Odborné texty pro automobilové učební a studijní obory

Odborné texty pro automobilové učební a studijní obory Anglický jazyk

Tvorba odborných textů je součástí projektu spolufinancovaného z Evropského sociálního fondu a státního rozpočtu České republiky, v rámci Operačního programu Vzdělávání pro konkurenceschopnost, registrační číslo CZ.1.07./1.1.10/02.0088

OBSAH OBSAH .................................................................................................... 2 ROAD TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORT .......................................................... 3 SAFETY AT WORK ................................................................................... 8 CAR PARTS ........................................................................................... 11 ACTIVE SAFETY ..................................................................................... 16 PASSIVE SAFETY ................................................................................... 19 BRAKES ................................................................................................. 22 STEERING .............................................................................................. 26 TRANSMISSION AND GEARBOX .......................................................... 29 ENGINES I ............................................................................................. 33 ENGINES II ............................................................................................ 37 COOLING ............................................................................................. 40 FUEL SYSTEM ......................................................................................... 44 PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT, EXHAUST EMISSIONS .................... 47 COMFORT SYSTEMS ............................................................................. 51 MOTORCYCLES .................................................................................... 56

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ROAD TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORT 1. Reading the text: Roads in Britain The major roads are usually called main roads or trunk roads. Smaller roads are known as B roads or, officially secondary roads. In some places there are dual carriageways roads divided by a central band into two sections, one for traffic going one way, and the other for traffic going the other way. There is normal access to dual carriageways and in this way they differ from motorways, which have limited access. You are not allowed to stop on a motorway, but if you break down you must pull in, that is get to the edge of the road, onto the shoulder, the hard ground which runs along the side of the road. Main roads also have special parking places so often so that cars and lorries can pull off and stop for the rest. These are known as lay-bys. All main roads have the letter A and a number, e.g. A 20. The letter M is for motorways (the M 4) and B for secondary roads (the B 3). You can turn off a road at a crossroads, at a junction with a roundabout (which has an island in the middle), at a T-junction or at a fork (like the letter Y). But when other roads cross very busy roads like motorways they can either go under them (an underpass) or over them (an overpass or a flyover). Level crossings, i.e. places where roads cross railways at the same level, are fast disappearing. Another device to improve the flow of traffic is the bypass, a road that goes around a town so that through traffic does not need to go right into the middle of the town. If the town is very large, there is usually a complete ring road rather than a mere bypass. Road safety measures include speed limits, pedestrian crossings usually illuminated by flashing beacons and marked with white stripes (zebra crossings), road markings and traffic signs, annual tests for private cars which are three ot more years old, the compulsory fitting of seat belts and the use of breathalyser whenever there is any suspicion that a driver might be drunk. Parking presents great problems. In most town centres parking is permitted for limited periods only, and drivers usually must pay for parking at parking meters. Another idea is the ban-the-car movement. Many town councils have created pedestrian precincts, whole areas of streets in the centres of towns where motor traffic is not allowed.

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Answer the questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

What are dual carriageways? Which letters are used for roads and motorways? Which types of crossroads are there? What is the difference between bypass and ring road? What are road safety measures? How are parking problems solved?

2. Reading the text: On an American highway In the USA there is a variety of terms for roads. For example, what the British call simply a motorway a divided road with several lanes and limited access, designed for high-speed through traffic has various names in America: freeway, expressway (these two terms are often used in urban areas), super-highway, and often just highway. Superhighways are laid out so that there are no sharp bends and no steep hills. Other roads crossing them are carried on overpasses or underpasses: this eliminates the need for traffic lights and stop signs and vehicles can drive for long distances without slowing down or stopping. Cloverleaf approaches and exits make turns on and off the highways safe. In busy cities they often go over downtown traffic on elevated expressways. In some states drivers have to pay a toll to travel on these highways (a toll road or turnpike). The smallest toll is paid for cars, higher for trucks, buses or for vehicles pulling trailers. The usual system is for the driver to stop at a gate when getting onto the highway and there he is given a card. He keeps this with him, and when he leaves the highway, pays a gateman at the exit according to the distance travelled. Another way how to pay using a highway is to buy a label for a definite time (10 days, one month,...). Along the highways there are route numbers, mileage markers, signs giving speed limits (they are strictly enforced), and signs such as “No Stopping Except for Emergency”, “Throwing Trash Prohibited”, and, every twenty or thirty miles “Service Area 2 Miles”. This means that two miles ahead there is a filling station where you can buy gas for the car and have a wash or use the toilets. Highway maps are available free at almost all service stations. In the restaurant you can have a meal it may be a drive-in restaurant, where food is brought to your car and you eat while remaining in your automobile. The highway does not have any motels or hotels: people have to leave it to spend the night. There are no billboards either: you have an uninterrupted view of the scenery, something that is otherwise rare on American roads.

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Answer the questions: 1. What terms are used for motorway in the USA? 2. What are the differences between highways (or superhighways) and other roads? 3. How does the toll system work? How does it work in the Czech Republic and in some other states of European Union? 4. What service can drivers use in service areas? 5. What are the differences between American highways and Czech motorways? 6. What is you opinion: are highways (or motorways) ecological and why?

Road signs Try to identify road signs without vocabulary: OVERTAKING PROHIBITED GIVE WAY TURN TO LEFT PROHIBITED ROUNDABOUT ONE WAY TRAFFIC STOPPING PROHIBITED PEDESTRIAN CROSSING ROAD WORKS ROAD NARROWS DANGEROUS BEND TO LEFT MAXIMUM SPEED LIMIT PARKING PROHIBITED

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Vocabulary access ............................................ nájezd, přístup according ...................................... podle annual ............................................ každoroční available free ................................ dostupné, k dispozici zdarma ban the car .................................... vylolučit automobilovou dopravu bend ............................................... zatáčka break down ................................... porucha, mít poruchu breathalyser .................................. analyzátor dechu bypass ............................................ silniční okruh kolem obce carry ............................................... (zde) postavit, vést central band .................................. střední dělící pás cloverleaf ....................................... dálniční křižovatka ve tvaru čtyřlístku compulsory .................................... povinný crossroads ...................................... křižovtka designed ........................................ konstruovaný device ............................................. zařízení differ ............................................... lišit se dissapear ....................................... mizet downtown ...................................... střed města dual carriageways ........................ dvouproudá, směrově dělená vozovka edge ............................................... okraj elevated expressway ................... estakádová silnice (v centru města) emergency .................................... pohotovost enforce strictly ............................... přísně vyžadovat, vynucovat except ............................................. s výjimkou exit .................................................. výjezd fitting ................................................ instalace flashing beacon ............................ blikající světelný signál flow of traffic .................................. dopravní proud gas (am.) ....................................... (zde) benzin, palivo gate ................................................ průjezdní vjezd nebo výjezd na dálnici s pokladnou gateman ........................................ výběrčí highway, expressway ..................... dálnice (amer.) freeway, (super-)highway ............ dálnice (amer.) illuminated ..................................... osvětlený in this way ...................................... tímto způsobem include ........................................... zahrnovat junction .......................................... křižovatka, uzel laid .................................................. položený lane ................................................ jízdní pruh lay-by, service area, service stop . odpočívadlo, parkoviště na dálnici rest area (amer.), service station ... odpočívadlo, parkoviště na dálnici level crossing .................................. železniční přejezd limited ............................................. omezený main, trunk road ............................ hlavní silnice major road ..................................... větší, hlavní silnice mark ............................................... označit mere ................................................ pouhý

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mileage marker ............................ kilometrovník motorway ....................................... dálnice not either ........................................ také ne otherwise ........................................ jinak overpass, flyover ........................... nadjezd parking meter ................................. parkovací automat pedestrian crossing ....................... přechod pro chodce pedestrian precinct ...................... pěší zóna permit ............................................. povolit, umožnit petrol station .................................... benzínová pumpa gas station (am.), ........................... benzínová pumpa filling station(am.) .......................... benzínová pumpa pull .................................................. táhnout pull in .............................................. zastavit, zajet k okraji pull off ............................................. odbočit na odpočívadlo rare ................................................. vzácný, vyjímečný remain ............................................ zůstat ring road ........................................ silniční okruh kolem města road marking ................................. vodorovná značka (na vozovce) roundabout .................................... kruhový objezd route number (amer.) ................... číslo silnice safety measure .............................. bezpečnostní opaření seat belt ......................................... bezpečnostní pás secondary road ............................. vedlejší silnice sharp .............................................. ostrý, prudký shoulder ......................................... (zde) krajnice slow down ...................................... zpomalit speed limit ...................................... rychlostní omezení steep .............................................. příkrý suspicion ........................................ podezření through traffic ................................ doprava přes, průjezdní doparava throwing trash prohibited (amer.) . odhazování odpadků zakázáno toll ................................................... mýtné, poplatek za průjezd toll road, turnpike (amer.) ............ silnice, na níž se vypírají poplatky za průjezd town council .................................. městská rada traffic .............................................. dopravní provoz traffic lights ..................................... semafor traffic sign, road sign ..................... dopravní značka trailer ............................................... přívěs, vlek truck ............................................... nákladní automobil, kamion (amer.) turn on or off the motorway .......... najíždět na nebo vyjíždět z dálnice underpass ...................................... podjezd uninterrupted ................................. nerušený urban .............................................. městský variety ............................................ pestrost view of the scenery ....................... výhled do krajiny way ................................................. (zde) směr

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SAFETY AT WORK 1. Reading the text: The manager in charge of health and safety is explaining things to some new employees. Complete what he says by filling the blanks with correct words: noise - protection - drowsiness - dust - accident - smoke poisonous - fumes - risks - burns - goggles MANAGER: New government regulations mean that we are all required to be more aware of (a)____________ in the workplace. As your employer, we will provide you with the necessary safety equipment. You must wear (b)____________ to protect your eyes when working on this machinery. You should also wear ear (c)____________ because the (d)____________from the machines is high enough to cause damage to your hearing. And of course, there is a lot o e)____________in the air, so please wear masks to stop you breathing it in. But, you too are responsible for your safety and for preventing (f)____________ happening. EMPLOYEE: Are we looking at fire risks? MANAGER: Yes, of course. Remember that it is very dangerous to (g)____________near the chemical store. In fact, we have a no smoking policy throughout the company. Chemicals themselves are, of course, (h)____________so they should never enter your mouth. They could cause (i)____________ if you get them on your skin. If you leave them without a lid, (j)____________may escape and cause headaches, (k)____________ or dizziness.

