ABSTRAK
PENGARUH JUMLAH BAKTERI METHANOBACTERIUM DAN LAMA FERMENTASI TERHADAP PROPORSI GAS METANA (CH4) PADA PENGOLAHAN SAMPAH ORGANIK DI TPA SUWUNG DENPASAR
Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui pengaruh jumlah bakteri methanobacterium dan lama fermentasi terhadap proporsi gas metana (CH4) pada pengolahan sampah organik di TPA Suwung Denpasar. Gas metana yang dihasilkan dari sampah organik ini akan diolah menjadi bahan bakar pembangkit energi listrik. Dari penelitian ini diharapkan mendapatkan seluruh gas metana yang terkandung pada sampah sehingga tidak ada lagi gas metana yang terbuang ke atmosfer. Penelitian dilakukan dengan 4 perlakuan yaitu tanpa bakteri (B0), bakteri dengan jumlah populasi 106 CFU/ml (B1), bakteri dengan jumlah populasi 107 CFU/ml (B2) dan bakteri dengan jumlah populasi 108 CFU/ml (B3). Masing-masing perlakuan dilakuan 3 kali pengulangan. Keempat perlakuan tersebut dilakukan pengukuran variabel gas setelah fermentasi selam 0 minggu, 3 minggu, 5 minggu, 7 minggu dan 9 minggu dengan menggunakan gas analiser GA2000 Geotech. Data hasil penelitian kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan rancangan faktorial pola dasar rancangan acak lengkap (RAL). Dari analis ANOVA menunjukan adanya pengaruh jumlah bakteri dan lamanya fermentasi terhadap proporsi atau persentase gas metana yang dihasilkan. Semakin lama waktu fermentasi maka semakin besar proporsi gas metana yang dihasilkan. Akan tetapi, semakin banyak populasi bakteri yang diberikan belum tentu menghasilkan proporsi gas metana yang semakin besar. Untuk mengetahui kombinasi yang memberikan pengaruh terbaik dilakukan dengan uji Duncan. Hasil analisis dari uji Duncan menunjukan bahwa kombinasi pada minggu ke 9 dengan jumlah bakteri 107 CFU/ml memberikan hasil terbaik yaitu persentase gas metana sebesar 55,10%.
Kata kunci : Methanobakterium, Waktu Fermentasi, Sampah Organik, Metana, TPA Suwung.
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ABSTRACT
THE EFFECT OF AMOUNT OF METHANOBACTERIUM BACTERIA AND FERMENTATION DURATION TOWARD PROPORTION OF METHANA(CH4) GAS AT ORGANIC WASTE PROCESSING AT TPA SUWUNG DENPASAR
A research has been conducted to find out the effect to the amount of methanobacterium bacteria and fermentation duration toward proportion of methana (CH4) at organic waste processing at TPA Suwung Denpasar. Methana gas produced from this organic waste will be processed become fuel of electric generation. From this study will be expected to get all methana gas that contained at the waste so that there is no methana gas loss to the atmosphere. This study was conducted by using 4 treatments that are without bacteria (B0), bacteria with number of population 106 CFU/ml (B1), bacteria with population of 107 CFU/ml (B2), and bacteria with population of 108 CFU/ml (B3). Each treatment conducted thrice (3) repeat. The four treatments conducted measurement of gas variable after fermentation during 0 week, 3 weeks, 5 weeks, 7 weeks and 9 weeks by uisng gas analyzer GA 2000 Geotech. Data from study result then analyzed by using complicated factorial design (RAL). From ANOVA analysis shows there was significant bacteria number and fermentation duration toward proportion or procentage of methana gas resulted. The longer fermentation time takes place, the bigger the proportion of the methane gas produced. However, the greater number of the bacteria population does not always produce bigger proportion of methane gas To find out the combination which could give best effect the researcher used Duncan test. The result of analysis from Duncan shows that combination at the ninth weeks by number of bacteria 107 CFU/ml giving best result that was percentage of methana gas is 55,10%.
Keywords: Methanobacterium, fermentation duration, organic waste, Methana, TPA Suwung.
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DAFTAR ISI
Halaman HALAMAN JUDUL ........................................................................................
i
PERSYARATAN GELAR ...........................................................................
ii
LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN ..........................................................................
iii
PENETAPAN PANITIA PENGUJI .............................................................
iv
SURAT PERNYATAAN BEBAS PLAGIAT ..............................................
v
UCAPAN TERIMAKASIH...........................................................................
vi
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................
ix
ABSTRAK ......................................................................................................
x
RINGKASAN .................................................................................................
xi
DAFTAR ISI ...................................................................................................
xiii
DAFTAR TABEL........................................................................................... xvii DAFTAR GAMBAR ...................................................................................... xviii DAFTAR SINGKATAN ................................................................................
xix
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ..................................................................................
xx
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ...............................................................................
1
xii
1.1. Latar Belakang .................................................................................
1
1.2. Rumusan Masalah............................................................................
3
1.3 Tujuan ..............................................................................................
4
1.4 Manfaat ............................................................................................
4
BAB II KAJIAN PUSTAKA .........................................................................
