Tesis ini disusun untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Magister Teknik (M.T.) di Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Oleh : Arif Wahyu Kristianto NRP : 3207205715 Tanggal Ujian : 07 Juni 2010 Periode Wisuda : Oktober 2010 Disetujui oleh:
1. Ir. Sri Amiranti Sastrohoetomo, M.S NIP : 194809241979012001
(Pembimbing I)
2. Ir. Heru Purwadio, M.S.P NIP : 195004181978021002
(Pembimbing II)
3. Ir. Sardjito, M.T NIP : 195507151987011001
(Penguji)
4. Ir. Putu Rudy Satiawan, M.Sc NIP : 196106181989031001
(Penguji)
5. Ir. Hari Purnomo, MBdgSc. NIP : 195211191979031001
(Penguji) Direktur Program Pascasarjana,
Prof. Dr. Ir. Soeparno, MSIE NIP. 19480710 197603 1 002
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PENINGKATAN PARTISIPASI MASYARAKAT DALAM PEMBANGUNAN INFRASTRUKTUR JALAN (Studi Kasus : Pelaksanaan Program Pembangunan Infrastruktur Pedesaan (PPIP) di desa Campurejo, Kecamatan Panceng, Kabupaten Gresik) Nama Mahasiswa NRP Pembimbing Co-Pembimbing
: Arif wahyu Kristianto : 3207205715 : Ir. Sri Amiranti Sastrohoetomo, M.S : Ir. Heru Purwadio, M.S.P ABSTRAK
Partisipasi masyarakat merupakan suatu proses teknis untuk memberikan kesempatan dan kewenangan yang lebih luas kepada masyarakat untuk secara bersama-sama memecahkan berbagai persoalan. Carter dalam Rustiningsih (2002) menyampaikan bahwa partisipasi masyarakat mempunyai peranan yang sangat penting dalam kehidupan masyarakat dalam upaya meningkatkan proses belajar masyarakat; mengarahkan masyarakat menuju masyarakat yang bertanggung jawab; mengeliminasi perasaan terasing sebagian masyarakat serta ; menimbulkan dukungan dan penerimaan dari pemerintah
Melalui hitungan indeks sosial-ekonomi dan spasial didapatkan antara sosialekonomi spasial memiliki hubungan yang saling mempengaruhi. nilai indeks sosial-ekonomi dan spasial didapatkan bahwa perkembangan antar Kabupaten/Kota di GKS Plus masih belum optimal. Terdapat Kabupaten/Kota yang tidak seimbang antara perkembangan sosial-ekonomi terhadap perkembangan spasialnya. Berdasarkan identifikasi didapatkan banyak kepentingan dan stakeholder dalam pembangunan GKS Plus. Dengan analisis stakeholder didapatkan critical player/nara sumber untuk perumusan pola pengendalian. Hasil akhir yang didapatkan adalah pola pengendalian perkembangan kawasan mega-urbanisasi yang terdiri dari aspek non-fisik yaitu kebijakan, proses perencanaan, dokumen tata ruang, perijinan dan mekanisme insentif serta disinsentif. Sedangkan pada aspek fisik mencakup prasarana dan investasi development generator. Kata kunci : GKS Plus, Mega-Urbanisasi dan pengendalian
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THE INCREASING EFFORT COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT IN ROAD INFRASTUCTURE DEVELOPMENT (Case Study : Rural Infrastructure Development Program (PPIP) at Village Campurejo, Under Region Panceng, Region Gresik) By : Arif Wahyu Kristianto Student Identity Number : 3207205715 Supervisor : Ir. Sri Amiranti Sastrohoetomo, M.S Co-Supervisor : Ir. Heru Purwadio, M.S.P ABSTRACT Community involvement is a technically process to give wider change and outhority for community to solve the problem together. Carter inside Rustiningsih (2002) wrote that community involvement has the important role in society life as an effort to increase community studying process; to guide society become responsible community, to eliminate …………………..and to Through the index count of socio-economic and spatial found between socioeconomic spatial relationships of mutual influence. From the index value of socio-economic and spatial development is found that the development among districts and municipalities in GKS plus is still not optimal. There is a District that is not balanced between socio-economic developments of spatial development. Based on the identification obtained many interests and stakeholders in development GKS Plus. With a critical stakeholder analysis obtained player/ resource persons for the formulation of control patterns. The result showed that the development control patterns of mega-urbanization area are consisting of the non-physical aspects of policy, planning, spatial planning documents, licenses and mechanism of incentives and disincentives. Not only has that, the control patterns also included the physical aspects including infrastructure and development investments generator. Key words: GKS Plus, Mega-Urbanization and controlling
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KATA PENGANTAR Puji syukur Alhamdulilah kehadirat Allah SWT yang telah melimpahkan Rahmat, Hidayah, Kesabaran, Kekuatan dan Kesempatan-Nya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan tesis dengan judul “Pola Pengendalian Perkembangan Kawasan Mega-Urbanisasi GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus”. Dalam penelitian ini penulis mencoba merumuskan pola pengendalian kawasan perkotaan yang sedang mengalami fenomena urbanisasi dalam perkembangannya. Penulis sangat menyadari tanpa adanya dukungan baik material maupun spiritual dari berbagai pihak, tentunya tesis ini tidak dapat terselesaikan dengan baik. Oleh karena itu dengan segala kerendahan hati maka pada kesempatan ini penulis mengucapkan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada : 1. Bapak Prof. Ir Johan Silas dan Dr. Ing. Ir Bambang Soemardiono., selaku dosen pembimbing. 