PERMASALAHAN KLAIM KONSTRUKSI DI PROYEK INSTITUSI PEMERINTAH

PERMASALAHAN KLAIM KONSTRUKSI DI PROYEK INSTITUSI PEMERINTAH.

Sarwono Hardjomuljadi Dr, Ir, MSC (Civ), MSBA (Bus), MH (Law), MDBF, ACIArb, ACPE. FIDIC Affiliate Member , FIDIC Accredited Trainer, FIDIC Adjudicator DRBF Country Representative for Indonesia Vice Chairman, Indonesia National Board for Construction Services Development [email protected] & [email protected] www.sarwonohm.com

Seminar Nasional

Manajemen Klaim Proyek Konstruksi 6 November 2014 Jakarta Convention Centre

Name Place & Date of birth Address : E-mail Web Mobile

:

: Sarwono Hardjomuljadi Dr, Ir, MSc (Civ); MSBA (Bus); MH (Law) MDBF(ADR);ACPE (Eng); ACIArb (Arb) Pekalongan, 6 Juni 1953 Taman Alfa Indah F6/23, Jakarta 11640 [email protected] [email protected] www.sarwonohm.com : +62-811-844-903

Sarwono adalah Staf Khusus Menteri Pekerjaan Umum (2009-2014), Wakil Ketua LPJK Nasional (2011-2015), Sarjana Teknik Sipil Universitas Parahyangan, S2 Iteknik Sipil Institut Teknologi Bandung, S2 Hukum Universitas Tarumanagara (cum laude) dan S3 Construction Contract Management (cum laude). Karirnya diawali di PT PLN (Persero) sebagai staf di proyek PLTA Saguling, kemudian PLTA Cirata di Jawa Barat, kemudian PLTA Renun di Sumatera Utara, sebelum kembali ke Kantor Pusat sebagai Deputi Direktur, Vice President dan pindah sebagai Ditrektur di perusahaan joint venture Pertamina-PLN. Saat ini merupakan satu-satunya putra Indonesia yang mendapatkan akreditasi dari Federation Internationale des Ingenieure Conseils (FIDIC), Sarwono adalah Country Representative dari Dispute Resolution Board Foundation. (DRBF-Seattle), Member Chartered Institutie of Arbitrator (CIArb-London), Member Dispute Board Federation (DBF-Geneva), ASEAN Chartered Professional Engineer (ACPE)

ASPEK LEGAL DAN ADMINISTRASI KONTRAK

Kontrak Konstruksi

Klaim Konstruksi

Penyelesaian Sengketa

Sarwono Hardjomuljadi Dr, Ir, MSC (Civ), MSBA (Bus), MH (Law), MDBF (ADR), ACIArb, (Arb) A CPE. (Eng) FIDIC Affiliate Member , FIDIC Accredited Trainer, FIDIC Adjudicator DRBF Country Representative for Indonesia Vice Chairman, Indonesia National Board for Construction Services Development [email protected] & [email protected] www.sarwonohm.com

KONTRAK KONSTRUKSI

Seminar Nasional


KUH Perdata 1338

Semua perjanjian yang dibuat secara sah berlaku sebagai undang-‐ undang bagi mereka yang membuatnya. Suatu perjanjian Edak dapat ditarik kembali selain dengan sepakat kedua belah pihak, atau karena alasan-‐alasan yang oleh undang-‐undang dinyatakan cukup untuk itu. Suatu perjanjian harus dilaksanakan dengan iEkad baik.


Garner (2004) “Contract is an agreement between two or more parties creating obligations that are enforceable or otherwise recognizable at law” (Bryan A.Garner (2004): “Black’s Law Dictionary”, Thomson West)

Martin and Law (2006) “Contract is a legally binding agreement. Agreement arises as a result of “offer and acceptance”, but a number of other requirements must be satisfied for an agreement to be legally binding”. Elizabeth A Martin and Jonathan Law (2006): “Oxford Dictionary of Law”, Oxford University Press


Chow (2006) “Contract is a legally binding agreement formed when one party accepts an offer made by another and which fulfills the conditions” (Chow Kok Fong (2006): ” Construction Contracts Dictionary”, Sweet & Maxwell Asia)