2. Safety signs match the numbers to the symbols!

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1. Don´t use fire or a naked light, don´t smoke. 2. No admittance for unauthorised persons. 3. Don´t touch! 4. Be careful: Flammable substance! 5. Be careful: Toxic substance! 6. Be careful: Dangerous electric voltage! 7. Be careful: Substances hazardous to health! 8. Be careful: Danger from batteries! 9. Be careful: Slippery floor! 10. Protect your eyes! 11. Wear safety helmet! 12. Protect your hearing! 13. Use a respirator. 14. Wear safety gloves. 15. Follow the emergency exit sign! 16. First aid 17. Fire extinguisher hose 18. Ladder 19. Fire extinguisher 20. Fire alarm/Telephone

3. Talking about safety listen to the conversation on the CD (Jobs matters n. 4) and make a list of safety equipment. 1 _____________________ 2 _____________________ 3 _____________________

4 _____________________ 5 _____________________ 6 _____________________

4. What is the word? Combine the words from the two lists bellow to make a two-word expression. One example is given. emergency ..................................... a guard emergency d................................. b alarm safety................................................ c extinguisher safety................................................ d call first .................................................... e aid fire .................................................... f clothing fire ................................................... g helmet face ................................................. h exit protective ........................................ i gloves

Vocabulary admittance .................................... vstup breath ............................................. dýchat

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burn ................................................ hořet, pálit cause ............................................. způsobit construction site ............................. staveniště damage ......................................... poškodit drowsiness ..................................... ospalost dust ................................................. prach ear protection ................................ ochrana uší emergency ..................................... nouze employee ...................................... zaměstnanec employer ....................................... zaměstnavatel fire extinguisher - ............................ hasičský přístroj flammable ..................................... hořlavý fumes .............................................. výpary gloves ............................................. rukavice goggles .......................................... ochranné, sportovní brýle grinding .......................................... broušení hard hat ......................................... ochranná přilba hazardous substance .................... nebezpečná látka hose - hadice welding .................. svařování ladder ............................................. žebřík lid .................................................... víčko mouth ............................................. ústa naked light ..................................... otevřený oheň poison ............................................ jed prevent ........................................... předcházet protective clothing ........................ ochranné oblečení regulation ....................................... omezení responsible .................................... odpovědný safety equipment .......................... bezpečnostní vybavení skin ................................................. kůže slippery ........................................... kluzký

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CAR PARTS 1. Label the parts of the car: a) The exterior I bonnet - front bumper - headlight - indicator - logo - petrol cap - roof sill - sunroof - tyre - wheel arch - wheel trim - windscreen windscreen wiper - wing

b) The exterior II aerial -badge - boot - door - door handle - exhaust pipe - number plate rear bumper - rear window - side mirror - side window - tail light

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2. Complete the sentences using words from the exterior: 1. You open the ______________to look at the engine. 2. The ______________absorb small impacts in the accident. 3. Don´t forget to remove the _____________ from the roof before using the car wash. 4. Can you put my suitcase in the _____________, please? 5. When it starts raining, you need to switch on the______________________. 6. “What model is that?” I don´t know, I can´t see the __________ from here. 7. It is important to inflate the _____________ to the correct pressure for better fuel consumption. 8. The Mercedes Star is a well-known ___________. 9. Open the _______________and let some sun and fresh air into the car. 10. I wish all drivers would use their _____________when they want to turn right or left.

3. Label the parts of the car: c) The interior accelerator - air vent - airbag - ashtray - brake pedal - seat (headrest) cigarette lighter - clutch pedal - cup holder - dashboard - door handle door tray - gearstick - glove compartment - handbrake - hands-free telephone horn - ignition - rear-view mirror - seat belt - steering wheel - sun visor

4. Complete the sentences using words from the interior: 1. It is so practical to have a _____________near the steering wheel. I can take a drink whenever I want. 2. In a car with manual transmission, you need to press the _______________ when you want to change gear. 3. There is usually a cosmetic mirror on the passenger´s ______________. 4. I have a leather _____________________. It´s not so cold for my hands in winter. 5. It´s against the law to phone while driving so I´ve ordered a car with a _________________. 12

6. Could you have a look in the road atlas? It´s in the ___________________. 7. I don´t need a _______________ as I don´t smoke and I don´t want anyone to smoke in my car. 8. Could you close the ___________________? I´m getting a draught.

5. Label the parts of the car: coolant temperature gauge - fuel gauge - voltmeter rev counter - speedometer driver information system - engine oil temperature gauge warning/indicator lights

6. Look at the picture and say which instrument … 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

shows you how fast the car is travelling? warns you if the engine lubrication system gets too hot? informs you that you should check something? shows you how often the engine is turning over? shows you how much petrol you have in the tank? indicates the voltage of the car´s electrical system?

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Vocabulary accelerator .................................... plynový pedál aerial .............................................. anténa air vent ........................................... ventilátor ashtray ........................................... popelník badge ............................................. značka bonnet ............................................ kapota boot ................................................ zavazadlový prostor brake pedal ................................... brzdový pedál bumper .......................................... nárazník cap .................................................. víčko cigarette lighrter ............................ zapalovač clutch pedal .................................. spojkový pedál coolant ........................................... chladivo cup holder ..................................... držák na nápoje dashboard ..................................... palubní deska door handle ................................... dveřní madlo engine ............................................ motor exhaust pipe .................................. výfuk, koncovka výfuku front ................................................ přední fuel .................................................. palivo gauge ............................................ měřidlo gearstick, gearlever ...................... řadicí páka glove compartment ...................... přihrádka u spolujezdce handbrake ..................................... ruční brzda headrest ......................................... opěrka hlavy horn ................................................ houkačka ignition ........................................... zapalování indicator ......................................... ukazatel směru number plate ................................. poznávací značka rear ................................................. zadní rear-view mirror ............................. zpětné zrcátko rev counter .................................... otáčkoměr roof ................................................. střecha seat ................................................. sedadlo seat belt ......................................... bezpečnostní pás side .................................................. boční sill .................................................... práh speedometer ................................. tachometr steering wheel ............................... volant sun visor ......................................... sluneční clona sunroof ........................................... střešní okno tail ................................................... koncový tray ................................................. (zde) odkládací prostor tyre ................................................. pnuematika warning .......................................... varovný wheel .............................................. kolo wheel arch ..................................... podběh kola, okraj blaníku wheel trim ...................................... kryt kola windscreen .................................... čelní sklo

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windscreen wiper .......................... stěrač wing ................................................ blatník

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ACTIVE SAFETY 1. Reading the text: There are many factors that affect vehicle safety in road traffic situations: the condition of the vehicle (e. g. level of equipment, condition of tyres, component wear,…) the weather, road surface and traffic conditions (e. g. side wind, type of road surface and density of traffic,…) the capabilities of the driver (e. g. his/her driving skills and physical and mental condition) The terms “active” and “passive” are simple but important terms in the world of automobile safety. Active safety is used for technology assisting in the prevention of a crash and passive safety for components of the vehicle (primarily airbags, seatbelts and the physical structure of the vehicle) that help to protect occupants during a crash. Crash avoidance Crash avoidance systems and devices help to the driver and help to the vehicle itself to avoid a collision. This category includes: the vehicle lights and signals the vehicle mirrors the vehicle brakes, steering and suspension systems Driver assistance helps the driver to detect ordinarily-hidden obstacles and to control the vehicle. Driver assistance include: - automatic braking systems prevent or reduce the severity of collision - infrared night vision systems increase seeing distance beyond headlamp range - adaptive highbeam automatically and continuously adapts the headlamp range to the distance of vehicle ahead or which are oncoming - adaptive headlamps swivel around corners - reverse backup sensors alert drivers to difficult-to-see objects in their path when reversing - backup camera - adaptive cruise control which maintains a save distance from the vehicle in front - lane departure warning systems alert the driver of an unintended departure from the intended lane of travel - tyre electronic stability control which intervenes to avert an impending loss of control - pressure monitoring system or deflation detection systems - traction control system which senses drive-wheel slip under acceleration and individually brakes the slipping wheel or wheels and/or reduces excess engine power - anti-lock braking systems - electronic brakeforce distribution systems - emergency brake assist systems - cornering - control systems - precrash system - automated parking system

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Answer the questions: 1. 2. 3. 4.

