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LAPORAN AKHIR PENELITIAN DISERTASI DOKTOR TAHUN ANGGARAN 2011
Judul : POTENSI KOMBINASI BEBERAPA DAUN TANAMAN POHON LOKAL SEBAGAI PAKAN KONSENTRAT UNTUK MEMACU PRODUKTIVITAS DOMBA DAN MENEKAN EMISI GAS METANA Ketua : Ir. Eko Marhaeniyanto, MP
Dibiayai Oleh Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi, Kementerian Pendidikan Nasional, melalui DIPA Universitas Brawijaya REV.1 Nomor : 0636/023-04.2.16/15/2011 R, tanggal 30 Maret 2011 dan berdasarkan Surat Keputusan Rektor Universitas Brawijaya Nomor 214/SK/2011 tanggal 2 Mei 2011
UNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA MALANG 2011
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ABSTRAK
Tujuan penelitian mencari komposisi terbaik campuran daun tanaman pohon sebagai penyusun pakan konsentrat yang memiliki sifat sebagai pemasok protein by pass untuk meningkatkan produksi serta menurunkan emisi gas metana (CH4) dari proses fermentasi pakan di dalam rumen domba. Penelitian dilaksanakan dalam dua tahap, (1). Penelitian secara in vitro (2). penelitian secara in vivo. Metoda yang digunakan pada penelitian (1) dilakukan dengan percobaan faktorial rancangan acak lengkap (RAL). Materi Penelitian menggunakan daun trembesi (samanea saman), daun kelor (Moringa oleifera), bahan konsentrat lain, serta tebon jagung sebagai materi penelitian yang diperoleh di sekitar Malang. Untuk analisis in-vitro digunakan cairan rumen yang diambil dari satu ekor sapi perah betina berfistula rumen, yang diberi pakan tebon jagung (Zea mays dengan PK 7.93%) sebanyak 10-12 kg ekor-1 pada pagi hari dan 10-13 kg ekor-1 pada sore hari, dengan tambahan konsentrat (Susu PAP dengan PK 16%) pada pagi dan sore hari masingmasing sebanyak 2,5 kg ekor-1. Air minum diberikan secara ad-libitum. Perlakuan yang akan diberikan adalah sebagai berikut , Faktor I : 4 campuran konsentrat terdiri dari campuran daun kelor + daun trembesi (DP), bungkil kelapa (CSBK) dan Gamblong (G) dengan proporsi berbeda yaitu : A= DP 0%:CSBK 85% :G 15%; B= DP 20%:CSBK 65% :G 15%; C= DP 30%:CSBK 55% :G 15%; D= DP 40%:CSBK 45% :G 15%. Faktor II : 3 proporsi pemberian hijauan, yang akan diberikan dalam proporsi dengan hijauan tebon jagung (Zea mays) sebagai berikut P1 = H 70% : K 30%; P2 = H 60% : K 40%; dan P3 = H 50% : K 50%. Adapun variabel yang akan diukur meliputi: produksi gas (b), laju produksi gas (c), konsentrasi VFA, produksi gas CH4, pH, NH3, populasi protozoa dan biomasa mikroba, kecernaan pakan. Penelitian (2), dilakukan in vivo menguji empat campuran konsentrat perlakuan terbaik. Materi penelitian terdiri dari 16 ekor domba jantan, umur PI0-PI1, rataan bobot badan (BB) awal 13,83±1,73 kg, yang ditempatkan di 16 kandang individu. Pakan perlakuan yang digunakan tebon jagung, daun kelor, daun trembesi dan bahan pakan penyusun konsentrat lain. Metode penelitan percobaan in vivo dengan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) pola faktorial yang terdiri dari 4 perlakuan kombinasi dan 4 ulangan yang didasarkan bobot badan awal domba. Kombinasi perlakuan P1D0 = Pakan konsentrat PK14%, tanpa daun (1% BK*BB), P1D1 = Pakan konsentrat PK14%, dengan daun trembesi 10%, daun kelor 30% (1% BK*BB), P2D0 = Pakan konsentrat PK18%, tanpa daun (1% BK*BB), P2D1 = Pakan konsentrat PK18%, dengan daun trembesi 10%, daun kelor 30% (1% BK*BB). Pakan diberikan secara terpisah antara tebon jagung dan konsentrat. Pemberian pakan didasarkan kebutuhan bahan kering yaitu sebanyak 3,5% dari BB. Ternak pada perlakuan P1D0, P1D1, P2D0 dan P2D1 mendapatkan suplementasi konsentrat 1% BB*BK terlebih dahulu, setelah habis baru diberikan tebon jagung 2,5% BK*BB. Pemberian pakan proporsional terhadap BB (dalam %BK), sedangkan air minum diberikan secara