John Adriaanse (2010) said that “A variety of factors makes a construction contract different from most other types of contracts. These include the length of the project, its complexity, its size and the fact that the price agreed and the amount of work done may change as it proceeds John Adriaanse (2010): “Construction Contract Law : The Essential s“ Sarwono Hardjomuljadi Dr, Ir, MSC (Civ), MSBA (Bus), MH (Law), MDBF (ADR), ACIArb, (Arb) A CPE. (Eng) FIDIC Affiliate Member , FIDIC Accredited Trainer, FIDIC Adjudicator DRBF Country Representative for Indonesia Vice Chairman, Indonesia National Board for Construction Services Development [email protected] & [email protected] www.sarwonohm.com

In a judgement by Lord Wensleydale in 1861 said— “The question is not what the parties to a deed or other documents may have intended to do by entering into that deed, but what is the meaning of the words used in that deed: a most important distinction in all cases of construction and disregard of which often leads to erroneous conclusions”.

It was even more strongly put in the judgement by Sir Gorell Barnes in 1907 when he said— “What a man intends and the expression of his intention are two different things. He is bound and those who take after him are bound by his expressed intention. If that expressed intention is unfortunately different from what he really desires, so much the worse for those who wish the actual intention to prevail.” Sarwono Hardjomuljadi Dr, Ir, MSC (Civ), MSBA (Bus), MH (Law), MDBF (ADR), ACIArb, (Arb) A CPE. (Eng) FIDIC Affiliate Member , FIDIC Accredited Trainer, FIDIC Adjudicator DRBF Country Representative for Indonesia Vice Chairman, Indonesia National Board for Construction Services Development [email protected] & [email protected] www.sarwonohm.com

Suatu Persyaratan Umum Kontrak yang adil dan berimbang , mempunyai arti sangat penting tidak hanya bagi kontraktor, tetapi juga bagi pengguna jasa. Persyaratan Umum Kontrak yang tidak adil dan berimbang (unilateral contract) dapat menyebabkan terjadinya sengketa antara pengguna jasa dan kontraktor, yang mengakibatkan “pengguna jasa di pihak yang dirugikan (employer is the looser). Jika kontraktor menang, pengguna jasa harus mengeluarkan biaya ganti rugi kepada kontraktor, sbaliknya jika pengguna jasa yang menang maka pengguna jasa tetap harus membayar “biaya” dari sengketa yang terjadi, karena terjadinya kemungkinan “kualitas yang jelak” dan/atau terjadinya keterlambatan penyelesaian pekerjaan yang pada akhirnya mengakibatkan terlambatnya “revenue” yang diharapkan dari pengoperasian asset tersebut. Sarwono Hardjomuljadi Dr, Ir, MSC (Civ), MSBA (Bus), MH (Law), MDBF (ADR), ACIArb, (Arb) A CPE. (Eng) FIDIC Affiliate Member , FIDIC Accredited Trainer, FIDIC Adjudicator DRBF Country Representative for Indonesia Vice Chairman, Indonesia National Board for Construction Services Development [email protected] & [email protected] www.sarwonohm.com

So I can only venture to guess that DRBs were never adopted in Singapore either due to the ignorance of its benefits or its was in the “Bad-‐ol’-‐days” when the Supervising Officer assumed the deified posiEon of someone who knew everything, could never be wrong and could not be contradicted, in short, “He-‐who-‐must-‐be-‐obeyed” personified. But we must also remember in those days it was common place to have employers squeezing main contractors, main contractors squeezing subcontractors and suppliers and so on down the line. JusEce of Supreme Court QuenEn Loh, Singapore


HHJ Newey (1991) “I think the most important background fact which I should keep in mind is that building construction is not like the manufacture of goods in factory, The size of the project, site conditions, the use of many materials and the employment of various kinds of operatives make it virtually impossible to achieve the same degree of perfection that a manufacturer can. It must be a rare new building in which ever screw and every brush of paint is absolutely correct”



KLAIM KONSTRUKSI

Seminar Nasional


Arditi and Patel (1989) [20] “ Most of the typical claims are caused by factors differing site conditions”.