2. Bapak Ir. Ispurwono S. M.Arch, Ph.D, Bapak Dr. Ir. Sekartejo MSc., Ibu Ir. Purwanita S. MSc. Ph.D., selaku penguji. 3. Seluruh keluargaku; Suamiku Adang Prianto Teknis Fisika, orang tua, mertua, kakak dan adikku, terimakasih atas doa, kasih sayang dan dukungannya. 4. Seluruh pengajar dan staff Pasca sarjana Arsitektur ITS. 5. Dan semua pihak yang tidak dapat disebutkan satu per satu, khususnya pihak BAPPEDA Kabupaten/Kota se-GKS Plus, BAPPEPROV, PU Tata Ruang Jawa Timur, KADIN Jawa Timur, Surveyor dan teman-teman yang telah membantu dalam penyusunan tesis ini. Penulis menyadari sepenuhnya bahwa pada tesis ini terdapat beberapa kekurangan. Oleh karenanya, kritik dan saran yang membangun dari semua pihak sangat penulis harapkan demi kesempurnaan laporan ini khususnya dan perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan pada umumnya. Penulis berharap semoga tesis ini dapat memberikan manfaat bagi semua pihak. Surabaya, Juli 2010 Penulis
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DAFTAR ISI Halaman Lembar Pengesahan............................................................................................ i Abstrak................................................................................................................ iii Absract................................................................................................................ v Kata Pengantar.................................................................................................... vii Daftar Isi.............................................................................................................. ix Daftar Tabel........................................................................................................ xii Daftar Gambar..................................................................................................... xv Glossary............................................................................................................... xvi Bab 1 Pendahuluan.............................................................................................. 1 viii
1.1 Latar Belakang.............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Permasalahan................................................................................................. 7 1.3 Tujuan........................................................................................................... 8 1.4 Hipotesis........................................................................................................ 9 1.5 Ruang Lingkup.............................................................................................. 9 1.5.1 Ruang Lingkup Materi............................................................................. 9 1.5.2 Ruang Lingkup Wilayah.......................................................................... 10 1.6 Manfaat Penelitian....................................................................................... 10 Bab 2 Kajian Pustaka Dan Teori......................................................................... 11 2.1 Pengendalian Perkembangan Perkotaan....................................................... 11 2.1.1 Paradigma Pembangunan dan Pengendalian Wilayah Perkotaan............ 11 2.1.2 Konsep Pengendalian Dalam Pemanfaatan Ruang.................................. 14 2.1.3 Pengendalian Pemanfaatan Ruang Menurut UU No. 26 tahun 2007 dan Operasionalisasi PP No. 26 tahun 2008 ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. 15 2.1.4 Best Practices Pengendalian Kawasan Perkotaan yang Mengalami Mega-Urbanisasi ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. 20 2.1.4.1 Manajemen Pengendalian Megacity di Eropa................................... 20 2.1.4.2 Manajemen Pengendalian Megacity di Asia..................................... 21 2.1.5 Sintesis Kriteria Pengendalian Perkembangan Kawasan Perkotaan ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. 23 2.2 Urbanisasi dan Globalisasi............................................................................ 25 2.2.1 Proses Urbanisasi Kawasan Perkotaan.................................................... 25 2.2.2 Pengaruh Globalisasi Pada Proses Urbanisasi Kawasan Perkotaan dan Fenomena
Mega-Urbanisasi
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................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. 27 2.2.3 Definsi dan Parameter Urbanisasi........................................................... 30 2.2.4 Kasus Mega-Urbanisasi di Indonesia...................................................... 32 2.2.4.1 Mega-Urbanisasi JABODETABEK................................................... 33 2.2.4.2 Mega-Urbanisasi Metropolitan Bandung........................................... 35 2.2.4.3 Mega-Urbanisasi GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus......................... 36 2.3 Morfologi Penggunaan Lahan Wilayah Perkotaan dan Konsep “Regional City” ...................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................... 39 2.4
Teori Regionalisasi Kawasan Perkotaan ...................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................... 43