What is active safety? What do you think is the main part of active safety systems? What are compulsory active systems? Which systems are useful if you drive on a motorway, at night,...?

2. Conversation: Do you agree with the following statesments? Discuss with a partner. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

People should be able to take their driving test whe they are 15. Drivers who have just passed their test should have learners plates. Drinking and driving should be made lagal. Apart from their medical check, senior drivers should take a new test every two years. Safety devices like ABS are dangerous they give drivers a false sence of security and encourage them to take more risks. It is a good thing that drivers in the Czech Republic are required to have headlights on during the day. People shouldn´t be required to wear seat belts in cars with airbags. Car manufacturers could make cars much safer, if they wanted to.

Vocabulary adaptive cruise control ................ ACC, adaptivní tempomat affect .............................................. ovlivnit alert ................................................ varovat apart from ...................................... nehledě na avert ............................................... odvrátit avoidance ..................................... zamezení automated ..................................... automatizovaný backup .......................................... (zde) podpůrný beyond ........................................... za brake .............................................. brzda brakeforce ..................................... brzdná síla capability ....................................... způsobilost, schopnost compulsory .................................... povinný condition ........................................ stav cornering ........................................ jízda zatáčkou crash .............................................. havárie continuously .................................. průběžně deflation .......................................... vyprázdnění density ............................................ hustota detect ............................................. zjistit device ............................................ zařízení distribution ..................................... rozdělení driven wheels ................................ hnaná kola (vzhledem k motoru) driver assistance ........................... pomoc pro řidiče encourage ..................................... povzbuzovat

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equipment ..................................... vybavení false ................................................ klamný hidden ............................................ skrytý highbeam ...................................... dálkové světlo impending ..................................... hrozící intended ......................................... úmyslný lane ................................................ jízdní pruh manufacturer ................................. výrobce medical check .............................. lékařská kontrola obstacle ......................................... překážka oncoming ...................................... protijedoucí ordinarily ........................................ obyčejně pressure .......................................... tlak precrash ......................................... předhavarijní range .............................................. (zde) dosah require ............................................ vyžadovat restore ............................................ obnovovat reverse ........................................... zpátečka, couvat seat belt ......................................... bezpečnostní pás security ........................................... bezpečnost sence - ........................................... (zde) pocit severity ........................................... krutost, tvrdost side wind ........................................ boční vítr skill .................................................. dovednost steering .......................................... řízení surface ........................................... povrch suspension ..................................... odpružení swivel .............................................. otáčet se traction ........................................... trakce, tah traction control system ................. TCS, regulace prokluzu tyre ................................................. pneumatika unintended .................................... neúmyslný wear ............................................... (zde) opotřebení

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PASSIVE SAFETY 1. Reading the text: Passive safety systems prevent or reduce the severity of injuries when a crash is imminent or actually happening. Much research is carried out using crash tests. - Seat belts limit the forward motion of an occupant, strech to slow down the occupant´s deceleration in a crash and prevent occupants´ being ejected from the vehicle. - Airbags inflate to cushion the impact of a vehicle occupant with various parts of the vehicle interior. - Laminated windshields remain in one piece when impacted, preventing penetration of unbelted occupants´ heads and maintaining a minimal but adequate transparency for control of the car immediatelly following a collision. Tempered glass side and rear windows break into granules with minimally sharp edges, rather than splintering into jagged fragments as ordinary glass does. - Side impact protection beams. - Collapsible universally jointed steering columns, (with the steering system mounted behind the front axle not in the front crumple zone),reduce the risk and severity of driver impalement on the column in a frontal crash. - Pedestrian protection systems. - Padding of the instrument panel and other interior parts of the vehicle likely to be struck by the occupants during a crash.

Answer the questions: 1. What is passive safety? 2. What do you think are the most important systems of passive safety? 3. What are compulsory passive safety systems?

1. Put the safety features into the correct place: ABS - adaptive cruise control - crumple zone - highly rigid roof automatic emergency braking - seat belt - airbags - ESP (electronic stability program) - retractable steering wheel - shatterproof windscreen - lane departure warning system - xenon headlights active safety

passive safety

2. Complete the text about car recalls with words bellow: charge - dealer - fail - fault - fitted - handbrake - injuries - reacall Citroen is recalling 70,000 Xsara Picassos in the UK to check for a______. The brake pedal on the top-selling small MPV can ________ suddenly. The problem affects all UK cars sold since July 2009 except those delivered in recent weeks. A small clip if incorrectly _________ - can allow the pedal to detach from the rest of the braking system. If this happens on the move, the driver is reduced to using the ___________ and gears to bring the car to

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a halt. Citroen says a small number of owners have experienced the problem but no____________ have been reported. Citroen says it has written to every owner asking them to take the car to their ____________. Any work needed will be carried out free of ___________. Since only 85% of owners respond to _____________ notices, 10,000 potentionally dangerous Picassos could still be left on UK roads.

Vocabulary adequate ....................................... přiměřený axle ................................................ náprava beam .............................................. (zde) nosník break .............................................. (zde) rozbít se carry out ......................................... provádět collapsible ..................................... zasunovací column ........................................... sloupek compartment ................................ interiér, část control ............................................ řízení crumple zones ............................... deformační zóny cushion ........................................... polštář deceleration ................................... (zde) doběh detach ............................................ uvolnit (se), oddělit displace ......................................... přesunout dissipate ......................................... (zde) rozptýlit, ztlumit divert .............................................. odvrátit, odklonit edge ............................................... okraj eject ............................................... vyhodit, katapultovat fault ................................................. chyba, porucha fit ..................................................... (zde) upevnit, namontovat following ......................................... následující force ................................................ síla forward - ......................................... dopředu free of charge ................................ zdarma front ................................................ přední gear ................................................ (zde) rychlost halt .................................................. zastavit, zastavení immediatelly .................................. okamžitě imminent ....................................... bezprostřeně hrozící impact ............................................ narazit, náraz impalement ................................... propíchnutí include ........................................... obsahovat, zahrnovat inflate ............................................. nafouknout, nahustit injury ............................................... zranění instrument panel ........................... přístrojová deska jagged ........................................... (zde) ostrý jointed ............................................ kloubový, spojený laminated windshield .................. vrstvené čelní sklo likely ............................................... pravděpodobně maintain ......................................... udržovat motion ............................................ pohyb 20

occupant ....................................... cestující padding ......................................... výplň, vycpávka pedestrian ...................................... chodec penetration .................................... (zde) proražení prevent ........................................... předcházet protection ...................................... ochrana rear ................................................. zadní recall .............................................. svolání (vozů) k opravě, výměně atd. reduce ............................................ snižovat remain ............................................. zůstat research ......................................... výzkum rigid - ............................................... tuhý, pevný retractable ..................................... zasunovací, teleskopický sharp .............................................. ostrý shatterproof ................................... netříštivý slow down ...................................... zpomalit splinter ............................................ roztříštit se steering .......................................... řízení, týkající se řízení stretch ............................................ napnout struck .............................................. udeřený tempered glass ............................. tvrzené sklo transparency ................................. průhlednost

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BRAKES 1. Reading the text: Braking systems are necessary for driving and safe operations of a motor vehicle in road traffic. They must perform the following tasks: -

reduce the speed of the vehicle bring the vehicle to a halt prevent unwanted acceleration during downhill driving keep the vehicle stationary when it is stopped

The first three of those tasks are performed by the service brakes (foot brake). The driver controls the service brakes by operating the brake pedal and he or she can change the braking effect by means of the pressure applied to the brake pedal. The service brake system applies the brakes on all four wheels. The parking brake (hand brake) keeps the vehicle stationary at a standstill. This is operated by means of a hand brake lever positioned near the driver´s seat, this means that the service and parking brake systems have separated actuation devices and means of force transmission. On conventional braking systems, the braking sequence is initiated by means of force applied to the brake pedal. In the braking system´s master cylinder, that force is converted into hydraulic pressure. Brake fluid acts as the transmission medium between the master cylinder and the brakes. Power assisted braking systems are most frequently used on cars and light commercial vehicles, the actuation pressure is amplified by a brake servo unit (brake booster). In order to operate the service brakes, the driver applies foot pressure to the brake pedal, thereby moving the connection rod which joins it to the piston of the brake servo unit. The brake servo unit amplifies the force applie by the driver and transmits the amplified force to the push-rod connected to the master cylinder. The master cylinder converts the mechanical force from the push-rod into hydraulic pressure. The two pistons in the master cylinder force brake fluid (hydraulic fluid) out of the master cylinder pressure chambers into the brake pipes and brake hoses, thereby transmitting hydraulic pressure to the disc brakes on the front wheels and the drum brakes on the rear wheels. If one of the brake circuits fails, the other remains fully functional so that the effect of a secondary-brake system is guaranteed. The brake fluid reservoir connected to the master cylinder compensates for volume fluctuations in the brake circuit.

Answer the questions: 1. What are the purposes of braking systems? 2. What are the parts of braking systems? 3. What sorts of brakes do you know?