CLAIM

Barrie & Paulson (1992) [22] “Changed conditions when the actual physical conditions or other jobsite condition prove different from those foreseeable from the plans and specifications” Hanvey (2005) [19]“ One of the most common issues impacting construction projects is inadequate or incomplete design documents”

Fisk (2003) [21] “Differing site conditions is the one of the most misunderstood of all contract provisions, and the one that is frequently the cause of large contractor claims for additional work and change orders”. © Dr. Sarwono Hardjomuljadi

Garner (2004) [16] “A demand for money, property, or a legal remedy to which one asserts a right”

CLAIM

Martin and Law (2006) [18] “Claim is A demand for a remedy or ascertain of a right, especially the right to take a particular case to court”

Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No 24/2005: “Claim is a certain amount requested by the contractor to the employer to recover the expenses those are not included in the contract price”. Sarwono Hardjomuljadi Dr, Ir, MSC (Civ), MSBA (Bus), MH (Law), MDBF (ADR), ACIArb, (Arb) A CPE. (Eng) FIDIC Affiliate Member , FIDIC Accredited Trainer, FIDIC Adjudicator DRBF Country Representative for Indonesia Vice Chairman, Indonesia National Board for Construction Services Development [email protected] & [email protected] www.sarwonohm.com

DEFINISI KLAIM (The action of demanding something, which one lost before hand, because of one’s right to recover it). Hardjomuljadi et al (2006) Gambaran sederhana adalah seseorang yang mempergunakan jasa angkutan udara akan menyerahkan bagasinya kepada perusahaan penerbangan untuk selanjutnya mengklaim kembali bagasinya (baggage claim) pada saat sampai ditempat tujuan penerbangan

Klaim dalam proyek konstruksi adalah sesuatu yang wajar dan biasa terjadi

kesadaran akan klaim (claim consciousness) atau keakraban dengan klaim (ac,ve familiarity with claims) dari para pihak juga akan lebih baik

Penyelesaian Klaim dapat lebih profesional dan santun.

Physical Causal Factors of Claim

EMPLOYER

RESPONDENT: 42, VARIABLE: 59

(ANALYSIS BY RELATIVE IMPORTANCE INDEX)

Faktor

CHANGES IN DESIGN (A05)

RII

A5

0.785714

D05

0.781746

A6

0.765873

A7

0.746032

D06

0.742063

C10

0.742063

A18

0.738095

A12

0.738095

B05

0.734127

A11

0.734127

D02

0.722222

D03

0.718254

D01

0.718254

C07

0.706349

A14

0.706349

DIFFERENT INTERPRETATION OF CONTRACT DOC.(D05)

CHANGES IN SCOPE OF WORKS (A06)

CONTRACTOR’S LATE COMPLETION (A07)

VARIATION ORDER (D06)

SLOW DECISION MAKING INVOLVING ALL PARTIES (C10)

FIDIC World Centenary Conference Barcelona, Spain September 15-‐18, 2013

© Dr.Sarwono Hardjomuljadi

ENGINEER RESPONDENT: 27, VARIABLE: 59 (ANALYSIS BY RELATIVE IMPORTANCE INDEX)

DIFFERENT INTERPRETATION OF CONTRACT DOC.(D05) Factor

RII

D05

0.740741

B03

0.728395

A19

0.722222

A12

0.722222

D04

0.716049

A5

0.716049

A20

0.709877

A11

0.709877

A16

0.703704

SUBSURFACE CONDITIONS OF GEOLOGY (B03)

POSSESSION OF SITE AND AVAILABILITY (A19)

DESIGN ERROR AND OMMISSION (A12)

FIDIC World Centenary Conference Barcelona, Spain September 15-‐18, 2013

© Dr.Sarwono Hardjomuljadi

Factor A19

RII 0.829167

A5

0.825

D04

0.8125

D02

0.808333

C07

0.804167

A6

0.8

B05

0.8

A18

0.795833

E05

0.7875

D05

0.783333

C10

0.779167

A16

0.775

D06

0.770833

A14

0.766667

B03

0.7625

D03

0.758333

D01

0.758333

A12

0.754167

C02

0.725

A17

0.716667

C03

0.7125

E06

0.708333

A15

0.704167

CONTRACTOR

RESPONDENT: 40, VARIABLE: 59

(ANALYSIS BY RELATIVE IMPORTANCE INDEX) POSSESSION OF SITE AND AVAILABILITY (A19) CHANGES IN DESIGN (A05) DELAYED PAYMENT ON CONTRACT AND EXTRAS (D04) CONSTRUCTIVE CHANGE ORDER (D02) POOR MANAGEMENT AND SUPERVISION (C07) CHANGES IN SCOPE OF WORKS (A06) UNFORESEEABLE PHYSICAL CONDITIONS (B05) PROJECT PLANNING AND INTERFACING (A18) GOVERNMENT POLICIES (E05) DIFFERENT INTERPRETATION OF CONTRACT DOC.(D05) SLOW DECISION MAKING INVOLVING ALL PARTIES (C10) ORAL CHANGES ORDER BY EMPLOYER (A16) © Sarwono Hardjomuljadi