ad-libitum. Variabel yang diukur yaitu kandungan nutrien pakan meliputi: kadar bahan kering (BK), bahan organik (BO), protein kasar (PK), serat kasar (SK), lemak kasar (LK), konsumsi BK (KBK), konsumsi BO (KBO), konsumsi PK (KPK), konsumsi SK (KSK), konsumsi LK (KSK), kecernaan BK (KcBK), kecernaan BO (KcBO), kecernaan PK (KcPK), kecernaan SK (KcSK), kecernaan LK (KcLK), konsumsi BK tercerna (KBKt), konsumsi BO tercerna (KBOt), konsumsi PK tercerna (KPKt), konsumsi SK tercerna (KSKt), konsumsi LK tercerna (KLKt), Pertambahan bobot badan, konversi pakan, perubahan ukuran tubuh (panjang badan, tinggi badan, lingkar dada, volume scrotum), balans nitrogen, nilai biologis, dan profil darah (kadar albumin, glukosa, kadar urea, haemoglobin dan haematokrit). Hasil penelitian (1), kecernaan pakan secara in-vitro dan produksi gas sampai dengan inkubasi 48 jam menunjukkan perbedaan sangat nyata (P<0,01) antar perlakuan dengan nilai tertinggi pada perlakuan tanpa penambahan daun kelor dan trembesi. Semakin ditingkatkan level daun kelor maka kecernaan pakan lebih rendah. Pada inkubasi 96 jam kecernaan pakan dan biomasa mikroba menghasilkan nilai yang tidak berbeda (P>0,05), namun secara umum mempunyai nilai kecernaan lebih tinggi dibandingkan kecernaan masa inkubasi 48 jam. Kadar NNH3 cairan rumen pada 4, 12 dan 24 jam semakin menurun dengan meningkatnya level penggunaan daun kelor. Pemberian pakan suplemen daun kelor dengan kandungan protein
36.55% dan kemampuan adaptasi untuk tumbuh yang luas, tanaman kelor berpotensi dikembangkan sebagai pakan suplemen. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan pakan konsentrat (daun kelor 30% : daun trembesi 10% : bungkil kelapa 45% : gamblong 15%) dengan proporsi pemberian hijauan 50% : konsentrat 50% berpotensi sebagai sumber suplemen alternatif pakan ternak ruminansia di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian in vivo menunjukkan bahwa suplementasi daun trembesi (10%) dan daun kelor (30%) dalam pakan konsentrat hingga 1,0% BB*BK dengan pakan basal tebon jagung berpengaruh nyata terhadap konsumsi pakan, konsumsi nutrien tercerna (P <0,05). Respon tertinggi terhadap konsumsi bahan kering (KBK), konsumsi bahan organik (KBO), dan konsumsi protein kasar (KPK) terdapat pada P2D1 yaitu KBK= 68,62±4,04; KBO=61,91±3,51; KPK=7,56±0,21 ; KSK=20,93±1,04; KLK=1,41±0,04 g/ ekor BB0,75/hari. Respon ini seiring dengan kecenderungan tingginya tingkat kecernaan nutrien dan nutrien tercerna pada P2D1 yaitu KcBK=68,12±4,57 %; KcBO =69,32±4,22%; KcPK=68,52±4,74%, ; KcSK=77,05±4,16%, ; KcLK=77,05±4,16%, Sedangkan nilai konsumsi nutrient tercerna pada P2D1 KBKt=46,11±6,82; KBOt= 42,20±5,97; KPKt=5,28±0,44; KSKt= 14,70±2,19 ; KLKt= 1,14±0,06 g/ ekor BB0,75/hari; balans nitrogen pada P2D1 = 6,05±0,89, nilai biologis pada P2D1 = 86,48±5,76%; provil darah domba pada P2D1 albumin = 2,75±0,06 g/dl; glukosa= 55,50±2,87 mg/dl; ureum = 24,16±2,46; haemoglobin = 8,46±1,61 g/dl; haematokrit = 16,58±1,91%. Pertambahan bobot badan harian pada P2D1 = 87,68±18,27 g/ekor/hari dan konversi pakan 6,28±1,20 menunjukkan perbedaan yang nyata (P<0,05). Dari hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa suplementasi pakan menggunakan daun trembesi (10%) dan daun kelor (30%) dalam pakan konsentrat dengan kandungan protein 18% yang diberikan hingga 1,0% BB*BK dengan pakan basal tebon jagung menunjukkan tingkat konsumsi dan kecernaan nutrisi tertinggi dan memberikan penampilan pertambahan bobot badan harian domba jantan muda sebesar 87,68±18,27 g/ekor/hari. Luaran hasil penelitian ini adalah berupa : (1) Formulasi pakan berbasis daun tanaman pohon (2) publikasi ilmiah pada jurnal terakreditasi nasional. Kata kunci : Suplementasi - Daun tanaman pohon - in vitro – in vivo - Gas CH4.