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2. Label the diagram below with these terms: dashboard warning ligh - brake calliper - disc brake - brake pipe - drum brake - parking brake - brake servo unit - master cylinder - brake fluid reservoir brake pedal

3. How brakes work Listen to the text on the CD and tick the correct answer (Job matters 15)

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1 The text is about A ___ hydraulic brakes B ___ brake systems C ___ power brakes 2 A twin braking system means A ___ there are two separate brake systems B ___ the front and rear brakes work together C ___ the front and rear brakes work separately 3 Power-assisted brakes A ___ use the power of the engine to help braking B ___have a separate electric motor C ___ work with compressed air 4 The hand brake A ___works on all four wheels B ___only works on the front wheels C ___ only works on the rear wheels

Vocabulary actuation ....................................... ovládání, uvádění v činnost apply .............................................. (zde) použít brake calliper ................................ brzdový třmen brake fluid ...................................... brzdová kapalina by means ....................................... prostřednictvím chamber ........................................ komora circuit ............................................. okruh compensate .................................. kompenzovat, vyrovnat compress ....................................... stlačit connect .......................................... spojit control ............................................. řídit, ovládat conventional ................................. konvenční, tradiční convert ........................................... převést, převádět, přeměnit dashboard ..................................... palubní deska device ............................................ zařízení disc brake ...................................... disková, kotoučová brzda downhill driving ............................. jízda s kopce drum brake .................................... bubnová brzda effect .............................................. účinek fail ................................................... selhat fluctuation ...................................... (zde) kolísání force ............................................... síla, působit, tlačit force transmission ......................... přenos sil front ................................................ přední guarantee ...................................... zaručit halt .................................................. zastavení hose ................................................ hadice, hadička initiate ............................................. zahájit, spustit

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keep ............................................... udržet, udržovat lever ............................................... páka master cylinder ............................. hlavní válec operate .......................................... řídit, ovládat perform .......................................... vykonávat pipe ................................................ (zde) trubice, trubička pressure .......................................... tlak rear ................................................. zadní remain ............................................ zůsatat, zůstávat reservoir ......................................... nádrž, nádržka seat ................................................. sedadlo separate ......................................... oddělený sequence ....................................... postup, pořadí so that ............................................. takže standstill ......................................... klid stationary ....................................... bez pohybu task ................................................. úkol unwanted ....................................... nechtěný volume ........................................... objem, množství warning light .................................. varovné světlo wheel .............................................. kolo

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STEERING 1. Reading the text: Steering is the term applied to the collection of components, linkages, etc. which allow to follow the desired course. The most conventional steering arrangement is to turn the front wheels using a hand-operated steering wheel which is positioned in front of the driver, via the steering column, which may content universal joints (which may also be part of the collapsible steering column design), to allow it to deviate somewhat from a straight line. The basic aim of steering is to ensure that the wheels are pointing at the desired directions. This is achieved by a series of linkages, rods, pivots and gears. One of the fundamental concepts is that of caster angle - each wheel is steered with a pivot point ahead of the wheel. This makes the steering tend to be self-centering towards the direction travel. The variation of Ackermann steering geometry account for the fact that in turn, the inner wheel is actually travelling a path of smaller radius than the outer wheel, so that the degree of toe suitable for driving in a straight path is not suitable for turns. Many modern cars often use rack and pinion steering mechanism, where the steering wheel turns the pinion gear. Older designs often use the recirculating ball mechanism, which is still found on trucks and utility vehicles. This is a variation on the older worm and sector design the steering column turns a large screw (the worm gear). Power steering (or more correctly power assisted steering) assists the driver in steering by directing a portion of the vehicle´s power to traverse the axis of one or more of the wheels. There are two types of steering systems hydraulic and electronic. Four wheel steering is a system used by some vehicles to improve steering response, increase vehicle stability at high speed, or to decrease turning radius at low speeds.

Answer the questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

What is the basic aim of steering? Explain the concept of caster angle. Which steering mechanisms are used in cars? Which two types of power assisted steering do you know? Why is the four wheel steering used?

2. Servicing the power steering 1 What will happen if the power steering is too low? ________________________________________________ 2 What must you do before you check the level of steering fluid in the reservoir? ________________________________________________ 3 Where can you usually find the power steering reservoir and pump? ________________________________________________

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4 What will you find underneath the lid of the power steering reservoir? ________________________________________________ 5 What do you use a dipstick for? _______________________________________________ 6 What will happen if you overfill the power steering reservoir? _______________________________________________ 7 You have filled up the power steering reservoir. What is the last step before you close the bonnet? _______________________________________________

Vocabulary account for .................................... odpovídat za achieve .......................................... dosáhnout aim ................................................. cíl allow ............................................... dovolit apply .............................................. (zde) použít arrangement ................................. zařízení assist ............................................... pomáhat axis ................................................. osa bonnet - .......................................... kapota caster angle .................................. úhel závleku collapsible ..................................... zasunovací collection ....................................... soubor content ........................................... obsahovat course ............................................ (zde) směr decrease ....................................... snížit degree ........................................... stupeň desired ........................................... žádaný deviate ........................................... odchýlit se dipstick ........................................... měrka direction ......................................... směr ensure ............................................ zajistit fill up ............................................... naplnit fluid ................................................. kapalina follow .............................................. sledovat, následovat four wheel steering ........................ řízení čtyř kol front ................................................ přední fundamental .................................. základní gear ................................................ (zde) převod hand-operated .............................. ručně ovládaný inner ............................................... vnitřek, vnitřní část joint ................................................. (zde) spoj, spojení

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lid .................................................... víčko linkage ........................................... táhlo, tyč, spojení outer ............................................... vnějšek, vnější část path ................................................ (zde) trasa pinion gear .................................... pastorek pivot ............................................... otočný čep pivot point ..................................... otočný bod point ............................................... (zde) směřovat portion ............................................ část power steering ............................... řízení s posilovačem, servořízení pump .............................................. čerpadlo rack and pinion steering .............. hřebenové řízení recirculating ball ........................... řízení s oběhem kuliček reservoir ......................................... nádržka response ........................................ (zde) citlivost, schopnost reagovat rod .................................................. tyč screw .............................................. závit self-centering ................................ vlastní centrování series .............................................. série, skupina somewhat ...................................... poněkud, trochu steering .......................................... řízení steering column ............................ hřídel, sloupek volantu steering geometry ......................... geometrie řízení steering wheel ............................... volant suitable ........................................... vhodný tend ................................................ mít tendenci toe .................................................. (zde) sbíhavost kol traverse .......................................... překročit turning radius ................................. obrysový poloměr zatáčení underneath .................................... pod utility vehicle .................................. užitkové vozidlo via ................................................... přes, prostřednictví worm and sector design ............... šnekové řízení, šneková konstrukce

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TRANSMISSION AND GEARBOX 1. Reading the text: A transmission or gearbox converts the linear motion of cylinders into rotational motion using gears and crankshaft. In British English the term transmission refers to the whole drive train, including gearbox, clutch, prop shaft (for rear-wheel drive), differetial and final drive shafts. Transmission adapts the output of the internal combustion engine to the drive wheels. A manual transmission (gearbox) generally uses a driver-operated clutch (pedal) for regulating torque transfer from internal combustion engine to the transmission, and gear stick (gear lever), operated by hand in vehicles. An automatic transmission (gearbox) uses the computer to change gear. A rear-wheel-drive transmission has three shafts: an input shaft, a countershaft and an output shaft. The input shaft has just one pinion gear, which drives the countershaft. Along the countershaft there are mounted gears of various sizes, which rotate when the input shaft rotates. These gears correspond to the forward speeds and reverse. Each of the forward gears on the countershaft is permanently meshed with a corresponding gear on the output shaft. However, these driven gears are not rigidly attached to the output shaft: although the shaft runs through them, they spin independently of it, which is made possible by bearings in their hubs. A clutch is used to separate the engine and the transmission when gears are changed, the vehicles usually have four, five or six gears.

Answer the questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

What does the transmission convert? Which types are there in the text? Which one would you prefer and why? Which shafts are there? Why is clutch used and where is a clutch pedal? How many gears are usual in modern cars?

2. Training vocabulary a) Try to match Czech and English terms, check your answers with the vocabulary in the end of this lesson: 1 clutch disk A setrvačník 2 clutch pedal B vstupní hřídel převodovky 3 crankshaft C spojkový pedál 4 drive shaft D výstupní hřídel převodovky 5 flywheel E spojková lamela 6 gears F výstupní hřídel 7 joint G kloub 8 pressure plate H kliková hřídel 9 transmission input shaft I převody 10 transmission output shaft J přítlačný talíř

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b) Listen to the CD (Job matters n. 12) and write in the missing terms You can also find them in the list above. 1 The power produced by the engine turns the crankshaft and the ______________________________ 2 When the driver depresses the ___________________________, the flywheel is connected from the engine. 3 It is connected by the ___________________________, which presses against the flywheel. 4 The _________________________________________ transmits the power from the engine to the transmission. 5 Inside the gearbox there are different ______________________. 6 The transmission output shaft transmits the power from the transmission to the ____________________________________ . c) Match the English and Czech verbs: 1 misfire 2 adjust 3 leak 4 consume 5 bo worn 6 be damaged 7 needs replacing

A prosakovat, unikat B být opotřebovaný C spotřebovat D musí být vyměněn E seřídit, nastavit F selhávání zapalování, chodu motoru G být poškozen

3. Fault analysis: Work with a partner, match symptoms with possible causes and make dialogues between a car owner and a car mechanic. Symptoms: the gear won´t change the engine consumes too much oil the engine is misfiring the engine is overheating the engine makes a strange sound there isn´t much power Possible causes: a) the engine block is damaged b) a gasket is worn c) the oil sump is leaking d) the clutch plate is worn e) the gearbos needs replacing f) the level of ATF in the automatic gearbox is too low