2.4.1 Teori Network Cities (Sistem Jaringan)................................................... 43 2.4.2 Teori Polycentris Urban Region (PUR).................................................. 47 2.5 Sintesis Konseptual Pustaka dan Teori Pengendalian Perkembangan Mega-Urbanisasi ...................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................... 50 Bab 3 Metode Penelitian..................................................................................... 55 3.1 Pendekatan Penelitian................................................................................... 55 3.2 Teknik Penelitian.......................................................................................... 55 3.2.1 Jenis Data................................................................................................. 55 3.2.2 Variabel dan Definisi variabel Penelitian................................................. 56 3.2.3 Metode dan Instrumen yang Digunakan.................................................. 57 3.2.3.1 Teknik Pencarian/Pengumpulan data................................................. 57 3.2.3.2 Mapping analysis............................................................................... 57 3.2.3.3 Teknik identifikasi narasumber.......................................................... 59 3.2.3.3 Teknik formulasi pola........................................................................ 59 x
3.3 Pengujian Statistik......................................................................................... 60 3.4 Tahapan Penelitian........................................................................................ 61 Bab 4 Kondisi Eksisting Kawasan GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus............... 65 4.1 Satuan Pengembangan Wilayah GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus............ 65 4.2 Pertumbuhan Penduduk dan Urbanisasi........................................................ 69 4.3 Kondisi Perkembangan Ekonomi.................................................................. 75 4.4 Kondisi Urban Centre Kabupaten/Kota GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus ...................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................... 85 4.5
Pemanfaatan Lahan ...................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................... 90
4.6
Penyediaan Infrastruktur Jalan dan Aktifitas Komuting ...................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................... 96
4.7
Kondisi Lingkungan Hidup ...................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................... 101
Bab
5 Analisis Dan Pembahasan ...................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................... 105
5.1 Analisis Optimasi Hubungan Sosial-Ekonomi Terhadap Pembangunan Spasial GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus ...................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................... 105 5.2
Identifikasi Kekuatan/Peluang dan Kelemahan/Tantangan ...................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................... 111
5.2.1 Kekuatan/potensi...................................................................................... 111
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5.2.2 Kelemahan/tantangan............................................................................... 112 5.3
Perbandingan Kasus Mega-Urbanisasi di Indonesia ...................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................... 115
5.4 Analisis Perbandingan Perencanaan Pola Pembangunan GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus ...................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................... 118 5.4.1 RTRW Propinsi Jawa Timur 2020........................................................... 119 5.4.2 Studi Penelitian dan Penyiapan Rencana Tata Ruang GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. 121 5.4.3 The Study on Formulation of Spatial Planning for GERBANGKERTASUSILA (GKS) Zone in East Java Province, the Republic of Indonesia ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. 123 5.5 Analisis Stakeholder yang Berperan dalam Pembangunan Kawasan GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus ...................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................... 128 5.6 Review Kriteria Pengendalian Perkembangan Kawasan Mega-Urbanisasi ...................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................... 133 5.7 Analisis Kesepakatan Nara Sumber Mengenai Kriteria Pengendalian Perkembangan Kawasan Mega-Urbanisasi GKS Plus ...................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................... 136
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Bab 6 Penutup..................................................................................................... 157 6.1 Kesimpulan................................................................................................... 157 6.2 Kelemahan Penelitian.................................................................................... 158 6.3 Saran.............................................................................................................. 159 Daftar Pustaka..................................................................................................... 161 Lampiran 1.......................................................................................................... 167 Lampiran 2.......................................................................................................... 176 Lampiran 3.......................................................................................................... 181