SUMMARY This research was designed to find out the best composition of feed content from Moringa oleifera, Samanea saman leaves and other concentrate material as a supplier of protein by-pass and contain of secondary compounds tannin to improve production and reduce emissions of methane (CH4) from the fermentation of feed in the rumen of sheep. The experiment was conducted in two phases, (1). studies In vitro (2). studies in vivo. The research (1) in vitro, used design methods factorial experiments with complete randomized design (CRD). Research using material leaves of Samanea saman, leaves of Moringa oleifera and other concentrate ingredients, and basal diet by forage Zea mays, all materials obtained in area of Malang. Analysis in-vitro used rumen fluid taken from a female dairy cow rumen fistula, fed with (Zea mays with CP 7.93%) of 10-12 kg/head in the morning and 1013 kg/head in the afternoon, and addition of concentrate (milk PAP with CP 16%) in the morning and afternoon average 2.5 kg/head. Given drinking water ad libitum. Treatment in the research, Factor I: 4 mixture of concentrate consisting of a mixture of Moringa oleifera + Samanea saman leaves (DP), coconut cake (CSBK) and Gamblong (G) with different proportions, namely: A = DP 0%: 85% CSBK : G 15%, B = DP 20%: 65% CSBK: G 15%, C = DP 30%: 55% CSBK: G 15%, D = DP 40%: 45% CSBK: G 15%. Factor II: 3 proportion of forage, which will be given in proportion with forage Zea mays as follows: P1 = 70% H: K 30%, P2 = 60% H: K 40% and 50% P3 = H:K 50%. The variables to be measured include: (a) gas production (b), the rate of gas production (c), the concentration of VFA, CH4 gas production, pH, NH3, protozoa population and microbial biomass, digestibility of feed. Research (2), In vivo to test four proportions of concentrate the best treatments. Research material consisted of 16 rams, age PI0–PI1, the average body weight (BW) 13.83 ± 1.73 kg, which was placed in 16 individual cages. Treatment of feed used Moringa oleifera leaves, Samanea saman leaves and other constituent concentrate feedstuffs. Basal diet by forage Zea mays. Research in vivo used design methods factorial experiments with block randomized design (BRD) consisting of 4 treatment combinations and four replications. Combination treatment P1D0 = CP14% of concentrate feed, without leaves (1% DM*BW), P1D1 = feed concentrates CP 14%, with 10% of Samanea saman leaves, 30 % of Moringa oleifera leaves (1% DM*BW), P2D0 = feed concentrates CP 18% , without leaves (1% DM*BW), P2D1 = feed concentrates CP 18%, with 10% of Samanea saman leaves, 30 % of Moringa oleifera leaves (1% DM*BW). Feed given separately between forage Zea mays and concentrates. Feeding based on the needs of 3.5% DM*BW. Livestock in the treatment P1D0, P1D1, P2D0 and P2D1 get 1% BW concentrate supplementation (1% DM*BW), and 2.5% DM*BW forage Zea mays. Feeding is proportional to the weight (in% DM), while the drinking water provided ad libitum. Variables that measured the nutrient content of feed include: levels of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), Ekstrak etter (EE), the dry matter intake (DMI), the Organic matter intake (OMI ), Crude protein intake (CPI), Crude fiber intake (CFI), Ekstrak etter intake (EEI), digestibility DM (DDM), digestibility OM (DOM), digestibility CP (DCM), digestibility CF(DCF), digestibility EE(DEE), DMI digested (DDMI), OMI digested (DOMI), CPI digested (DCPI), CFI digested (DCFI), EEI digested (DEEI), daily