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g) the spark plugs are dirty h) the fuel filter needs replacing i) the ignition timing needs adjusting j) the fan belt is loose k) the fan is broken l) the cylinder head valves are worn

4. Drive systems Work with a partner, discuss these drive systems and make a list of their characteristics, advantages and disadvantages: rear-weel drive - front-wheel drive - four-wheel drive - all-wheel drive

Vocabulary adjust .............................................. seřídit, nastavit ATF (automatic transmission fluid) . kapalina do automatické převod. attached ........................................ spojený bearing ........................................... ložisko belt ................................................. pás, řemen clutch ............................................. spojka clutch disk ..................................... spojková lamela clutch plate ................................... přítlačný spojkový talíř combustion engine ....................... spalovací motor consume ........................................ spotřebovat convert ........................................... přeměnit correspond .................................... odpovídat (čemu) countershaft ................................... předlohový hřídel crankshaft ...................................... kliková hřídal cylinder head ................................ hlava válce damage ......................................... poškodit depress .......................................... snížit tlak, uvolnit differential ...................................... diferenciál drive shaft ...................................... hnací hřídel drive train ....................................... hnací ústrojí drive wheel .................................... poháněné kolo fan .................................................. ventilátor final drive ....................................... rozvodovka, pohon nápravy flywheel .......................................... setrvačník front ................................................ přední gasket ............................................ těsnění, tmel gear ................................................ převod, rychlostní stupeň gear stick, gear lever .................... řadicí páka gearbox ......................................... převodovka hub ................................................. náboj kola, hlava kola ignition timing ................................ přerušovač zapalování joint ................................................. (zde) kloub leak ................................................ prosakovat, unikat 31

linear motion .................................. přímočarý pohyb loose ............................................... volný, uvolněný mesh ............................................... zabírat (o stroji) misfire ............................................. selhávání zapalování, chodu motoru oil sump .......................................... spodní víko motoru overheat ........................................ přehřát se pinion, pinion gear ........................ pastorek power ............................................. síla, energie, kapacita press ............................................... tlačit pressure plate ................................ přítlačný talíř prop shaft ....................................... kloubový hřídel, kardanový, hnací hřídel rear ................................................. zadní refer ................................................ vztahovat se, týkat se replace .......................................... vyměnit reverse ........................................... zpátečka rigidly ............................................. pevně rotational motion ........................... otáčivý pohyb shaft ................................................ hřídel spark plug ...................................... zapalovací svíčka (motoru) spin ................................................. otáčet se torque ............................................. točivý moment torque transfer ............................... přenos točivého momentu transmission ................................... převodovka transmission imput shaft ................ vstupní hřídel převodovky transmission output shaft .............. výstupní hřídel převodovky transmit .......................................... převést, převádět turn ................................................. otáčet valve .............................................. ventil wear (wore, worn) ......................... (zde) opotřebovat

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ENGINES I 1. Reading the text: Read the following text and then label the parts of the illustration. The basic parts The main part of the engine is the cylinder. Smaller motorcycle engines need only one, but cars usually have four or more. There is a piston inside the cylinder. The piston is free to move up and down the cylinder. It is connected to a crankshaft by a connecting rod. At the top of the cylinder there is an air-intake valve, a fuel-injection valve, an exhaust valve, and a spark plug, which ignites the mixture of fuel and air. The resulting explosion pushes the piston down the cylinder and burnt gases leave the cylinder through the exhaust valve. 1 ____________________ 2 ____________________ 3 ____________________ 4 ____________________

5 ____________________ 6 ____________________ 7 ____________________ 8 ____________________

2. Around the engine Complete these sentences with these terms: cams - connecting rod - cylinder - piston - timing chain - flywheel cylinder head gasket - oil sump - cylinder head

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1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8

The _____________ is a cylindrical piece of metal which moves up and down the cylinder. The piston moves up and down the ____________________________. The ___________________________ is bolted to the engine block with the _______________________________ forming seal between them. The ___________________________ transfers the power of the piston to the crankshaft, which then turns and converts the linear motion into rotational motion. The ______________________________ is connected to the crankshaft and drives the camshaft. The ________________________ on the camshaft open the inlet valves and exhaust valves of a four-stroke engine every second turn of the crankshaft. As it gains momentum the ____________________turns the crankshaft between power strokes. The _________________________ contains the oil which lubricates the engine.

3. The four-stroke engine cycle Read the text and write in the names of the four strokes: The four-stroke engine goes through the following four cycles: 1 The piston starts at the top, the intake valve opens, the piston moves down and suck air and fuel into the cylinder. In a diesel engine only air is sucked into the cylinder. This is called the intake stroke. 2 Now the piston moves back up to compress the mixture of fuel and air. In a diesel engine the air is compressed, which raises its temperature. This is called the compression stroke. 3 When the piston reaches the top, the spark plug emits a spark, which ignites the mixture of fuel and air. The explosion drives the piston back down the cylinder. A diesel engine does not need a spark. The aerosol of oil ignites on contact with the hot air. This is called the power stroke. 4 When the piston hits the bottom, the exhaust valve opens and the exhaust gases leave the cylinder through the exhaust valve. In a diesel engine the exhaust gases are cooler, which makes the engine more efficient. This is called the exhaust stroke. Now the engine is ready for the next cycle, and the first stroke starts again.

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4. Petrol and diesel Read the text above again. Then listen to the CD (Job matters 8) . Look at the these statements and write either P(petrol) or D(diesel). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Air and fuel are sucked into the cylinder at the same time. ___ At first only air is sucked into the cylinder. ___ The air and fuel are compressed at a ratio of 8:1. ___ The compressed air is hot enough to ignite the fuel without a spark. ___ The exhaust gases are cooler and this makes the engine more efficient. __ 6. The aerosol of air and fuel must be ignited by a spark. ___ 7. The fuel is heavier and evaporates more slowly. ___ 8. It needs more refining and so the production costs are higher. ___

Vocabulary air-intake valve ............................. sací ventil bolt ................................................. šroub, přišroubovat burnt gases .................................... spálené plyny cam - .............................................. hřídel camshaft ........................................ vačková hřídel compress ....................................... stlačovat compression .................................. stlačování, komprese connect .......................................... spojit connecting rod ............................. ojnice contain ........................................... obsahovat convert ........................................... přeměnit crankshaft ...................................... kliková hřídel cylinder .......................................... válec cylinder head gasket ................... těsnění hlavy válců efficient ........................................... účinný emit ................................................ vyslat exhaust valve ................................ výfukový ventil explosion ....................................... exploze evaporate ...................................... vypařovat se

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flywheel .......................................... setrvačník four-stroke ...................................... čtyřdobý fuel-injection valve ....................... vstřikovací ventil gain ................................................ dosáhnout hit .................................................... udeřit, narazit ignite .............................................. zapálit intake ............................................. sát, sací linear motion .................................. přímočarý pohyb lubricate ......................................... mazat mixture ........................................... směs oil sump ......................................... spodní víko motoru (klikové skříně) piston .............................................. píst power ............................................. síla push ................................................ tlačit raise ................................................ zvednout, zvýšit refine .............................................. čistit, rafinovat rotational motion ........................... otáčivý pohyb spark .............................................. jiskra spark plug ...................................... zapalovací svíčka suck ................................................ sát timing chain ................................... rozvodový řetěz

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ENGINES II 1. Reading the text: Lubrication The engine lubrication system is designed to deliver clean oil at the correct temperature and pressure to every part of engine. The oil is sucked out the sump into the pump, being the heart of the system, than forced through an oil filter and pressure feeded to the main bearings and to the oil pressure gauge. From the main bearings, the oil passes through feed-holes into drilled passages in the crankshaft and on the big-end bearings of the connecting rod. The cylinder walls and piston-pin bearings are lubricated by oil dispersed by rotating crankshaft. The excess is scraped off by the lower ring in the piston. A bleed or tributary from the main supply passage feeds each camshaft bearing. Another bleed supplies the timing chain or gears on the camshaft drive. The excess oil then drains back to the sump, where the heat is dispersed to the surrounding air.

Answer the questions: 1. 2. 3. 4.

What is the main purpose of engine lubrication? Where is the oil in a vehicle stored? What is lubricated in the engine? Where does the excess oil drain?

2. A car engine Examine the engine bellow. Which parts can you identify and label? Here are some useful terms. (There are more terms than you need for the labels.) air filter camshaft connecting rod carburettor flywheel fuel injection pump oil dipstick oil sump piston ring - belt spark plug starter motor starter pinion gear - valve

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3. Engine trouble If the engine does not run properly or does not even start, there could be lots of different reasons a modern engine is a very complex electro-mechanical system. But all of these possible faults can be grouped under just three headings. This is a useful help when you need to find out what is wrong with the engine and fix it! F = fuel problems everything from the tank to the fuel injection system C = compression problems everything from the cylinder to the exhaust system. I = ignition problems everything from the starter switch to the spark plug. Here are some of the many things that can cause engine failure. Which heading do they belong to?