DAFTAR TABEL Halaman Tabel 2.1 Matrik Proses Urbanisasi dari Sisi Ekonomi...................................... 27 Tabel 2.2 Klasifikasi Kota Atas Dasar Jumlah Penduduk.................................. 32 Tabel 2.3 Sistem Tempat Pusat Versus Sistem Jaringan.................................... 45 Tabel 2.4 Pendekatan Pengembangan Ekonomi dan Transportasi..................... 49 Tabel 2.5 Ringkasan Pustaka dan Teori sebagai Variabel dalam Penelitian...... 51 Tabel 2.6 Matrik Kriteria dalam Pengendalian Perkembangan Kawasan ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ 52 Tabel 3.1 Variabel dan Definisi Variabel........................................................... 56 Tabel 3.2 Metode dan Instrumen yang Digunakan............................................. 60 Tabel 4.1 Jumlah Penduduk di Kawasan GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus tahun 1971-2005 (dalam jiwa) ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ 71 Tabel 4.2 Kepadatan Penduduk di Kawasan GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus tahun 1971-2005 (dalam jiwa/km2) ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ 71 Tabel 4.3 Jumlah Penduduk Perkotaan dan Perdesaan GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus tiap Kabupaten/Kota tahun 1971-2005 xiii
............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ 73 Tabel 4.4 Proporsi Penduduk Perkotaan di GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus tahun 1971-2005 (dalam %) ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ 74 Tabel 4.5 Rata-rata PDRB Perkapita Kabupaten/Kota di GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus tahun 2003-2008 (dalam rupiah) ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ 77 Tabel 4.6 Kontribusi PDRB Kabupaten/Kota GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus terhadap PDRB Jawa Timur (dalam %) ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ 78 Tabel 4.7 Kontribusi Masing-masing Sektor dalam PDRB Kabupaten/Kota di GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus tahun 2004-2008 (dalam %) ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ 79 ............................................................................................................ Tabel 4.8 Matrik Urbanisasi dari Sisi Ekonomi GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ 84 Tabel 4.9 Proporsi Tenaga Kerja Produktif terhadap Jumlah Penduduk di GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus tahun 1980-2000 ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ 85 Tabel 4.10 Kepadatan Tenaga Kerja per Km2 di GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus tahun 1980-2000
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........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... 86 Tabel 4.11 Nilai LQ Pada Kabupaten/Kota GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus tahun 2008 ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... 88 Tabel 4.12 Jarak Antara Pusat Kegiatan Kabupaten/Kota di GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus .......................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................... 89 Tabel 4.13 Pemanfaatan Lahan di Kawasan GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus tahun 2008 (dalam Ha) ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... 92 Tabel 4.14 Prosentase Lahan Terbangun di Kawasan GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus tahun 2007-2008 (dalam %) ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... 93 Tabel 4.15 Luas dan Penurunan Lahan Pertanian di Kabupaten Sidoarjo dan Gresik (dalam Ha) ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... 95 Tabel 4.16 Panjang Ruas Jalan di GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus berdasarkan Kelas Jalan Pada Kabupaten/Kota 2006 (dalam Km) ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... 99 Tabel 4.17 Jumlah Penumpang yang Datang di Bandara Juanda dan Pelabuhan Tanjung Perak tahun 2003-2007 (dalam jiwa)
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........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... 101 Tabel 4.18 Kadar pH, DO, BOD dan COD di Kabupaten/Kota GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus pengukuran April 2008 ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... 102 Tabel 4.19 Kualitas Udara di Sidoarjo, Gresik dan Surabaya tahun 2007 ........................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................... 103 Tabel 5.1 Angka Indeks Sosial-Ekonomi di GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ 105 Tabel 5.2 Angka Indeks Spasial di GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ 106 Tabel 5.3 Indeks Komposit Sosial-Ekonomi dan Spasial Kabupaten/Kota di GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ 106 Tabel 5.4 Karakater Perkembangan Kabupaten/Kota di GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ 113 ............................................................................................................ Tabel 5.5 Perbandingan Kasus JABODETABEK, Metropolitan Bandung dan GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ 116 Tabel xvi
