MON-LHON Positioning OR: OR: HORIZONTAL STRUCTURE. Access Metro Metro-Aggregation Metro-Core Core or Backbone

MON-LHON ― Positioning OR:

HORIZONTAL STRUCTURE

• Access • Metro • Metro-Aggregation • Metro-Core • Core or Backbone

OR: • Metro Access • First mile access • Metro aggregation • Core

Source: ITU-T: http://www.itu.int/itudoc/itu-t/com15/otn/index.html

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Network Architecture

Access/Aggregation:

LAN (Eth, GbE, 10GbE), xDSL, FTTx, PLC,... PON (EPON, GPON,WDM PON, OCDM PON…) DECT, GSM, HSCSD, GPRS, EDGE, 3G (UMTS, CDMA2000), HSPA (HSUPA/HSDPA), HSPA+, 4G LTE, LTEadvanced... WLAN: WiFi (IEEE 802.11a,b,g) (http://www.ieee802.org/11/) Wireless MAN: WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) (http://www.ieee802.org/16/) p2p microwave, terrestrial, satellite(Inmarsat, Iridium, Thuraya,), free space optics, etc.

METRO:

SDH, METRO Ethernet, ATM, MPLS, … METRO Access/Aggregation:

aggregate the traffic from access networks classical approaches (SONET/SDH aggregation rings, RPR, Full Ethernet, Pt2Pt Optical Ethernet)

METRO Core: ROADM with CWDM or DWDM

Transport (Backbone, Core)

(ng)SDH/SONET, DW/OTN, ASON/ASTN, GMPLS (MPLS-TP)... 35

“Circus viciosus”

1. Content and Service

Price! 3. Transport

2. Access

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Router (/'rautər/ in the USA and Canada, /'ru:tə/ in the UK and Ireland) Core and Edge Internet core link speeds are

ISP: Internet Service Provider

A company that offers its customers access to the Internet Interconnected physically, running BGP

Autonomous System (AS) is a collection of connected IP routing prefixes under the control of one or more network operators that presents a common, clearly defined routing policy to the Internet, cf. RFC 1930, Section 3. PoP: an artificial “demarcation point” or “interface point” between communications entities (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_of_presence)

10 Gbit/s (STM-64, OC-192, STS-192) 40 Gbit/s (STM-256, OC-768, STS-192)

Internet exchange points (IX, IXP, régen NAP: Network Access Point) colocation centres (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colocation_centre)

Single-Homing, Dual-Homing, Multi-Homing

A multihomed Autonomous System is an AS that maintains connections to more than one other AS. 37

Colocation center http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colocation_centre a type of data centre where multiple customers locate network, server and storage gear and interconnect to a variety of telecommunications and other network service provider(s) with a minimum of cost and complexity. Most Internet exchange points provide colocation. Advanteges shared data centre infrastructure – cheaper Lower latency – faster access Greater bandwidth

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Kiknek kell kolokációs központ? Major types of colocation customers are: Web commerce companies, who use the facilities for a safe environment and costeffective, redundant connections to the Internet Major enterprises, who use the facility for disaster avoidance, offsite data backup and business continuity Telecommunication companies, who use the facilities to interexchange traffic with other telecommunications companies and access to potential clients Követelmények: Hőtés, főtés, páratartalom, tőzvédelem, beléptetı rendszer, redundáns táp, statikus elektromosság védelem, stb. 39

Routers

Provider Edge Router: Placed at the edge of an ISP network, it speaks external BGP (eBGP) to a BGP speaker in another provider or large enterprise Autonomous System (AS). Subscriber Edge Router: Located at the edge of the subscriber's network, it speaks eBGP to its provider's AS(s). It belongs to an end user (enterprise) organization. Inter-provider Border Router: Interconnecting ISPs, this is a BGP speaking router that maintains BGP sessions with other BGP speaking routers in other providers' ASes. Core router: A router that resides within the middle or backbone of the LAN network rather than at its periphery. 40

Edge Router

From SOHO (Small Office Home Office) to Enterprise Routers

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Core Router A core router is a router designed to operate in the Internet backbone, or core. able to support multiple telecommunications interfaces of the highest speed in use in the core Internet and must be able to forward IP packets at full speed on all of them. It must also support the routing protocols being used in the core. Core router manufacturers Alcatel-Lucent Avici Systems Cisco Systems Huawei Technologies Ltd. Juniper Networks Nortel Networks