Faktor 1.1 ConstrucEve Change Order

Faktor 2.1 Oral Change Order by Employer

Faktor 1.2 VariaEon Order Faktor 2. 2 Possession of Site and Availability Faktor 1.3 : Inadequate site invesEgaEon

KLAIM Faktor 3.1 Changes in Design Faktor 3.2 Subsurface condiEons of geology Faktor 3.3 Other Contractors Interference and Delay Faktor 3.4 Inefficiency and DisrupEon

FIDIC’s Important Clauses Related to Claims

Terdapat 11 Klausula yang secara jelas menyatakan kewajiban pengguna jasa untuk memberikan perpan jangan waktu dan tambahan harga kontrak dalam FIDIC Conditions of Contract.

Kuesioner dibagikan pada 20 staf pengguna jasa (termasuk penyedia jasa konsultan pengawas) dan 20 staf kontraktor yang terkait dengan pelaksanaan proyek di lingkungan Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum yang menggunakan FIDIC Conditions of Contract MDB Harmonised Edition 2006 di Indonesia, menunjukkan bahwa klausula yang paling sering digunakan oleh kontraktor sebagai dadsar pengajuan klaim adalah sebagai berikut: (Hardjomuljadi et al, 2014): Sub-Clause 4.2 Unforeseeable physical conditions Sub-Clause 2.1. Right of Access to the Site Sub-Clause 1.9. Delayed Drawings or Instructions. Sub-Clause 13.7 Adjustment for changes in legislation Sub-Clause 8.1. Commencement of the Works

Other Clauses Related to Claims

Sub-Clause 3.5 Determinations Whenever these Conditions provide that the Engineer shall proceed in accordance with this Sub-Clause 3.5 to agree or determine any matter, the Engineer shall consult with each Party in an endeavour to reach agreement. If agreement is not achieved, the Engineer shall make a fair determination in accordance with the Contract, taking due regard of all relevant circumstances. The Engineer shall give notice to both Parties of each agreement or determination, with supporting particulars, within 28 days from the receipt of the corresponding claim or request except when otherwise specified. Each Party shall give effect to each agreement or determination unless and until revised under Clause 20 [Claims,Disputes and Arbitration ].


Batasan waktu Sub-Clause 20.1 If the Contractor considers himself to be entitled to any extension of the Time for Completion and/or any additional payment, under any Clause of these Conditions or otherwise in connection with the Contract, the Contractor shall give notice to the Engineer, describing the event or circumstance giving rise to the claim. The notice shall be given as soon as practicable, and not later than 28 days after the Contractor became aware, or should have become aware, of the event or circumstance. If the Contractor fails to give notice of a claim within such period of 28 days, the Time for Completion shall not be extended, the Contractor shall not be entitled to additional payment, and the Employer shall be discharged from all liability in connection with the claim. Otherwise, the following provisions of this Sub-Clause shall apply. The Contractor shall also submit any other notices which are required by the Contract, and supporting particulars for the claim, all as relevant to such event or circumstance. The Contractor shall keep such contemporary records as may be necessary to substantiate any claim, either on the Site or at another location acceptable to the Engineer. Without admitting the Employer’s liability, the Engineer may, after receiving any notice under this Sub-Clause, monitor the record-keeping and/or instruct the Contractor to keep further contemporary records. The Contractor shall permit the Engineer to inspect all these records, and shall (if instructed) submit copies to the Engineer.