5.6
Fungsi
dari
Urban
Centers
di
GKS
............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ 125 Tabel 5.7 Perbandingan Rencana Pengembangan di kawasan GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ 127 ............................................................................................................ Tabel
5.8 Matrik Stakeholder Analisis ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ 131
Tabel 5.9 Pemetaan Stakeholder kunci terkait kepentingan dan pengaruh ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ 132 Tabel
5.10 Hasil Iterasi Delphi Tahap 1 ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ 137
Tabel
5.11 Hasil Iterasi Delphi Tahap 2 ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ 143
Tabel 5.12 Pola Pengendalian Perkembangan Kawasan Berdasarkan Pendapat Nara Sumber ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ 148 Tabel 5.13 Tipe Pola Pengendalian Perkembangan Kawasan ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ Tabel 5.14 Pola Pengendalian Berdasarkan Karakter Kabupaten/Kota ............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ 157
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DAFTAR GAMBAR Halaman Gambar 1.1 Surabaya Extended Metropolitan Region........................................ 10 Gambar 2.1 Segitiga Penggunaan Lahan Desa-Kota.......................................... 40 Gambar 2.2 Segitiga Penggunaan Lahan Desa-Kota yang Dilengkapi............... 42 Gambar 2.3 Model Struktur Keruangan Regional City ...................................... 43 Gambar 2.4 Konseptualisasi Pustaka dan Teori Pengendalian Perkembangan Mega-Urbanisasi ....................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................... 55 Gambar 3.1 Alur Penelitian Mega-urbanisasi..................................................... 63 Gambar 4.1 Arah Perkembangan GERBANGKERTASUSILA........................ 66 xviii
Gambar 4.2 Perwilayahan di GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus....................... 68 Gambar 4.3 Proporsi Penduduk Perdesaan dan Perkotaan Jawa Timur tahun 2000 (dalam %) ......................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... 69 Gambar 4.4 Rata-rata Laju Pertumbuhan Penduduk GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus tahun 1971-2005 (dalam %) ......................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... 70 Gambar 4.5 Laju Pertumbuhan Ekonomi GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus tahun 2004-2008 ......................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... 76 Gambar 4.6 Prosentase Penduduk yang Bekerja sebagai Karyawan/Buruh di GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus tahun 2005 (dalam %) ......................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... 81 Gambar 4.7 Jalur Perdagangan Jawa Timur ......................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... 83 Gambar 4.8 Penggunaan Lahan Eksisting GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus ......................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... 91 Gambar 4.9 GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus dalam Konteks Regional City ......................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... 94 Gambar 4.10 Jaringan Jalan Utama GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus ......................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... 97 xix
Gambar 4.11 Grafik Pertambahan Jaringan Jalan Utama GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus ...................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................... 100 Gambar 5.1 Hubungan Sosial-Ekonomi dan Spasial di Kawasan GERBANGKERTASUSILA Plus ......................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... 109 Gambar 5.2 Pola Struktur Tata Ruang Wilayah GKS Plus ......................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... 122 Gambar 5.3 Konsep Struktur Kawasan GKS...................................................... 126
GLOSSARY ADHB ADHK BAPPEDA CAD EMR GKS Plus LQ MUR PAD PDRB Perda RPJMD RPJPD PP RTR RTRW SPSS SWP TPA UU
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Atas Dasar Harga Berlaku Atas Dasar Harga Konstan Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah Computer Aided Design Extended Metropolitan Region GERBANGKERTASUSILA PLUS Locational Quotient Mega Urban Region Pendapatan Asli Daerah Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Peraturan Daerah Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menegah Daerah Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang Daerah Peraturan Pemerintah Rencana Tata Ruang Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Statistical Program for Social Science Satuan wilayah pembangunan Tempat Pembuangan Akhir Undang-undang
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