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Core Routers Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Cisco-rs1.jpg Cisco CRS-1 16-Slot Single-Shelf System is a massively scalable routing system that integrates multiple POP functions while providing the service flexibility, continuous system operation, and system longevity of the Cisco CRS-1 platform in a full-height configuration. The Cisco CRS-1 16-Slot Single-Shelf System: Consists of a single, 16-slot, 40-Gbps-perslot line-card shelf for a total switching capacity of 1.2 Tbps Features a midplane design based on a linecard shelf built from a line-card chassis Protects investments by using modular services cards (MSCs) and physical layer interface modules (PLIMs) that are fully interchangeable across the CRS-1 product family Contains slots for 16 MSCs and eight fabric cards in the rear of the chassis, and 16 PLIMs, two route processors or additional distributed route processors, and two fan controllers in the front of the chassis Accommodates eight fabric cards in the rear of the chassis, which perform Stage 1, Stage 2, and Stage 3 switching, supporting service-intelligent fabric-based queuing and multicast replication

http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps5862/index.html

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Core Routers Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b0/ERS-8600.JPG

1.440 Terabit Switch cluster http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortel_ERS_8600

3 configurations:

8003, a 3-slot chassis most commonly used for access or distribution / aggregation of switches; 8006, a 6-slot chassis for backbones of low density or high space premium; 8010, a 10-slot chassis for high availability and high scalability.

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Transit vs. Peering – Internet architektúra lényege

Peering is voluntary interconnection of administratively separate Internet networks for the purpose of exchanging traffic between the customers of each network.

The pure definition of peering is settlement-free or "sender keeps all" meaning that neither party pays the other for the exchanged traffic, instead, each derives revenue from its own customers. Two networks exchange traffic between each other's customers freely, and for mutual benefit.

Transit provider:

pay money (or settlement) to another network for Internet access (or transit) Only ISPs as customer Charge transit fee 45

Hálózati és Szolgáltatási Architektúrák https://www.vik.bme.hu/kepzes/targyak/VITMM130/ Architectures of Networks and Services

Mérnök informatikus szak, MSc képzés Hálózatok és szolgáltatások szakirány 3. alkalom (elıadás) 2012. február 20., hétfı, IB.138, 10:15-11:45 http://opti.tmit.bme.hu/~cinkler/HSzA/ Dr. Cinkler Tibor cinkler()tmit.bme.hu BME TMIT Tel: 1861, IE.319B TMIT: Távközlési és Médiainformatikai Tanszék

Depeering

peering is the voluntary and free exchange of traffic between two networks, for mutual benefit. If one or both networks believe that there is no longer a mutual benefit, they may decide to cease peering: this is known as depeering. Some of the reasons why one network may wish to depeer another include:

A desire that the other network pay settlement, either in exchange for continued peering or for transit services. A belief that the other network is "profiting unduly" from the settlement free interconnection. Concern over traffic ratios, which related to the fair sharing of cost for the interconnection. A desire to peer with the upstream transit provider of the peered network. Abuse of the interconnection by the other party, such as pointing default or utilizing the peer for transit. Instability of the peered network, repeated routing leaks, lack of response to network abuse issues, etc. The inability or unwillingness of the peered network to provision additional capacity for peering. The belief that the peered network is unduly peering with your customers. Various external political factors (including personal conflicts between individuals at each network).

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PEERING POLICY: Don’t Abuse Peering

http://drpeering.net/AskDrPeering/blog/articles/Peering_Rules_of_the_Road__Dont_Abuse_Peering_Clauses.html

The following are snippets of Peering Policy Clauses found in the Peering Rules of the Road - A Brief Study of Peering Policies study. Clauses were categorized and put into rough categories for comparison.

Here are the clauses we categorized as “Don’t Abuse Peering”

Excerpts from Peering Polices

Peers must not utilize any form of gateway of last resort or default route that is directed at Speakeasy. – SpeakEasy

Only send us traffic that destined for the prefixes we announce to you. Do not point default at us or use static routes to send us traffic that does not match the routes we announce to you. – Hurricane Electric

2.6. Neither Network shall point default into or transit the other Network where that network has not advertised a route for the destination in question. – AboveNet

Each Internet Network must set next hop to be itself, the advertising router of the network. Each Internet Network will propagate such routes to its transit customers with its own router as next hop. – Verizon

Each Internet Network will restrict its advertisements to non-transit routes originating within the geographic region for which peering is established and will not propagate the received route announcements outside such region. – Verizon – note, more like keeping announcements in region ...

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Transit vs Peering (http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/AS-interconnection.png/800px-AS-interconnection.png)

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Tier 1, 2, 3 ISPs Source: api.ning.com

50

Tier 1, 2, 3

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tier_1_carrier

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ISP hierarchy: Tier 1, Tier 2, Tier 3

Tier 1 networks are those networks that don't pay any other network for transit yet still can reach all networks connected to the Internet. A Tier 1 is constantly faced with customers trying to bypass it, and this is a threat to its business. (de-peering). (http://arstechnica.com/old/content/2008/09/peering-and-transit.ars/4)

A Tier 2 Network is an Internet service provider who engages in the practice of peering with other networks, but who still purchases IP transit to reach some portion of the Internet.