gain, feed conversion, changes in body size (length, height weight, chest circumference, volume scrotum), nitrogen balance, biological value, and the blood profile (levels of albumin, glucose, urea levels, hemoglobin and haematokrit). The results (1), The feed digestibility in vitro and gas production in incubation of 48 hours showed that there were highly significant differences (P <0.01) between each treatment, which highest value was the addition without Moringa oleifera leaf and Samanea saman leaf. The enhanced levels of Moringa oleifera leaf is lower digestibility. The values of feed digestibility and microbial biomass for 96 hours incubation gave no different (P> 0.05), however generally has a higher digestibility value compared with digestibility incubation period of 48 hours. Levels of NNH3 rumen fluid for 4, 12 and 24 hours decreased with the increasing levels of use of Moringa oleifera leaf. There were positive response on feeding supplements based Moringa oleifera leaf due to supply sufficient nutrients for rumen microbes. Based on crude protein 36.55% content and its adaptability, Moringa oleifera could be developed as feed supplement. It could be conclude that the utilization of concentrate feed (Moringa oleifera leaf of 30% : Samanea saman
leaf of 10%: coconut cake of 45% : gamblong of 15%) with the proportion of 50% forage : concentrate of 50%, potentially as a alternaive supplements source for ruminants in Indonesia. The results of in vivo studies indicate that supplementation of Moringa oleifera leaf of 30% : Samanea saman leaf of 10% in the concentrate feed to 1.0% DM*BW with basal feed of forage Zea mays significantly affect feed intake, consumption of nutrients digested (P <0, 05). The highest response to the consumption of dry matter (DMI), the consumption of organic material (OMI), and crude protein intake (CPI) is located on the P2D1 ie DMI = 68.62 ± 4.04; OMI = 61.91 ± 3.51; CPI = 7.56 ± 0.21; CFI = 20.93 ± 1.04; EEI = 1.41 ± 0.04 g / kg BW 0, 75/day. The response was in line with the trend of high levels of nutrients and nutrient digestibility in P2D1 digested namely DDM = 68.12 ± 4.57%; DOM = 69.32 ± 4.22%; DCP = 68.52 ± 4.74%; DCW = 77.05 ± 4.16%; DCF = 77.05 ± 4.16%, while the consumption of nutrients digested to the P2D1 DDMI = 46.11 ± 6.82; DOMI = 42.20 ± 5.97; DCPI = 5.28 ± 0.44; DCWI = 14.70 ± 2.19; DCFI = 1.14 ± 0.06 g / kgBW 0, 75/day; balance of nitrogen in the P2D1 = 6.05 ± 0.89, biological value of the P2D1 = 86.48 ± 5.76%; provil lamb's blood on the P2D1 albumin = 2.75 ± 0.06 g / dl; glucose = 55.50 ± 2.87 mg / dl; U = 24.16 ± 2.46; hemoglobin = 8.46 ± 1.61 g / dl; haematokrit = 16.58 ± 1.91%. Daily body weight gain in the P2D1 = 87.68 ± 18.27 g / head / day and feed conversion of 6.28 ± 1.20 indicate significant differences (P <0.05). The results of the study concluded that supplementation of feed using Samanea saman leaves (10%), and Moringa oleifera leaves (30%) in feed concentrate with a protein content of 18% is given to 1% DM*BW with basal feed forage Zea mays shows the higherst level of intake and digestibility of nutrients and gives the appearance of the daily gain of young rams 87.68 ± 18.27 g / head / day. Outputs the results of this study were as follows: (1)-based feed formulation leaves of tree foliage (2) accredited scientific publications in national journals. Key word : supplementation, tree foliage, in vitro, in vivo, CH4 gas
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