Contemporary record

CLAIM PROCEDURE

Kejadian

28 hari (Klausula 20.1Para 1) Notifikasi

Ditolak Tidak Ya

14 hari (Klausula 20.1 Para 5)

(atau jangka waktu yang diusulkan kontraktor dan disepakati oleh enjinir)

Detail klaim lengkap dengan data pendukung

42 hari (Klausula 20.1 Para 6)

(atau jangka waktu yang diusulkan kontraktor dan disepakati oleh enjinir)

Tindakan Enjinir Sarwono Hardjomuljadi Dr, Ir, MSC (Civ), MSBA (Bus), MH (Law), MDBF (ADR), ACIArb, (Arb) A CPE. (Eng) FIDIC Affiliate Member , FIDIC Accredited Trainer, FIDIC Adjudicator DRBF Country Representative for Indonesia Vice Chairman, Indonesia National Board for Construction Services Development [email protected] & [email protected] www.sarwonohm.com

Batasan waktu Sub-Clause 20.1 If the Contractor considers himself to be entitled to any extension of the Time for Completion and/or any additional payment, under any Clause of these Conditions or otherwise in connection with the Contract, the Contractor shall give notice to the Engineer, describing the event or circumstance giving rise to the claim. The notice shall be given as soon as practicable, and not later than 28 days after the Contractor became aware, or should have become aware, of the event or circumstance. If the Contractor fails to give notice of a claim within such period of 28 days, the Time for Completion shall not be extended, the Contractor shall not be entitled to additional payment, and the Employer shall be discharged from all liability in connection with the claim. Otherwise, the following provisions of this Sub-Clause shall apply. The Contractor shall also submit any other notices which are required by the Contract, and supporting particulars for the claim, all as relevant to such event or circumstance. The Contractor shall keep such contemporary records as may be necessary to substantiate any claim, either on the Site or at another location acceptable to the Engineer. Without admitting the Employer’s liability, the Engineer may, after receiving any notice under this Sub-Clause, monitor the record-keeping and/or instruct the Contractor to keep further contemporary records. The Contractor shall permit the Engineer to inspect all these records, and shall (if instructed) submit copies to the Engineer.

Contemporary record

Batasan waktu Within 42 days after the Contractor became aware (or should have become aware) of the event or circumstance giving rise to the claim, or within such other period as may be proposed by the Contractor and approved by the Engineer, the Contractor shall send to the Engineer a fully detailed claim which includes full supporting particulars of the basis of the claim and of the extension of time and/or additional payment claimed. If the event or circumstance giving rise to the claim has a continuing effect: (a) this fully detailed claim shall be considered as interim; (b) the Contractor shall send further interim claims at monthly intervals, giving the accumulated delay and/or amount claimed, and such further particulars as the Engineer may reasonably require; and (c) the Contractor shall send a final claim within 28 days after the end of the effects resulting from the event or circumstance, or within such other period as may be proposed by the Contractor and approved by the Engineer. Within 42 days after receiving a claim or any further particulars supporting a previous claim, or within such other period as may be proposed by the Engineer and approved by the Contractor, the Engineer shall respond with approval, or with disapproval and detailed comments. He may also request any necessary further particulars, but shall nevertheless give his response on the principles of the claim within the above defined time period. Within the above defined period of 42 days, the Engineer shall proceed in accordance with Sub-Clause 3.5 [ Determinations ] to agree or determine (i) the extension (if any) of the Time for Completion (before or after its expiry) in accordance with Sub-Clause 8.4 [ Extension of Time for Completion ], and/or (ii) the additional payment (if any) to which the Contractor is entitled under the Contract.

Respon Enjinir

Pentingnya pembuktian Each Payment Certificate shall include such additional payment for any claim as have been reasonably substantiated as due under the relevant provision of the Contract. Unless and until the particulars supplied are sufficient to substantiate the whole of the claim, the Contractor shall only be entitled to payment for such part of the claim as he has been able to substantiate. If the Engineer does not respond within the timeframe defined in this Clause, either Party may consider that the claim is rejected by the Engineer and any of the Parties may refer to the Dispute Board in accordance with Sub-Clause 20.4 [ Obtaining Dispute Board’s Decision ]. The requirements of this Sub-Clause are in addition to those of any other Sub-Clause which may apply to a claim. If the Contractor fails to comply with this or another Sub-Clause in relation to any claim, any extension of time and/or additional payment shall take account of the extent (if any) to which the failure has prevented or prejudiced proper investigation of the claim, unless the claim is excluded under the second paragraph of this Sub-Clause. Sarwono Hardjomuljadi Dr, Ir, MSC (Civ), MSBA (Bus), MH (Law), MDBF (ADR), ACIArb, (Arb) A CPE. (Eng) FIDIC Affiliate Member , FIDIC Accredited Trainer, FIDIC Adjudicator DRBF Country Representative for Indonesia Vice Chairman, Indonesia National Board for Construction Services Development [email protected] & [email protected] www.sarwonohm.com