Tier 3 is sometimes also used to describe networks who solely purchase IP transit from other networks (typically Tier 2 networks) to reach the Internet. Single or Dual Homing. (depeering) 52 Nice maps at: http://www.nthelp.com/maps.htm

ISP hierarchy: Tier 1, Tier 2, Tier 3

Tier 1 networks usually have only a small number of peers (typically only other Tier 1s and very large Tier 2s), while Tier 2 networks are motivated to peer with many other Tier 2 and enduser networks. Thus a Tier 2 network with good peering is frequently much "closer" to most end users or content than a Tier 1. By definition, there are networks which Tier 1 networks have only one path to, and if they lose that path, they have no "backup transit" which would preserve their full connectivity. Some Tier 2 networks are significantly larger than some Tier 1 networks, and are often able to provide more or better connectivity. Only Tier 3 networks (who provide Internet access) are true "resellers", while many large Tier 2 networks peer with the majority or even vast majority of the Internet directly except for a small portion of the Internet which is reached via a transit provider. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tier_1_carrier) 53

Tier 1 Networks (2010 legelején)

The 9 Tier 1 Networks (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tier_1_carrier)

The 10th Tier 1 Network?

54

Tier 1 Networks 2 évvel késıbb (2011 feb)...

The 12th Tier 1 Network? 55

Tier 1 Networks 1 évvel késıbb (2012 feb)...

56

http://www.usenix.org/events/cset08/tech/full_papers/hazeyama/hazeyama_html/Fig/as -viewer-ipv4-top200-20080107.jpg

57

ISP osztályozás

Kovács Tamás – [email protected] Majdán András – [email protected] 2009. 03. 13.

a szolgáltatók Tier 1-2-3 besorolása nem triviális Tier1 besorolás egyszerő megközelítése: o o o o

nagy forgalom nagy kapacitás széles vásárlókör nagy számú AS a hálózatban

Nem a méret a lényeg: • hozzáférnek a teljes routing táblához • 1 vagy 2 AS kontinensenként, ideális esetben 1 világszerte • nemzetközi üvegszálas hálózat • adatcsere vásárlókkal és peer-ekkel az egész világon 58


ISP osztályozás – caida.org

„CAIDA, the Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis, provides tools and analyses promoting the engineering and maintenance of a robust, scalable global Internet infrastructure.” Saját szempontrendszer szerint rangsorolt ISP-k

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60



Egy szkript segítségével kétféle módon végzik: degree based AS based Metric

Description

Ases

number of ASes in the customer cone (ASes that can be reached from a given AS by following c2p links first through to its customers, then on to its customers' customers, and so on)

Prefixes

number of unique prefixes announced by all ASes in the customer cone

/24

number of unique /24 prefixes in the IP address space covered by the customer cone

Degree

number of unique ASes connected to this AS via any kind of links (p2c, c2p, p2p, or s2s) 61


62

Level3


Nemrégiben a Renesys Észak-Amerika és Európa elsıszámú szolgáltatójának minısítette A világ legnagyobb, legfejlettebb Tier1 Telco hálózatát üzemelteti A Renesys az elsı 10 ázsai szolgáltató közé sorolta CAIDA az elsı számú ISPnek rangsorolta

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64

Verizon


2000-ben jött létre a Bell Atlantic és a GTE egyesülésével Globális IP hálózata 446 ezer mérföld 2700 város, 150 ország 6 kontinensen A hálózat sebessége OC-192 kategóriájú Az elsı 10 legnagyobb ISP szolgáltató közé tartozik.

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Forrás: isp-planet.com 66

66

Sprint


A világ egyik legnagyobb Tier1 hálózata A gerinchálózaton több AS hálózati kapcsolat, mint bármely másikon Nagysebességő összeköttetések (OC192/STM64) 1. számú ISP Ázsiában, 2. Európában, ÉszakAmerikában 4.

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67

Sőrőbb virtuális vagy logikai topológia A probléma szemléltetése 1.

2.

3.

1. fizikai hálózat 2. virtuális utak rendszere 3. virtuális topológia

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Pl. hullámhossz-rendszer segítségével

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Horizontal and Vertical structure

Horizontal:

Transit:

Peering:

Acces/Aggregation – Metro – Core Tier3 – Tier2 – Tier1 Multi-Domain Peering

Multi-Vendor Multi-Provider Multi-Service Multi-Region

Vertical:

Interconnection or Integration Multi-Provider Multi-Service Multi-Region 70

MON-LHON Positioning OR: OR: HORIZONTAL STRUCTURE. Access Metro Metro-Aggregation Metro-Core Core or Backbone

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