5
2.1. Terminologi Umum .........................................................................
5
2.2 Jenis dan Karakteristik Sampah .......................................................
6
2.3. Sumber Sampah ...............................................................................
8
2.4. Permasalahan Sampah .....................................................................
10
2.5 Pengelolaan Sampah ........................................................................
12
2.6 Pengaruh Sampah Terhadap Kesehatan dan Lingkungan ...............
16
2.7 Emisi Gas Dari Sampah ...................................................................
19
2.8 Bakteri Yang Gerperan Dalam Pengolahan Sampah .......................
23
BAB III KERANGKA BERPIKIR KONSEP DAN HIPOTESIS .............
29
3.1. Kerangka Berpikir .............................................................................
29
3.2 Konsep ...............................................................................................
31
3.3 Hipotesis ............................................................................................
32
BAB IV METODELOGI PENELITIAN ....................................................
33
xiii
4.1 Rancangan Penelitian .........................................................................
33
4.2 Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian ..............................................................
34
4.3 Ruang Lingkup Penelitian ..................................................................
34
4.4 Rancangan Percobaan.........................................................................
35
4.5 Penentuan Sumber Data .....................................................................
35
4.6 Variabel Penelitian .............................................................................
36
4.7 Bahan Penelitian .................................................................................
37
4.8 Instrumen Penelitian ...........................................................................
38
4.9 Prosedur Penelitian .............................................................................
38
4.10 Analisis Data ....................................................................................
40
BAB V HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN .........................................................
41
5.1 Gambaran Umum TPA Suwung..........................................................
41
5.2 Hasil Penelitian Persentase Gas Pada Pengolahan Sampah ................
45
5.3 Hasil Analisis Data Penelitian .............................................................
48
5.4 Potensi Sampah Sebagai Penghasil Metana ........................................
51
5.5 Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Dalam Produksi Metana ..............
54
5.5.1 Kondisi Lingkungan Abiotis ..............................................................
55
5.5.2 Temperatur ........................................................................................
57
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5.5.3 Karbon Dioksida.................................................................................
59
5.5.4 Asam Sulfida ......................................................................................
60
5.5.5 Lama Permentasi ................................................................................
62
5.6 Pemanfaatan Gas Metana Menjadi Listrik ...........................................
63
BAB VI SIMPULAN DAN SARAN .............................................................
65
6.1 Simpulan................................................................................................
65
6.2 Saran ......................................................................................................
65
DAFTAR PUSTAKA .....................................................................................
66
LAMPIRAN ....................................................................................................
71
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DAFTAR TABEL
Halaman 2.1 Komposisi Biogas dari Sampah…………………………………………
20
2.2 Estimasi Emisi Methane Secara Global dari Kegiatan Manusia (anthropogenic)........................................................................................ 22 5.1 Volume/Jumlah Sampah Yang terangkut ke TPA Suwung (m 3) tahun 20112015……………………………………………………………………..
42
5.2 Komposisi Sampah TPA Suwung Denpasar……………………………
44
5.3 Data Hasil Penelitian Proporsi Gas Rata-rata……………………………
45
5.4 Proporsi Gas Metana Pada Berbagai Bakteri dan Waktu……………….
49
xvi
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Halaman 2.1 Visualisasi Rumus Molekul dan Struktur Gas Metana (CH4) ................... 20 3.1 Kerangka Konsep Penelitian ..................................................................... 31 4.1 Rancangan Penelitian ................................................................................ 33 4.2 Pengukuran Gas dengan Gas Analyser ..................................................... 39 5.1 Grafik Volume Sampah Tahun 2011-2015 di TPA Suwung .................... 53 5.2 Garafik Waktu Terhadap Persentase Gas Oksigen ................................... 56 5.3 Grafik Waktu Terhadap Temperatur ......................................................... 58 5.4 Grafik Waktu Terhadap Persentase Gas CO2............................................ 60 5.5 Grafik Waktu Terhadap Jumlah H2S......................................................... 61 5.6 Grafik Waktu Terhadap Persentase Gas Metana ...................................... 62
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DAFTAR SINGKATAN
TPA
: Tempat Pemrosesan Akhir
SARBAGITA
: Denpasar, Badung, Gianyar, Tabanan
CH4
: Metana
CO2
: Karbon Dioksida
O2
: Oksigen
N2
: Nitrogen
H2
: Hidrogen
H2S
: Asam Sulfida
CO
: Karbon Monoksida
C
: Karbon
GRK
: Gas Rumah Kaca
RAL
: Rancangan Acak Lengkap
xviii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Halaman 1. Data Hasil Penelitian .................................................................................. 71 2. Prosedur Pengolahan Datan Dengan SPSS ................................................ 73 3. Foto Hasil Penelitian .................................................................................. 96 4. Tecnhical Specification GA2000 PLUS ..................................................... 102 5. Hasil Pengukuran Populasi Bakteri ............................................................ 105
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