Mulainya DB

CASES


CASE 6 “Countermeasures to overcome the delay of the river diversion” to meet the original starting date of river diversion in order to avoid further delay of plant operation. April

October

April

October

Original

Actual

One season delay, caused by the delay on completion of diversion tunnel operation. ©Sarwono Hardjomuljadi

Pendapat Enjinir : Instruksi diberikan untuk menghindari kelambatan penyelesaian. Jadi jika kontraktor melakukan suatu usaha, tetapi akhirnya dia tetap gagal menyelesaikan pekerjaan sesuai dengan tujuan dikerbitkannya instruksi, maka pembayaran tidak bisa diterbitkan pada kontraktor. Pendapat anda ?? : Pendapat Kontraktor Instruksi Enjinir diterbitkan dengan tujuan untuk penyelesaian tepat waktu dalam kaitannya dengan jadwal awal (original schedule) pelaksanaan river diversion sesudah diterbitkannya beberapa pekerjaan tambah dan adanya unforeseeable physical conditions dapat dianggap suatu perintah akselarasi. Sarwono Hardjomuljadi Dr, Ir, MSC (Civ), MSBA (Bus), MH (Law), MDBF (ADR), ACIArb, (Arb) A CPE. (Eng) FIDIC Affiliate Member , FIDIC Accredited Trainer, FIDIC Adjudicator DRBF Country Representative for Indonesia Vice Chairman, Indonesia National Board for Construction Services Development [email protected] & [email protected] www.sarwonohm.com

KONTRAK “LUMP SUM”

Seminar Nasional


CONTOH SEDERHANA:

Si A mengontrakkan pekerjaan pembuatan suatu proyek WC dengan kloset jongkok, karena dia berasal dari daerah pedesaan yang terbiasa menggunakan kloset jongkok. Dalam hal ini dipergunakan “lumpsum“ dengan harga kontrak IDR 10.000.000

Pada saat proyek sedang dilaksanakan, karena kondisi kesehatannya ternyata si A tidak dapat menggunakan kloset jongkok, sehingga diperlukan perubahan kloset jongkok menjadi kloset duduk.

Dapatkah proyek “lumpsum” ini diubah? Dalam kontrak disebutkan: “Proyek bersifat lumpsum, semua resiko menjadi tanggung jawab penyedia jasa”.

FIDIC Conditions of Contract Beberapa pasal dalam kontrak yang harus ada dan tidak boleh dihilangkan (meskipun pada kontrak lumpsum): 1. Variation (Variasi) 2. Unforeseen condition (Kejadian tak terduga sebelumnya) 3. Force Majeure (Keadaan kahar)

Contoh pertama, sangat sederhana adalah pembangunan suatu WC dengankontrak lump sum menggunakan kloset jongkok, yang kaena kondisi kesehatan pengguna jasa, terpaksa harus diubah menjadi kloset duduk. Kloset duduk jelas harus dibeli dan memerlukan tambahan biaya pengadaan kloset duduk yang merupakan barang produksi pabrik. Pihak PPK akan merujuk pada ketentuan yang biasanya akan disampaikan pada saat aanwijzing, bahwa “Kontrak bersifat lump sum, semua resiko menjadi tanggung jawab penyedia jasa”, sehingga meskipun diketahuinya bahwa perubahan menjadi kloset duduk memerlukan tambahan biaya pengadaan di pihak kontraktor, dia akan berkeras berpegang pada ketentuan di atas. Di sinilah diperlukan pemahaman legal dan pemahaman akan suatu perjanjian, karena perjanjian kontrak lump sum ini dibuat dengan kondisi dan persyaratan/spesifikasi seperti yang diperjanjikan pada awalnya. Jika terjadi perubahan persyaratan/spesifikasi yang ditentukan oleh pengguna jasa atau merupakan suatu peruintah perubahan, maka apa yang diperjanjikan menjadi berubah dengan konsekwensi terjadinya perubahan lingkup perjanjian yang berarti sifat ‘lumpsum yang diperjanjikan pada saat awal telah berubah. Sarwono Hardjomuljadi Dr, Ir, MSC (Civ), MSBA (Bus), MH (Law), MDBF (ADR), ACIArb, (Arb) A CPE. (Eng) FIDIC Affiliate Member , FIDIC Accredited Trainer, FIDIC Adjudicator DRBF Country Representative for Indonesia Vice Chairman, Indonesia National Board for Construction Services Development [email protected] & [email protected] www.sarwonohm.com

YANG TERSURAT ?? YANG TERSIRAT ??

