + V1 + … S + have + had + S.O + V1 + … has 6. S + had + had + S.O + V1 + … 7. S + will be + having + S.O + V1 + … 8. S + will + have been + having + S.O + V1 + … 9. S + (am, is, are) + V4 + S.O + V1 + … 10. S + (was, were) + V4 + S.O + V1 + … 11. S + (have been/has been) + having + S.O + V1 + … 12. S + had been + having + S.O + V1 + … 13. S + would + have + S.O + V1 + … 14. S + would be + having + S.O + V1 + … 15. S + would + have had + S.O + V1 + … 16. S + would + have been + having + S.O + … 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

RENUNGKAN:

1. to have, adalah bentuk : Infinitive (=kata kerja pokok) yang berubah menurut Tenses tertentu. (dilahat 16 Tenses diatas). 2. S.O = Some One = adalah Object, dan bukan Subjek. Jadi: S.O, bisa menjadi = me, you, him, her, us, them. One‟s = bisa menjadi : my, your, his, her, our, dsb S = (Subjek), seperti: I, You, He, She, We They, It, dan benda-benda lainnya. (T.V, Radio, Weather, the wind). 3. V1, dalam rumus diatas tidak berubah dalam segala bentuk kalimat dan bentuk Tenses apapun. V1, tetap V1, tidak ada perubahan. 4. V1 have

V2 had

V3 had


V4 having 31


PATTERN EXERCISE: TASK : Make free statements according to the PATTERNS (rumus) below:

A. 1.

S + didin‟t have + me + V1 + … etc

Eg : ………………………………………… 2.

Do +S + have + Us + V1 ………….? Does

Eg : ………………………………………… 3.

QW + will + S + have + someone + V1 + … ?

Eg : When ………………………………………….. 4.

Who + has + someone +V1 + …… ?

Eg : Who has ……………………………… 5.

Have + someone + V1 + …… !

= suruhlah ……!

Eg : …………………………………… B. 1.

S + won‟t have + one‟s house + V3 + … etc

Saya tidak akan mengecatkan rumahku. = ………………………………………… 2.

Do +S + have + something + V3 …… today ? Does

Apakah Budi mereparasikan mobilnya hari ini ? = ………………………………………………... ? 3.

QW + did + S + have + something + V3 + … yesterday

Dimana Evi mencabutkan giginya kemarin = …………………………………………….


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4.

Who + will have + One‟s + sth + V3 + …… ?

Siapa yang akan berpoto ? = Who will have one‟s picture taken ? One‟s picture = seseorang yang belum diketahui.


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LIST OF TRANSITIVE – VERB Infinitive No

(Kata Dasar)

Past Tense

Past Participle

Present Participle

V1

V2

V3

V4

The Meaning in Indonesian:

1

to do

did

done

~ing

mengerjkan, melakukan.

2

to have

had

had

having

mempunyai

3

to tell

told

told

~ing

mengatakan, menceritakan, menyuruh.

4

to own

owned

owned

~ing

memiliki

5

to read

read

read

~ing

membaca

6

to write

wrote

written

writing

menulis

7

to listen

listened

~ed

~ing

mendengarkan

8

to speak

spoke

spoken

~ing

berbicara, pandai berbahasa

9

to say

said

said

~ing

berkata, mengatakan

10

to ask

asked

~ed

~ing

bertanya, meminta, menyuruh

11

to answer

answered

~ed

~ing

menjawab

12

to borrow

borrowed

~ed

~ing

meminjam (dari)

13

to lend

lent

lent

~ing

meminjamkan (kepada)

14

to give

gave

given

giving

memberi (kan)

15

to send

sent

sent

~ing

mengirim, menyuruh

16

to repeat

repeated

~ed

~ing

mengulang

17

to buy

bought

bought

~ing

membeli

18

to sell

sold

sold

~ing

menjual

19

to present

presented

~ed

~ing

menyajikan (cerita, materi)

20

to wait (for)

waited

~ed

~ing

menunggu

21

to see

saw

seen

~ing

melihat, bertemu, berkenalan

22

to visit

visited

~ed

~ing

mengunjungi

23

to invite

invited

~ed

inviting

mengundang, mengajak

24

to reject

rejected

~ed

~ing

menolak

25

to refuse

refused

~ed

refusing

menolak (tawaran, ajakan)

26

to inprove

improved

~ed

improving

memperbaiki, meningkatkan

27

to avoid

avoided

~ed

~ing

menghindari (kan)