1. The spark plugs are dirty, corroded or burnt out. ___ 2. The air intake is blocked. ___ 3. The battery is either flat or dad. ___ 4. Electrical wiring or connections are corroded. ___ 5. The piston rings are worn and need replacing. ___ 6. The fuel filter is dirty and needs replacing. ___ 7. The timing is faulty and needs adjusting. ___ 8. The fuel tank is empty. ___ 9. A fuel line is blocked. ___ 10. The cylinder gasket is leaking. ___ 11. There is a blockage somewhere in the exhaust system. ___ 12. A cylinder is cracked. ___

4. Engine materials Listen to the CD and link the engine parts with the material and processes: engine block plastic cylinder head cast iron cylinders forged steel oil sump aluminium alloy with a graphite coating connecting rods normal aluminium compression rings hard aluminium camshaft light aluminium alloy oil filter cover cast iron piston hard steel

Vocabulary bearing ........................................... ložisko bleed .............................................. prosakovat, prosakování camshaft ........................................ vačkový hřídel connecting rod .............................. spojovací tyč crankshaft ...................................... klikový hřídel deliver ............................................ doručit, dopravit design ............................................ konstrukce, konstruovat 38

disperse .......................................... rozptýlit drain ............................................... odtékat drilled passage .............................. vyvrtaný průchod excess ............................................ přebytek feed ................................................ zde přivádět force ............................................... tlačit lubrication ...................................... mazání oil pressure gauge ........................ snímač tlaku oleje pass ................................................ procházet piston-pin ....................................... pístní čep pressure .......................................... tlak pump .............................................. čerpadlo rotate .............................................. rotovat scrape off ....................................... seškrábat suck ................................................ sát sump .............................................. spodní víko motoru timing chain ................................... rozvodový řetěz tributary .......................................... přítok

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COOLING 1. Reading the text: Most internal combustion engines are fluid cooled using either air or liquid coolant run through a heat exchanger (radiator) cooled by air. Most liquid-cooled engines use a mixture of water and chemicals such as antifreeze and rust inhibitors. The industry term for the antifreeze mixture is engine coolant. Most “air-cooled” engines use some liquid oil cooling, to maintain acceptable temperatures for both critical engine parts and the oil itself. Most “liquid-cooled” engines use some air cooling, with the intake stroke of air cooling the combustion chamber. There are many demands on cooling system. One is that an engine fails if just one part overheats. Therefore, it is vital that the cooling system keeps all parts at suitably low temperatures. Liquid cooled engines are able to vary the size of their passageways through the engine block so that coolant flow may be tailored to the needs of each area. Locations with either peak temperatures (narrow islands around the combustion chamber) or high heat flow (around exhaust ports) may require generous cooling. This reduce the occurence of hot spots, which are more difficult to avoid with air cooling. Only the fixed parts of the engine, such as the block and head, are cooled directly by the main coolant system. Moving parts such as the pistons, the crank and rods, must rely on the lubrication oil as a coolant. High performance engines often have additional oil, beyond the amount needed for lubrication sprayed upwards onto the bottom of the piston just for extra cooling. Liquid-cooled engines usually have a circulation (coolant) pump. This pump is inserted in the cylinder block and it is driven by the toothed belt. The coolant thermostat is also integrated in the cylinder block.The coolant system is filled all year round. If the radiator, heat exchanger or cylinder head is replaced, the system should be refilled with fresh coolant in order to ensure, in particular, adequate corrosion protection.

Answer the questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Why do the engines need cooling? Which types of cooling do you know? What type of mixture the coolant is? Which engine parts are cooled directly? Which engine parts are lubricated? Where is the coolant pump inserted?

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2. The example of the coolant circuit

The heat exchanger for the vehicle heating system, the engine oil cooler, the ATF cooler on vehicles fitted with an automatic gearbox, and the radiator for the coolant, are integrated in the coolant circuit. An electric fan is switched on or off, as needed, (radiator fan thermoswitch) to assist the natural cooling of the ram air.

Vocabulary acceptable .................................... přijatelný additional ....................................... dodatečný, přídavný tailored ušitý na míru amount ........................................... množství ATF ................................................... (automatic transmission fluid) avoid .............................................. vyhnout se beyond ........................................... za, mimo bottom ............................................ dno combustion chamber ................... spalovací komora control unit (CU) ............................ řídící jednotka cool ................................................ chladit coolant ........................................... chladivo, chladící kapalina 41

coolant flow ................................... proudění chladiva cooler ............................................. chladič cooling ........................................... chlazení crank .............................................. klika cylinder .......................................... válec demand ......................................... požadavek directly ........................................... přímo drive ............................................... (zde) pohánět ensure ............................................. zajistit exhaust port ................................... výfukový kanál fail ................................................... selhat fan .................................................. ventilátor fill .................................................... naplnit fixed ............................................... pevný fluid ................................................. kapalina fresh ................................................ čerstvý gauge ............................................ měřidlo generous ........................................ (zde) bohatý, hojný heat exchanger ............................ výměník tepla in particular .................................... obzvláště inhibitor .......................................... zpomalovač, inhibitor insert ............................................... vložit intake stroke .................................. sací zdvih internal combustion engine ......... spalovací motor keep ............................................... udržovat, držet liquid ............................................... tekutý lubrication ...................................... mazání, mazat maintain ......................................... udržovat mixture ........................................... směs moving ........................................... pohyblivý occurence ..................................... vznik overheat ........................................ přehřát passageway .................................. průchod peak ............................................... nejvyšší, maximální performance ................................. výkon piston .............................................. píst protection ...................................... ochrana pump .............................................. čerpadlo ram air ............................................ nápor vzduchu refill ................................................. znova naplnit rely .................................................. záviset replace .......................................... vyměnit require ............................................ požadovat rod .................................................. ojnice run .................................................. (zde) tok rust .................................................. rez, koroze spray .............................................. stříkat suitably ........................................... vhodně thermoswitch ................................. tepelný spínač throttle valve .................................. škrtící klapka

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through ........................................... skrz, přes toothed belt ................................... ozubený řemen upwards ......................................... nahoru vary ................................................ lišit se vital ................................................. životně důležitý

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FUEL SYSTEM 1. Reading the text: The fuel system consists of the following main components: a. fuel pump b. fuel filter c. fuel pump relay d. pressure regulator e. injectors f. fuel tank ventilation with activated charcoal solenoid valve The installation position of the fuel rail, pressure regulator and injectors depends on the specific engine design. The fuel pump is located in the fuel tank and pushes the fuel at a minimum pressure of 3 bar. The fuel flows from the fuel tank into the fuel rail and into the four injectors. The quantity of fuel injected depends on the opening time of the injector. The pressure regulator is located at one end of the fuel rail. A direct connection from the pressure regulator to the intake manifold ensures that the pressure difference between intake manifold pressure and fuel pressure is maintained at a constant level. Excess fuel flows off through the pressure regulator along the fuel-flow pipe back to the fuel tank.

2. How the parts function listening Listen to the CD and then connect the sentences (Job matters n. 7): a) The fuel pump b) The sending unit

c) The fuel filters d) A carburettor e) Electronic fuel injection (EFI)

catch dirt before the fuel reaches the engine. has replaced the function of the carburettor in modern car engines. pushes the fuel along the fuel lines. monitors the amount of fuel in the tank. isn´t used in modern cars.

3. Modern electronic fuel injection systems Fill in the missing words into the following text: computer - cylinder - electronic - fuel - injector - sensor speed - sprays - temperature

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There are different types of (1) _______________________fuel injection (EFI): single point injection and multi point injection. The SPI system (2) ________________________a measured amount of the (3) _______________________ down to the engine, where is distributed along a spray bar to each (4) _______________________ in equal amounts. In the other system (MPI) a separate (5)_____________________ acts like a needle, sending a small amount of fuel into each cylinder. An electronic control unit receives information from about the (7) _______________________ of the engine, the air (8)_______________________, and the density of the air and fuel. With this input the (9)______________________ determines the best ratio of air and fuel.

4. The common-rail diesel injection system Use these technical terms to label the diagram: fuel dosing valve - high pressure control valve - diesel pump - injector - fuel rail - fuel pressure sensor

1 ________________ 2 ________________ 3 ________________ 4 ________________ 5 ________________ 6 ________________

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Vocabulary charcoal filter solenoid valve ...... elektromagnetický ventil nádobky s aktivním uhlím constant level ................................ stálá úroveň cylinder .......................................... válec depend .......................................... záviset direct connection ......................... přímé spojení engine design ................................ konstrukce motoru ensure ............................................ zajistit excess ............................................ přebytečný flow ................................................. téci, proudit fuel .................................................. palivo fuel dosing valve ........................... ventil dávkující palivo fuel rail ............................................ palivová lišta high pressure control valve .......... vysokotlaký řídící ventil injected .......................................... vstřikovaný injector ........................................... vstřikovač installation ...................................... instalace, umístění intake manifold ............................. sací portubí locate ............................................. umístit maintain ......................................... udržovat pump .............................................. čerpadlo relay ............................................... relé pipe ................................................ trubice, roura pressure - ....................................... tlak pressure regulator ......................... regulátor tlaku push ................................................ tlačit quantity .......................................... množství sending unit ................................... snímač zásoby paliva tank ................................................ nádrž ventilation ...................................... odvětrávání