Seminar Nasional


Contoh kedua, pentingnya pemahaman hukum: Perpres No 54 Tahun 2010 Pasal 51 menyebutkan beberapa Jenis Kontrak: (1)  Kontrak Lump sum merupakan Kontrak Pengadaan Barang/Jasa ........ (2)  Kontrak Harga Satuan merupakan Kontrak Pengadaan Barang/Jasa.. (3)  Kontrak gabungan Lump Sum dan Harga Satuan adalah Kontrak yang merupakan gabungan Lump Sum dan Harga Satuan (4)  Kontrak Persentase merupakan Kontrak Pengadaan Jasa Konsultansi/Jasa Lainnya, dan (5)  Kontrak Terima Jadi (Turnkey) merupakan Kontrak Pengadaan Barang/Pekerjaan Konstruksi/Jasa Lainnya. Dari kelima jenis kontrak, hanya (5) Kontrak Terima Jadi yang menyebutkan Pekerjaan Konstruksi, yang lain sama sekali tidak menyebutnya. Apakah ini berarti untuk Pekerjaan Konstruksi, diwajibkan untuk menggunakan kontrak jenis ini? Stakeholder Jasa Konstruksi umumnya tidak menaruh perhatian akan hal ini, namun demikian jika suatu saat berproses di pengadilan, bukan tidak mungkin hakim akan mempermasalahkan hal ini. Sarwono Hardjomuljadi Dr, Ir, MSC (Civ), MSBA (Bus), MH (Law), MDBF (ADR), ACIArb, (Arb) A CPE. (Eng) FIDIC Affiliate Member , FIDIC Accredited Trainer, FIDIC Adjudicator DRBF Country Representative for Indonesia Vice Chairman, Indonesia National Board for Construction Services Development [email protected] & [email protected] www.sarwonohm.com


KONTRAK UNILATERAL

Seminar Nasional


Contoh ketiga, perlunya pemahaman , ketelitian dn interpretasi kontrak yang benar. Pasal 92 (1). c. penyesuaian harga tidak diberlakukan terhadap Kontrak Tahun Tunggal dan Kontrak Lump Sum serta pekerjaan dengan Harga Satuan timpang. (2) Persyaratan penggunaan rumusan penyesuaian harga adalah sebagai berikut:…. f. Kontrak yang terlambat pelaksanaannya disebabkan oleh kesalahan Penyedia barang/ Jasa diberlakukan penyesuaian harga berdasarkan indeks harga terendah antara jadwal awal dengan jadwal realisasi pekerjaan. Pasal 92 di atas mengatur mengenai kontrak lump sum (1).c tanpa penyesuaian harga,sedangkan dalam (2).f disebutkan dapat disesuaikan apabila Penyedia Jasa melakukan kesalahan. Pasal ini tidak mengatur mengenai kesalahan yang dilakukan oleh pengguna jasa. Sarwono Hardjomuljadi Dr, Ir, MSC (Civ), MSBA (Bus), MH (Law), MDBF (ADR), ACIArb, (Arb) A CPE. (Eng) FIDIC Affiliate Member , FIDIC Accredited Trainer, FIDIC Adjudicator DRBF Country Representative for Indonesia Vice Chairman, Indonesia National Board for Construction Services Development [email protected] & [email protected] www.sarwonohm.com

Dalam menginterpretasikan suatu kontrak diperlukan suatu kemampuan menginterpretasi khusus, seperti dilihat pada klausula di bawah ini. FIDIC Conditions of Contract for Construction MDB Harmonised Edition-2006) b) payment of any such Cost, which “shall be included in” the Contract Price, in the case of subparagraph (f) and (g) of Sub-Clause 17.3 [Employer’s Risk],” reasonable profit on the Cost shall also be included”. FIDIC Conditions of Contract for EPC/Turnkey Project-1999) b) payment of any such Cost, which “shall be added to” the Contract Price. Dari kedua pasal di atas, jelas bahwa dalam hal terdapat tambahan biaya pada kontrak harga satuan, tambahan harga sebesar Y harus “dimasukkan” dalam harga kontrak, berarti harga kontrak yang semula pada batas atas X akan naik menjadi Z = X+Y. Sedangkan pada kontrak lump sum tambahan harga Y akan “ditambahkan”, sehingga harga final menjadi X+Y juga, hanya permasalahan administrasinya saja yang berbeda. Sarwono Hardjomuljadi Dr, Ir, MSC (Civ), MSBA (Bus), MH (Law), MDBF (ADR), ACIArb, (Arb) A CPE. (Eng) FIDIC Affiliate Member , FIDIC Accredited Trainer, FIDIC Adjudicator DRBF Country Representative for Indonesia Vice Chairman, Indonesia National Board for Construction Services Development [email protected] & [email protected] www.sarwonohm.com