28

to deny

denied

denied

~ing

menyangkal, mambantah


34


29

to arrange

arranged

~ed

arranging

menyusun, mengatur, merencanakan

30

to plan

planned

~ned

~ing

merencanakan

31

to make

made

made

making

membuat, menyebabkan

32

to build

buit

built

~ing

membangun, mendirikan

33

to burry

burried

burried

~ing

menguburkan

34

to scold

scolded

~ed

~ing

memarahi

35

to rebuke

rebuked

~d

rebuking

memarahi

36

to bribe

bribed

~d

bribing

menyuap, menyogok

37

to attack

attacked

~ed

~ing

menyerang

38

to defend

defended

~ed

~ing

mempertahankan

39

to enforce

enforced

~d

enforcing

memaksa, memberlakukan

40

to learn

learnt

learnt

~ing

belajar

41

to study

studied

studied

~ing

mempelajari

42

to copy

copied

copied

~ing

menyalin

43

to compose

composed

~d

composing

menyusun, mengarang

44

to review

reviewed

~ed

~ing

mengulang kembali

45

to interview

intervived

~ed

~ing

mewawancarai

46

to repair

repaired

~ed

~ing

mereparasi

47

to know

knew

known

~ing

mengetahui, tahu, kenal

48

to understand

understood

understood

~ing

mengerti

49

to take

took

taken

taking

mengambil, mengantarkan

50

to eat

ate

eaten

~ing

makan

51

to drink

drank

drunk

~ing

minum

52

to substitute

~d

~d

subtituting

mengganti

53

to succeed

~ed

~d

~ing

berhasil, menggantikan

54

to devide

~d

~d

dividing

membagi

55

to nominate

~d

~d

nominating

mencalonkan

56

to cook

~ed

~ed

~ing

memasak

57

to receive

~d

~d

receiving

menerima

58

to believe

~d

~d

believing

percaya

59

to agree

~d

~d

~ing

setuju

60

to disagree

~d

~d

~ing

tidak setuju

61

to propose

~d

~d

proposing

mengusulkan


35


62

to oppose

~d

~d

opposing

menentang, melawan

63

to predict

~ed

~ed

~ing

meramalkan

64

to let

~ed

~ed

~ting

membiarkan, mengijinkan

65

to put

~ed

~ed

~ting

meletakkan

66

to cut

~ed

~ed

~ting

memotong

67

to continue

~d

~d

~ing

meneruskan, melanjutkan

68

to draw

drew

drawn

~ing

menggambar, menarik

69

to think

thought

thought

~ing

berpikir, berpendapat

70

to express

~ed

~ed

~ing

menyatakan, mengutarakan

71

to prove

~d

~d

proving

membuktikan

72

to remember

~ed

~ed

~ing

ingat

73

to remind

~ed

~ed

~ing

mengingatkan

74

to warn

~ed

~ed

~ing

memperingatkan

75

to memorize

~d

~d

memorizing

mengingat-ingat, menghafal

76

to forget

forgot

forgotten

~ting

melupakan

77

to admire

~d

~d

admiring

mengagumi, memuji

78

to praise

~d

~d

praising

memuji

79

to insult

~ed

~ed

~ing

menghina

80

to submit

~ted

~ted

~ting

menyerahkan

81

to report

~ed

~ed

~ing

melaporkan

82

to open

~ed

~ed

~ing

membuka

83

to shut

~ed

~ed

~ting

menutup

84

to close

~d

~d

closing

menutup

85

to mark

~ed

~ed

~ing

manandai, memberi tanda

86

to weigh

~ed

~ed

~ing

menimbang

87

to measure

~d

~d

measuring

mengukur

88

to evaluate

~d

~d

evaluating

mengevaluasi

89

to taste

~d

~d

tasting

mencicipi, merasa (dengan lidah)

90

to hold

held

held

~ing

memegang, mengadakan

91

to touch

~ed

~ed

~ing

menyentuh, meraba

92

to teach

taught

taught

~ing

mengajar

93

to return

~ed

~ed

~ing

mengembalikan

94

to reply

replied

replied

~ing

menjawab


36


95

to pay

~ed

~ed

~ing

membayar

96

to calculate

~d

~d

calculating

menghitung

97

to throw

threw

thrown

~ing

melempar

98

to hit

~ed

~ed

~ting

memukul

99

to beat

~ed

~ed

~ing

memukul

100

to bite

bit

beaten

~ing

menggigit

101

to hide

hid

hid

hiding

bersembunyi

102

to serve

~d

~d

serving

melayani, menghidangkan

103

to explain

~ed

~ed

~ing

menerangkan

104

to interpret

~ed

~ed

~ing

menafsirkan

105

to predict

~ed

~ed

~ing

meramalkan

106

to activate

~d

~d

activating

mengaktifkan, menggiatkan

107

to motivate

~d

~d

motivating

memotivasi, menggerakan

Note : tanda ~ (tilde), ialah tanda yang berarti Kata Dasar (Infinitive) Contoh : to work ……~ ed = worked // ~ ing = working, dst. “to” pada Infinitive, tidak dipakai sebagai predikat dalam suatu kalimat (Lihat Rumus)


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CHAPTER I PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

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