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PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENT, EXHAUST EMISSIONS 1. Reading the text: Pollution caused by vehicles Environmental pollution Fossil fuels are an important source of energy. But tankers can break up and sink, pipelines and tanks can be damaged and leak. Spilled oil can have catastrophic effects on the appearance of a landscape and endanger and kill the animals and plants that live there. It can contaminate the groundwater and become a health hazard for people in that region, too. Clearing up the spilled oil can be extremely expensive or even impossible and the effected region might need many years to recover. Air pollution The combustion engine is inefficient. Not all the hydrocarbons contained in the fuel are burned in the engine. All exhaust gases contain unburned hydrocarbons which evaporate into the atmosphere. There they react with sunlight to form dangerous substances. Exhaust emissions also contain other toxic gases: oxides (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO). Nitrogen oxide gases are formed when combustion temperatures are very high. Carbon monoxide gas is formed when the fuel-air mixture in the engine is too rich, i. e. the mixture contains too much fuel. If the amount of these substances in the atmosphere reaches a critical level, they cause smog. Global warming The combustion of one US gallon of fuel produces five pounds of carbon, which is released into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide (CO2) causes the so-called “greenhouse effect” it prevents the sun´s heat from escaping into space. This gradually raises the temperature of our planet. So the ice caps melt and sea levels rise a growing problem for coastal cities around the world. Connect the following sentences: 1 Spilled oil can spoil

A carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide. 2 If spilled oil gets into the groundwater B exhaust gases will cause smog. 3 Inefficient petrol and diesel engines C landscapes and endanger animals. 4 Exhaust emissions also contain D melting polar ice. 5 Carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide E causes global awrming. 6 If they reach a critical level, F produce unburned hydrocarbons. 7 Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere G it becomes a health hazard for people. 8 Rising sea levels are caused by H are toxic gases.

2. Reading the text: Exhaust emissions Carmakers use the following devices to help to reduce exhaust emissions: PCV positive crankcase ventilation, EGR exhaust gas recirculation system, CAT catalytic converter.

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Of these three systems, the catalytic converter is the most widespread and the most important. Let´s see how it works. The catalytic converter consists of a rustfree steel housing, which is fitted to the exhaust system between the engine and the tailpipe. Inside the housing there is a thick layer of insulation. This contains and reduces the heat of the exhaust gases. It also acts as a seal so that no gases can escape. The rest of the housing is filled with a ceramic honeycomb of very fine channels (0.15 mm). These channels are chemically treated to prevent them blocking. This is called washcoat. This coating also contains catalytic metals such as platinium, palladium and rhodium. Added together, all these fine channels form an area of 18 000 square metres! The catalytic metals react with the carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide and hydrocarbons in the exhaust gases. These toxic emissions are reduced to much less harmful products: carbon dioxide, nitrogen and water. A sensor measures the amount of oxygen remaining in the exhaust gases coming from the engine. If this is too high, the sensor will activate a warning light on the dashboard. An oxidation catalytic converter for diesel engines greatly reduces smoke and other emissions.

Answer the questions: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Which devices do the carmakers use to reduce exhaust emissions? Which is the most used and the most imporatnt? What does the catalytic converter consist of? What happens if the amount of oxygen is too high?

3. Label the illustration bellow with these terms: ceramic honeycomb - insulation - metal coating - oxygen steel housing - washcoat

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1 ______________________ 2 ______________________ 3 ______________________ 4 ______________________ 5 ______________________ 6 ______________________ 4. Diesel engines cause less pollution a) Why don´t more people buy cars with diesel engines? Listen to the CD (Job matters n. 23) and make a list of the reasons: b) How have modern diesel engines overcome the disadvantages they once had?

Vocabulary act .................................................. (zde) působit added together ............................. sečteno amount ........................................... množství appearance .................................. vzhled break up ........................................ rozbít se burn ................................................ pálit, spálit carbon ........................................... uhlík carbon dioxide .............................. oxid uhličitý carbon monoxid ........................... oxid uhelnatý CAT ................................................. katalyzátor cause ............................................. způsobit ceramic honeycomb .................... keramická vložka katalyzátoru (podobná lástvím) clear up .......................................... odstranit coastal ........................................... pobřežní coating ........................................... obal, nátěr, povlak, potah combustion engine ....................... spalovací motor combustion temperature .............. teplota spalování consist of ........................................ skládat se z contain ........................................... obsahovat damage ......................................... zničit, poškodit dashboard ..................................... přístrojová deska device ............................................ zařízení disadvantage - ............................... nevýhoda effect .............................................. (zde) důsledek effected ......................................... zasažený EGR ................................................. systém recirkulace výfukových plynů endanger ....................................... ohrožovat environment .................................. životní prostředí escape ........................................... uniknout, utéci evaporate ...................................... vypařovat se odpařovat se exhaust .......................................... výfukový, výfuk fine .................................................. (zde) jemný following ......................................... následující fuel .................................................. palivo

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fuel-air mixture .............................. směs vzduchu a paliva gallon ............................................. 4.546 litru gas .................................................. plyn global warming ............................. globální oteplování gradually ........................................ postupně greenhouse effect ......................... skleníkový efekt grow ............................................... růst harmful ........................................... škodlivý housing ........................................... skříň, kryt, pouzdro hydrocarbon .................................. uhlovodík ice cap ........................................... ledovcový příkrov inefficient ....................................... neúčinný insulation ........................................ izolace layer ............................................... vrstva leak ................................................ téct, prosakovat measure ......................................... měřit melt ................................................ tát might .............................................. mohl by nitrogen oxides .............................. oxidy dusíku oxidation catalytic converter ...... oxidační katalyzátor PCV ................................................. odvětrání klikové skříně pipelines ........................................ potrubí pollution ......................................... znečištění pound ............................................. (zde) libra, 0.453 kg prevent ........................................... předcházet protecting ...................................... ochrana raise ................................................ zvedat reach .............................................. dosáhnout react ............................................... reagovat recover ........................................... obnovit release ........................................... uvolnit, vypustit remain ............................................ zůstat, zůstávat rust-free steel ................................. korozivzdorná ocel seal ................................................. (zde) těsnění sink ................................................. potopit se so-called ........................................ takzvaný source ............................................ zdroj spilled oil ........................................ rozlitý olej sunlight ........................................... sluneční světlo tailpipe ........................................... výfuková roura thick ................................................ silný treat ................................................ (zde) upravit unburned ....................................... nespálený warning light .................................. varovné světlo washcoat ....................................... ochranná mezivrstva a katalyticky aktivní vrstva ......................................................... katalyzátoru (napařená na keramické vložce .......................................................... katalyzátoru) widespread .................................... rozšířený

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COMFORT SYSTEMS Air conditioning

1. Reading the text: Air conditioning is the cooling the indoor air. Automobile air conditioners are designed to allow the driver and or passengers to feel more comfortable during uncomfortably warm, humid, or hot trips in a vehicle.

The air conditioning unit is based on the heater unit. It offers the following additional features: - evaporator with the familiar expansion valve - a positioning motor for the temperature flap - 4 temperature sensors: in the dash panel vent, at the evaporator, in the footwell vent and in the conditioning operating unit The air conditioning system is externally controlled compressor without magnetic clutch and it operates automatically. The temperature level can be steplessly selected to any individual setting. The temperature selector switch has three temperature settings 18 22 26°C as reference points. The automatic system then adjusts the temperature flap by means of a positioning motor. The other flaps and the fresh air blower are set manually. The recirculated air mode is similar in design to that with the heater unit. Fresh air and recirculated air flaps are interlinked. The air conditioning mode is only possible from position 1 of the fresh air blower. It

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has a self-diagnostic capability and it is possible to test the radiator fan with the selfdiagnosis of the air conditioning system. Also two compartments in the instrument panel are cooled the storage compartment on the driver side and the glove compartment (it can be switched on or off individually).

Answer the questions: 1. What is your opinion about air conditioning? Isn´t it bad for your health? 2. Would you like to have it (or do you have it) in your car? Why yes? Why not?

Translate: teplotní čidlo ______________________ ventilátor čerstvého vzduchu ________________________ výměník tepla ___________________ výparník ___________________ klapka recirkulovaného vzduchu ___________________________ klimatizace pracuje automaticky ____________________________________ nastavuje se ručně ________________________________

Vocabulary additional feature ......................... (zde) další položka adjust .............................................. přizpůsobit air conditionig ............................... klimatizace blower ............................................ větrací zařízení comfortable ................................... pohodlný, příjemný compartment ................................ (zde) přihrádka control ............................................ řídit dash panel, instrument panel ...... přístrojová deska design ............................................ konstrukce diagnostic capability .................... schopnost vlastní kontroly evaporator ..................................... výparník familiar ........................................... (zde) vlastní flap ................................................. klapka footwell ........................................... prostor pro nohy fresh ................................................ čerstvý glove compartment ...................... odkládací přihrádka u spolujezdce heat exchanger ............................ výměník tepla heater unit ...................................... jednotka topení humid ............................................. vlhko, dusno interlink ........................................... propojit mode .............................................. režim operating unit ................................ řídicí jednotka pollen filter ..................................... pylový filtr positioning motor .......................... nastavovač radiator fan .................................... ventilátor chladiče reference point .............................. referenční, orientační bod

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select .............................................. zvolit selector switch ............................... volicí spínač, přepínač setting ............................................. nastavení similar ............................................. podobný steplessly ........................................ plynule storage compartment ................... odkládací přihrádka temperature flap positioning motor ..... nastavovač mísicí klapky valve .............................................. ventil vent ................................................ ventilátor

GPS

1. Reading the text: The GPS (global positioning system) is a space-based global navigation satellite system that provides location and time information in all weather and at all times and anywhere on or near the Earth if there is a line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. It is freely accesible by anyone with a GPS receiver. The GPS currently comprises a total of 24 satellites which are evenly distrubuted over six orbits at an altitude of approximately 20,000 kilometres. They each circle the earth once every 12 hours. With this arrangement, every point on the earth theoretically has a radio contact to at least four satellites. Each time it is switched on, the Radio Navigation System attempts to receive the signals sent by the satellites. Reception from at least three satellites is necessary for an accurate position fixing. Only then can the position of the receiver be calculated at any point on the earth´s surface. The satellites radio an ID code, their position and a high-precision timing signal earthwards at intervals of one millisecond. The GPS receiver in the Radio Navigation System receives the satellite data and calculates how long the data transmission took by comparing the timing signal with its internal high-precision clock. If the navigation computer receives data from at least three satellites, it is able to calculate the vehicle´s position. How vehicle navigation works 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

7. 8. 9.