Klaim Konstruksi pada Proyek Institusi Pemerintah Pasal 13 PPK dilarang mengadakan ikatan perjanjian atau menandatangani Kontrak dengan Penyedia Barang/Jasa apabila belum tersedia anggaran atau tidak cukup tersedia anggaran yang dapat mengakibatkan dilampauinya batas anggaran yang tersedia untuk kegiatan yang dibiayai dari APBN/APBD. Hal ini membuat penyelesaian klaim menjadi sulit, karena untuk memutuskan bahwa suatu klaim disetujui berarti menyanggupi untuk membayar suatu nilai tertentu, sedangkan dalam Pasal 13 disebutkan bahwa sebelum adanya anggaran maka PPK dilarang membuat ikatan atau menandatangani kontrak.

Pasal 51 (1) Kontrak Lump Sum merupakan Kontrak Pengadaan Barang/Jasa atas penyelesaian seluruh pekerjaan dalam batas waktu tertentu sebagaimana ditetapkan dalam Kontrak, dengan ketentuan sebagai berikut: a . jumlah harga pasti dan tetap serta tidak dimungkinkan penyesuaian harga; b. semua risiko sepenuhnya ditanggung oleh Penyedia Barang/Jasa; c. pembayaran didasarkan pada tahapan produk/keluaran yang dihasilkan sesuai dengan isi Kontrak; d. sifat pekerjaan berorientasi kepada keluaran (output based); e. total harga penawaran bersifat mengikat; dan f. tidak diperbolehkan adanya pekerjaan tambah/kurang. Proses Klaim konstruksi utamanya bagi pekerjaan dengan kontrak lump sum, menjadi sulit, karena PPK tidak berani memutuskan, karena bayang-bayang “menguntungkan orang lain”, yang bisa membawanya ke ranah pidana. Pemahaman arti dari kontrak lump sum secara legal, masih kurang dimiliki oleh para PPK dan bahkan institusi pemeriksa.

Sarwono Hardjomuljadi

Dr, Ir, MSc (Civ), MSBA (Bus), MH (Law), MDBF (ADR), ACIArb (Arb), ACPE (Eng)

FIDIC International Accredited Trainer FIDIC Adjudicator Federation Internationale des Ingenieurs-Conseils FIDIC - Box 311 - CH-1215 Geneva 15 - Switzerland SKYPE fidic.secretariat - Tl +41-22-799 49 00 - Fx +41-22-799 49 01 www.FIDIC.org

Country Representative for Indonesia The Dispute Resolution Board Foundation 19550 International Blvd. So Suite 314 Seattle, Washington 98188, USA Tel.(206) 878-3336, Fax (206) 878-3338 www.drb.org

Corporate Panel Member (MDBF) The Dispute Board Federation 14, rue du Rhone 1204 Geneva, Switzerland Tel: +41 22 819 19 68, Fax: +41 44 732 69 95 www.dbfederation.org

Associate Member (ACIArb) Chartered Institute of Arbitrators 12 Bloomsbury Square London, WC1A 2LP, UK Tel: +44 (0)20 7421 7444; Fax: +44 (0)20 7404 4023 www.ciarb.org

TERIMA KASIH Sarwono Hardjomuljadi Dr, Ir, MSC (Civ), MSBA (Bus), MH (Law), MDBF, ACIArb, ACPE. FIDIC Affiliate Member , FIDIC Accredited Trainer, FIDIC Adjudicator DRBF Country Representative for Indonesia Vice Chairman, Indonesia National Board for Construction Services Development [email protected] & [email protected] www.sarwonohm.com

PERMASALAHAN KLAIM KONSTRUKSI DI PROYEK INSTITUSI PEMERINTAH

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