The driver enters the destination using the operating and function keys. The position of the destination is determined using the street map. The navigation control unit calculates the current vehicle position. The navigation control unit calculates the distance, the direction of travel, the change of direction. Route recommendations are then output in the form of visual and audible messages. During the trip, the distance travelled is measured on the basis of the wheel speed pulses generated by the ABS wheel speed sensor and changes of direction sensed by the angle of turn sensor. The system continuously monitors whether the driver follows the route recommendations. The system tells the driver when he has deviated from the recommended route. If the driver stays on this route, the system recalculates the distance to the destination. 53

10. When you reach your destination, the driver hears the message “You have reached your destination”.

Answer the questions: 1. 2. 3. 4.

What is GPS for? How many satellites are there in orbits? Hom many satellites are necessary for an accurate position fixing? Which types of messages are given to drivers?

Translate: radionavigační systém __________________________ řídící jednotka ____________________________ družice ___________________ výpočet polohy ______________________________ pokyny k jízdě ______________________________ řidič zadá cíl cesty __________________________________ okamžitá, momentální poloha vozidla __________________________________________ dosáhl jste cíle _________________________________

Vocabulary accesible ....................................... dosažitelný accurate ......................................... přesný altitude ........................................... nadmořská výška angle .............................................. úhel any ................................................. (zde) jakýkoliv anyone ........................................... (zde) kdokoliv anywhere ....................................... (zde) kdekoliv approximately ............................... přibližně arrangement ................................. zařízení at least ........................................... nejméně attempt .......................................... pokoušet se audible ........................................... zvukový base ............................................... založit basis ............................................... základ compare ........................................ srovnávat comprise ........................................ skládat continuously .................................. neustále control unit ..................................... řídící jednotka currently ......................................... aktuálně destination ..................................... cíl cesty determine ...................................... určit deviate ........................................... odchýlit se distance ......................................... vzdálenost earthwards ..................................... směřující k Zemi enter ............................................... zadat evenly ............................................ rovnoměrně follow .............................................. sledovat

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high-precision ............................... velmi přesný ID .................................................... identifikační internal ........................................... vnitřní line of sight ..................................... přímá viditelnost location .......................................... umístění measure ......................................... měřit output ............................................. (zde) vydat position fixing ................................. stanovení pozice, místa provide ........................................... poskytnout radio ............................................... (zde) vysílat reach .............................................. dosáhnout receive ........................................... přijímat receiver .......................................... přijímač reception ....................................... příjem recommendation .......................... doporučení route ............................................... trasa sensed ............................................ vnímaný surface ........................................... povrch transmission ................................... (zde) přenos turn sensor ...................................... čidlo otáčení whether .......................................... zda, jestli

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MOTORCYCLES 1. Reading the text A motorcycle (also called a motorbike, bike, or cycle) is a single-track, twowheeled motor vehicle. Motorcycles vary depending on the task for which they are designed, such as long distance travel, navigating congested urban traffic, cruising, sport and racing, or off-road riding. Construction of modern mass-produced motorcycles has standardised on a steel or aluminium frame, telescopic forks holding the front wheel, and disc brakes. Some other body parts, designed for either aesthetic or performance reasons may be added. A petrol powered engine typically consisting of between one and four cylinders (and less commonly, up to eight cylinders) coupled to a manual five- or six-speed sequential gearbox drives the swingarm-mounted rear wheel by a chain, driveshaft, or belt. The wheel rims are usually steel or aluminium (generally with steel spokes and an aluminium hub) or mag-type cast. Wire wheels have a central hub connected to the rim of the wheel via spokes made of wire. Motorcycles mainly use pneumatic tyres. However, in some cases where punctures are common (some enduros), the tyres are filled with a “mousse” which is unpunctureable. There are generally two independent brakes on a motorcycle, one set on the front wheel and one on the rear. However, some models have “linked brakes” whereby both can be applied at the same time using only one control. Brakes can either be drum or disc brakes. Most road motorcycles have an instrument panel, usually with speedometer. Fuel gauges are becoming more common, but traditional a reserve tank is used with a petcock (petrol tap) on the side of the motorcycle allowing the rider to switch to a reserve fuel supply when the main fuel supply is exhausted. Motorcycle accesories are selected by a motorcycle owner to enhance safety, performance, or comfort. It can be fairing, windscreen, heating, sidecar, or trailer, etc.

Answer the questions: 1. Why are motorcycles so popular in these days? 2. What are advantages and disadvantages of motorcycles in comparison with cars? 3. Do you have or would you like to have a motorcycle and why? 4. Which different materials are used in motorcycles? 5. Which types of brakes are used in motorcycles? 6. How many cylinders can be in the engines? 7. What is on instrumental panel? 8. Which accesories can you have or would you like to have?

Translate these expressions into English: jednostopé vozidlo _________________________________ kohoutek benzínu _________________________________ hustý městský provoz ______________________________ propojené brzdy __________________________________ drátěná kola _____________________________________ hliníkový rám_____________________________________ středový náboj ___________________________________ vidlice __________________________________________ 56

pětirychlostní převodovka _________________________ ráfky kol ________________________________________ neprorazitelená pneumatika ________________________

2. Motorbike parts Martin is an apprentice mechanic. He´s talking to his boss, the workshop manager. MARTIN: Mr. Renny, I´ve bought an almost new motorbike and I want to rebuilt it. Can I use the workshop and tools after work? MR.RENNY: Yes, fine. It will be good experience for you. What do you want to do? MARTIN: I want to replace the old handlebars with a chromed chopper model. The frame and the mudguards are a bit rusty, so I need to sand them down and spray paint them. I want to fit wider tyres, so I´ll also need to fit wider wheel rims. The engine is OK, but I need new brakes. The seat is worn, so I´ll have to replace that. I want to replace the fuel tank with the bigger, chromed model. And the footrest has broken off the frame. I´ll need to weld that. MR.RENNY: Well, all that will keep you out of the pub for a few weeks! Very good. But don´t do any welding until you´ve learned how to use the equipment properly. Gary Evans is an experienced welder. I´ll get him to show you and the other apprentices how to weld. Either next week or the week after, OK? MARTIN: Thanks, Mr.Renny. 1. Ten motorbike parts are mentioned in the dialogue. Find them and underline them. 2. Label the motorbike with the ten parts you found in the dialogue.

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Vocabulary accesory ........................................ doplněk add ................................................. přidat aesthetic ........................................ estetický allow ............................................... dovolit apprentice ..................................... učeň belt ................................................. pás, řemen chain .............................................. řetěz commonly ..................................... běžně congested ..................................... přeplněný consist of ........................................ skládat se z couple ............................................ spojovat se cruising ........................................... jízda rovnoměrnou rychlostí design ............................................ konstrukce, konstruovat drive ............................................... (zde) pohánět driveshaft ....................................... hnací hřídel either ... or ...................................... buď ...nebo enhance ........................................ zlepšit equipment ..................................... vybavení, zařízení exhaust .......................................... vyčerpat experience .................................... zkušenost fairing ............................................. aerodynamický kryt fork ................................................. vidlice frame .............................................. rám fuel gauge ..................................... ukazatel množství paliva footrest ........................................... stupačka, nožní opěra handlebars ..................................... řídítka hold ................................................ držet hub ................................................. náboj kola linked ............................................. propojený mag-type cast ............................... magnetická slitina mass-produced ............................. masově vyráběný “mouse” ......................................... pěna mudguards .................................... blatníky u kola, motorky performance ................................. výkon pneumatic ..................................... plněný vzduchem powered ........................................ poháněný properly .......................................... správně puncture ........................................ prorazit, proražení reason ............................................ důvod replace .......................................... vyměnit rim ................................................... ráfek rusty ................................................ rezavý sand down ..................................... vybrousit pískem nebo pískovým papírem, .......................................................... opískovat select .............................................. vybrat sequential ...................................... sekvenční single-track .................................... jednostopý speedometer ................................. tachometr spoke ............................................. paprsek kola

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steel ................................................ ocel supply ............................................. zásoba swingarm ....................................... kyvné rameno (pro zadní kolo motocyklu) switch ............................................. přepnout task ................................................. úkol tools ................................................ nářadí trailer .............................................. přívěs urban traffic ................................... městský provoz vary ................................................ lišit se via ................................................... přes, prostřednictvím weld ................................................ svařovat whereby ......................................... čímž wire ................................................. drát workshop ....................................... dílna worn ................................................ opotřebovaný

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